Smithsonian miscellaneous collections

7 Johnston-Wild Flower Canyon section and also in the Upper Cambrian west of Badger Pass. The last find is dr. It enabled Walcott to identify the Arctomys Formation in the GlacierLake section and to clarify the uncertainty regarding the position of the strata that had hitherto been associated with the lower part of the Bosworth Formation.

Fig. 4. — Close up view of Tilted Mountain Cirque showing the limestones of the Middle Cambrian Eldon formation thrust against the Devonian lime-stones at the head of the Cirque

FIELD-WORK IN STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY IN TENNESSEE

The effective assistance of the officers and employees of the Canadian Pacific Railway enabled a saving of time and conservation of energy, and grants of the O. Here, however, another structural feature is destroyed in that the horizontal strata of the New Providence -shale is cut obliquely by rocks of the overlying formation of.

Fig. 14. — Outcrop of New Providence shale followed unconformably by Fort Payne chert, illustrating submarine erosion

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Here the lower formation is tilted at a slight angle and the edges of the seams. In this part of the state, the Edge of the Highlands is traversed as shown in figure 17, by low ridges, which, as a rule, are due to structural features in the underlying formations.

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The black shales of the Ludlowville division of Hamilton have been found to frequently contain innumerable small brachiopods and pelecypods. Gap sedimentation then occurs as the Tully Limestone, which forms the base of the Upper Devonian, is separated from the underlying Moscow Shale by an unconformity.

Fig. 19.— First falls in Kashong Creek, New York, showing Tully limestone (T) overlying Moscow shale

GEOLOGICAL FIELD-WORK IN EUROPE

All of southern Sweden has been heavily glaciated, but before the ice came, it had eroded to a fairly flat floor. The rest of the party continued along the Jura mountains and the Massif Central of France to Les Eyzies in the Dordogne country.

Fig. 21. — Professors O. 1. Jmik.v and T. C. Nicholas discussing the geology along the Rhaj-der River in Wales, with Dr

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The great length of time required to cut or erode the rock to form the deep canyon, and the still longer time required for the original deposition of this great vertical mass. This unique exhibit gives a very clear impression of the great antiquity of the animal life which created these traces, and it is hoped that such an example will stimulate the preparation and preservation of other natural phenomena in parks, monuments and reserves controlled by the government ours.

Fig. 25. — Slab of fossil footprints hi situ on the Hermit Trail, Grand Canyon National Park.

INVESTIGATION OF GLACIAL DEPOSITS NEAR DES MOINES, IOWA

INVESTIGATION OF EVIDENCES OF EARLY MAN AT MELBOURNE AND VERO, FLORIDA

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EXPLORATION OF A PLEISTOCENE SPRING-DEPOSIT IN

OKLAHOMA

Most important was the discovery of a broken flagstone, near the bottom of the fossil bone-bearing layer and in apparently normal immediate association with remains of extinct horse, while remains of the mammoth, mastodon and mylodon were found at the same level a few feet away.

FIELD-WORK IN ASTROPHYSICS

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Abbot grants $55,000 to enable him to locate a new station in the best possible location in the Eastern Hemisphere and, in cooperation with the Smithsonian Institution, to purchase equipment and transmit observations for several years. Graham continued natural history research in Szechwan Province, China in 1925, collecting material locally in the vicinity of Suifu and occasionally sending his native hunters to points distant from his station.

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Said: "Instructions were eventually given to stop shooting at this holy mountain, as it would somehow lead to believe that the Buddhist priests were not sincere and the Buddhist society controlling the mountain would create trouble with the priests of the local lowly temple, at the end of the north 3. li- covered limestone mountains which border.

Fig. 34.— An idol being carried in a sedan chair in an idol procession at Ngan Lin Chiao, near Suifu, Szechwan, China

MARINE INVERTEBRATE STUDIES AT THE TORTUGAS

STUDY OF THE CRUSTACEANS OF SOUTH AMERICA

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Among other things, two species of an anomuran crab of the genus Aeglea were obtained here.

Fig. 46. — House in Blumenau similar to the one which formed the early

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In the eight smaller enclosures in which the young specimens of Cerionincanum and Cerionviarcgis were placed, it seemed wise not to disturb the vegetation and discover their fate. Here, too, it was thought best not to disturb the soil, for the very young forms cannot bury themselves just below the surface of the sand, and their exposure to sunlight often results in their death.

