Table 1 Interagent effect test of core temperature in Fig. 2.

Table 1 Interagent effect test of core temperature in Fig. 2.

Source Degree of freedom F Sig. Partial Eta Square (ƞ²)

Corrected Model Intercept

7 1

2.953 1037345.8

0.014 0.000

0.341 1.000

Temperature 1 6.254 0.017 0.135

Gender 1 0.003 0.956 0.000

Test 1 9.736 0.003 0.196

Temperature * Gender 1 0.138 0.712 0.003

Temperature * Test 1 4.139 0.049 0.094

Gender * Test 1 1.544 0.221 0.037

Temperature * Gender * Test 1 0.123 0.728 0.003

Error 40

Total 48

Corrected Total 47

Table 2 The confidence interval and effect size of men’s fat oxidation in Fig. 3A.

Warm Cold

Exercise Fat oxidation Fat oxidation Effect size

intensity (mg/min/FFM) 95% CI (mg/min/FFM) 95% CI (r) 20% VO2max 4.56 ± 0.47 3.54-5.59 6.52 ± 0.57 5.28-7.76 0.60 40% VO2max 5.61 ± 0.53 4.45-6.76 9.42 ± 0.54 8.25-10.59 0.85 60% VO_2max 1.78 ± 0.56 0.56-3.00 6.25 ± 0.93 4.23-8.27 0.90 80% VO2max 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00-0.00 1.68 ± 0.73 0.10-3.27 - 100% VO2max 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00-0.00 0.52 ± 0.38 -0.32-1.35 -

Table 3 The confidence interval and effect size of women’s fat oxidation in Fig. 3B.

Warm Cold

Exercise Fat oxidation Fat oxidation Effect size

intensity (mg/min/FFM) 95% CI (mg/min/FFM) 95% CI (r) 20% VO2max 4.72 ± 0.65 3.31-6.13 6.61 ± 0.74 5.00-8.21 0.58 40% VO2max 7.94 ± 0.60 6.63-9.24 10.65 ± 0.63 9.27-12.03 0.98 60% VO_2max 5.87 ± 0.81 4.11-7.63 9.58 ± 0.87 7.67-11.48 0.96 80% VO2max 0.51 ± 0.46 -0.49-1.52 3.95 ± 1.31 1.10-6.79 0.95 100% VO2max 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00-0.00 1.21 ± 0.76 -0.44-2.86 -

Table 4 The confidence interval and effect size of men’s relative contribution of fat to total energy expenditure (TEE) in Fig. 3C.

Warm Cold

Relative Relative

Exercise Contribution of Contribution of Effect size

intensity fat to TEE (%) 95% CI fat to TEE (%) 95% CI (r) 20% VO_2max 79.31 ± 5.37 67.61-91.00 92.15 ± 2.70 86.28-98.02 0.46 40% VO2max 48.26 ± 4.40 38.68-57.84 70.09 ± 3.43 62.61-77.58 0.78 60% VO2max 10.21 ± 2.97 3.77-16.66 32.00 ± 4.37 22.49-41.51 0.87 80% VO2max 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00-0.00 6.26 ± 2.65 0.49-12.03 - 100% VO2max 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00-0.00 1.41 ± 1.03 -0.83-3.65 -

Table 5 The confidence interval and effect size of women’s relative contribution of fat to total energy expenditure (TEE) in Fig. 3D.

Warm Cold

Relative Relative

Exercise Contribution of Contribution of Effect size

intensity fat to TEE (%) 95% CI fat to TEE (%) 95% CI (r) 20% VO_2max 89.17 ± 4.77 78.78- 99.56 94.10 ± 5.42 82.30-105.91 0.44 40% VO2max 80.24 ± 4.85 69.66-90.81 89.25 ± 3.74 81.11-97.39 0.60 60% VO2max 40.75 ± 5.53 28.71- 52.79 56.69 ± 5.13 45.51-67.87 0.78 80% VO2max 2.46 ± 2.17 -2.27-7.18 17.87 ± 6.00 4.80-30.94 0.89 100% VO2max 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00-0.00 4.64 ± 3.17 -2.26-11.55 -

Table 6 The confidence interval and effect size of different genders’ fat oxidation in the warm environment in Fig. 4A.

