A STUDY OF ENGLISH RELATIVE CLAUSES IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By MARWATI
Student Number: 044214136
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA 2011
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A STUDY OF ENGLISH RELATIVE CLAUSES IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By MARWATI
Student Number: 044214136
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA 2011
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Marwati Nomor Mahasiswa : 044214136
Demi pegembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perputakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
A STUDY OF ENGLISH RELATIVE CLAUSES IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 28 Oktober 2011
Yang menyatakan
(Marwati)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank people who have been supporting me in doing this thesis. First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ who always gives me strength and spirit to do anything in my life.
I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum in guiding me during the process with her patience, advice and suggestions. I would like to thank Anna Fitriati S.Pd., M. Hum, my co-advisor, for every correction and suggestion related to my thesis. I would also like to thank all of the lecturers and staff of the English Letters Program for their help and guidance during my study in Sanata Dharma University. I would also to thank Bantuan Khusus Mahasiswa (BKM) 2009 and Bantuan Belajar Mahasiswa (BBM) scholarship 2009 for the scholarship as the one of the contribution during my study.
My deep grateful thanks go to my beloved mom and dad for endless understanding, every prayer, love and care. I thank to my lovely brothers and sisters who always love and support me, to my wonderful aunt and uncle for the support and care.
Thanks to all my friends to all my friends in English Letters 2004 for every craziness and the greatest moment during my study. Finally, for anyone who cannot be mentioned here one by one, thank you for giving me a hand in completing this thesis and making it possible.
Marwati
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGE ... ii
ACCEPTION PAGE ... iii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi
ABSTRACT ... viii
ABSTRAK ... viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Problem Formulation ... 3
C. Objective of the Study ... 3
D. Definition of Terms ... 3
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW ... 5
A. Review of Related Study ... 5
B. Review of Related Theories ... 6
1. Theory of Relative Clause ... 6
a. Finite relative clause ... 7
b. Non-Finite relative clause ... 8
c. Restrictive relative clause ... 11
d. Non-restrictive relative clause ... 12
e. Functions of relative clause ... 14
2. Types of Writing ... 14
3. Khaled Hosseini’s stylistics aspet in writing A Thousand Splendid Suns ... 16
C. Theoretical Framework ... 17
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ... 19
A. Object of the Study ... 19
B. Method of the Study ... 19
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS ... 24
A. Types and functions of Relative clauses in A Thousand Splendid Suns . ... 24
1. Finite restrictive relative clause ... 25
2. Finite non-restrictive relative clause ... 31
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3. Non-finite restrictive relative clause ... 35
4. Non-finite non-restrictive relative clause ... 40
B. The significance of relative clauses in A Thousand Splendid Suns ... 42
1. Explaining Foreign Words ... 42
2. Giving Description ... 44
3. Giving Detail Information ... 48
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ... 52
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 54 APPENDICES
viii ABSTRACT
MARWATI. A Study of English Relative Clauses in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2011.
English relative clause is a clause which functions as an adjective. It modifies a noun or noun phrase as its antecedent, which functions as subject or object. Since it functions to replace the work of an adjective, it has the benefit as an emphasis or additional information of the antecedent. The occurences of relative clauses function to give more information about the antecedent. There are a lot of relative clauses that occur in the novel.
This thesis has two objectives. The first is to find out the types and functions of relative clauses in the novel. The second objective is to reveal and identify the significance of relative clauses which are used in A Thousand Splendid Suns.
In accordance to these two objectives, the method used was empirical. The data were taken from the first 20 chapters of the novel entitled A Thousand Splendid Suns written by Khaled Hosseini. The data were collected and analyzed. There were 282 relative clauses.
The significance of relative clauses in A Thousand Splendid Suns can be divided into three, namely, giving definitions, descriptions and detailed information. The first significance is defining foreign words. The are 5 relative caluses that give explanations to the foreign words considering that the setting is in Afhanistan. The second is describing places, persons, and things. The number is 94. The last significance is telling what the characters did or what happened. The number of the last significance is 183.
ix ABSTRAK
MARWATI. A Study of English Relative Clauses in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2011.
Klausa adjektiva adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat. Klausa adjektiva melengkapi kata benda sebagai kata yang mendahului dan dapat bekerja sebagai subyek dan obyek. Selain berfungsi sebagai kat sifat, klausa adjektiva berfungsi memberikan informasi penting atau tambahan dari kata yang mendahuluinya. Keberadaan klausa adjektiva berfungsi memberikan keterangan yang diperlukan oleh kata yang mendahului. Frekuensi klausa adjektiva banyak digunakan di dalam novel A Thousand Splendid Suns yang ditulis oleh Khaled Hosseini.
