RESTRICTIVE AND NON RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSE IN JOHN GRISHAM’S ROGUE LAWYER
Ni Putu Yunick Cahyani Udayana University e-mail: niputuyunickcahyani123@gmail.com
I Nyoman Sedeng Udayana University e-mail: nyomansedeng@unud.ac.id
I Nyoman Udayana Udayana University e-mail: nyomanudayana@unud.ac.id
Abstract
This study entitled Restrictive And Non Restrictive Relative Clause In John Grisham’s Rogue Lawyer that focuses on what the types of the relative pronoun and its modify. The data were taken from a novel by John Grisham entitled; Rogue Lawyer. The documentation method was used in order to collect the data. In analyzing data, the descriptive qualitative method applied in this study. The theory that was applied in this study was the theory Quirk et. al. (1985) in his book A Comprehensive Grammar of The English Language. Based on the analysis, all the relative pronoun found in the novel; who, whose, whom, which ,that and zero pronoun. However in the non-restrictive relative clause that found in the novel mostly used the separation marker comma.
Keywords: Relative Pronoun, Non-Restrictive Relative Clause, Restrictive Relative Clause.
INTRODUCTION
Linguistic communications are channeled mainly through our senses of sound and sight (Nelson 2001: 1). Syntax is one of the branches in linguistics. The central study of syntax is a structure of words order or clause. Syntax is traditionally the name given to the study of the form, positioning, and grouping, of the elements that make up sentences.
In a word, it is about the structure of sentences (Burton 2016: 3). Sentence is normally the largest unit that is described in grammar. Grammar deals with the rules for combining words into larger units (Nelson 2001: 13). Sentence is an indeterminate unit in the sense that it is often difficult to decide, particularly in spoken language where one sentence ends and another begins. The term grammar is indeterminate in the sense that “What counts as a grammatical English sentence?” is not always a question which permits a decisive answer; and this is not only because questions of grammatical acceptability inevitably become involved with questions of meaning, with questions of good or bad style, with questions of lexical acceptability, with questions of acceptability context, etc. (Quirk et al. 2005: 47). In addition, it is also important to recognize errors of grammatical structures that probably occur in written or spoken English. Davidson (2006: 28) stated that to be grammatically correct or complete, a sentence must have some word or word group in each of the function slots that are obligatory for that particular type of sentence. A phrase is any group of two or more words that can occupy the same function slot in a sentence
as a single word, for example, Mary is singing, (Davidson 2006: 66). When the sentences are linked in larger structures those are also sentence, the smaller sentences that form a larger sentence are called clause. A clause is a word-group which has the same structure as a sentence but which is part of a larger sentence: a clause is ‘a sentence within a sentence’ (Davidson 2006: 124) A sentence that is not linked to any other sentence to form a larger sentence is a simple sentence (Davidson 2006: 125). A sentence that consists of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses (dependent clause) is called complex sentence (Davidson 2006: 127). Dependent clause that functions as an adjective;
it modifies a noun or pronoun is a relative clause. For this reason, a relative clause is also similarly known as an adjectival clause (Oshima and Hogue (1999: 209). Relative clause has two types they are relative pronoun and relative adverb. Who, whom, whose, which, and that are in relative pronoun. Where, when and why are in relative adverb. Quirk et al (1985: 366) said that a relative clause has two types namely restrictive relative clause and non-restrictive relative clause. The semantic relation between a clause and its relater may be either restrictive or non- restrictive. In this study, a novel is chosen to analyse the types of relative clause and the structure constructed in the novel. The novel entitled “Rogue’s Lawyer” by Grisham published in 2005 is a thriller novel that tells us about Sebastian Rudd as lawyer that does not maintain a pretty office with mahogany and leather. He claims himself as a lone gunman, a rogue who fights bad systems and hates injustice.
The novel is interesting because of the gritty, witty, and impossible to put down as the character of Sebastian Rudd and it has more data of relative clause. Conveying or even communicating our ideas or messages in a kind of sentence that probably includes with a relative clause. It is important to study about relative clause because we use it in a daily life. We also can use it properly.
Literature Review:
In this study involves 5 relevance studies:
Benedetta (2014) on her article entitled “The Syntactic Structure Of Relative Clause With Reference To John Green’s Novel” there are two purposes for this study, the first is to describe the types of relative clauses contained in the novel. The second is aimed at analyzing the structure the syntax of the relative clauses contained in the sentences of the novel. Data taken from the novel entitled "The Fault in Our Stars”. The theories used in analyzing this paper is the theory proposed by Chomsky (1971) who proposed syntactic structures such as deep structures and surfaces structure. The second theory proposed by Quirk (1985) proposes types a relative clause, namely a relatively restrictive clause and a relatively non-restrictive clause. Result of this study shows that the syntactic structure proposed by Chomsky (1971) which are used in several sentences in this novel are surface structure. In addition, the results also show the relative clause types proposed by Quirk (1985) contained in this novel is a relative clause restrictive and relatively non-restrictive clauses. The weakness of this study is in the conclusion method collecting and analysing data , the writer of this study doesn’t write clearly about what she had found but she has a clear explanation in discussion as the strength. This study is relevant to the subject which is taken, in analysing the types of relative clauses. However, in analysing the types of relative clauses the writer also use syntactic structures such as deep structures and surface structure by Chomsky (1971). On the other hand, this current study will adopt the theory of Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum (2005) which is about kind of relative clauses.
