1
SEAT STRATEGY AT SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Oleh:
*) DORI KURNIADI
**) Yulmiati, S.S, M.Pd.Pembimbing atau Pengajar Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat
ABSTRAK
Keterampilan berbicara (speaking skill) dalam bahasa Inggris merupakan suatu keterampilan seseorang untuk menyampaikan hasrat dan pemikirannya kepada siapa saja melalui lisan, akan tetapi, keterampilan berbicara (speaking) sulit berkembang kalau tidak dilatih secara terus menerus.Tujuannya untuk memperlancar keterampilan berbicara, memperkaya penggunaan kosa kata, memperbaiki tatanan berbahasa, menyempurnakan ucapan-ucapan kosa kata, kalimat- kalimat bahasa Inggris, dan melatih pendengaran sehingga mudah menangkap pesan dari lawan bicara.
Dalam makalah ini, penulis membahas bagaimana mengajarkan speaking dengan semenarik mungkin sehingga membuat siswa tertarik untuk berbicara bahasa inggris yaitu dengan menggabungkan strategi Socratic Seminar dan Hot Seat. Socratic Seminar strategi adalah salah satu strategi yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan speaking siswa dan rasa percaya diri. Strategi ini dapat memotivasi siswa untuk aktif dalam kelas speaking melalui praktek seminar. Hot Seat Strategy adalah salah satu strategi yand dapat mengembangkan kemampuan speaking. Karena melalui strategi ini siswa dituntut untuk berfikir memahami teks karna semua siswa akan mendapatkan kesempatan untuk tampil di depan kelas dan akan ditanyai beberapa pertanyaan oleh siswa lainnya. Sehingga semua siswa harus mempersiapkan diri mereka untuk berani berbicara di depan kelas dan mampu untuk bertanya melalui bahasa Inggris dan siswapun akan lebih tertarik untuk berbicara. Sehingga Mereka memiliki rasa percaya diri untuk berbicara tanpa takut melakukan kesalahan demi mengembangkan kemampuan berbicara mereka dalam bahasa Inggris
.
Key word : speaking, Socratic seminar and hot seat strategy
* ) penulis
**) pembimbing
INTRODUCTION
Speaking is one of the way for people to communicate with other speaker of the other language and culture. Speaking is more important and essential in our life. Through speaking everyone will express their ideas, express opinion, and giving explanation to someone in real communication. By using speaking everyone can get many information from the others and also the information can give they much knowledge that they did not know before.
If someone wants to communicate with other, she or he should be mastered in speaking.
Based on the school 2013 curriculum at Senior Hight School, the teacher become a facilitator for their students than being information center in teaching learning process. In this case, students become more active in classroom. Which is called as learner-center. It should be embraced since it could maximize the learner’s focus on form and meaning and their achivement. The integrative topics in some subjects in learning process as one of the main point in new curriculum 2013, and textbook provision as designed on the basis of new curriculum by the Ministry of Education and Culture have brought certain resources to the development of the quality in English language teaching in Indonesia. The result of new curriculum will be seen from its practice, not only from its theoretical framework.
Based on the writer’s experience in learning speaking, many students had limited chance to speak english in the classroom. It was caused by the amount of the students. That is one of problems that were faced by the teacher. She or he got difficulty in managing the class, so the teacher tends to dominate teaching and learning activity. In other word, these problem make the speaking activity is not running well in the classroom. Beside that, the strategy which had been used by teacher is not interesting. Teacher often used the strategy not based on the students’
need. In other word, the teacher did not use appropriate strategy in learning and teaching process.
So that, the teacher should make the speaking class be better and choose a strategy that suitable with this condition. It can help the teacher in teaching speaking and make the students interest to study English. The teacher can teach the students by using some alternative strategies. Such as Socratic Seminar and Hot Seat strategy. Socratic Seminar is an enjoyable activity for students and provide you with information about their current level of understanding. While Hotseat strategy is a strategy
that is effective when students are solving problems that have no specific right answer.
It is clear that to solve those problem the teacher should find an approriate strategies to apply in learning process. In this case, the writer has stated any strategy which can be helpful to increase students understanding in learning process, especially in speaking. Therefore the writer combine Socratic Seminar and Hot Seat strategy because this strategy can help the student to be creative and active in learning process. Both of strategy will give any opportunity and chance to speak and share their idea freely.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERARUTRE SPEAKING
Speaking is one of the four skills in language learning. It is very important to the students because through speaking the students can express their idea, opinion and information the skill orally. In speaking the students do not only practice alone but also build interaction with other. Therefore speaking activities have to be mastered by students in helping them to achieve the learning goals and to communicate well.
According to Nunan (2003: 48), speaking is the productive aural or oral skill it consist of producing systemic verbal utterances to convey meaning. So, speaking is oral activity in producing sound that expression opinion and construct the meaning. Therefore the students can get information and understand the meaning of in information and can share information with other students by speaking.
