Full Name of
Student: Melissa Raidy Overall
Grade:
Student’s NRP 5014221036
Class / Group IUP / 08 Name of Laboratory
Assistant Andini Firyal Pramesti
PRACTICAL WORK REPORT
MODULE 01
[CONVERSION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCE]
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. PURPOSE
The title of this practical work held in Water Treatment Laboratory or Solid Waste Management Laboratory of Hazardous and Toxic Wastes at Thursday, 09 March 2023 is conversion of organic substance and aims to:
a. Comprehend some of conversion reaction of organic compound.
b. Comprehend changes on physical properties that correlate to conversion of organic compound.
1.2. PRINCIPLE
The principle of this practical work is for students to be able to study and analyse the changes in physical and chemical properties of some organic substances that can be used as an indication to identify the conversion reaction of organic compounds specifically on reactions of saponification and esterification. The main idea is that triglyceride fatty acid will react exothermically with a strong base to form soap salt, while carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in a strong acid catalyst to form an ester. The results of these two reactions can be observed through its physical properties, chemical properties, and the amount of energy that take place during the reaction.
1.3. BASIC THEORY
All living things on earth are formed mostly of carbon compounds. The prevalence of carbon compounds in living things has led to the epithet “carbon-based” life. The truth is we know of no other kind of life. Early chemists regarded substances isolated from organisms (plants and animals) as a different type of matter that could not be synthesized artificially, and these substances were thus known as organic compounds (Flowers et al., 2018).
Covalent bonds are formed between two atoms when both have similar tendencies to attract electrons to themselves (i.e., when both atoms have identical or fairly similar ionization energies and electron affinities) (Flowers et al., 2018). If an electron pair is not equally shared, the bond is polar. This polarity results from the difference in electronegativities of the atoms—
that is, from the unequal abilities of the atoms to draw bonding electrons to themselves (Ebbing
& Gammon, 2017).
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A Brønsted–Lowry acid is a substance that donates a hydrogen ion, H+, and a Brønsted–Lowry base is a substance that accepts a hydrogen ion (McMurry, 2019). A Lewis acid is a substance that accepts an electron pair, and a Lewis base is a substance that donates an electron pair. The donated electron pair is shared between the acid and the base in a covalent bond (McMurry, 2019). Some compounds can act as both acids and bases, just as water can.
Alcohols and carboxylic acids, for instance, act as acids when they donate an H+ but as bases when their oxygen atom accepts an H+ (McMurry, 2019).
Carboxylic acid is a compound containing a --COOH group (Bettelheim et al., 2013).
Esterification can be regarded as the transformation of carboxylic acids or their derivatives into esters (Otera & Nishikido, 2013). Esters can also be synthesized by an acid-catalyzed nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol, a process called the Fischer esterification reaction (McMurry, 2019).
Ester hydrolysis in basic solution is called saponification, after the Latin word sapo, meaning “soap.” (McMurry, 2019). At the molecular level, saponification corresponds to base- promoted hydrolysis of the ester groups in triglycerides. A triglyceride is a triester of glycerol.
The resulting soaps contain mainly the sodium salts of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids from tallow and the sodium salts of lauric and myristic acids from coconut oil (Bettelheim et al., 2013).
2. METHOD
The work steps of this practical work can be seen in the following flowchart below.
Palm oil
Extract 1 ml of palm oil and solubility test is conducted.
Odor, color, temperature, etc were observed.
Test tube (contains 2 ml of aquadest)
Put the palm oil inside test tube.
Separation was observed.
Test tube was shaken and left for a few minutes and observed again.
Oil
Extract 1-2 ml of oil again to a different test tube.
Strong base (NaOH or KOH 25%)
Add with a strong base (like NaOH or KOH 25%) with the same volume.
When reacting, make sure to stir well and heat it up with water bath if needed.
Changes (odor, color, shape/phase, etc.) were observed.
Result
Figure 1. Flow diagram for saponification experiment
Alcohol
Extract 1 ml of alcohol.
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Put inside test tube.
Acetic acid (1 N or 2 N)
1 ml of acetic acid was added.
Sulfuric acid 2 N
2-3 drops of sulfuric acid were added.
The mixture was heated up in a water bath while shaken.
The physical and chemical changes were observed.
Nitric acid or Sulfuric acid
Repeat the process by replacing carboxylic acid (acetic acid) with nitric acid or sulfuric acid
Observe the changes.
Compare with previous experiment.
Compare the result
Figure 2. Flow diagram for esterification experiment
2.1. APPARATUS
Apparatuses used in this practical work are:
a. 1 Volumetric pipette to extract the substances accurately and precisely.
b. 3 Test tube as a place for the substances to react in.
c. 1 drop pipettes to extract the sulfuric acid.
d. 1 glass beaker with Bunsen burner to heat up the reaction if needed.
e. 1 test tube clamp to move the test tube when hot.
f. 1 Erlenmeyer flask to add up the volume if needed.
2.2. MATERIAL
Material/chemicals used in this practical work are:
a. 3 ml of palm oil as the main substance to observe for saponification.
b. 2 ml of aquadest to trigger the reaction in a separation process.
c. 25% of NaOH or KOH to trigger the reaction in a saponification process.
d. 2-3 ml of alcohol (ethanol, propanol) as the main substance to observe for esterification.
e. 1 ml of acetic acid (carboxylic acid), nitric acid and sulfuric acid to trigger the reaction in an esterification process.
f. 6-9 drops of sulfuric acid 2 N used to speed up the reaction so that it achieved the equilibrium state ideally.
2.3. REQUIREMENT CRITERIA DURING PRACTICAL WORK
Things that we should concern while doing this practical work are: 1) Preparation of tools and materials, where before carrying out the experiment all tools and materials must be available according to the provisions of the experiment and ensure that everything is in good condition to avoid unwanted things as well as make sure that the tools and materials are sterilized well enough. 2) Work safety in the laboratory by using safety attributes in the laboratory, specifically by wearing a lab coat according to regulations, closed shoes, and several additional attributes such as safety goggles which must be worn during the experiment to avoid exposure to chemicals, especially in the facial area which can cause irritation or injury and latex gloves to prevent skin irritations. 3) Obey the rules and
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regulation careful, that is, the practitioner must know the experimental procedures that will be carried out so that everything runs smoothly and that the experimental objectives can be achieved. In addition, stay cautious and alert during the experiment to avoid work accidents.
3. REFERENCE
Bettelheim, F. A., Brown, W. H., Campbell, M. K., Farrell, S. O., & Torres, O. J. (2013). Introduction to general, organic, and biochemistry. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.
Ebbing, D. D., & Gammon, S. D. (2017). General chemistry. Bosotn, MA: Cengage Learning.
Flowers, P., Theopold, K., Langley, R., & Robinson, W. R. (2018). Chemistry. Houston, TX: OpenStax, Rice University.
McMurry, J. (2019). Organic Chemistry. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Otera, J., & Nishikido, J. (2013). Esterification: Methods, reactions, and applications. Weinheim:
Wiley-VCH.