Skripsi ini memiliki dua tujuan. Tujuan yang pertama adalah menemukan tipe dan fungsi dari klausa adjektiva yang terdapat dalam novel tersebut. Tujuan yang kedua adalah menemukan apa kontribusi keberadaan klausa adjektiva di dalam novel A Thousand Splendid Suns.
Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penelitan ini menggunakan metode empiris. Data diambil dari 20 bab pertama dalam novel berjudul A Thousand Splendid Suns. Data dikumpulkan dan dianalisa untuk menemukan tipe dan fungsi dari klausa yang ditemukan. Ada 282 klausa adjektiva yang terdapat dalam 20 bab pertama dalam novel tersebut.
Kontribusi klausa adjektiva dapat dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu memberikan penjelasan, gambaran dan informasi secara rinci. Kontribusi pertama memberikan penjelasan kata asing mengingat latar cerita tersebut di Afghanistan. Terdapat 5 klausa adjektiva yang menjelaskan tentang kata asing. Kontribusi kedua adalah menggambarkan tempat, orang dan barang. Kontribusi yang kedua ini berjumlah 94. Kontribusi yang terakhir menceritakan apa dilakukan oleh pemeran atau apa yang terjadi. Terdapat 183 klausa adjektiva yang memberikan informasi secara rinci.
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The Study
Language is very important for human life. We need language to communicate with others. In other words, language can be defined as the instrument of communication. Widdowson (1996: 17) states that language is so intricately and intimately bound up with human life. We can use language to give vent to our emotions and feelings: to solicit the co-operation of our fellows; to make threats or promises; to issue commands, to ask questions or to make statements. Finegan and Besiner in Ralph Fasold and Connor Clinton states that language is a finite system of elements and principles that make it possible to do particular communication.
The study of language is called linguistics. Moulton states that linguistics is the branch of learning which studies the languages of any and all human societies: how each such language is constructed; how it varies through space and changes through time: how it is related to other languages; and how it is used by its speakers. Language consists of spoken and written language. Written language always consists of sentences, words, phrases, and clauses. Concerning sentences, there are simple sentences and complex sentences. There are many clauses in complex sentences. One of the types of clauses is an adjectival clause or relative clause.
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A relative clause is a clause that does the work of an adjective. It modifies or gives additional information about the noun it follows which is termed as an antecedent. A relative clause helps to build a sentence in a text. It helps to define or give additional information to the noun or the noun phrase, which is called antecedent. The occurrences of relative clause can be in a small number or even excessive. One of the texts which uses relative clauses in a high number is the novel entitled A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini.
Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns was chosen because he is an excellent author. The writing is absolutely beautiful. The pictures he paints with his words are so vivid that everything from the fun of everyday life to the squalor that wars brings to ordinary person just flashes before your eyes like a movie (http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/128029). The novel is beautifully written with descriptive details that will haunt you long after you finish reading it (http://www.khaledhosseini.com/hosseini-books-splendidsuns-praise-text.html).
Authors use complex sentences in writing many texts including novels. One of those novels is A Thousand Splendid Suns which is written by Khaled Hosseini. In this novel, there are many complex sentences. So, to limit the study, the writer analyzes the relative clauses only because the writer sees that the use of relative clauses is higher than other clauses. For example:
It was Mullah Faizullah who had taught Mariam to read, who had patiently looked over her shoulder as her lips worked the words soundlessly, her index finger lingering beneath each word, pressing until the nail bed went white, as though she could squeeze the meaning out of symbols. (page 17)
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From the example above, we can see that who had taught Mariam to read and who had patiently looked over her shoulder as her lips worked the words
soundlessly are relative clauses. Those two relative clauses explain Mullah Faizullah.
So, to limit the study, the writer just wants to analyze the types and the functions of relative clauses and the significance of the use of relative clauses in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. These topics are chosen to find out the style that is used by Khaled Hosseini in his novel A Thousand Splendid Suns by viewing the use of relative clause.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the topic chosen, the problems were formulated into two questions.
1. What are the types and the functions of relative clauses used in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns?
2. What is the significance of the use of relative clauses in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns?
C. Objectives of the Study
This study has two objectives. The first is to find out the types and the functions of relative clauses in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. The second is to know the significance of the use of relative clauses in the work. D. Definition of Terms
Since the study is about relative clauses in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns, we need to define what a relative clause is.
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According to Richard Veit in his book Discovering English Grammar, relative clause means:
Relative clause modifies or gives additional information about the noun it follows. The relative clause begins with the words who, that, which, and whose, which are called relative pronoun. (1986: 126)
According to Martha Kolln in her book Understanding English Grammar, a relative clause has the meaning as follows:
Like the adverbial clause that modify verb, the relative clause is a dependent clause; as a clause in form, it is a sentence pattern, complete with subject and predicate. The only difference between the relative clause and a complete sentence is the introductory word, the relative and it maybe a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, that, whoever, etc) or a relative verb (where, when, why) (1990: 140).
