Table S1 - Characteristics of the included studies

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Table S1 - Characteristics of the included studies

Study ID No* Response

rate (%)

Country Sampling strategy Data collection Methodology Analysis Donation Organ Topic (living donation)

Survey studies Al-Faqih 1991(32)

850 88.6 Saudi Arabia Random Self-complete survey

Survey Statistical D/L Organ • Attitudes to organ donation

Aswad 1992(17) 4680 NS Saudi Arabia Hospitals Self-complete survey

Survey Statistical D/L Organ • Awareness of organ donation

Bilgel 2006(18) 409 80.5 Turkey Comprehensive – 1^st/2^nd yr medical students

Self-complete survey

Survey Statistical D/L Organ • Acceptance of live organ donation Boulware

2006(56)

845 85.0 US Random telephone digit dialling (ethnicity)

Telephone survey

Survey Statistical D/L Organ • Incentives for organ donation

Boulware 2002(33)

385 84.0 US Random telephone digit dialling

Telephone survey

Survey Statistical D/L Organ • Factors associated with willingness to donate living related organs

Boulware 2002(52)^a

385 84.0 US Random telephone digit dialling

Telephone survey

Survey Statistical L Kidney • Disincentives to living related kidney donation Browne 2008(19) 135 75.0 Ireland Convenience –

undergraduate students

Survey (Theory of planned behavior)

Statistical L Organ • Willingness to be a living donor

Colak 2008(34) 75 65.2 Turkey NS Interviewer

administered

Survey Statistical D/L Organ • Willingness to be a living donor

(2)

survey

Conesa 2004(13) 245 98.0 Spain Random (urban, rural) Survey (opinion poll)

Survey Statistical L Organ • Psychosocial factors and willingness to be a donor (directed and non directed) Cotler 2001(54) 150 50.0 US Consecutive - indigent and

private internal medicine clinic

Paper-based survey

Survey Statistical L Liver • Preferences for living liver donation outcomes

• Survival thresholds for donation

Dahlke 2005(35) 330 NS US, Germany, Japan

Medical students Self-complete survey

Survey Statistical D/L Liver • Willingness to be a living donor

Danguilan 2012(20)

1500 NS Philippines Random Postal self- complete survey

Survey Statistical D/L Organ • Knowledge and opinion on incentives for organ donation El-Shoubaki

2005(80)

1305 81.5 Qatar Primary healthcare centers Self-complete survey

Survey Statistical D/L Organ • Knowledge

• Importing organs

• Impact on living donors

Guttman 1993(57)

250 71.3 Canada Medical students, general public (and transplant clinicians)

Postal self- complete survey

Survey Statistical L Kidney • Sale of kidneys

Kranenburg 550 NS Netherlands Market research – Postal self- Survey Statistical L Kidney • Incentives for organ

(3)

2008(36) representative complete survey

donation (health insurance, financial compensation) Landolt 2001(24) 500 25.0 Canada Random telephone digit

dialling

Telephone survey (15-item)

Survey Statistical D/L Kidney • Anonymous nondirected donation

• Willingness to be a living donor

Landolt 2003(37) 1002 19.0 Canada Random telephone digit dialling

Telephone survey

Survey Statistical L Kidney • Willingness to donate a kidney to various individuals including a stranger

Lee 2010(21) 1000 NS Canada Random – festival, university, supermarket, community soccer game

Postal self- complete survey

Survey Statistical D/L Organ • Willingness to be a living donor

Martinez-Alarcon 2009(38)

129 98.0 Spain Journalism students Self-complete survey

Survey Statistical L Organ • Willingness to be a living donor

Meng 2012(39) 1520 96.0 Singapore Convenience, random – local medical centre

Survey Statistical L Kidney • Willingness to be a living donor

Morgan 2006(40) 1536 95.7 UK Convenience - general practice

Survey Statistical D/L Organ • Knowledge and attitudes to organ donation Munoz 2012(41) 200 66.0 Southern

France

Convenience – city streets Interviewer administered survey

Survey Statistical L Organ • Willingness to be a living donor

(4)