Men Women

Exercise Fat oxidation Fat oxidation Effect size

intensity (mg/min/FFM) 95% CI (mg/min/FFM) 95% CI (r) 20% VO2max 4.56 ± 0.47 3.54-5.59 4.72 ± 0.65 3.31-6.13 0.03 40% VO_2max 5.61 ± 0.53 4.45-6.76 7.94 ± 0.60 6.63-9.24 0.52 60% VO2max 1.78 ± 0.56 0.56-3.00 5.87 ± 0.81 4.11-7.63 0.75 80% VO2max 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00-0.00 0.51 ± 0.46 -0.49-1.52 - 100% VO2max 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00-0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00-0.00 -

Table 7 The confidence interval and effect size of different genders’ fat oxidation in the cold environment in Fig. 4B.

Men Women

Exercise Fat oxidation Fat oxidation Effect size

intensity (mg/min/FFM) 95% CI (mg/min/FFM) 95% CI (r) 20% VO2max 6.52 ± 0.57 5.28-7.76 6.61 ± 0.74 5.00-8.21 0.02 40% VO_2max 9.42 ± 0.54 8.25-10.59 10.65 ± 0.63 9.27-12.03 0.28 60% VO2max 6.25 ± 0.93 4.23-8.27 9.58 ± 0.87 7.67-11.48 0.53 80% VO2max 1.68 ± 0.73 0.10-3.27 3.95 ± 1.31 1.10-6.79 0.27 100% VO2max 0.52 ± 0.38 -0.32-1.35 1.21 ± 0.76 -0.44-2.86 0.15

Table 8 The confidence interval and effect size of different genders’ relative contribution of fat to total energy expenditure (TEE) in the warm environment in Fig. 4C.

Men Women

Relative Relative

Exercise Contribution of Contribution of Effect size

intensity fat to TEE (%) 95% CI fat to TEE (%) 95% CI (r) 20% VO_2max 79.31 ± 5.37 67.61-91.00 89.17 ± 4.77 78.78- 99.56 0.37 40% VO2max 48.26 ± 4.40 38.68-57.84 80.24 ± 4.85 69.66-90.81 0.82 60% VO2max 10.21 ± 2.97 3.77-16.66 40.75 ± 5.53 28.71- 52.79 0.81 80% VO2max 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00-0.00 2.46 ± 2.17 -2.27-7.18 - 100% VO2max 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00-0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00-0.00 -

Table 9 The confidence interval and effect size of different genders’ relative contribution of fat to total energy expenditure (TEE) in the cold environment in Fig. 4D.

Men Women

Relative Relative

Exercise Contribution of Contribution of Effect size

intensity fat to TEE (%) 95% CI fat to TEE (%) 95% CI (r) 20% VO_2max 92.15 ± 2.70 86.28-98.02 94.10 ± 5.42 82.30-105.91 0.39 40% VO2max 70.09 ± 3.43 62.61-77.58 89.25 ± 3.74 81.11-97.39 0.72 60% VO2max 32.00 ± 4.37 22.49-41.51 56.69 ± 5.13 45.51-67.87 0.69 80% VO2max 6.26 ± 2.65 0.49-12.03 17.87 ± 6.00 4.80-30.94 0.28 100% VO2max 1.41 ± 1.03 -0.83-3.65 4.64 ± 3.17 0.00-11.55 0.15

Table 10 The confidence interval and effect size of different genders’ change in fat oxidation in Fig. 5.

Men Women

Exercise

Change in fat oxidation

Change in

fat oxidation Effect size

intensity (mg/min/FFM) 95% CI (mg/min/FFM) 95% CI (r) 20% VO_2max 1.96 ± 0.83 0.16-3.76 1.89 ± 0.88 -0.02-3.80 0.02 40% VO2max 3.81 ± 0.98 1.68-5.94 2.71 ± 0.62 1.37-4.06 0.10 60% VO2max 4.47 ± 1.15 1.96-6.97 3.71 ± 0.79 1.99-5.42 0.12 80% VO2max 1.68 ± 0.73 0.10-3.27 3.43 ± 1.26 0.70-6.17 0.18 100% VO2max 0.52 ± 0.38 -0.32-1.35 1.21 ± 0.76 -0.44-2.86 0.15

Table 11 Interagent effect test of MFO in Fig. 7A.

