Standard Solutions and Absorbance Tables

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CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Data

4.1.1 Metal Standard

Table 4.1 Iron (Fe) Standard Solution and Absorbance Table

No Concentration (ppm) Absorbance

1 0.7234 -0.0144

2 2.0355 -0.0181

3 3.4184 -0.0220

4 4.1631 -0.0241

5 4.6596 -0.0255

Source: Environmental Laboratory Practical Data, 2024

Table 4.2 Manganese (Mn) Standard Solution and Absorbance Table

1 0.8296 0.1048

2 2.0565 0.1519

3 3.9398 0.2242

4 4.8880 0.2606

5 3.2860 0.1991

Table 4.3 Copper (Cu) Standard Solution and Absorbance Table

1 1.7647 -0.0022

2 1.3399 -0.0048

3 2.1895 0.0004

4 4.5425 0.0148

5 5.1634 0.0186

Table 4.4 Sample and Blank Table

Sample Concentration (ppm) Absorbance

Water Canned Fruit Water Canned Fruit

Iron (Fe) -6.5461 -8.2128 0.0061 0.0108

Manganese (Mn) -2.0331 -1.9888 -0.0051 -0.0034

Copper (Cu) 0.1307 -0.2451 -0.0122 -0.0145

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THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, CULTURE, RESEARCH, AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING WATER LABORATORY

Limau Manis Unand Campus, Padang 25163

4.1.1.1 Iron (Fe)

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

-0.03 -0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0

f(x) = − 0.00282000708062288 x − 0.0123599787581314 R² = 0.999999999603053

Iron (Fe)

Concentration(x)

Absorbance (y)

Figure 4.1 Iron (Fe) Standard Solution and Absorbance Curve 4.1.1.1.2 Water

Y = -0.0028x – 0.00124

-0.0061 = -0.0028x – 0.00124 -0.00486 = -0.0028x

X = 1.736 ppm

4.1.1.3.2 Canned Fruit

Y = -0.0028x – 0.00124

-0.0108 = -0.0028x – 0.00124 -0.00956 = -0.0028x

X = 3.414 ppm

4.1.1.2 Manganese (Mn)

MUZAKKI GUSRON EFENDI 2210942013

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0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 0

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

f(x) = 0.0383896086944568 x + 0.0729519417088036 R² = 0.999999999956403

Manganese (Mn)

Concentration(x)

Absorbance (y)

Figure 4.2 Manganese (Mn) Standard Solution and Absorbance Curve 4.1.1.1.2 Water

Y = 0.0384x + 0.073

-0.0051 = 0.0384x + 0.073 -0.0781 = 0.0384x

X = - 2.034 ppm

Y = 0.0384x + 0.073

-0.0034 = 0.0384x + 0.073 -0.0764 = 0.0384x

X = - 1.999 ppm

4.1.1.3 Copper (Cu)

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5

-0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025

f(x) = 0.00611999044380378 x − 0.0129999713314113 R² = 0.999999999748086

Copper (Cu)

Concentration(x)

Absorbance (y)

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4.1.1.1.2 Water

Y = 0.0061x – 0.013

-0.0122 = 0.0061x – 0.013 0.0008 = 0.0061x

X = 0.131 ppm

Y = 0.0061x – 0.013

-0.0145 = 0.0061x – 0.013 -0,0015 = 0.0061x

X = - 0.246 ppm

4.1.2 PPM Curve 4.1.2.1 Iron (Fe) 4.1.2.1.1 Canned Fruit

Iron Content (Fe) = Concentration x ml extract

1000ml x 1000g gr sample

= 3.414 ppm x 50ml

1000ml x 1000g 5.0185g

= 34.01 mg/L 4.1.2.2 Manganese (Mn)

Manganese Content (Mn) = Concentration x ml extract

= - 1.999 ppm x 50ml

1000mlx 1000g 5.0185g

= - 19.92 mg/L 4.1.2.3 Copper (Cu)

Copper Content (Cu) = Concentration x ml extract

= - 0.246 ppm x 50ml

1000mlx 1000g 5.0185g

= - 2.45 mg/L

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4.3 Discussion

During the Metal Practicum, two types of samples were used, a solid sample and a liquid (water) sample. The water sample was collected from Lubuk Mandeh Rubiah, located in Lambung Bukit, Pauh District, Padang City, West Sumatra. The specific coordinates for the location are 0º53’55.639” South latitude and 100º27’37.733” East longitude, at an elevation of 192 meters above sea level.