Neuberger 2003(25)

1734 2141

84.2 NS

Great Britain Market research Interviewer administered survey

Survey Statistical L Liver • Support for living liver donation including reimbursement Pham 2004(22) 350 79.7 US Convenience –

Vietnamese American church attendees attending a university

Self-compelte survey

Survey Statistical D/L Organ • Knowledge and opinions about organ donation

Piccoli 2004(58) 43 100.0 Italy Convenience – medical students attending

nephrology seminar

Survey Statistical L Kidney • Opinions on kidney vending

Piccoli 2004(42) 1676 NS Italy Convenience – 13 high schools

Survey Statistical L Kidney • Willingness to be a living donor

Rid 2009(43) 178 NS Switzerland 3^rd year medical students Self-complete survey

Survey Statistical L Kidney • Considering to sell a kidney in a regulated market

Rios 2005(27) 419 NS Spain Random – hospital professionals not related to transplantation

Survey Statistical L Liver • Support for living liver donation

Rios 2010(28) 264 NS Spain Random – teachers from secondary schools

Survey Statistical L Organ • Support for living organ donation Rios 2008(14) 1533 90.0 Spain Random – British and Irish

residents

Survey Statistical L Kidney • Support for living organ donation Rios 2009(29) 265 83.0 Spain Random – East European

residents

Survey Statistical L Kidney • Support for living organ donation

(5)

Rios 2012(26) 3545 98.0 Spain Random – 10 secondary schools (1^st to 4^th year)

Survey Statistical L Kidney,

Liver

• Support for donation

Segev 2012(44) 845 NS US Random Random telephone digit dialling

Interview administered survey

Survey Statistical D/L Kidney • Willingness to participate in paired kidney exchange Siegel 2008(30) 1253 51.0 US Random telephone digit

dialling Hispanics

Telephone survey

Theory of planned behaviour, vested interest theory

Statistical D/L Organ • Willingness to be a living organ donor

Siegal 2011(45) 380 56.0 US Random telephone digit dialling Hispanics

Telephone survey

Theory of planned behaviour, vested interest theory

Statistical L Kidney • Willingness to discuss living organ donation with loved ones

Sobnach 2010(23)

346 30.0 South Africa Comprehensive - medical students

Survey Statistical D/L Organ • Knowledge about organ transplantation Spital 2001(12) 1009 NS US Random telephone digit

dialling

Telephone survey

Survey Statistical L Kidney • Acceptability of kidney donation by

relationships (directed and non-directed) Spital 1988(31) 470 56.0 US Non physicians – General

Hospital

Survey Statistical D/L Organ • Attitudes to living related and unrelated donation

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• Willingness and rights of donors to accept added risk Spital 2003(47) 2049 NS US National polling

organisation

Telephone survey

Survey Statistical L Kidney • Nondirected donation – selection of

recipients Teo 2011(46) 300 NS Brunei

Darussalam

Random – relatives of dialysis patients, general practice patients

Survey Statistical L Kidney • Willingness to donate

Qualitative studies Alkhawari

2005(81)

141 NS UK Purposive - Muslim Indo- Asians

In-depth interviews, focus groups

Grounded theory

Thematic analysis

D/L Organ • Attitudes to organ donation

Alvaro 2008(48) 52 NS US Subset of previous study (random digit dialling) – Hispanics

10 focus groups NS Content analysis

L Organ • Barriers to and benefits of living donation

• Approaching potential donors

Exley 1996(49) 22 NS UK Judgemental/snowballing - Sikh community

Semi-structured interviews, focus group

NS Content analysis

D/L Organ • Knowledge and attitudes

• Publicity campaign for organ donation Hyde 2009(51) 53 NS Australia Convenience – university,

physiotherapy clinic,

Semi-structured interviews,

NS Content and

thematic

D/L Organ • Perception of organ donors

(7)

snowballing focus groups analysis Molzahn

2005(53)

