View of Rain Harvester Prototype Integration for Drinking Water Using IoT And Mobile Apps

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Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science Volume 8, Number 1, April 2023, pp. 41-51

Journal Homepage: www.jitecs.ub.ac.id

Rain Harvester Integration for Drinking Water Using IoT And Mobile Apps

Muh. Fijar Sukma Kartika¹, Miftakhul Pebrianti Ningsih², Muhammad Aditya Darma Saputra³, St. Shofiah Aghnani Alfi Laila Fq⁴, Faris Febrian Hadianta⁵, Mochammad Hannats Hanafi

Ichsan*⁶

1,2,3,4,5,6Brawijaya University, Malang

{¹fijarikok, ²mifta02, ³farisfar}@student.ub.ac.id; {⁴m.adityadarma.s,

5shofiahaghnani}@gmail.com; {⁶hanas.hanafi}@ub.ac.id

*Corresponding Author

Received 03 October 2022; accepted 30 January 2023

Abstract. The drought that hit Indonesia caused 8 provinces in Indonesia to experience a crisis of clean water and drinking water. Meanwhile, the rainy season in Indonesia occurs for 6 months, starting from November to April. The peak of the rainy season in Indonesia occurs in January, with an average maximum rain intensity of around >700 mm. Based on the situation from the massive potential of rainwater in Indonesia, the possibility to produce clean water and drinking water to overcome drought problems in the dry season. The resulting drinking water must qualify according to its standards. Therefore, the water quality produced from this prototype must be observed. The purpose of this study is to determine the reliability of the filter on the rainwater harvester. The water filter materials used are zeolite natural stone, activated carbon stone, and filter cotton, and further filters are carried out through the Ultrafiltration membrane and electrolysis process. Then the water can be monitored for quality through the user's device. The external water quality of the rainwater harvester is tested with acidity or pH, Total Dissolve Solid or dissolved solids, and Turbidity or water clarity. The change in water quality is seen in TDS, from 50 ppm to 203 ppm. In addition, water quality is seen from the pH of 6.1 to 6.9 and for Turbidity of rainwater which is 0 NTU. Rainwater harvesters can convert rainwater into drinking water. However, in the future, there must be further research on the quality of water produced from rainwater harvesters.

Keywords: Rainwater, Drinking Water, Internet of Things, Water Filtration Device, TDS, pH, Turbidity

1 Introduction

Climate change has occurred globally, but the impacts felt vary widely. These changes can be observed from several leading indicators: temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity, cloud cover, and evaporation [1, 2]. According to the BMKG in Indonesia, climate change has been experienced since 1866 and is expected to continue until now [3, 4, 5]. As a result of climate change, there are seasonal shifts and extreme weather. The existence of severe weather makes Indonesia often hit by droughts in the dry season and flash floods in the rainy season [6, 7, 8]. The problem in the future is expected to have a worse impact, characterized by a longer duration and higher intensity.

Drought is a natural disaster that tends to be slow but has indirect consequences

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42 JITeCS Volume 8, Number 1, April 2023, pp 41-51 and can occur over a long period, from monthly to yearly [9]. Therefore, this disaster is referred to as a creeping disaster. The drought that hit Indonesia caused 8 provinces in Indonesia to experience a crisis of clean water and drinking water, and it was recorded that more than 20 thousand hectares of rice fields in East Java were in drought [10, 11, 12]. The rainy season in Indonesia occurs for 6 months, from November to April [13].

The peak of the rainy season in Indonesia occurs in January, with an average maximum rain intensity of around >700 mm [14]. Judging from the massive potential of rainwater in Indonesia, it is possible to produce clean water and drinking water to overcome drought problems in the dry season.

The government's efforts to overcome the drought problem in the short term are to provide clean water assistance to the affected areas during the disaster. Meanwhile, for a long time, the government has asked its citizens to search for pure springs that can be used by the community [15]. However, this method is still ineffective because it takes a long time and cannot be done in areas containing a lot of lime [15]. Therefore, intelligent innovations have emerged to overcome the clean water crisis by utilizing rainwater as drinking water. Furthermore, because rainwater has no odour, a low turbidity level of 1.05 NTU, is tasteless, has a temperature of 24.60º C, and has a colour of <0.26 Pt.Co has a pH of 7.4 [17, 18, 19]. The proposed sollution is a Rainwater Harvester Prototype into an Integrated Drinking Water Smartphone Based on the Internet of Things as a Solution for Providing Clean Water.

