BASIC NURSING
THE CONCEPT OF SELF ESTEEM FULFILLMENT NEEDS
Supporting Lecture:
Dr. Jujuk Proboningsih, S.Kp., M.Kes NIP: 197107231995032002
Arranged by:
Rizka Arifin Yulianto NIM: P27820723161
LEVEL 1 INTERNATIONAL CLASS
NURSE PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM UNDERGRADUATE LEVEL APPLIED NURSING
HEALTH POLYTECHNIC OF HEALTH MINISTRY SURABAYA ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024
PREFACE
Praise our gratitude to God Almighty because for all the abundance of His grace and guidance we can complete the preparation of this paper entitled "The Concept Of Self Esteem Fulfillment Needs." as expected by the author.
In writing this paper, we express our deepest gratitude to Mrs. Dr. Jujuk Proboningsih, S.Kp., M.Kes., as the lecturer of the Basic Nursing course.
We hope that this paper can help increase knowledge and experience for readers so that we can improve the form and content of this paper so that in the future we can make better papers. We admit that there are still many shortcomings in this paper because we still lack experience.
Therefore, we hope that the readers will provide constructive criticism and suggestions for the perfection of this paper.
With this, if there are errors in words or writing in the preparation of this paper, we apologize profusely, thank you very much.
Surabaya, May 10th, 2024
Writer
TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE ...2
TABLE OF CONTENT ...3
A. The Concept of Self-Esteem Needs and Self-Concept ...4
1. Self-concept ...4
2. Self-esteem ...4
3. Characteristics of self-esteem ...4
a. Characteristics of high self-esteem ...4
b. Characteristics of low self-esteem ...5
4. Factors Affecting Self-Concept ...6
1. People Around You ...6
2. Success ...6
3. Failure ...6
4. Other People's Reactions ...6
5. Physical Condition ...7
6. Parental Demands ...7
7. Race, Skin and others ...7
8. Mycrosystems ...7
9. Mesosystems ...8
10. Family Condition ...8
5. Factors affecting self-esteem ...8
6. Aspects of Self-esteem ...8
B. Self-Actualization Needs ...9
1. Definition of Self-Actualization ...9
2. Conditions for achieving self-actualization ... 10
3. Personal Traits of Self-Actualization ... 11
4. Factors Affecting Self-Actualization ... 13
a) Internal Factors ... 13
b) External Factors ... 13
REFERENCES ... 15
A. The Concept of Self-Esteem Needs and Self-Concept 1. Self-concept
Self-concept is all the ideas, thoughts, beliefs and stances that an individual knows about him or herself and influences the individual in relating to others (Stuart and Sudeen, 1998). This includes individual perceptions of their nature and abilities, interactions with others and the environment, values related to experiences and objects, goals and desires. Meanwhile, according to Beck, Willian and Rawlin (1986), self- concept is the way individuals view themselves as a whole, both physically, emotionally intellectually, socially and spiritually.
2. Self-esteem
Self-esteem is one of the dimensions of self-concept. Self-esteem is an evaluation process aimed at individuals on themselves, which will be related to the process of individual acceptance of themselves. In this case, the evaluation will describe how the individual assesses himself, shows appreciation and recognition or not, and shows the extent to which the individual feels capable, successful and valuable. In short, self-esteem is defined as a self-assessment of self-esteem that is expressed through the attitudes adopted by the individual.
Here the individual will try to fulfill the need for self-esteem, if the need for love and belonging has been fulfilled or satisfied. (Koeswara, 1991: 124)
A person's self-esteem depends on how he assesses himself where this will affect behavior in everyday life. This individual assessment is expressed in attitudes that can be both high and negative.
3. Characteristics of self-esteem
a. Characteristics of high self-esteem
High self-esteem will generate self-confidence, self-esteem, confidence in one's abilities, a sense of usefulness and a sense that one's presence is needed in this world. For example: a nurse who has a high enough self-esteem, she will be confident that she can achieve the achievements that she and others expect. In turn, that belief will motivate the nurse to really achieve what she wants.