15 NS Canada Purposive, snowballing – Chinese Canadians

Semi-structured interviews, focus groups

Naturalistic inquiry

Constant comparative methods

D/L Organ • Values and beliefs regarding organ donation Schweda

2009(55)

66 NS Germany,

Netherlands, Sweden, Cyprus

Maximum variation 8 focus groups Grounded theory

Qualitative content analysis

D/L Organ • Financial incentives for organ donation

Schweda 2009(82)

10 NS Germany Advertisements 1 focus group Grounded theory,

Qualitative content analysis

D/L Organ • Ideas and motives toward organ donation

• Commercialization of organ donation

*number of participants from the general public, a, Boulware 2002 (same participants); NS, not statedawar

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Table S2 - Studies assessing knowledge about living organ donation

Study No. Population Methods Organ Aware that living organ donation

is possible (%)

Good knowledge about living donation (%)

Aswad 1992(17)

52 Saudi Arabia Self-completed surveys Organ 78.0 NA

Bilgel 2006(18) 409 Medical students, Turkey Self-completed surveys Organ NA 44.8 Browne

2008(19)

135 Undergraduate students, Ireland Self-completed surveys Organ NA 20.7

Danguilan 2012(20)

1500 General public, Philippines Self-completed surveys Organ 33.0 NA

Lee 2010(21) 1000 General public, Canada Self-completed survey Organ 87.9 NA Pham 2004(22) 350 Vietnamese Americans, US Self-completed survey Organ 75.9 NA Sobnach

2010(23)

346 Medical students, South Africa Self-completed survey Kidney 96.0 NA

Liver 62.0 NA

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Table S3 - Studies assessing proportion of participants indicating support and acceptance for living donation

Study No. Population Methods Organ In favour of directed

living donation (%)

In favour of non- directed donation (%)

In favour of unrelated directed donation Conesa

2004(13)

2004 General public – rural and urban residents, Spain

Self-completed survey Organ 89.0 29.0

Neuberger 2003(25)

1734 General public, UK Interviewer administered survey Liver 73.0 -

Rios 2005(27) 419 Hospital workers, Spain Self-completed survey Liver 82.0 - 14.8 Rios 2010(28) 264 Secondary school teachers,

Spain

Self-completed survey Kidney 92.0 - 16.0

Liver 91.0 - 20.0

Rios 2008(14) 1533 British and Irish residents, Spain Self-completed survey Kidney 91.0 - Rios 2009(29) 265 Eastern Europeans, Spain Self-completed survey Kidney 83.0 -

Rios 2012(26) 3545 Adolescents, Spain Self-completed survey Kidney 89.0 - 29.0

Liver 78.0 - 19.0

Siegel 2008(30) 1253 Hispanics, Spain Telephone survey Organ 80.3 -

Spital 2001(12) 1009 General public, US Telephone survey Kidney 92.0 80.0 Spital 1988(31) 470 Non-medical public, US Self-completed survey Organ 91.0

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Table S4 - Studies assessing proportion of participants willing to be a live donor

Study No. Population Methods Organ Would consider

being a live donor to a known recipient (%)

Would consider donating to an unrelated known recipient (%)

Would consider donating to an unknown recipient (%)

Factors significantly associated with less willingness to be a living donor*

Al Faqih 1991(32)

850 General public, Saudi Arabia

Self-completed surveys

Organ 65.2 9.3 - Not assessed or reported

Bilgel 2006(18)

409 Medical students, Turkey

Self-complete surveys

Organ 74.3 - - Not assessed or reported

Boulware 2002(33)

385 General public, US Telephone interview

Organ 66.0 - - Older age, comorbid conditions,

mistrust in hospitals, concerns about discrimination in hospitals

Colak 2008(34)

75 Turkey Interview- administered survey

Danguilan 2012(20)

1500 General public, Philippines

Self-completed surveys

Kranenburg 2008(36)

550 General public, Netherlands

Postal self- completed survey

Kidney 96.6 - 83.4 Male (P=0.06), lower level of

education (P=0.009), older age (P<0.001)