Based on the definition stated by those two scholars, it can be defined that a relative clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun, which means that a relative clause gives necessary or additional information to the noun it follows, and is usually introduced by relative pronouns: who, which, that and whose, as well as relative adverbs: where, when, and why.
5 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
In this part, the writer deals with the previous study that has been done related to the topic of this thesis. The study is the thesis of a student of English Letters Study Programme, Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.
The study taken is Prasthiwi’s thesis entitled “A Study of English Relative Clause in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Murders in the Rue Morgue.” The problems discussed are: (1) What types of relative clauses are used in The Murders in the Rue Morgue? and (2) What are the functions of relative clauses in the story? The method she used was collecting data and analyzing them.
Referring to the first problem, she mentions the proportion of relative clauses in the story which is as shown in table 1 and in table 2 she shows the proportion of restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses.
Table 1 Proportion of Relative Clauses in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Murders in the Rue Morgue (Prasthiwi’s Thesis, 2006)
No Relative Clause Occurrence Percentage
1 Restrictive Relative Clause 129 67.18%
2 Non-restrictive Relative Clause 63 32.82%
3 Sentential Relative Clause 0 0
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Table 2 Proportion of Restrictive and Non-restrictive Relative Clauses in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Murders in the Morgue (Prasthiwi’s Thesis, 2006)
No Relative Clause Occurrence Percentage
4 Finite Restrictive Relative Clauses 93 47.45% 5 Non-finite Restrictive Relative Clauses 36 18.37% 6 Finite Non-restrictive Relative Clauses 44 22.45% 7 Non-finite Non-restrictive Relative Clauses 19 9.69%
8 Zero Relative Clauses 4 2.04%
The second problem was about the functions of relative clauses in the story. Edgar Allan Poe uses a lot of restrictive relative clauses in the story. The occurrences of this type of relative clauses are significant in building a detective theory. They provide detailed information, serve additional information, and combine ideas.
B. Review Related Theories 1. Theories of Relative Clauses
A relative clause is a clause that is introduced by a relative pronoun like who or which. The relative pronouns in English are who, whom, whose, which, and that, and adverbs such as where, when, and why. The relative pronouns can do two jobs at once, that is being used as the subject or object of a verb like other pronouns and, at the same time, combining clauses together, like conjunctions. A relative clause always follows its antecedent. An antecedent is the noun which is defined by the relative clause (Swan, 1980: 525).
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The main grammatical function of relative clauses is to modify a noun phrase. The example is as follows.
(1)They read every BOOK that they could borrow in the village.
(Leech and Svartvik, 1994: 367) In sentence (1) the relative pronoun is that and the relative clause is that they could borrow in the village. The relative pronoun that refers to the head of the noun phrase, book, which is called the antecedent (Leech and Svartvik, 1994: 367)
Relative clause can be finite or finite, and can be restrictive or non-restrictive. The points below will explain more about relative clauses.
a. Finite Relative Clauses
Finite relative clauses are introduced by the relative pronouns who/whom, whose, which, and that, and the relative adverbs where, when, and why. The choice of relative pronouns depends on what role the pronoun has in the relative clause: whether it is subject or object.
The use of relative clause pronoun is given in this table.
Table 3. The Use of Relative Pronoun (Leech and Svartvik, 1994) Restrictive and Non-Restrictive Restrictive only
Personal Non-personal Personal and non-personal
Subjective Who which That
Objective who(m) which that, zero
Genitive whose of which, whose
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b. Non-finite Relative Clauses
There are three types of non-finite relative clauses. The three types are -ing relative clauses, -ed relative clauses and to- infinitive relative clauses. They can function as post-modifier similar to finite relative clauses and have the same meaning as finite relative clauses. Unfortunately, non-finite relative clauses are not explicit as finite relative clauses.
b.1. –ing Clauses
When the verb in the relative clause is in the form of a progressive tense, the relative pronoun auxiliary verb can be omitted and thus, the relative clause is replaced by an –ing clause. It is resulted in a non-finite –ing relative clause (Leech and Svartvik, 1975: 269).
a. The people working in the factory asked for a pay increase last month.
b. The people who are/were working in the factory asked for a pay increase last month.
a. When you enter, please hand your tickets to the man standing at the door. b. When you enter, please hand your tickets to the man who will be/is standing at
the door.
An –ing clause from different tenses is interpreted based on its context. a. All articles belonging to the college must be returned.
b. All articles that belong to the college must be returned.
However, the restrictive participle phrase is different from other non-restrictive modifiers since it is limited to the subject. Although it is at the end of
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the sentence, it does not modify a noun in the predicate. When separated by a comma, it means a pause in spoken English (Kolln, 1990: 153).
a. Bill washed the car standing in the driveway. b. Bill washed the car, standing in the driveway.