Fig. 47. — Tlie west shure line of Loggerhead Key, looking from the Marine Biological Laboratory towards the lighthouse

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BOTANICAL EXPEDITIOX TO BRAZIL

A trip was made to Bello Jardim, 86 kilometers to the west in the Serra da Genipapo, an altitude of 600 to 650 meters. The region had not before been visited by a botanist, and much was expected of it, but the desert stretches to the great river, even the walls of the canyon being almost devoid of vegetation.

Fig. 51. — Mangrove marshes north of Recife. The coast of Pernambuco

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Pico da Bandeira, the peak of the Serra do Caparao, is now considered the highest point in Brazil at 2,884 meters. BOTANICAL RESEARCH IN EUROPEAN MUSEUMS Growing interest in the botany of South America and.

Fig. 55-— Ouro Preto, formerly called Villa Rica, the old capital of Minas Geraes in the days when there were important gold workings in the vicinity.

BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT EUROPEAN MUSEUMS The growing interest in the botany of South America and the

Chase visited Serra da Gramma, and with Miss Rolfs, Serra do Caparao, high mountains in the eastern part of the state. Killip planned to concentrate his studies on a few genera, and to mention as many species of the other groups as possible in comparison.

Fig. 58. — Botany and Geology Building, Jardin des Plantes, Paris. In this building are contained the extensive botanical collections of the Museum

ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDIES IN SOUTHERN ASIA, JAVA, AUSTRALIA, AND SOUTH AFRICA

Java, Australia and South Africa, with a short final stop in England, under the joint auspices of the Smithsonian Institution and the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. The hills are said to extend about 600 miles along the base of the Himalayas, from Kashmir and Punjab near Burma.

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One of the greatest problems in anthropology is the presence of Negritos in the Philippines, the Andamans and elsewhere in the far southeast. They resemble some of the Paleolithic tools of Western Europe, but the pit cannot be associated with any of the European cultural periods.

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The Orang Pandak (orange, pandak=short) is said to live in the almost impenetrable mountain forests of the central and southern parts of the island. It is said to live in the unhealthy lowlands of the southeastern parts of Sumatra.

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74 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78 and Melanesia, In addition there are several noteworthy private

In view of these observations the Australian aborigines truly deserve to be classed among the more fundamental races of mankind and vet. As for the Tasmanians, it appears that they are in all probability only a branch of the Australians, perhaps slightly modified in their own country.

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Here, stone tools were reported in the ancient gravel of the river, deposited along the sides of the stream before the formation of the falls. Here again, thanks to those in charge of the Department of Geology, British Musetmi (Natural History), it was possible to re-examine the Rhodesiano originals.

Fig. 78. — Animal and human bones secured by Dr. Hrdlicka at the Broken Hill Mine; all from the Bone Cave

ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT PUEBLO BONITO AND PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO

A three-day examination of the conditions, in the company of two Americans, a South African engineer and some enegroes was sufficient to show that the cultural remains here extend over a considerable distance along both sides of the river, are numerous, superficial and after all probably not very ancient. A short stop on the return journey was made in England, where the precious Tasmanian skull collection from that institution could be examined thanks to Sir Arthur Keith of the Royal College of Surgeons.

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Last summer, Judd's scientific staff devoted their undivided attention to examining pottery sherds collected in individual rooms explored over the previous four seasons. As an indication of the enormous number of vessels made by prehistoric potters, the final tabulation of the fragments themselves from Pueblo Bonita, after eliminating all possible duplicates, shows more than two hundred thousand.

Fig. 85.— Nut the least puzzlinti- of the m.

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No traces of small irrigation ditches have yet been found in Chaco Canyon, and the diversion channel just mentioned tends therefore to confirm the opinion of the expedition staff and technical advisers that the ancient Bonites practiced a system of flood irrigation not unlike what today is used by some of the more successful Nava citizens of northern New Mexico. Fragmentary remains are there, but the boundaries of the crude culture to which they belong are still indeterminate.

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ARCHEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOMETRICAL WORK IN MISSISSIPPI

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After Crandall's mounds were excavated, work began on a much larger mound of a ditterent type on the property of Dr. This clay dome and row of colored sand stiatas were probably of great importance, as they were placed on the floor of what was most likely a temple, the site of which was . later covered with a mound of earth, on the top of which, still later, nearly stood the temple or council house.