The technology offered on the Rainwater Harvesting Device into Drinking water is based on the Internet of Things, which is integrated into a Smartphone and embedded into a sensor that monitors the quality of drinking water with various parameters in its eyes. In addition, the technology also has several advantages. The costs incurred are cheap and easy to monitor so that if an error occurs, it can be immediately handled for repair. The main components of water worth drinking are the mineral content, temperature, acids, and Turbidity of the water. The mineral content is obtained with the TDS sensor for temperature using the Arduino temperature sensor Ds18b20, acid using PH-4502C and Turbidity. The prototype uses wireless technology, namely ESP32 technology, to generate data in real time. Some studies state that such sensors are good enough for prototyping [20, 21, 22, 23, 24].

Rainwater Harvester Into Integrated Drinking Water Smartphone Based on the Internet of Things works by monitoring the quality of clean water produced in every part of the filtration system. In this prototype, there is a filtration, sterilization, and decontamination system that is used to filter dirt and kill harmful nanoparticles in rainwater. In addition, inside, it is also equipped with several sensors that indicate the clean, ready-to-drink water produced. This study focuses on the design and implementation of rainwater filters with TDS, Temperature, PH, and Turbidity sensors to determine the feasibility of drinking water produced by the device.

2 Method

The implementation stage is carried out in three phases: literature study, prototype and design, and experimentation on the prototype. The literature study method is used to study theories, understand design concepts, and create prototypes.

The libraries used are textbooks in the form of scientific writings, e-books, handbooks, course reference books, and free reports such as articles and newspaper papers related to the copyright program developed. After this is done, it is continued with the compounding and production of the prototype and experiments to find out its effectiveness.

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Muh. Fijar., et al. , Rain Harvester Prototype... 43

2.1 System Design

There are two systems in this prototype: a water filtration system and an IoT (Internet of Things) system based on Arduino that can be connected to the user's device.

There are 4 tubes made with PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) pipe. The first tube contains a rainwater collector, and the second is an ultrafiltration membrane.

First Tube Rainwater

Collector

Second Tube Filtration Tube

Third Tube Ultra Filtration

Tube

Fourth Tube Electrolysis

Tube

Fifth Tube Ready to Drink

Water Tube

Figure 1. System Block Diagram

Ultrafiltration membrane can filter viruses and carbon black. After that, water flows into the third tube, chemically filtration by activated carbon and zeolite stones.

Activated carbon binds organic matter in the water while zeolite stones remove ammonia dissolved in water. In the fourth tube, an electrolysis process will function to remove harmful nanoparticles contained in water. The fifth tube is used to hold ready- to-drink water. In this tube, various kinds of sensors are also used to monitor the condition of the water.

In IoT systems, the Arduino used is Arduino Uno. In the first and third tubes, a water level sensor is used to monitor the amount of water in the two tubes. Then in tube first and second tubes, there is a water pump to push water into the next tube. There is an electrolysis process on the third tube with a solenoid faucet placed on the second tube's pipe. The water pump and the solenoid faucet will be connected to a relay that the Arduino will control so that when the water in the second tube is complete, the water pump will turn off. The solenoid faucet will close, and then the electrolysis process occurs. In the last tube, there are sensors needed to monitor the state of the water: TDS, Turbidity, Temperature, and Ph meters. All sensors can be connected to the device via Bluetooth.

2.2 Prototype Design

The first tube is a rainwater storage tube that acts as a reservoir. The second tube is mechanical filtration, which contains zeolite, charcoal, and sandstones. The third is an ultrafiltration tube, the fourth is electrolysis, and the fifth is a drinking water storage tube and a sensor tube. Then a tube frame of pre-prepared iron is made. Funnel to take rainwater, then place it on the first tube. After that, the first tube is connected to the second tube and stops the faucet, so the water does not go directly to the second tube.

The second tube is connected to the water pump. Then the water pump is also associated with an adapter and switch. The water pump is directly related to the third or ultrafiltration tube.

From the ultrafiltration tube, it is connected to the fourth tube and given a faucet stop. Then on the lid of the 5th tube is attached a copper electrode (Cu), then the electrode is connected to the switch and then to the adapter. The faucet is mounted on the 5th tube. The sensors are mounted on the last tube, so the sensor does not enter the water. After the fourth tube, connect it to the last tube, given a faucet.

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44 JITeCS Volume 8, Number 1, April 2023, pp 41-51

First Tube Rainwater Collector

Third Tube Ultra Filtration Tube

Figure 2. Right Side Design

First Tube Rainwater Collector

Third Tube Ultra Filtration Tube

Fourth Tube Electrolysis Tube

Fifth Tube Ready to Drink Water Tube

Figure 3. Front Side Design

3 Results and Discussion

This section shows the testing of each sensor used and tests related to the feasibility of drinking water based on actual rainwater. So, the feasibility of the prototype was obtained to filter rainwater into drinking water with various parameters owned.