In the first sentence, standing in the driveway modifies the car. Meanwhile, in the second sentence, standing in the driveway modifies Bill.
However, the rule does not apply to any other kinds of noun modifiers. If those modifiers are turned into clauses, both will modify the object.
c. Bill washed the car that was standing in the driveway. d. Bill washed the car, which was standing in the driveway.
From the examples above, the sentence c is a restrictive clause, and d is a non-restrictive relative clause. Those two relative clauses modify the car.
b.2. –ed Clauses
According to Leech and Svartvik (1994), an –ed clause can occur in the situation where the relative clause is in the passive voice. The relative pronoun and the verb be are directly omitted.
a. The question debated in Parliament yesterday was about abortion laws.
b. The question that was debated in Parliament yesterday was about abortion laws.
a. The only car yet repaired by that mechanic is mine.
b. The only car that has yet been repaired yet repaired by that mechanic is mine.
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Similar with an –ing clause, an –ed clause may be interpreted according to its context. When the passive verb is in the progressive tense, being is retained (Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and Svartvik, 1972: 877).
a. The only car being repaired by that mechanic is mine.
b. The only car that is (being) repaired by that mechanic is mine. c. The only car that was (being) repaired by that mechanic is mine. b.3. To-infinitive Clauses
In a to-infinitive relative clause, the subject may and may not correspond to the antecedent. The following are the examples of to-infinitive clauses which correspond to the antecedents.
a. The train to arrive was from Chicago.
b. The train which arrived next was from Chicago. a. John is the last person to cause trouble.
b. John is the person who would be last to cause trouble. a. Amundsen was the first man to reach the South Pole.
b. Amundsen was the first man who reached the South Pole first.
In many infinitive clauses, the head of the noun phrase is related to the object or prepositional object of the infinitive verb. It means that a to-infinitive clause corresponds to the antecedent. The following are some examples.
a. The (best) man to consult is Wilson.
b. The man you/one/etc should consult is Wilson. a. There are plenty of toys to play with.
b. There are plenty of toys with which to play.
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c. Restrictive Relative Clauses
A restrictive relative clause is defining, giving necessary information and information and more common. Besides, it does not function as an additional comment (Yule, 2004: 249). A relative clause is restrictive when the head can be can only be identified only through the modification (Grenbaum, Quirk, 1997: 364). In restrictive relative clauses, the use of that is more frequent. See the examples below.
The BOY that is playing the piano …(who) The TABLE that stands in the corner …(which) The BOY that we met …(who/whom)
The TABLE that the boy crawled under …(under which)
(Greenbaum and Quirk, 1997:368) According to Leech and Svartvik (1994:286-287), the relative pronouns used in restrictive relative clauses are different in the matter of antecedents. If the antecedents are persons, the relative pronouns that are used are who and that for the subject, whom or who for the object, and whose for the possessive. Meanwhile, for things, the relative pronouns are which and that for the subjects and objects, and whose or of which for the possessive. Followings are the examples.
There’s a man outside who wants to meet you. I want a watch which is waterproof.
The woman whose you met is Mrs. Brown.
The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired.
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The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired (awkwardly formal).
According to Swan (1980: 525), in restrictive relative clauses, the relative pronoun can often be left out if it is the object of the verb in the relative clause. Later, Swan names such relative clause as a zero relative clause. For clearer understanding, some examples will be displayed below.
a. The library didn’t have the book that/whichI wanted. b. The library didn’t have the book I wanted.
a. Was the man whomyou spoke to just now a friend of yours? b. Was the man you spoke to just now a friend of yours?
Wh- series show whether they follow a personal or non-personal antecedent and whether their functions are subjective, objective or genitive (Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and Svartvik). Furthermore, they state that the restrictive modification tends to be given more prosodic emphasis than the head (1972:859). In other words, the relative clause functions to make important the information about the antecedent.
d. Non-restrictive Relative Clauses
A non-restrictive relative clause is placed after the noun which is definite already. It does not define the noun but only adds something to the noun by giving more information about it.
Yule (1998:248) states that the non-restrictive relative clause can be omitted without causing confusion and it is separated from its noun by commas.
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Therefore, unlike restrictive relative clauses, which should not be punctuated, non-restrictive relative clauses must be punctuated.
Similarly, the relative pronouns used in non-restrictive relative clauses are also different in the matter of antecedents. If the antecedent is a person, the relative pronouns are who for the subject, whom for the object, and whose for possessive. Meanwhile, for things, the relative pronouns are which for the subject and object, and whose or of which for possessive. A non-restrictive relative clause does not allow the use of relative pronoun that.
Yule also states that a non-restrictive relative clause gives extra information, not identifying information. A non-restrictive relative clause is usually marked by commas, dashes, or parenthesis, which are generally known as separation markers.