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It is believed that the archaeological work described above reveals something in the nature of a chronological cross-section of the three most important phases of Choctaw cultural history. The small burial mounds at Crandall and Hiwannee, perhaps dating from the first half of the eighteenth century, very probably belong to the period immediately preceding, how high.

Fig. 94. — Choctaw Indians engaged in a game of native ball at Phila- Phila-delphia, Mississippi

ARCHEOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE WUPATKI NATIONAL MONUMENT

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The walls of the large buildings that form the most striking feature of the Wupatki Monument. For example, the corner bond of stone is ignored and there is rarely an overlap of the same to bind the constituents of the wall together.

Fig. 98. — Tcuaki, showing the two large buildings and connecting wall, which was possibly constructed by sheep herders

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The designs on the well-decorated pottery, both black on white and polychrome, figure 104, are similar to those of Tokonabi. Additional facts of a comparative nature are essential to explain the difference between decorations on the Wupatki pottery and the beautiful design of the Homolobi-Chevlon pottery of the ruins on the Little Colorado.

Fig. 104.—Type designs on inside of bowls from Wnpatki, soutliern Tokonahi ceramic culture.

RESEARCHES ON THE ARCHEOLOGY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Pine trees were previously laid over the top of this wall, the roof of the pit, and straw was placed on top of them. A large hole is left at the top of the house for the smoke to escape.

Fig. -iMciiiKuork oi' ujowani of Southern Californian Indians: con- con-structed under Mr

STUDIES OF THE FOX AND OJIBWA INDIANS

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The chief has a desire for the Loon genus; a "chief-man" for the gender of the Bear; and herald for the genus Marten. It must be said that, as with the Menomini, the descendants of a white man and an Ojibwa woman belong to the chicken genus.

ETHNOLOGICAL RESEARCHES AMONG THE IROQUOIS AND CHIPPEWA

A veil of skin separates the Mother from the Father side during the singing of the "Farewell Song". The name Chippewa is the generic term for a historically important group of Algonquian tribes in the northwestern United States.

ETHNOLOGICAL WORK AMONG THE OSAGE OF OKLAHOMA

I command you not to forget my words, for if you do, evil will befall us; since our time to increase the number of living things on earth that are alive has not yet fully arrived." 34;to see, to look," which with associated elements, expressed and understood, gives the literal meaning "created, conceived, made, by the look, the gaze (of the Great Father Spirit).

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

This was the flower chosen by the people of the Peacemaker gens as their emblem for life and peace. The hair of the children of this gens was cut to resemble the sacred flower, as a sign of admiration for the Power that brought.

STUDIES OF INDIAN MUSIC AMONG THE MENOMINI OF WISCONSIN

As they rode along the border of a small lake, Ku-zhi-si-e also pointed out the tsc'tva-the (water chinkapin) as a food plant. On the last day of exploration, they drove to the top of a high hill, where they stopped and got out of the car.

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Among the various songs obtained were those of the moccasin game, several social dances, the legends of the Manabus, and the lullaby sung to young children, the latter being a variation of the Chippewa lullaby. This was an interesting opportunity, as the society only meets once or twice a year to initiate members, and it was especially valuable as Miss Densmore had recorded the songs from it.

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On the right side of this illustration is the top of the "water drum"; the dancers, including a small child; and the gifts for the leaders hanging from a horizontal pole. In Mille Lac, she witnessed the construction of two native bark and rush dwellings and took photographs at various stages of construction.

INVESTIGATION OF SHELL AND SAND MOUNDS ON PINELLAS PENINSULA, FLORIDA

The meeting took place in a long box (fig. ii8), and the members sat on the floor or danced in a line around the box, the songs being accompanied by a 'water drum' and three gourd rattles (fig. 119). . Many medicine pouches were made of otter and were richly decorated, the material indicating the owner's rank in society (fig. 120).

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It is located about four hundred meters from the water and most of the intervening area consists of swamp with a thick, matt cover of low vegetation. Next in line is work on the west side of the peninsula, south of the railroad bridge over Four Mile Bayou.

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A small part of the southern part of the work has been removed, and the upper part that is thus visible is shown in figure 123. However, the water is not visible from the site due to the very dense vegetation.

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