Characteristics of people who have high self-esteem according to Clemes and Bean (2001: 334), include:
1) Proud of their work 2) Act independently
3) Easily accept responsibility 4) Solve problems well
5) Respond to new challenges with enthusiasm 6) Feel able to influence others
7) Shows a wide range of feelings and emotions
The benefits of having high self-esteem (Branden, 1999: 6-7) include:
a) Individuals will be stronger in the face of life's suffering, more steadfast, and more resistant in the face of life's pressures, and not easily give up and despair.
b) Individuals are more creative at work
c) Individuals are increasingly ambitious, not only in career and financial matters, but in things that are encountered in life both emotionally, creatively and spiritually.
d) Individuals will have great expectations in building good and constructive relationships.
e) Individuals will be more respectful and wise in treating others, because they do not see others as a threat.
b. Characteristics of low self-esteem
People who have low self-esteem will tend to feel that they are incapable and worthless. In addition, people with low self-esteem tend not to dare to seek new challenges in their lives, prefer to face things that are well known and like things that are not full of demands, tend not to feel confident in their thoughts and feelings, tend to be afraid of facing responses from others, unable to foster good communication and tend to feel their lives are unhappy.
It is in people who have low self-esteem that low behavior often appears.
Starting from a sense of inadequacy and worthlessness, they compensate with other actions that seem to make them more valuable. For example, by seeking recognition and attention from their friends by fighting, making a commotion that is done in order to get recognition from the environment.
Characteristics of people with low self-esteem according to Clemes and Bean (2001: 4-5) include:
1. Avoid situations that may trigger anxiety 2. Downgrading one's own talents
3. Feeling that no one appreciates him/her 4.
4. Blaming others for her own weaknesses 5. Easily influenced by others
6. Being defensive and easily frustrated 7. Feeling helpless
8. Shows a narrow range of feelings and emotions The result of having a negative self-esteem is :
1) Easy to feel anxious, stressed, lonely and prone to depression 2) May cause problems with friends and social relationships 3) Can seriously damage academic and work performance 4) Increases the use of drugs and alcohol (Utexas. Edu, 2001: 3)
4. Factors Affecting Self-Concept
When humans are born until they grow and develop, even until they can be independent and mature, it is clear that they are with their parents and family.
Likewise, the task first recognized by a human being is of course his parents and then a family other than his parents. The role of the family in children's education is very high, so why are children sometimes not far from the attitude or upbringing of their parents.
If the individual is able to break away from his dependence on the family, he will interact with a wider and more diverse environment which may sometimes cause a human being who is not firm in his stance to experience problems and also experience self-debate.
The theory reveals that the formation of a person's self-concept comes from his interactions with others. Apart from formation, each individual will have a clear and appropriate response. Where this mirror of judgment can be used as self- introspection and others. So, what are the factors that influence self-concept?
1. People Around You
In fact, not all individuals exert influence let alone the same great influence on us. You can imagine how you could change if every time you met a new individual you would be influenced. Everything has its limits.
As for those who can usually exert influence, they are the people closest to us or those around you. In the world of psychology, they are called significant others. Who are they? Parents, siblings and people who live in the same house with us, and usually neighbors who are often in our home environment.
2. Success
Self-concept can be obtained when a person gets success for what he has experienced. Success often affects one's self-concept and personal adaptation. It also affects one's social life, which means it has a real influence on one's self-concept. Often success is the main product of gaining pride. There is usually a feeling of pride and satisfaction.
3. Failure
In addition to success, failure can also be the main thing that is most needed by a person or that is definitely present in a person's self-concept. Given that failure often brings wisdom or introspection and lessons for many people.
4. Other People's Reactions
As you go about your daily life people will view individuals according to the patterns of behavior that they themselves exhibit. Harry Stack Sullivan (Jalaludin Rakhmat, 1996: 101) has clearly explained that if you want to be accepted, respected and also liked then you must also respect, accept and also
make others feel accepted by us. Conversely, if others always look down on you then you can't blame yourself. That is the right and correct self-concept.
5. Physical Condition
Often other people look at a person's outward appearance. So one's physical condition can affect the individual in developing his self-concept and also how he views others or vice versa. Individuals who have physical disabilities will certainly look down on themselves, considering that other people also look at them that way.
Some people also deliberately and also familiarize themselves with weaknesses, such as the emergence of feelings of shame, inferiority, worthlessness and odd feelings because they see themselves as different from other people. Even though it really makes themselves not appreciated.
6. Parental Demands
Are you already a parent? Often unattainable goals are the cause or the main problem of children. Many children have problems because of pressure from parents who always demand children to become individuals who are expected by them. Freeing children to find their passion, although not easy, still must be possible.
The demands that children often feel sometimes receive obstacles and also get demands that cause children not to develop. In addition, the excessive attitude of parents to protect their children will also cause children to not be able to develop and result in children becoming less confident and having a low self-concept.