My new neighbour, who is an England teacher, plays very loud music. The man – whose name is Johnny Jensen – also likes to have weekend parties. These parties (which are very rowdy) seem to go on all night.
According to Leech and Svartvik (1994:371), only wh- pronouns are usually used in non-restrictive relative clauses. They add that the meaning of a non-restrictive relative clause is often similar to the meaning of a coordinated clause, either with or without a conjunction. Below are the examples.
a. Then he met a GIRL, who invited him to a party. b. Then he met a GIRL, and she invited him to a party.
a. Here is JOHN SMITH, who(m) I mentioned to you the other day. b. Here is JOHN SMITH; I mentioned him to you the other day.
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In addition, when follwed by a noun, the relative pronoun which of a non-restrictive relative clause functions as a relative determiner, not a relative pronoun pronoun, like in the following example.
The fire brigade is all too often delayed by traffic congestion, and arrives on the scene more than an hour late, by which time there is little chance of saving the building.
e. Functions of Relative Clauses
According to Leech and Svartvik (1972: 285), the principal function of a relative clause is that of a postmodifier in a noun phrase, where the relative pronoun points back to the head of the noun phrase. The function of restrictive relative clauses is to define or restrict the reference of the antecedent noun. They help to identify or classify the person or thing being talked about (Yule, 1998: 248). The restrictive relative clause provides detailed information about the antecedent. The non-restrictive relative clause gives extra information about an antecedent. It provides additional information, not identifying information (Yule, 1998: 248).
2. Types of Writing a. Narrative
According to Trimmer, “narrative is a story told to make a point”. The writers often use narration to lead into the body of their writing. The purpose of a narrative is to share a main idea. “An effective narration also depends on pace and purpose. Pace is the speed with which events are narrated”. It is used to introduce or illustrate an event in a great detail in order to show what happened (Trimmer, 1984: 159)
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A narrative is a moving picture. Like descriptions, narratives need to have a rich texture of details so that the reader is seeing, hearing, smelling and touching. The reader should experience the story, not to simply hear it. (http://www.engl.niu.edu/wac/narr_how.html)
b. Expository
According to Trimmer, expository writing shows the meaning of things. The subtypes of expositions are comparison and contrast. They are the types of exposition that note similarities and differences between two or more things. Illustration is a method that explains or clarifies the writer’s purpose by presenting examples. Definition is a type of expositions that explains the meaning of a word by bringing its characteristics into sharp focus. Division or classification is a type of exposition that divides something large into its constituent parts and is useful when clarifying and explaining the relationship of parts to the whole and to one another (Trimmer, 1984: 165-177)
c. Persuasive
According to Trimmer (1984: 329), “persuasion is verbal communication that attempts to bring about a voluntary change in judgment so that the readers or listeners will accept a believe they did not hold before”. The persuasive writing is the styles that can persuade someone to buy or to use the products of certain advertisement. According to Warriner, persuasion tries to persuade the reader to pursue a course of action based on it (Warriner, 1977: 164). According to Gillespie (1986: 294), persuasive writing uses all the techniques of exposition,
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narration, and description, but for their own purpose, that is, to create in an audience desire to do or to believe something.
d. Descriptive
According to Trimmer, descriptive writing presents a verbal portrait of a person, place or thing and identifies the subject’s significant features by evoking all senses. “Description can be the strategy for developing a picture of “what it looks like” (Trimmer, 1984: 163).
The writer also analyzes about the choice of words (diction) in the descriptive writing. Warriner also stated that “only through the use of precise nouns and verbs and vivid adjectives and adverbs can the writer evoke a clear picture of the person, pale or object being described” (Warriner, 1977: 46). Moreover to see the specific details, the writer can analyze the arrangement of selected details (Warriner, 1977: 47) and also about the locating details by using the words and phrases reveal spatial relationship (Warriner, 1977: 58). The descriptive writing creates an impression in part of the reader through sensory details. “Appealing to the reader’s senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch”. (Warriner, 1977: 53)
3. Khaled Hosseini’s Stylistic Aspect in Writing A Thousand Splendid Suns To identify Khaled Hosseini’s style, we need theories of stylistics to help us to identify the style of an author toward his or her literary work by seeing it from the expression of language.
Stylistics is the study of ‘distinctive’ aspects of language and the representation of its purpose and effects (Verdonk, 2002: 4). It investigates a
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particular design or share of linguistic devices. This theory is devoted to obtain what makes an expression distinctive, why such expression has been deviated, and what effect it has. Therefore stylistics assigns language as its primacy for analyzing. To work under stylistics approach is to examine language in academic matter. It is imperative, however, that language be stylistically viewed. It is by virtue of its function that this method should not be taken for granted. In this matter, stylistics exploration enriches our way of thinking and understanding of language (Simpson, 2004: 3).
