Name: Zalnic Fajri Adiyatu Nim: 03051282429040 Class: Teknik Mesin B
TASK 1
Time Order
In the model narrative paragraph, the writer used time order to tell what happened first, what happened next, what happened after that, and so on. Notice the Jcjnds of words and phrases used to show time order. These are called time order signals because they signal the order in which events happen.
Put a comma after a time order signal that comes before the subject at the beginning of a sentence. (Exception: Then, soon, and now are usually not followed by a comma.) At first, none of us realized what was happening.
For a minute or two, we were too scared to move.
Then we tried to call our parents at work.
Compound Sentences with and, but, so, and or
In Chapter I, you learned about simple sentences. A simple sentence has one subject verb combination.
Another kind of sentence is a compound sentence. A compound sentence has two or more subject-verb combinations. A compound sentence is composed of at least two simple sentences joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction. A compound sentence has this "formula":
The gold | disappeared | with the mice S V
Coordinating Conjunction
Coordinating Conjunction:
>And joins sentences that are alike.
>But joins sentences that are opposite or show contrast
>So joins sentences when the second So joins sentences when the second So joins sentences when the second
>Or joins sentences that give choices or alternatives
Example:
>He dropped a rice ball, and it rolled into a hole in the ground.
>They were happy, but they were poor.
>he greedy man wanted all of the mice's gold, so he pretended to be a cat.
>He could choose a big box, or he could choose a small one
Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction in compound sentences only. Do not use a comma to join two words or two phrases in a simple sentence.
Yesterday we went shopping, but we didn't buy anything.
The stores were crowded, and they were noisy.
We ate lunch, and then we went home.
Yesterday we went shopping but didn't buy anything.
The stores were crowded and noisy.
We ate lunch and then went home.
Freewriting
Another prewriting technique is freewriting. When you freewrite, you write "freely" without stopping-on a topic for a specific amount of time. You just write down sentences as you think of them without worrying about whether your sentences are correct or not. You also don't have to punctuate sentences or capitalize words. You can even write incomplete sentences or phrases. The main goal in freewriting is to keep your pencil moving across the paper.
These are the important points covered in this chapter:
I. Narration is the kind of writing that you do when you tell a story.
2. Use time order words and phrases to show when each part of the story happens.
3. A compound sentence is composed of two simple sentences joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction.
4. Four coordinating conjunctions are and, but, so, and or.
5. Commas are used • after most time order signals at the beginning of a sentence. • in compound sentences. • between items in a series. • in dates written in the order month-day-year. • in place names.
6. Freewriting is a prewriting technique in which you write without stopping for a specific amount of time.
Three Parts of a Paragraph
A paragraph has three parts: a topic sentence, several supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence.
1. The topic sentence tells what topic the paragraph is going to discuss.
2. The supporting sentences give details about the topic.
3. The concluding sentence summarizes the main points or restates the topic sentence in different words.
The Topic Sentence
The topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. It has two parts: a topic and a controlling idea. The topic names the subject of the paragraph. ln our model, the topic is Hawaiian weddings. The controlling idea tells what the paragraph will say about the topic. It is called the controlling idea because it controls or limits the topic to a very specific point or points.
Supporting Sentence
Supporting sentences exolain topic by giving more information about it. Supporting Senteces list the
main points of the paragraph
Signal Phrases for Examples
Followed by a Comma1. For example, For instance No Comma
2. such as
1. the bride often wears a long white holoku (wedding dress), and the groom wears a long-sleeved white shirt and pants with a red sash around his waist. For instance, there may be noisy firecrackers, a Chinese way of keeping bad spirits away.
2. The bride's lei is traditionally made of white flowers such as pikake (jasmine), and the groom's is made of green maile leaves.
Apostrophes
The apostrophe mark (') has three main uses in English:
• To make contractions
• To make nouns and some pronouns possessive
• To make letters of the alphabet plural
Contractions
An apostrophe shows where letters are missing in a contraction.
isn't, she's, it's,
is not, she is OR she has, it is, won't, they're, they'd, will not, they are, they had OR they wouldWe use contractions in conversation and in informal writing such as letters to friends, but we usually do not use them in formal academic and business writing. (Some teachers allow contractions; others do not. Ask your teacher.)
Possessives
Possessive words show ownership. In the phrase Maria 's book, Maria 's is a possessive noun showing that Maria is the owner of the book.
In English, we can show ownership with nouns in two ways. We can use an of the phrase and say the name of my friend, or we can use an apostrophe + s and say my friend's name.
the speed of the runner OR the runner's speed
the orders of the doctor OR the doctor's orders
the complaints of my neighbor OR my neighbor's complaints
In general, we use an apostrophe or an apostrophe + s more often when the owner is a Jiving being, and we use the of phrase more often when the owner is a nonliving thing. We prefer, for example, to say the dog 's leg but the leg of the table. Sometimes you can write a possessive either way: The bank's
president or the president of the bank.
When the owner's name is given, we don't have a choice. We must use an apostrophe or apostrophe + s. Maria's book NOT the book of Maria
the Smiths' house NOT the house of the SmithsBesides nouns, we also make indefinite pronouns possessive. Indefinite pronouns are the words someone, anyone, somebody, anybody, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, and one.
Outlining
The best way to organize a paragraph is to make an outline before you begin to write. An outline is like an architect's plan for a house. Imagine building a house without a plan. The kitchen might be far away from the dining room, or the house might have no windows. Having a plan not only helps you, the writer, to organize your thoughts but it also ensures that you don't leave out anything important.