Thus, Florez in Bailey (2003: 124) explains that speaking is interactive process of constructing meaning which occupy producing and receiving and processing in formation. So that speaking people do not just sounding but the people understand the meaning of group of words that they said.
From the explanation above, it can be concluded that speaking is an important skill in our life. It is not only about how the way our speaking or just about sounding but also about process and meaning what we said or produced. By speaking we can get any information and share what we get to others and absolutely we understand about that information. Through speaking human can interact.
And the last speaking fluently and confidently in variety of situation is a central human need and an important goal of education.
COMPONENTS OF SPEAKING
To know detail about speaking, the writer had better discuss about the components of speaking.
Referring to Matsumoto (2011: 141) identified that components of speaking are social unit, participants, and interactions. This theory explains that when people are going to do speaking interaction its mean that the people should do social interaction, and interaction will be done even them doing the communication process with use participant when speak each other. In the other hand speaking is not only activity in our live but also a complex unit of human interaction.
Furthermore, Easterbrooks and Estes (2007:
13) state that components of the speaking are suprasegmental, vowels, dipthongs, word, phrase, and connected speech. They are the building block of spoken language our main targets or objective. It means that to build of spoken language we should to know components of speaking. In the other hand we not only should know about components of speaking but also we should know detail components of speaking such as suprasegmental, vowels, dipthongs, word, phrase, and connected speech.
In conclusion, components of speaking are very important thing in speaking. It can be summarized that speaking is a complex skill. In doing speaking the speaker should know all of components of speaking and have ability to develop all off components of speaking in order to ensure the goal of speaking or the goal of communication each other.
Next, the speakers are asked to be able in putting a level of speaking interaction based on the context of communication, whether formal or informal conversation.
TEACHING SPEAKING
Teaching speaking is important in learning process. The teacher need to encourage the student participation and also the teacher should support the students to always practice English. In order to make their English speaking ability can used to interact with other in daily life. According to Richards (2012:
32), teaching speaking is conducted in the target language can engage effectively n the discourse of an academic environment if they have good speaking abilities. It means that teaching speaking is something that can’t leave in second language learning. In the other hand teaching speaking is a part of second language learning that will be taught by the teacher especially to improve speaking ability.
Furthermore, Nunan (2003: 48) states that teaching speaking is sometimes considered a simple process. Commercial language schools around the world hire people with no training to teach conversation. Although speaking is totally natural, speaking in a language other than our own is anything but simple. Their theory explains that teaching speaking is a simple process because in teaching process the teacher ask the students to makes dialogue or conversation to improve students ability in speaking.
Based on explanation above, in can be concluded that teaching speaking is the way to teach speaking. The teacher should know how to teach speaking in order to make the students can speak English and get idea and information in oral production. In teaching speaking process the teacher usually ask the students makes dialogue or conversation to learn practice for the students in classroom. Therefore, the teacher should know the process guidance that want to learn. So that can make class situation fun and interesting and the students be enjoy in learning process.
NEWS ITEM TEXT
According to Khalil (2000: 26), news item text is texts which consist of a few sentences or short paragraph that describes news story in its most condensed or compact form.in addition, it is a bunch of news point which is collected to give short information to the readers, listeners, and viewers about one news. On a news items, there should be containt of an important information on it. So that the items of news it self can be well understood by the readers, listeners and viewers easilly.
Furthermore, Greenberg (2011: 18) states that news item text is the news written in chronological order, which serves be interpreted that, news item text is a reading passage that show and events are communicated to the reader who is considered essential event, a warm and newsworthy. Communicative purpose of the news items is preaching to readers, listeners, or viewers about events or incidents. So, news items should be communicative and easy understanding as the purpose of the news is to inform people about event or incident.
From the expert explanation above, it can be concluded that news item is a kind of text to retell what events in daily life readers, listeners or viewers. News item have a purpose to give information or important thing which are
considered newsworthy. In addition, it is should be made effisiently in order readers, listeners, and viewers get fuly understand of the news which is delivered. It should be filled with some point of information of an event or accident that are going to be informed.
GENERIC STRUCTURE OF NEWS ITEM TEXT
From the definition above, news item text also has some generic structures. Khalil (2000: 26), news item text is texts which consist of a few sentences or short paragraph that describes news story in its most condensed or compact form.in addition, it is a bunch of news point which is collected to give short information to the readers, listeners, and viewers about one news. On a news items, there should be containt of an important information on it. So that the items of news it self can be well understood by the readers, listeners and viewers easilly.
Moreover, Dodi, Sugeng and Efendi (2008:
151) explain the structure of news item text is divided into three parts. The first part is newsworthy events that consists of recount of the event in summary form. The second part is background events. This part includes the elaboration of what happened, to whom and in what circumstances. The last part is source that consists of comments by participants, witnesses and authorities experts on the event.