Short states that all of the sentences of a passage are statements, which corresponds to their descriptive function. In spite of the comparatively high sentence-length average, the sentences are not particularly complex in the sense that we do not find many examples of clauses embedded inside other clauses. There is some subordination, but it would appear that most of the complexity in the passage is occurring at phrase level (340).
C. Theoretical Framework
This research aims to answer the problems that have been stated previously. In this part this application of theories on the research will be explained. Theories of English relative clauses are to answer the first question about the types and functions of relative clause. This theory discusses the relative clauses which are divided into finite and non-finite based on their function as postmodifications. They also divide the relative clauses into two types; restrictive and non-restrictive relative clause (Leech and Svartvik, 1994). The theory about
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the functions of relative clause stated by Leech and Svartvik (1972) and Yule (1998) is also used to answer the first question.
The second question is about the significance of relative clause in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. The theory of types of writing especially narrative writing is used to find the answer of the second question. The theory of narrative writing is stated by Trimmer (1984).
19 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Objects of the Study
Since the thesis is trying to identify the types of relative clauses and to find the functions of those relative clauses, the data needed is the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns which is written by Khaled Hosseini. This novel consists of 448 pages, which is divided into 51 chapters. It was published by Penguin Group, New York in 2007.
In this study, the writer did not analyze all the relative clauses in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. The writer only analyzed the relative clauses in chapter 1 up to 20 because they have completed all the types of relative clause needed. Based on the finding of the relative clauses in chapter 1 up to 20, there were 282 relative clauses.
B. Method of the Study
In this section, the writer will presents the methods of the research that included data collection and data analysis. These methods are presented to arrange a chronological and understandable analysis.
In doing the study, a linguist must give explanation in a scientific way. According to Dineen (1967: 4-5), there are three characteristics of the linguistics as the scientific study. The first characteristic is objective, which is different from subjective study. It does not draw the conclusion first, but it will serve proofs and the evidence of the analysis to reach certain conclusion. The second characteristic
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is empirical. After having the evidence, it will be restrictive to the evidence which can be proven only. The last characteristic is exact. It gives the precise explanation about the relation of each other language.
Another linguist, Lyons (1976: 22-23) states that linguistics is a scientific study. Therefore, it must investigate and explain the patterns of languages in the term of inductive hypothesis objectively and carefully. A conclusion must be based on fact, observation and collection of data.
Considering these points, the steps of the thesis study will be conducted by collecting the data and analyzing them.
1. Data Collection
As the object of the study in this thesis was relative clauses which were applied in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns, so the object of the study was the novel itself.
To collect data, first of all, the writer read the novel in order to find out the relative clauses in the novel. The analysis aimed at knowing which types of relative clauses that were used; whether they were restrictive or non-restrictive relative clauses.
2. Data Analysis
After reading A Thousand Splendid Suns, the writer did some steps that were useful for the analysis.
1) Identify the Types of Relative Clauses
The first step was to identify the type of relative clause. It was necessary to answer the first problem. Knowing that there were four types of relative clause,
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the further step was to identify the relative clauses used in A Thousand Splendid Suns based on theory of relative clause.
There were some steps that the writer did to analyze the relative clauses based on their types. The followings were the steps to identify and analyze the relative clauses found in the novel.
a. Analyze the Pattern
In this section, the pattern of the relative clauses was analyzed in order to have clear understanding about the relative clause according to the theory stated by Leech and Svartvik (1994) in A Communication Grammar of the English, and according to Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and Svartvik (1972) in A Grammar of Contemporary English. Its antecedent was a noun or noun phrase. In this part, the structural rules of the data were analyzed and compared based on the theory of relative clause.
b. Classify the Relative Clauses Based on Their Types
Knowing that the type of relative clauses was divided into four: finite restrictive relative clause, finite non-restrictive relative clause, non-finite restrictive relative clause, and non-finite non-restrictive relative clause, the further step was to classify the relative clause based on the problems that have been formulated. There were two ways to identify the type of relative clause. They were by the use of punctuation and identifying its functions whether it presented absolute or additional information.
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c. The Proportion of Relative Clauses in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns
Based on the findings of the relative clauses that were found in Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns, there were 282 relative clauses. The proportion of the finite restrictive relative clause is 173, finite non-restrictive relative clause is 79, non-finite restrictive relative clause is 14, and non-finite non-restrictive relative clause is 16.
d. Identify the functions of relative clauses
After identifying the types of relative clauses, the next step was identifying their functions. The theory about the functions of relative clause stated by Leech and Svartvik (1972) and Yule (1998) is also used to find their functions. There were two functions of relative clause based on their types. If the relative clause is restrictive, the function defining the antecedent or the noun, and if the relative clause is non-restrictive, the function is giving additional information to the antecedent.
These points prove that the method is empirical because after serving evidences, the research will be restricted to the evidence which can be proven only. It provides and serves evidences and proofs to reach certain conclusion. In addition, it is exact as well as it gives precise explanation about the relation of each other elements in language.