7. Race, Skin and others
Self-concept can then be influenced by differences ranging from race, skin, environment, heredity and others. R Pudjijogyanti (1995: 29) in research states that racial minority groups and low socio-economic groups tend to have a low self-concept. Of course this has the effect of pressure and also various problems towards them compared to majority racial groups and high socio- economic groups, besides that for gender there are differences in self-concept between women and men that cause different self-concepts with those who live in a good environment.
8. Mycrosystems
Mycrosystems is an understanding of a psychological reality in the real or actual life that people often do every day. The microsystem consists of the physical environment where the individual is. Where of course you know that many self-concepts are formed from the social environment around the individual. Likewise, the interaction between the two environments in which the individual participates.
9. Mesosystems
There is another called mesosystems, which is the relationship between microsystems in which individuals are developing and experiencing the reality of life. With the strength and complete network between reality settings, the mesosystem will be stronger in influencing individual development. For this reason, mesosystems are quite instrumental in the formation of their self or self- concept.
10. Family Condition
What do you imagine if family conditions are not good? It will have an impact and cause a bad environment. Good children can be characterized by high integrity and tolerance and positive attitudes of family members. Because they are accustomed to good and right habits. The existence of such conditions causes children to view parents as successful figures and consider parents trustworthy as figures who can support themselves in solving all their life problems. So that the self-concept is more mature and better.
5. Factors affecting self-esteem
According to Coopersmith (1967) there are several factors that affect self- esteem, namely:
a. Appreciation and Acceptance from Significant People. A person's self-esteem is influenced by people who are considered important in the life of the individual concerned. parents and family are examples of significant people. The family is the environment where the first interaction occurs in a person's life.
b. Social Class and Success. According to Coopersmith (1967), social class position can be seen from work, income and residence. Individuals who have more prestigious jobs, higher incomes and live in larger and more luxurious homes will be seen as more successful in the eyes of society and receive material and cultural benefits. This will cause individuals with high social class to believe that they are more valuable than others.
c. Individual Values and Inspiration in Interpreting Experience. The success received by individuals does not affect self-esteem directly but is filtered first through the goals and values held by individuals.
d. How Individuals Deal with Devaluation. Individuals can minimize threats in the form of negative evaluations that come from outside themselves. They can reject the rights of others who give negative assessments of themselves.
6. Aspects of Self-esteem
Reasoner (1982), suggests the following aspects of self-esteem:
a. Sense of Security, The extent to which a person feels secure in their behavior because they know what is expected by others and are not afraid of being blamed.
Children feel confident in what they do so they don't feel anxious about what will happen to them.
b. Sense of Identity, This is the child's awareness of the extent of his/her potential, ability and significance.
c. Sense of Belongeng, It is a feeling that arises because the child feels part of the group, feels himself important and needed by others, and feels himself accepted by the group.
d. Sense of Purpose, i.e. the individual's belief that he will succeed in achieving his desired goals, feeling motivated.
e. Sense of Personal Competence, It is the individual's realization that he can overcome all challenges and problems faced with his own abilities, efforts, and ways.
B. Self-Actualization Needs
1. Definition of Self-Actualization
Self-actualization is the instinctive need in humans to do the best they can. The term is used in various psychological theories, such as by Kurt Goldstein, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers. Goldstein was the first to see that this need is the main motivation for humans, while other needs are just manifestations of this need. But what makes this term more prominent is Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs, which considers it the highest level of psychological development that can be achieved when all basic needs have been met and the actualization of all his potential begins to be carried out.
Self-actualization is the ability of individuals to explore and develop all their potential to become themselves and to improve their quality of life. Self-confidence is a feeling of satisfaction and confidence in one's abilities and tries to develop a positive assessment of oneself and the environment. Self-confidence is an aspect of human personality that functions importantly to actualize its potential.
Self-actualization is a force that encourages self-development and individual potential, is innate and has become a characteristic of all humans. Self-actualization drives humans to optimal development and produces unique human characteristics such as creativity, innovation, and others.
The psychological figure Abraham Maslow is known as the pioneer of the humanistic school of psychology. Maslow believed that humans are driven to understand and accept themselves as much as possible. His most famous theory to this day is that of the Hierarchy of Needs. His family life and life experiences influenced his psychological ideas. After World War II, Maslow began to question how previous psychologists thought about the human mind. While he didn't deny it completely, he had his own ideas for understanding the human mind.
Humanist psychologists believe that everyone has a strong desire to realize their inner potential, to reach the level of self-actualization. To prove that humans do not just react to situations that occur around them, but to achieve something more, Maslow studied someone with a healthy mental state, rather than studying someone
with mental health problems. This illustrates that humans can only experience the
"peak of their experience" when they are in harmony with themselves and their surroundings. In Maslow's view, humans who actualize themselves, can have many peaks of experience than humans who are less self-actualized.