3.1 Temperature Sensor Testing

Temperature sensor testing is carried out to measure the ability of the temperature sensor to obtain values. Temperature testing is carried out above the positive interval only because the need between rainwater and water after the electrolysis process always has a positive result. This test was compared between the thermometer and the results obtained by the temperature sensor. This test is necessary because of the electrolysis process that provides an electrical voltage into the water. In this process, it is feared that it will impact the water that has been filtrated. Namely, the water will become hot and not suitable for drinking.

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Table 1. Temperature Sensor Testing Test Data

Sample Number Temperature

Sensor (^oC) Thermometer

Temperature (^oC) Error

1 3.7 3 0.7

2 5.3 6 0.7

3 6.3 5 1.3

4 9.6 9.1 0.5

5 9.19 9.5 0.31

6 47.5 49 1.5

7 54.5 57 2.5

8 58.3 61 2.7

9 62.7 66 3.3

10 11 10 1

11 10.6 9 1.6

12 15.3 15 0.3

13 12 12 0

14 25.7 26.5 0.8

15 26.3 27 0.7

16 82 89 7

17 83.6 90 6.4

18 77.3 87 9.7

19 74.8 77 2.2

20 63.4 67 3.6

Average Error 2.3

Minimum Error 0

Maximum Error 9.7

In the Table 1 test, the temperature sensor used was quite good because the difference obtained from the readings of the sensor results was relatively small. The average error obtained is 2.3 degrees Celsius, the minimum error is 0, and the maximum is 9.7 degrees. In this system, this figure is considered feasible to implement because it does not significantly impact the quality of drinking water.

3.2 Turbidity Sensor Testing

Testing of the Turbidity sensor as a gauge of water turbidity is carried out to determine the quality of the sensor. The sensor used is feasible or not to measure water quality. In tests 1 to 11, it was tested with solution water that is coloured and has soil content, while testing 12 to 18 with drinking water sold in retail stores.

In the Table 2 test above, testing with solution water that has colour and soil obtained results from 686 NTU to 3002 NTU, but for bottled drinking water sold in retail stores, it has a level of 0 NTU. This testing scenario states that the sensor can

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distinguish well whether water is suitable for consumption.

Table 2. Turbidity Sensor Testing Test Data

Sample Number

Turbidity Sensor (NTU)

Information Worth

Drinking / Not

1 689 Turbid water of the 1st sample Not

2 699 Turbid water of the 2nd sample Not

3 1288 Turbid water of the 3rd sample Not

4 1798 Turbid water of the 4th sample Not

10 2982 Turbid water of the 10th sample Not 11 3002 The turbid water of the 11th sample Not

12 0 Bottled Water A Worth

13 0 Bottled Water B Worth

14 0 Bottled Water C Worth

15 0 Bottled Water D Worth

16 0 Bottled Water E Worth

17 0 Bottled Water F Worth

18 0 Bottled Water G Worth

3.3 pH Sensors Testing

The pH sensor is tested to calculate the acid content of that water. The feasibility of drinking water for consumption is close to the number 7. In this test, data was taken with a pH sensor and compared with a digital pH meter that has been manufactured and patented, namely ph meter PH -009Ia. So from the test results, a comparison was obtained between the patented prototype and the sensor used.

In the Table 3 test, the average error was 0.5, at least 0, and a maximum of 1.

This result explains that the sensors used are pretty good at detecting pH levels for drinking water. The difference in the error range is not too significant. So this sensor is good enough to be implemented as a prototype.

3.4 TDS Sensor Testing

TDS sensor testing is carried out to calculate the mineral content of water. The feasibility of drinking water for consumption is worth under 500. In this test, data was taken with a TDS sensor and compared to a TDS digital meter that has been manufactured and patented, namely the TDS / EC EZ-1 series with the B-Leaf logo.