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2) The Significance of Relative Clauses in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns
After finding the data about the number of relative clauses, then identify the types and functions of those relative clauses, the next was to find their significance in the novel. The aim of this section is to answer the second problem. In this part, the writer checked the relationship of the use of relative clauses toward the style of writing being seen from the significance of relative clauses. The theories which are used to answer the question are the theories of narrative writing and descriptive writing by Trimmer (1984).
24 CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This paper studies the relative clauses in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. This chapter covers findings, the analysis, and the discussion related to the study in order to answer the problems in Chapter I. The first part deals with the types that are found in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns and identifies the function of the use of the relative clauses. The second part is the discussion on the significance of relative clauses in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns.
A. The Types and Functions of Relative Clauses Found in A Thousand Splendid Suns
Having read the story, the writer found four types of relative clauses. They are finite restrictive relative clauses, finite restrictive relative clauses, non-finite restrictive relative clauses, and non-non-finite non-restrictive relative clauses. The following table shows the proportion of the relative clause found in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. The most frequent type of relative clauses that occurs in the story is finite restrictive relative clauses. The number is 173. Then, the second most frequent is finite non-restrictive relative clauses whose occurrence 83.
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Table 4. The Proportion of Relative Clauses in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns
No Relative Clauses Number of
Occurrences
Percentage
1 Finite restrictive relative clauses 173 61.35% 2 Finite non-restrictive relative Clauses 79 28.01% 3 Non-finite restrictive relative clauses 14 4.96% 4 Non-finite non-restrictive relative clauses 16 5.67%
1. Finite Restrictive Relative Clauses
In A Thousand Splendid Suns, there are 173 finite restrictive relative clauses. According to the theory of relative clause stated by Swan (1995: 525), restrictive relative clauses can use all the relative pronouns: that, who, whom, which, and zero relative. The relative pronouns are closely to the antecedent. The existence of relative clause cannot be ignored since it has an important role to define and identify the antecedent.
Data no.1.
It must have, because Mariam remembered that she had been restless and preoccupied that day, the way she was only on Thursdays, the day when Jalil visited her at the kolba. (page 3)
The sentence above has the relative clause when Jalil visited her at the kolba. This relative clause is finite because it uses finite verb visited and relative pronoun when. This relative clause is restrictive because the function of this relative clause is to restrict the antecedent. The antecedent has a close relationship with the relative clause. In other words, the existence of the relative clause is
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important since it provides absolute information for the antecedent. This relative clause restricts to the antecedent the day. It gives information that only the day Jalil visited her at the kolba, not the other day.
Data no.3.
It was this last piece that slipped from Mariam’s fingers, that fell to the wooden floorboards of the kolba and shattered. (page 3)
Data no.4.
It was this last piece that slipped from Mariam’s fingers, that fell to the wooden floorboards of the kolba and shattered. (page 3)
The sentence above has two relative clauses. The first is the data number 3, that is, that slipped from Mariam’s fingers and the second is the data number 4, that is, that fell to the wooden floorboards of the kolba and shattered. These two relative clauses are restrictive because they function to restrict the antecedent. The antecedent has a close relationship with the relative clause. We can say that the existence of the relative clauses are important because they give information to the antecedent.
The relative clauses restrict the antecedent this last piece. They give particular information about what happen to this last piece, which are slipped from Mariam’s fingers and fell to the wooden floorboards of the kolba and shattered. These relative clauses are finite because they use relative pronoun that and finite verb slipped and fell.
Data no. 10
She understood then what Nana meant, that a harami was an illegitimate person who would never have legitimate claim to the things other people had, things such as love, family, home, acceptance. (page 4) This relative clause is finite because it uses finite verb would never have and relative pronoun who. This relative clause is restrictive because it funtions to
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restrict or limit the antecedent. It has an important role since it provides absolute information for the antecedent. Since the relative pronoun functions to give information to the antecedent, the existence of relative clause here functions to identify or restrict the extension of the meaning of the antecedent. If we say “She understood then what Nana meant, that a harami was an illegitimate person who would never have legitimate claim to the things other people had, things such as love, family, home, acceptance,” we refer to a particular illegitimate person. It will be different if the sentence is “She understood what Nana meant, that a harami was an illegitimate person. A question about what kind of illegitimate person will arise and the identifying element must be added.
Data no.13.
She would quiver with pride to have a father who knew such things. (page 5)
This relative clause is finite because it uses relative pronoun who and finite verb knew. The relative clause here is restrictive because the function of the relative clause here are restricted to the antecedent. We can say that the antecedent has a close relationship with the relative clause. In other words, the existence of the relative clause is important since it provides absolute information for the antecedent. The relative clause here is not as additional information, therefore, unctthey can not be separated from their antecedent (Yule, 1998: 249).