Sampling took place on Friday, May 24th, 2024, at 10:45 WIB. The weather was clear with a temperature of 26ºC. At the time of collection, the water appeared clear and exhibited a turbulent flow. The solid sample used in the practicum was canned fruit.

According to Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 on the Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management class II, the concentration limit for manganese (Mn) is not specified, for copper (Cu) it is set at 0.02 mg/L, and for iron (Fe) there is also no specified limit. The results from the practicum showed a manganese concentration of -2.034 mg/L in the water sample and -19.92 mg/L in the canned fruit sample. The copper (Cu) concentration was measured at 0.131 ppm mg/L in the water sample and -2.45 mg/L in the canned fruit sample, indicating that the copper levels in the water exceeded the established quality standards, while the levels in the canned fruit met the standards. The iron (Fe) concentration in the water sample was 1.736 mg/L, and in the canned fruit, it was 34.01 mg/L.

Errors made by practitioners in this metal practicum could be due to the lack of cleanliness of the tools used for transferring solutions, leading to contamination.

Additionally, practitioner inattention and inaccuracies in measuring and adding solution volumes can impact the practicum results. Human errors, such as not strictly adhering to practicum procedures, can also influence the outcomes.

Manganese, copper, and iron can lead to a range of serious health issues in humans.

Manganese can harm the nervous and digestive systems, causing symptoms from headaches to brain damage. Excess copper can damage the liver, kidneys, and nervous system, and cause vomiting and diarrhea. High levels of iron can result in

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nausea, damage to the intestinal wall, and potentially fatal outcomes if the concentration is extremely high.

The excess of metal content in water bodies requires removal technology to reduce the levels of metals contained. To address the issue of wastewater pollution containing heavy metals, an alternative technology that can assist the treatment process is phytoremediation technology. Phytoremediation is defined as the removal of pollutants mediated by plants, including trees, grasses, and aquatic plants. In the treatment of wastewater using phytoremediation technology, plants play an important role in supporting the treatment process, whether they are terrestrial plants or aquatic plants.

The role of a Bachelor of Environmental Engineering includes applying their expertise to develop renewable technologies for removing metals from water.

Additionally, they can utilize their knowledge to prevent and control the discharge of waste containing heavy metals into water bodies. Environmental engineering graduates can also educate the public about the dangers of consuming heavy metals.

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5.1 Conclusion

The conclusions obtained after this experiment are:

1. During the Metal Practicum, solid and liquid samples were collected, with the water sample taken from Batu Busuak River, West Sumatra, on a clear day at specific coordinates and elevation, and the solid sample consisting of canned fruit;

2. the practicum results indicated that while manganese and iron concentrations were within unspecified limits, the copper concentration in the water sample exceeded the regulatory standard, whereas the copper level in the canned fruit sample met the standard;

3. errors in this practicum may arise from inadequate cleanliness of the equipment leading to solution contamination, lack of precision in adding solution volumes, and deviations from procedural guidelines, all potentially impacting the practicum results;

4. the impacts caused by heavy metals such as cadmium, iron, and manganese on health include fatigue, coughing, shortness of breath, and at high concentrations can have severe health effects, including potentially causing cancer;

5. errors in this practicum may arise from inadequate cleanliness of the equipment leading to solution contamination, lack of precision in adding solution volumes, and deviations from procedural guidelines, all potentially impacting the practicum results;

6. the Bachelor of Environmental Engineering plays a crucial role in addressing metal contamination in water by assessing metal levels in water bodies and providing public education on the risks associated with elevated heavy metal concentrations in water.

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5.2 Suggestion

Suggestions that can be given based on the metal practicum that has been carried out are:

1. Practitioners must understand the working procedures and be cautious during the laboratory sessions;

2. the community should be aware of the dangers of high metal levels in water bodies;

3. the government is expected to pay more attention to the state of water bodies around residential areas and can tighten the rules regarding heavy metal pollution;

4. the Environmental Engineering graduates should be able to educate, measure, and monitor metal levels in water bodies and be capable of implementing technologies for metal removal in water bodies.