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Table 3. pH Sensor Testing Test Data Sample

Number

pH Comparison Tool

pH Sensor Error

1 6,6 6,8 0.2

2 6,8 6,8 0.0

3 6,4 6,8 0.5

4 6,6 6,7 0.1

5 6,0 6,8 0.8

6 6,2 6,7 0.5

7 5,8 6,6 0.8

8 5,8 6,6 0.8

9 6,1 6,8 0.7

10 5,8 6,8 1.0

11 5,9 6,7 0.8

12 5,3 6,3 1.0

13 5,9 6,7 0.8

14 6,3 6,5 0.2

15 7,0 7,1 0.1

16 7,2 7,2 0.0

17 7,2 7,0 0.2

18 7,3 7,1 0.2

19 7,8 7,1 0.7

20 7,4 7,0 0.4

Average Error 0.5

Minimum Error 0.0

Maximum Error 1.0

Table 4. TDS Sensor Testing Test Data Sample

Number

TDS Comparison Tool (ppm)

TDS sensor (ppm)

Error

1 317 322 5

2 457 448 9

3 532 583 51

4 709 794 85

5 813 888 75

6 949 997 48

7 972 1013 41

8 1226 1217 9

9 1318 1341 23

10 1286 1265 21

11 1512 1589 77

12 1316 1413 97

13 1632 1738 106

14 1451 1562 111

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15 1474 1686 212

16 1670 1810 140

17 1517 1834 317

18 1908 2058 150

19 1870 2082 212

20 2307 2407 100

Average Error 94.45

Minimum Error 5

Maximum Error 317

3.5 Data Delivery Testing

The testing process of sending data from the prototype to the Raiter Mobile Apps is necessary due to wireless technology's relationship between the prototype and the prototype. This test is carried out because sometimes the datasheet given by the tool manufacturer often does not correspond to the realization of the tool's implementation, so this test is necessary.

Table 5. Data Delivery Testing

Data retrieval Number Distance (cm) Status (Sent / Fail)

1 60 Sent

2 120 Sent

3 180 Sent

4 240 Sent

5 300 Sent

6 360 Sent

7 420 Sent

8 480 Sent

9 540 Sent

10 600 Sent

11 660 Sent

12 720 Sent

13 780 Sent

14 840 Sent

15 900 Sent

16 960 Sent

17 1020 Sent

18 1080 Sent

19 1140 Sent

20 1200 Sent

21 1260 Fail

22 1320 Fail

23 1380 Fail

24 1440 Fail

25 1500 Fail

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Based on the test results in Table 4, the maximum data can be sent as far as 1200 cm, on the datasheet given as far as 1000 cm. Therefore, based on the design needs, data transmission using Bluetooth Arduino Module is appropriate and can be used for prototype tools.

3.6 Functional Testing of Drinking Water Feasibility with Rainwater Test Data This test is a test of the entire system. The water used is actual rainwater. The rainwater is collected and put into the prototype of the tool that has been made. After that, a justification for the water is given, whether the water is worth drinking or not.

Table 6. Feasibility Testing

No. Before Filtration After Filtration

TDS

(ppm) pH Turbidity

(NTU) Temperature (^oC) TDS

(ppm) PH Turbidity

(NTU) Temperature (^oC)

1 18 5,9 0 27 50 6,7 0 26

2 46 5,9 0 26 128 6,9 0 26

3 50 6,1 0 28 203 6.8 0 27

4 13 6,2 0 27 43 6,9 0 28

5 31 6,2 0 27 68 7,1 0 27

6 20 6,2 0 28 33 7,0 0 27

7 6 6,2 0 26 19 7,1 0 28

Based on the test results, there was a decrease in TDS, pH, and Turbidity levels and insignificant temperature changes. TDS levels that are close to 0, pH levels that are close to 7, and turbidity levels that have a value of 0 state that water that has been filtered has criteria for drinking.

4 Conclusion

The research conducted to monitor water filtration by making a prototype with five tubes was successfully and appropriately implemented. The five tubes are considered sufficient to carry out filtration and various processes, including the electrolysis process. The sensors used to detect water content are all feasible to use.

Where the temperature sensor has an average error of 9.7 ^OC, for the sensor can measure significantly 0.5, the sensor has an average pH error of 9.7 ^OC, as well as the process of sending data that can all be sent as far as 1200 cm or 12 meters.

The final test, namely the drinking water feasibility test, gave good results from seven rain samples. The entire processed water gave results that were suitable for consumption. The whole process offers results stating that the water produced by this prototype is ideal for drinking. This feasibility is shown based on the justification of the results of the sensor readings and filtration components in it. The success of data transmission is also one of the most important supporting factors in the application of the Internet of Things. This research provides solutions for the community and the government in the process of providing clean water to communities affected by disasters or people who live far from drinking water sources.

Acknowledgements. This research is the output of the Student Creativity Program

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50 JITeCS Volume 8, Number 1, April 2023, pp 41-51 organized by the Ministry of Education and Culture Diktiristek. We hope that the result of this research will support the success of the program that has been carried out. It is also expected that this prototype can be implemented and help people who need clean water sources.

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