The interpretation of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is represented in the form of a pyramid with more basic needs at the bottom. Maslow used the pyramid as a prop to visualize his idea of the hierarchy of needs theory. According to Maslow, humans are motivated to fulfill their needs. These needs have levels or hierarchies, starting from the lowest (basic/physiological) to the highest (self-actualization). The hierarchy of needs is as follows:
1. Physiological or basic needs 2. The need for security
3. The need to be loved and cherished 4. The need to be valued
5. The need for self-actualization
Maslow called the four needs ranging from physiological needs to self-esteem needs homeostatic. Then it stops on its own.
Maslow extended the scope of this homeostatic principle to those needs, such as security, love and self-esteem that we don't usually associate with the principle.
Maslow considered these deficit needs as survival needs. Even love and affection actually make it clear that these needs are present from birth exactly the same as instincts.
2. Conditions for achieving self-actualization
So the prerequisite for achieving self-actualization is satisfying the four lower- level needs:
a. Physiological needs b. needs for security
c. needs for belonging and love d. appreciation needs.
These needs must be at least partially satisfied in this order, before the need for self-actualization arises.
The above self-actualization need appears to be a peak state of individual development. Maslow initially stated that self-actualized people are only found in older people, tending to be seen as a peak state or the final state of a long-term goal, not as a continuous dynamic process.
However, Maslow also stated that young people cannot fully self-actualize, but have the possibility to show good growth towards self-actualization.
3. Personal Traits of Self-Actualization
From the results of research which is a long analytical process, Maslow finally identified 19 personal characteristics that reach the level of self-actualization.
a. A clear perception of life (reality), including the ability to detect falsehoods and judge a person's character well. Thanks to their sharp perception, they are more decisive and accurate in predicting events that will occur. They are better able to see and penetrate the realities hidden in events; more sensitive to seeing the wisdom of various problems.
b. Such individuals see life as it is and not based on their desires. They are more objective and unemotional. A self-actualized person will not allow personal expectations and desires to mislead their observations. On the contrary, most other people may only listen to what they want to hear from others even if it is not true and honest.
c. Have a higher degree of spontaneity. They are more sensitive to a rich and unconventional inner life, and have the ability to see the world from new angles and appreciate the beauty in ordinary things. They usually do not feel the need to hide their feelings or thoughts, or act contrived. Actualized individuals have an appetite for art, music, and political and philosophical issues.
d. Problem-centeredness. They are highly consistent and attentive to external questions and challenges, have a clear mission or purpose that results in integrity, impeccability, and introspection. They have a clear commitment to the task at hand and are able to forget themselves, in the sense of being able to dedicate themselves to a job, task or vocation that they consider important.
e. Longing for solitude. Not only do they seek solitude that produces inner peace, but they can also enjoy it.
f. They are fiercely independent and autonomous, yet at the same time like other people. They have a healthy desire for personal freedom which is different from neurotic freedom (which is secretive and fearful). Sometimes they seem very autonomous, as they rely entirely on their own capacities. This is the paradox: they are the most individualistic and social people in society. If they obey a rule or order, it is based on an understanding of the benefits that can be achieved from fulfilling the rule in question, and not because they are going along with it.
g. There are times when they experience what are called "peak experiences";
moments when they feel at their best, when they are overwhelmed with a deep sense of solemnity, happiness and joy or ecstasy. This relates to their ability to concentrate in an extraordinary way. Sometimes this ability leaves them in a daze.
It is not uncommon for them to experience flow in their activities.
h. A sense of kinship towards fellow human beings accompanied by a sincere spirit to help others.
i. These excellent individuals are more humble and respectful of others. They believe that in many ways they have to learn from others. This enables them to listen to others with patience. This virtue comes from a deeper understanding of oneself. Just like children, they are able to listen to others without a priori or prior
judgment. Maslow calls this virtue "Being cognition" or "B-cognition"; passive and receptive observation.
j. They have a clear ethic of what is good and what is evil. But for them, the conflict between good and bad does not matter. Consistently, they will choose and favor the more noble values.
k. Good sense of humor. They are not interested in jokes that hurt or imply inferiority which makes others feel abused. They prefer humor that is philosophical, cosmic, or whose humorous value is contained in the logic of words. They also stand out in terms of tolerance for the natural weaknesses of others. But they are strongly opposed to dishonesty, deception, lies, cruelty, and hypocrisy.
l. Creative in saying, doing and getting things done. This trait is associated with flexibility, not being afraid to make something that later turns out to be a mistake, and openness. Like an innocent child, they are not afraid to be creative because of the ridicule of others. They are creative and see events freshly without prejudice.