In conclusion, the important element in news item text is generic structure. There are three generic structure of news item text. The generic structures of news item text are newsworthy, background events, and source. These elements have function in news item text. Newsworthy events that consists of recount of the event in summary form. However background events that part includes the elaboration of what happened, to whom and in what circumstances. Last, source that consists of comments by participants, witnesses and authorities experts on the event. It is important elements in teaching news item text for students.
SOCRATIC SEMINAR STRATEGY
Socratic Seminar is part of cooperative learning strategy in teaching learning process which can improve speaking ability. Socratic seminar is a strategy that gives more chance to speak to students.
It motivates the students of senior high school to be active in speaking class and all students can be enjoy and do not feel afraid when they are spoken English.
According to Brulles (2012: 161), Socratic Seminar
is an outstanding way to move content from recall to true understanding. It means that students will lots of opportunities to think and share their thought with others and make the students understand about the topic.
Furthermore, Johnson (2003: 33) explains that Socratic seminar is a strategy which puts the responsibility for the success of the class in the hand of the students. These seminars are designed to help students delve deeply into text and become responsible for not only learning content but also developing speaking, listening, and reasoning skills.
It explains that Socratic Seminar will help teacher and students in learning process. Especially for the students, this strategy can help students more focus in learning process.
In conclusion, Socratic Seminar strategy is a way to improve student ability in speaking through seminar where the teacher ask the students to discussion or seminar in the text or story. The students can do seminar as the leader or the facilitator that suitable with the text or the story. Through this strategy the students are hoped to be active in the classroom.
PROCEDURE OF SOCRATIC SEMINAR STRATEGY
Socratic Seminar is part of cooperative learning. There are some experts which express their opinion about the procedures of Socratic Seminar strategy. According to Brulles (2012: 161), there are some procedures that involve in Socratic Seminar strategy as follow:
1. After students have learned enough about a topic to think and speak intelligently about it, schedule a seminar.
2. Have 12-15 students sit in the circle. The rest of the class forms a second circle, ideally with another facilitator. If this isn’t possible, students take turns sitting in an
“inner circle’’ as active participants and an
“outer circle’’ as observes.
3. Explain the rules of discussion.
4. Ask an open-ended question – one for which there is no single or correct answer.
5. Wait one to two minutes for someone to reply.
6. Allow 5-10 minutes for reflection on the Socratic Seminar process. Invite students’
suggestions on how to make the next seminar more effective at demonstrating the best qualities for a seminar.
ADVANTAGES OF SOCRATIC SEMINAR SRATEGY
The advantages of this strategy to help the writers know about his strategy and it makes the whole learning experience more fun, at the same time deepens the impression and information retaining on the lesson. There are some expert which express their opinion about advantages of Socratic Seminar strategy. According to Juzwik, Black, Claughan, and Heintz (2013: 43), advantages of Socratic Seminar are: although student-led tools usually involve the teacher’s choice of text, topic, and participation structure, they do afford students greater opportunity to take the lead in classroom talk and to produce classrom knowledge. They provide structural support for more student turns and fewer teacher turns. Turn taking tools, like a soft object thrown from speaker to speaker (a pass toy), enable the teacher to step back and allow students some of the responsibility for turn taking.
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded about advantages of Socratic Seminar strategy. This strategy can make the teacher creative in order to make the students feel enjoy in speaking class and helps the students to gain confidence when the students to speak especially in front of the class.
This strategy can add the students knowledge and improve the speaking ability because the teacher give opportunity to the students to practice through seminar.
HOT SEAT STRATEGY
Hot seat strategy is part of the cooperative learning strategy where the students will sit in the Hot Seat as a character of book, text, or story. Hot Seat strategy can improve speaking skill. According to Wilhelm (2002: 82), Hot seat is a family of enactment techniques that intensifies role playing by putting students “ on the spot” so they can be addressed, advised, questioned, and so forth. In other word, Hot Seat strategy can help the students to analyze or assume the role of character in text, book, or story. It means that Hot Seat strategy is a strategy that help student in understands what they learn through assumes the character of the text or answer the questions from other students by putting student on the hot seat.
Moreover, Jonson (2006: 69) explains that Hot Seat is a chair used by a student who has assumed the personality of a character in the literature. Other students ask questions of the student in the hot seat, and that student answers
the questions from the selected character’s perspective. It explains that the hot seat can help teacher and student in learning English, especially in teaching speaking. In hot seat strategy all student will get the chance to sit in the hot seat and question or answer from others students.
Based on explanation above, it can be conclude that Hot Seat strategy is a strategy will help teacher and students in teaching speaking.
For the teacher, Hot Seat strategy make teacher easy to manage students in the class. However for the students, this strategy will make students interest and enjoy when they learn speaking class.
