Named after Kuhl, a naturalist, employee of VanHasselt, and the discoverer of the typical species in the streams of Java.). Third anal spine along the sixth or seventh (from the) dorsal; the spines on the spines disappear in adults.
Genus PSEUDOPRIACANTHUS Bleeker
Ventrals reaching first or second anus ray, length equal to head plus one-third of eye, their spines 1^ to head; spines and rays spinulose below. Dorsal originating on the base of the chest; spines strongly striated, about two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the head, and as long as or longer than the longest soft rays.
Family THERAPONID^
Genus THERAPON Cuvier
Family B.INJOSID^
A small group of percoid fishes, allied to the Hsemulidse, to the Serranidae and Histiopteridse.
Genus BANJOS Bleeker
On the tail are three cross rows of spots, the middle row of which is smaller than the others and indistinct. The spots on the posterior row lie very close to the edge of the tail, one very large, and deep blackish brown.
Family HMMITLI'DM
Steindachner describes the color of the young as follows: Color whitish, with 7 or 8 broad dark longitudinal bands on the body, parallel to each other, and covered with darker spots. The group is very close to the Lutianidae on the one hand and to the Sparidae on the other, while some members show affinities with certain Sciaenidae and others.
Genus PARAPRISTIPOMA Bleeker
Gill rakers rather long and slender, 7+11; dorsal spines 14; preorbital narrow; body rather elongated; anal rays III,8,the fin with a scaly sheath. In life, dark grey, with dark streaks along the rows of scales; yellow shades on back, head and lower fins; dorsal spines yellow; caudal blackish.
Genus PLECTORHYNCHUS Lacepede
Body depth increases with age and amounts to 35 to 40 hundredths of body length; eyes change as usual; dorsal spines become noticeably lower in proportion and are two-thirds to three-quarters of body depth in juveniles and two-fifths in adults and range from 15 to 25 hundredths of body length; the caudal part is elongated, equal to the head and pointed, with the outer rays much shorter than the central one, while in the adult the caudal part becomes exstipated and comprises only two-thirds of the length of the head. The first runs from the muzzle along the base of the dorsal rays to the hind rays, leaving an interrupted narrow white line in the middle of the head and occiput, and as a point at the base of the first dorsal ray. This second band, the width of which is one-third the depth of the body, passes through the eye to the lower caudal rays, leaving a narrow white band from above the eye to the upper caudal rays.
The upper black line left by the splitting of the broad upper line then breaks into round spots, one row of which appears in the white stripe above the eye, and the previously indistinct dark lines below the lower broad line also break up into spots, that extend to the cheeks.
Genus HAPALOGENYS Richardson
The dorsal and caudal fins are colored like the body, except that the spots on the spine are fewer and slightly larger. In adults, the outline of the dorsal spinous process is slightly concave or straight, the forward curved spine is directed forward. Scales roughly ctenoid, present on the base of vertical fins and a. A minute row extending along each side of both spines and rays, half or two of the way to their points.
The fins are completely clear and colorless, except for a number of darker spots on the membrane in the spinal cord.
Family SPARID.E
Another species, Scolopsis hilineata (Bloch), ficnely marked with a pearl-white stripe, occurs in the Kin Kiu Islands and may reach Japan. Scolopsis japonica Bloch is not yet known from Japan. {inermis, unarmed.). Vomer with few conical teeth in front; third and fourth spine elevated; molars in two series, preopercular limbs naked;. Molars in two series; color crimson or yellowish; preopercular limbusual with some scales; parietal crests of skull very low; supraoccipital crest not extending far forward; none of.
Genus LETHRINUS Cuvier
LETHRINUS NEMATACANTHUS Bleeker
Spine weak, flexible; other fiiamentous, 1-| in the head in the best preserved specimen; third in 2 head; last spine a trifle. Dorsal spines rather stout, none filamentous, third and fourth longest, 2f in head; last two equal in length, 3J in head. Width of body 2| in its depth; head somewhat acute, its height equal to its depth; upper profile of head somewhat convex for eyes, slightly concave on snout; nostrils distant, anterior tubular, ventilated; snout slightly longer than eye; suborbital width slightly less than diameter of eye; jaws equal, maxillary end in front of eye, 3 in head; lower jaw 2| to 2^ in the head.
Bleeker remarks that this is distinguished from Truelisermito'pterus by another row of scales above the lateral line, and by the rounded molars in the jaws, which, he says, differ in fishes of.
Genus EUTHYOPTEROMA Fowler
There is not much doubt that this is the original Spams chce.ro-rhyncTius by Bloch and Schneider, written from Japan. The following are the synonyms of the sections or genera included under Nemipterus and Synagris.. eudug, right; Tirkpo/m, fin system.). Description of four specimens from Tokyo and Nagasald and one from Keerun, Formosa, the longest 330 mm in total length without the caudal filament.
A narrow line of intense and permanent yellow extending from the angle of the operative leg straight to the upper rays of the caudal side, another parallel to it, a row of scales above the lateral line, but wider and fainter anteriorly and ending at the last soft dorsal rays.
EUTHYOPTEROMA BATHYBIUM (Snyder)
It is therefore called 'Virgadelle' in French. The body is oval and flat, the head is blunt and the tail fork-shaped. Edge of preopercle smooth, except for a few very small teeth on the upper edge. Dorsal spines high, rather slender and sharp, the membrane not incised between the tips; last 3 spines longest, about 2.4 in head;
In life the body was shiny silver with a pinkish tinge and pearly reflections; a narrow lemon-yellow stripe extending from the upper edge of the shaft to the middle of the coccyx, a faint brassy stripe along the base of the back, a broad red stripe across the lateral line, the lateral line bordered by a bright stripe of pearly reflections, below which is a brass stripe narrowly bordered by dark pink; head pinldsh, snout purple; chin, chest, neck, belly and underside of tail light lemon yellow; doreal translucent, margin yellowish orange; vermiculations of lemon on the membrane of the fin; caudal light pink, the filamentous rays yellow, becoming orange towards the tip, upper margin of fin orange; anal and ventral translucent; pectorals pink.