According to Maslow, almost every child is capable of making up a song, rhyme, dance, play, or game on the spur of the moment, without being planned or preceded by any particular intention. This is also how self-actualized people's creativity is.
m. They have a healthy appreciation of themselves based on recognizing their own potential. They are receptive to praise and appreciation but do not become dependent on the accolades of others. They do not deify fame and empty notoriety.
n. Imperfection. They certainly have feelings of guilt, anxiety, guilt, envy and so on.
However, these feelings are not like those experienced by neurotic people. They are closer to a positive mindset. They are not always calm, sometimes they can blow up in anger too; bored with small talk, nonsense, and the hustle and bustle of the party atmosphere.
o. They have a clear “hierarchy of values”. They are able to see and distinguish what is more important and should be prioritized in a given situation. Their conflict level is low. They have more energy for productive purposes than spending time regretting themselves and their circumstances. For them, the conflict between good and bad does not matter. Consistently, they will choose and favor loftier values, and sincerely follow them. For these people, self-discipline is relatively easy because what they want to do is in line with what they believe is right. Their values are based on what is real to them, not on what others tell them.
p. Resistance to inculturization. They are able to see things beyond the boundaries of culture and time. Maslow calls them having what is called “psychological independence”. This is reflected in their decisions that sometimes go “against the grain” of popular opinion. They do not hesitate to reject their culture if it is not in line with common sense. For small things like manners, language, and clothing, food, and so on, it is not a problem. But when it comes to things that they feel go against basic principles, they can be independent and act outside the box.
q. They tend to seek friendship with people who share their character traits, such as honesty, sincerity, kindness and courage, while disregarding superficial traits such
as social class, religion, racial background and appearance. In this sense, they are not bothered by differences. The more mature their personalities, the less they care about good looks, well-built, curvaceous bodies, and so on. Instead, they place a high value on compatibility, kindness, sincerity, and honesty.
r. In general, it can be said that self-actualized people tend to build a strong, happy, lifelong marriage. In a healthy person, the marriage that is built allows both parties to increase each other's trust and self-esteem, providing mutual benefits.
s. They are very philosophical and patient in demanding or accepting necessary changes in an orderly manner. While most people in society tend to be either very practical or very theoretical, self-actualized people tend to be both practical and theoretical depending on the circumstances. They try to love the world as it is, while keeping their eyes open to its shortcomings and working to improve it.
4. Factors Affecting Self-Actualization
There are several factors that influence self-actualization. People who are able to actualize themselves really understand that there are other existences or obstacles living (indwelling) within (internal) or outside (external) their own existence that control their behavior and actions to do something.
a) Internal Factors
This internal factor is a form of obstacle that comes from within a person, which includes:
1. Ignorance of one's potential
2. Feelings of doubt and fear of expressing one's potential, so that the potential cannot continue to develop.
Self-potential is capital that needs to be known, explored and maximized.
Indeed, change can only occur if we know the potential that exists within us and then direct it to the right and tested actions (Fadlymun, 2009).
b) External Factors
External factors are obstacles that come from outside a person, such as:
1) Community culture that does not support the actualization of one's potential due to differences in character. In reality, the community environment does not fully support the self-actualization efforts of its citizens.
2) Environmental factors. The community environment affects efforts to realize self-actualization. Self-actualization can be done if the environment allows it (Asmadi, 2008). The environment is one of the factors that influence the formation and development of individual behavior, both the physical environment and the socio-psychological environment (Sudrajat, 2008).
3) Parenting. The influence of the family in the formation of children's self- actualization is very significant. Many factors in the family are influential in the process of child development. One factor in the family that has an important role in self-actualization is parenting practices (Brown, 1961).
Self-actualization is a person's ability to manage themselves so that they are free from various pressures, both from within and outside themselves. A person's ability to free themselves from internal and external pressures in self-actualization shows that the person has reached self-maturity. Thus, it can be said that the self- actualization is full. This is due to the existence of two forces that attract each other and will always influence each other within the human being itself throughout the course of human life. One force leads to self-defense, so that what emerges is the fear of being wrong or not confident, fear of facing the risks of decisions to be taken, glorifying the past by ignoring the present and future, hesitating in making decisions/acting, and so on. While the other power is the power that leads to self- wholeness and the realization of all the potential that is owned, so that what appears is self-confidence and full self-acceptance (Asmadi, 2008).
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