Landolt 2001(24)

500 General public, Canada

Telephone survey Kidney - - 29.0 Not assessed or reported Landolt

2003(37)

1002 General public, Canada

Telephone survey Kidney - - 26.0 Not assessed or reported Lee 2010(21) 1000 General public,

Canada

Postal self- completed survey

Organ 90.0 - Not assessed or reported

Martinez- Alarcon 2009(38)

129 Journalism students, Spain

Self-completed survey

Liver 75.0 14.0 - Not willing to donate organs after death (P<0.001)

Kidney 85.0 24.0 - Not willing to donate organs after

death (P<0.001) Meng

2012(39)

1460 General public, medical centre patients, Singapore

Kidney 48.4 - - Older age (P<0.001), secondary level or lower education (p<0.001), low income (P<0.001), married or with a partner (P<0.001), non-professionals (P<0.001).

Neuberger 2003(25)

1734 General public, UK Interview- administered survey

Liver 92.0 - 27.0 Not assessed or reported

Piccoli 2004(42)

1676 Teenagers, Italy Self-completed survey

Kidney 78.2 - - Not assessed or reported

Rid 2009(43) 178 Medical students, Switzerland

Kidney 75.8 - 14.0 Not assessed or reported

Segev 2012(44)

845 General public, US Telephone survey Kidney - - 85.2^a Older age (P=0.01), male (P=0.019), African American (P=0.004), Hispanic (P=0.031), mistrust of the medical system (P<0.001), perceived lack of

(11)

understanding in organ allocation (P=0.014); not willing to donate organs after death (P<0.001); not religious (P=0.078); not spiritual (P=0.006)

Siegel 2008(30)

1253 Hispanics, US Telephone survey Organ 60.6 - - Not assessed or reported Siegal

2011(45)

380 Hispanics, US Telephone Survey Organ 94.6 - - Not assessed or reported Spital

2001(12)

1009 General public, US Telephone survey Kidney 76.0 45.0 Not assessed or reported Spital

1988(31)

470 Non physicians at a general hospital, US

Organ 93.0 57.0 - Not assessed or reported

Spital 2003(47)

2049 General public, US Telephone survey Kidney - - 46.0 Not assessed or reported Teo 2011(46) 300 General public,

Brunei Darussalem

Kidney 82.0 - - Not assessed or reported

(-) not reported or stated; *P values provided if reported in the primary study; ^apaired kidney exchange donation

(12)

Table S5 - Search strategies MEDLINE

1946 – August Week 4 2012

Embase

1980 – Week 34 2012

PsycINFO

1806 – August Week 3 2012

CINAHL 1. community$.tw.

2. public$.tw.

3. Humans/

4. men/ or exp population groups/ or women/

5. Adult/

6. or/1-5

7. exp "Tissue and Organ Procurement"/

8. organ donation$.tw.

9. exp Living Donors/

10. or/7-8 11. 6 and 10

12. exp Attitude to Health/

13. exp Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice/

14. attitude$.tw.

15. belief$.tw.

16. exp Questionnaires/

17. qualitative research/

18. exp Public Opinion/

19. exp social perception/

20. focus group$.tw.

21. interview$.tw.

22. survey$.tw.

23. morals/

24. ethics/

25. or/12-24 26. 11 and 25

1. community$.tw.

2. public$.tw.

3. human/

4. adult/

5. or/1-4

6. exp organ donor/

8. exp living donor/

9. living donat$.tw.

10. live donat$.tw.

11. or/6-10 12. 5 and 11

13. exp attitude to health/

14. attitude/

15. belief$.tw.

16. exp questionnaire/

17. survey$.tw.

18. exp qualitative research/

19. focus group$.tw.

20. interview$.tw.

21. exp public opinion/

22. or/13-21 23. 12 and 22

1. exp Tissue Donation/

3. living donat$.tw.

4. live donat$.tw.

5. or/1-4

6. community$.tw.

7. public$.tw.

8. or/6-7 9. 5 and 8

1. Organ donation 2. Public

3. Community