Source Degree of freedom F Sig. Partial Eta Square (ƞ²)

Corrected Model Intercept

3 1

11.427 842.67

0.000 0.000

0.417 0.946

Gender 1 1.121 0.295 0.023

Temperature 1 32.145 0.000 0.401

Gender * Temperature 1 1.016 0.319 0.021

Error 48

Total 52

Corrected Total 51

Table 12 Interagent effect test of corrected MFO in Fig. 7B.

Source Degree of freedom F Sig. Partial Eta Square (ƞ²)

Corrected Model Intercept

3 1

15.207 897.128

0.000 0.000

0.487 0.949

Gender 1 11.039 0.002 0.187

Temperature 1 34.436 0.000 0.418

Gender * Temperature 1 0.146 0.704 0.003

Error 48

Total 52

Corrected Total 51

Table 13 Interagent effect test of Fatmax in Fig. 7C.

Source Degree of freedom F Sig. Partial Eta Square (ƞ²)

Corrected Model Intercept

3 1

9.935 2073.7

0.000 0.000

0.383 0.977

Gender 1 24.384 0.000 0.337

Temperature 1 4.710 0.035 0.089

Gender * Temperature 1 0.710 0.404 0.015

Error 48

Total 52

Corrected Total 51

Table 14 VO2, VCO2, RER and VE of men in different ambient temperatures.

Warm Cold

Exercise VCO2 CO2 RER VE VCO2 CO2 RER VE

intensity (l/min) (l/min) (l/min) (l/min) (l/min) (l/min)

20% VO2max 0.59 ± 0.02 0.43 ± 0.02 0.73 ± 0.02 12.84 ± 0.68 0.68 ± 0.02 0.50 ± 0.04 0.72 ± 0.04 13.48 ± 0.83

40% VO2max 1.17 ± 0.05 1.00 ± 0.04 0.85 ± 0.01 28.20 ± 1.14 1.37 ± 0.04 1.10 ± 0.04 0.80 ± 0.02 29.23 ± 0.98

60% VO2max 1.77 ± 0.07 1.72 ± 0.06 0.97 ± 0.01 46.89 ± 1.94 2.05 ± 0.06 1.86 ± 0.07 0.91 ± 0.02 49.08 ± 1.66

80% VO2max 2.36 ± 0.09 2.57 ± 0.09 1.10 ± 0.01 68.92 ± 3.45 2.73 ± 0.09 2.70 ± 0.08 0.99 ± 0.01 73.93 ± 3.07

100% VO2max 2.94 ± 0.12 3.57 ± 0.13 1.22 ± 0.02 94.27 ± 5.73 3.42 ± 0.11 3.71 ± 0.10 1.09 ± 0.02 102.43 ± 4.82

Table 15 VO2, VCO2, RER and VE of women in different ambient temperatures.

Warm Cold

Exercise VCO2 CO2 RER VE VCO2 CO2 RER VE

intensity (l/min) (l/min) (l/min) (l/min) (l/min) (l/min)

20% VO2max 0.37 ± 0.01 0.21 ± 0.02 0.57 ± 0.03 8.61 ± 0.44 0.44 ± 0.02 0.27 ± 0.01 0.60 ± 0.02 8.87 ± 0.35

40% VO2max 0.75 ± 0.03 0.54 ± 0.03 0.72 ± 0.02 19.20 ± 0.84 0.89 ±0.03 0.63 ± 0.03 0.71 ± 0.02 20.09 ± 0.69

60% VO2max 1.12 ± 0.04 0.99 ±0.05 0.88 ± 0.02 31.90 ± 1.36 1.33 ± 0.05 1.10 ± 0.05 0.83 ± 0.02 33.90 ± 1.16

80% VO2max 1.49 ± 0.05 1.55 ± 0.07 1.04 ± 0.02 46.71 ± 2.11 1.77 ± 0.06 1.67 ± 0.07 0.94 ± 0.02 50.30 ± 1.86

100% VO2max 1.87 ± 0.07 2.24 ± 0.10 1.20 ± 0.03 63.65 ± 3.14 2.22 ± 0.08 2.34 ± 0.11 1.05 ±0.03 69.27 ± 2.83