Sanubari (2015), on her undergraduate thesis entitled “The Types and Contributions of Relative Clause in Jack London’s South of the Slot”. This study provides two problems, the first one is to find out the types of relative clauses that are used in Jack London’s
South of the Slot and the second one is identify the contributions of the relative clauses in Jack London’s South of the Slot. The data taken from the short story by Jack London’s South of the Slot. The theories used in analyzing this paper is the theory proposed by Yule (2004) and Leech and Svartvik (1975) who proposed function of restrictive relative clauses, non-restrictive relative clauses and sentential relative clauses. The method used in this study was the library research and the empirical research. For the analysis, in order to find out the types of relative clause, the data is classified based on their types and for the second’s problem also classified based on their contributions. The result of this study are several types of relatives clauses that are used in South of the Slot and these relative clauses do have contributions in the short story. By having these relative clauses in the work itself, it provides an interesting and enjoyable work to read and helpful in understanding the story. The strength of this study is in the theory, the writer explained well. The weakness of this study the definitions of term, the writer of this study does not explain clearly. This study is relevant to the subject which is taken, in analyzing the types of relative clauses. However, in analyzing the types of relative clauses the writer also use syntactic structures such as deep structures and surface structure by Yule (2004) and Leech and Svartvik (1975). On the other hand, this current study will adopt the theory of Quirk (1985) which is about a relative clause restrictive and relatively non-restrictive clauses.
The thesis entitled English Relative Clauses Found in the Good Earth and Their Translations into Bumi Yang Subur by I Made Juliarta (2016) applied the theory of relative clause proposed by Quirk (1985) is used to categorize the types of relative clauses. The theory of translation shifts proposed by Catford (1965) was used to answer the types of shifts found in the novel. The result of this study showed that there are two types of English relative clauses found in the novel the Good Earth, they are restrictive relative clause and non-restrictive relative clause. First, the types of English relative clauses found in the data sources are restrictive relative clause as subject, restrictive relative clause as object, restrictive relative clause as prepositional object, non- restrictive relative clause as subject, and non-restrictive relative clause as object. The types of Indonesian Relative clauses found in data sources are defining relative clause, object- topic comment relative clauses, and locative relative clauses. Second, the types of shifts found in the novel are structure shifts, level shifts, and unit shifts. Translation shift was identified by using the tree diagram. In structure shifts, there is a change in the position of word structure in source language by retaining the meaning of the source language in the target language. This study is relevant with this study, since both are identifying the types of relative clause with similar theories. Asri Purnamasari published an international journal entitled Relative Clauses And Their Implications For Students’ And Teachers’
Grammatical Awareness in 2020. This paper is based on a qualitative inquiry and interpretative worldview or constructivist worldview (McKay, 2006). This method finds out what participants think and understand about relative clauses and their implications for students’ and teachers’ grammatical awareness. This paper is interesting because of the purpose help EFL understudies and teachers have a generally understanding of the perspectives of relative clause development and utilize, and then emphasize the difficulties, which happen within the classroom setting. In like manner, through a detailed discourse of relative clauses, this paper decided how the understanding of relative clause development and utilize might create EFL students’ and teachers’ syntactic awareness.
This paper aims to know how grammatical awareness requires opportunities to notice, process and apply grammatical rules that can be seen through analysing sentence components, exploring different types of relative clause, knowing the aspects of relative clause construction and use, and developing grammatical awareness, relative clauses and
their implications for students’ and teachers’ grammatical awareness are explored. This paper is relevant with this study, since both are analysing the types of relative clauses but this paper used Bahasa to give the example. This paper might read by international reader that would make them confused.
The thesis entitled Relative Clauses in the Features Columns In The Jakarta Post by Jimmy Amres (2016) which aims to identify how can the defining relative clause be differentiated from the non- defining relative clause in the sentences in the features columns in the Jakarta Post, classified which syntactic function in the relative clauses are found in the sentences in the features columns in the Jakarta Post and identified what do the relative clauses function syntactically within the relative clauses in the sentences in the features columns in the Jakarta Post. This research applied theory from Yule (2004), Murcia and Freeman (1999), Close (1975), Leech and Svartvic (1975). The result was relative pronouns in the features in the Jakarta Post had four functions (subject, object, object of preposition and possessive), non-defining relative clause and the relative clauses functioned as a object were dominated in this research. The weakness in this research is not analysing the structure of the relative clause. Therefore, this research can be related to this study because of the analysing in the syntactic function.