And the last Hot Seat strategy gives more chance to students to speaking English through question and answer about what they learn in speaking class.
PROCEDURE OF HOT SEAT STRATEGY There are some experts which express their opinion about Hot Seat strategy. According to Young (2005), there are some procedures that involve in Hot Seat strategy as the following:
1. Select a student for the Hot Seat. This person will be the leader for the class.
2. Assign a topic for the activity.
3. Chairs should be arranged so that the Hot Seat student is seated in front of the others, in a position where all other students are visible.
4. Remind students of the rules.
5. As the leader, the Hot Seat student is responsible for calling on his/her classmates.
6. After a set amount of time or a set number of questions, the Hot Seat student retires and is replaced with another; (g). At the end of the class, the teacher may want to address persistent grammar problems heard during the activity or any important questions that were not answered by the Hot Seat student.
ADVANTAGES OF HOT SEAT STRATEGY In this particular strategy the students is expected to be active in learning process especially in speaking class. The advantages of Hot Seat strategy that is more effective to improve students speaking ability. Accoarding to Wilhelm (2002: 83), the advantages of Hot Seat strategy are:
1. Brings text, characters, and authors, ideas, forces, or topics to life. Students can become, see, and relate to characters; they
can hear theirwords, feel their presence, sense their emotions, become part of the text.
2. Supports student exploration of subtexts- of a character’s unspoken experiences in the past, present, and future.
3. Helps students get to know characters deeply or understand differing perspectives on issues.
4. Aids inferential, elaborative, and analytical thinking as students fill in the gaps and consider how characters might respond to situations outside of the text.
5. Allows students to explore real issues and experiment with views from the safety of being in role.
6. Gets at main idea/authorial generalization/thematic meanings.
7. Provides a safe opportunity to play around with and change textual details or events.
8. Offers opportunities to work on public speaking, interviewing, questioning, and other discussion skills.
DISCUSSION
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMBNING SOCRATIC SEMINAR AND HOT SEAT STRATEGY
In teaching speaking by combining Numbered Heads Together and Three Step Interview strategies, the teacher can divide teaching activities into three procedures, such as pre-teaching activities, whilst- teaching activities, and post-teaching activities.
There some activities in pre teaching activities, are follow:
1. Greeting
2. Checking the attendance list
3. The teacher reviews about material last 4. Giving brainstormingweek
Then, in whilst teaching activities there are some steps, they are:
1. Exploration
a. Teacher distributes two news item text as a topic that students will be learn.
b. The teacher explain the students about generic structure of news item text.
c. The teacher discuss the generic structure of the text with students. 2. Elaboration
a. Teacher asks students to read the text and mark the important point of text.
The teacher allocated the time to students to read the text. After that teacher schedule the seminar.
b. Teacher divides students in to two groups, each group consists of 12- 15 member and then students will sit in the circle.
c. Teacher explains the rules of seminar.
d. Teacher selects one of students for the hot seat or first speaker.
e. Teacher ask students to organize the chairs of class in order to student hot seat can see all student.
f. Teacher gives responsible to student hot seat to keep teaching learning process.
So that, student hot seat responsible for calling his/her classmates.
g. Teacher give explanation to each member that is each member will get the chance to ask a question and also the contrary about the topic that they learn. In this case there is no single or correct answer.
h. Teacher set amount of time or a set number of question to student hot seat.
After that, teacher retires hot seat student andreplace with another.
i. At the end of the class, the teacher will check grammar problems heard during the activity or any important questions that were not answered by the hot seat student or presentator.
3. Confirmation
a. The teacher and students discuss the result of elaboration.
b. The teacher recheck students ability in pronounciation and grammatical when they are speaking in front of the class.
c. The teacher give rewards to students that perform in front of the calss though they perform not good.
The last, in post teaching activities, there are some activities such as:
1. The teacher and the students conclude the material.
2. The teacher give homework to the student to the next meeting.
3. The teacher closes the teaching learning process.
CONCLUSION
Here, the writer introduces a strategy that can be applied by using Numbered Heads Together and Three Step Interview in teaching speaking.
Numbered Heads Together is a strategy that will divide student into some group and each member in group will get the chance to speaking. While Three Step Interview strategy is a strategy that make student active learning in teaching speaking through interview. These strategies are a good strategy that will apply in teaching speaking.
So that, the writer hopes that the students in senior high school has good motivation and interested in studying English especially in speaking subject.
They can share and discuss about their prediction that can involve the students’ knowledge, get much information from the lesson and improve students ability in speaking.
In addition, English teacher should always try to watch their students’ motivation to learn English during the teaching learning process. This is very important to do in order that the students keep being motivated to learn speaking skill. The teacher should be patient in teaching speaking because it is very important to grow up the students’ motivation.
Besides that, the teacher should be creative in preparing a strategy for the students in order the learning process will be run well.
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