NOTE ON DENTEX THUNBERGI
Genus GYMNOCRANIUS Klunzinger
The dorsal and ventral profiles are similar except for the low position of the tip of the snout below the body axis. Scales absent on dorsal surface of head, preorbitals, mandible, mandible, limb of preopercle, and anterior edge of opercle. Young alcoholic specimens (length up to 170 mm) with about eight dark transverse bars on the body, first through the angle of the operculum and the axis of the thorax; the second from the insertion of the dorsal line to the lateral one,.
Dorsal surface of the head also dark; as is the anterior half of the dorsal spinous, the anterior third of the soft dorsal and anal, ven-.
Genus TAIUS Jordan and Thompson
The width of the prepuce under the angle is equal to the angle of the cheek, its edge is not very flexible. Dorsal spines strong, first 5^ in head or two-thirds of eye; others slightly longer than eye, 3 in head; the third 2| in the head. Anal spines stronger than dorsal spines, second slightly longer than third, 3 in head; rays of about equal length.
Despite the lack of molars, this species is essentially a species of Pagrosomus.
Genus EVYNNIS Jordan and Thoi-apson
Since the above was written we have found this species in great abundance in the Osaka markets, taken by the trawlers off Tsushima. Profile of head and occiput steep in a strong curve; inter- orbital space much curved, more so than in Pagrosomus major;. The width of the preopercle greater than that of the scaled part of the cheek, or at least as great.
From Pagrosomus major this species can be distinguished by the teeth on the vomer, the cavernous frontals, the anterior hyperostosis of the supraoccipital crest, the lack thereof in the first false interneural, and by the filamentous second and third dorsal spines.
Genus PAGROSOMUS Gill
We find no distinct characteristics in Pagrus arthurius Jordan and Starks from Port Arthuron, a careful comparison of the type with the specunens of Pagrosomus major from Japan. The depth of the preorbital indicated to distinguish is exactly the same as the size of the eye, measured in hundredths of the length of the body. Interorbital space flat from side to side, posterior to the aprominent ridge rises along the midline of the occipital head to the insertion of the dorsal, formed on the head by the supraoccipital crest.
Second spine is equal to or somewhat less in length than the eyes and is contained 1| to 1-^ times the height of the third spine.
PAGROSOMUS AURATUS (Forster)
Molars small, in two rows in both jaws, canines in the premaxillary bones as in Pagrosomus major and Evynnis cardinalis. The given differences do not justify division. One of our specimens of Pagrosom, us major, has 55 scales in the lateral line, but differs in no other way from the typical specimens. Fourth spine highest, 2| inhead, not produced; second and third anal spines undersized, 3^ in head; pectoral muscle equal to head plus half eye, lower rays slightly produced; ventral parts If in the head, reaching to the anus; caudally deeply forked, the lobe equal to the head.
However, none of the authors give any details regarding their specimens, and it is not impossible that they are really Pagrosomusmajor, on which P.
Genus SPARUS Linnaeus
If the Japanese form should prove inseparable from that of the East Indies, it would stand as Sparussarha. Upper jaw with three rows of rounded molars in front, the outer conical in front, the middle row extending only halfway to the muzzle, where it is replaced by another row on the third side, and in front the whole becomes granular. Houttuyn's careless description has three different characteristics of the species, a deep body, olive spot types and scale types, and the presence of rays III, 8 in the anal region.
Herbivorous coastal fish, which feed largely on green or olive algae; mainly from the Mediterranean and the Pacific Ocean; most.
Genus GIRELLA Gray
Preopercle finely serrate on straight limb, only partially horizontal. longer than deep, measured from eye to lower border of preopercle and from end of maxilla to vertical border of preopercle. mushroom teeth in both jaws supported by a band of multismallerons. The depth of the cheek from the eye to the horizontal border of the preopercle is greater than its length from the bottom of the maxillae to the vertical margma. The head is scaled at the anterior margin of the eyes and on all opercula except the interopercle, including the lower half of the opercle.
593 Head3^long to the last vertebra; depth 2J; eyes4|^on the head; snout Head3^long to last vertebra; depth 2J; eyes4|^on the head; snout.
Genus KYPHOSUS Lacepede
Anal spines weak, third longest, slightly shorter than eye diameter; first rays 1^ to 1§ times the length of the last, but with straight fin edge; anal base equal to the length of the head. A specimen of this genus, with a deep body, probably belonging to this species, was seen alive by us in the aquarium in Asakusa Park, near Tokyo. However, this fish is probably Forskal's original cinerascens, of which the dorsal XI, 12 and the soft dorsal are raised.
Family ERYTHRICHTHYID^
Genus ERYTHRICHTHYS Temminck and Schlegel
The nostrils are closer to the center of the eye than the tip of the muzzle; close together, separated by less than the width of the front. Opercular points two, separated by half the diameter of the eye; above the upper smaller one more concealed. Scales roughly ctenoid, present on the entire head (including the prooperculum) except the lips and at the base of the soft dorsal and anal sides as a heavy sheath.
NOTE ON ERYTHRICHTHYS SCINTILLANS JORDAN AND THOMPSON, A
NEW SPECIES FROM HAWAII
SUMMARY (WITH LOCALITIES FROM WHICH JAPANESE SPECIMENS
WERE TAKEN)