METHOD
In this research, documentation method was used to collect the data. According to Babbie (2010: 530), document analysis is the study of recorded human communications, such as books, websites, paintings and laws. In conducting this research, the researcher employed descriptive qualitative research because in this research the observer collected the data, made an analysis, and made a conclusion. Qualitative research can also be described as an effective model that occurs in a natural setting that enables the researcher to develop a level of detail from being highly involved in the actual experiences (Creswell, 2003). Data is the most important in the research, because without any data the research cannot be conducted. In this research, the data will be obtained from the novel entitled “Rogue’s Lawyer” by John Grisham which published in 2005. The researcher will look for the types and structure of relative clause constructed from the sentences that is found in the novel. Rogue’s Lawyer by John Grisham is a thriller novel that tells us about Sebastian Rudd as lawyer that does not maintain a pretty office with mahogany and leather. He claims himself as a lone gunman, a rogue who fights bad systems and hates injustice. This novel is chosen as the data source because it contains lots of relative clause in any type used in the novel This study used the theory proposed by Quirk (1972) .
a. Restrictive Relative Clauses
Restrictive relative clauses are closely connected to their antecedent or head prosaically, and denote a limitation on the reference of the antecedent. There is no pause before or after the defining relative clause both in spoken and written English.
This is not something that would disturb me any way. (Quirk et al. 1985:366).
It cannot be omitted or removed from a sentence. If the clause that would disturb me any way is omitted, the essence of the sentence will have different meaning or become ambiguous.
Papers that put on the table should be thrown away.
The sentence above does not about all paper, but only the paper that put on the table.
If the clause “put on the table” were omitted, it will be changing the meaning of the sentence.
b. Non-restrictive Relative Clauses
Non-restrictive clauses are parenthetic comments, which usually describe, but do not further define, the antecedent. There is with a break In written English non-restrictive relative clauses have a break (corresponding to a comma in orthography) and usually separated by commas from the rest of the sentence. There are pauses before and after a non- restrictive relative clause.
They operated like politicians who notoriously have no sense of humor at all. Quirk et al. (1985:366).
The relative clause who notoriously have no sense of humor at all can be omitted or removed from a sentence because it only has additional information. If he relative clause is omitted, the essence of the sentence will not have different meaning or become ambiguous.
What is complementized by the relative pronoun and the case of the complementized noun affects the choice of relative pronoun, as appears in table below by Quirk et al.
(1985:366)
RESTRICTIVE NONRESTRICTIVE
personal
Non-
personal personal Non-personal SUBJECTIVE
CASE
Who That Which That
Who
Which OBJECTIVE
CASE
Whom That Zero
Which That Zero
Whom GENETIVE
CASE Whose
In the novel Rogue Lawyer by John Grisham will be analyzed based on Quirk et. al.
(1985) in term of types of relative clause by classifying the relative pronoun of the relative clause itself.
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
a. Gardy is a monster who deserves to go to hell. (John Grisham, 2015:5)
The relative clause above is a restrictive relative clause. It can be seen that the relative pronoun who denotes a limitation on the reference of the antecedent. The clause who deserves to go to hell is defining clause that can not be omitted. If the clause were omitted, it could be Gardy is a monster. This sentence was ambiguous, it would change the meaning of the sentence. If the sentence used the relative clause, the sentence completed the identification of the antecedent that implied a monster that deserves to go to hell. The sentence above is combination of two clauses, Gardy is a monster and who deserves to go to hell. The antecedent is personal and the relative pronoun who modifies the subjective noun Gardy. On the other hand, the subordinate clause is the relative clause
b. I look back at Kemp, whose red eyes are open slightly. (John Grisham, 2015:208) The sentence above consists of two clauses, main clause and subordinate clause.
The main clause is I look back at Kemp, while the subordinate clause is relative clause whose red eyes are open slightly which modifies its noun phrase, Kemp. Furthermore, the relative clause is relative pronoun whose of which the case is genitive. The sentence above belongs to non- restrictive relative clause as that can be seen that the relative clause whose red eyes are open slightly is separated by marker comma. However, the relative clause is not essential for identification. That only gives additional information.
If the relative clause was omitted the sentence could be I look back at Kemp, which is still clear that the relative clause whose red eyes are open slightly only provides additional information.
c. I find the shaving cream and the phone, which I quickly stick into a pocket. (John Grisham, 2015:263)
The sentence above is classified as a non- restrictive relative clause. It can be seen the sentence has a marker comma. If the relative clause which I quickly stick into a pocket were omitted, the sentence could be I find the shaving cream and the phone. On the other hand, the relative clause only gives the additional information and does not provide necessary information. However, without the relative clause, the readers still understand about what the shaving cream and the phone is being talked as the information inside and the relative clause is not important. The sentence above is a combination of two clauses, main clause and subordinate clause. The main clause is I find the shaving cream and the phone and the subordinate clause is relative clause, which I quickly stick into a pocket. Furthermore, the relative clause modifies objective noun I as personal pronoun in the main clause.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This study can be concluded that types found in John Grisham’s Rogue Lawyer is restrictive and non restrictive relative clause which consist of who, whose, whom, which, zero and that. Restrictive relative clause restricts the meaning of the antecedent. If the relative clause were omitted, the sentence could be ambiguous for the reader.
Furthermore, the non restrictive relative clause mostly marks by separation comma that only give extra information or provide additional information.
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