Since the relative pronoun functions to give information to the antecedent, the existence of relative clause here functions to limit or restrict the extension of the meaning of the antecedent. If we say “She would quiver with pride to have a father who knew such things”, we refer to a particular father. It will surely be
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totally different if the sentence is “She would quiver with a father”. A question about the specific characteristic of the father will arise, and the identifying element must then be added.
Data no.26.
In the clearing, Jalil and two of his sons, Farhad and Muhsin, built the small kolbawhere Mariam would live the first fifteen years of her life. (page 1)
The relative clause in this sentence is restrictive because it functions to restrict the antecedent. The existence of the relative clause here is important since it provides absolute information for the antecedent. The relative clause here is not as additional information, therefore, they can not be separated from their antecedent.
Since the relative pronoun functions to give information to the antecedent, the existence of relative clause here functions to define or restrict the meaning of the antecedent. If we say “In the clearing, Jalil and two of his sons, Farhad and Muhsin, built the small kolbawhere Mariam would live the first fifteen years of her life”, we refer to which particular small kolba. It will be different if the sentence is “In the clearing, Jalil and two of his sons, Farhad and Muhsin, built the small kolba”. A question about what the small kolba is will arise, and the identifying element must be added.
Data no.35.
She limped and huffed her way across the clearing and made a great show of rubbing her hip and lowering herself, with a pained sigh, onto the chair that Nana pulled up for her. (page 17)
This relative clause is finite because it uses finite verb pulled up and relative pronoun that. This relative clause is restrictive because it funtions to
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restrict or limit the antecedent. It has an important role since it provides absolute information for the antecedent. Since the relative pronoun functions to give information to the antecedent, the existence of relative clause here functions to identify or restrict the extension of the meaning of the antecedent. If we say “She limped and huffed her way across the clearing and made a great show of rubbing her hip and lowering herself, with a pained sigh, onto the chair that Nana pulled up for her,” we refer to a particular chair. It will be different if the sentence is “She limped and huffed her way across the clearing and made a great show of rubbing her hip and lowering herself, with a pained sigh, onto the chair.” A question about which the chair will arise and the identifying element must be added.
Data no.43.
Mullah Faizullah twirled the beads of his tasbeh rosary as they strolled, and, in his quivering voice, told Mariam the stories of all the things he had found in Iran, on Isfahan’s Thirty-three Arch Bridge, or the watermelon he had split once outside the Blue Mosque in Mazaar, to find the seeds forming the words Allah on one half, Akbar on the other. (page 18)
The sentence above has the relative clause he had foundin Iran which is finite because it uses finite verb had found. This clause is called zero relative clause because the relative pronoun is omitted. The original sentence is:
Mullah Faizullah twirled the beads of his tasbeh rosary as they strolled, and, in his quivering voice, told Mariam the stories of all the things that he had found in Iran, on Isfahan’s Thirty-three Arch Bridge, or the watermelon he had split once outside the Blue Mosque in Mazaar, to find the seeds forming the words Allah on one half, Akbar on the other.
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According to Swan, in restrictive relative clause, the relative pronoun can be left out if it is the object of the verb in the relative clause. This clause is absolutely restrictive because zero relative clauses only occur in restrictive relative clauses.
Data no.179.
It was disquieting to her that Rasheed owned something whose sole purpose was to kill another person. (page 88)
The relative clause in the sentence above is restrictive relative clause because the function is to restrict or limit the antecedent. The existence of relative clause here is important because it provides absolute information for the antecedent. Since the relative pronoun functions to give information to the antecedent, the existence of relative clause here functions to define or restrict the meaning of the antecedent. If we say “It was disqueting to her that Rasheed owned something whose sole purpose was to kill another person”, we refer to a particular something. It will be different if the sentence is “It was disqueting to her that Rasheed owned something”. A question about the specific something will arise, and the identifying element must be added.
Data no.257.
Almost two-thirds of the students at Kabul University were women now, Babi said, women who were studying law, medicine, engineering. (page 144)
The relative clause in the sentence above is finite because it uses relative ponoun who and finite verb were studying. This relative clause is restrictive relative clause because the function is to restrict or limit the antecedent. The existence of relative clause here is important because it provides absolute information for the antecedent. Since the relative pronoun functions to give
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information to the antecedent, the existence of relative clause here functions to define or restrict the meaning of the antecedent. If we say “Almost two-thirds of the students at Kabul University were women now, Babi said, women who were studying law, medicine, engineering”, we refer to particular women. It will be different if the sentence is “Almost two-thirds of the students at Kabul University were women now, Babi said, women”. A question about the specific women will arise, and the identifying element must be added.
Data no.268.
Now and then, sitting next to Mammy, seeing drooping, woebegone looks around the room, the magnitude of the disaster that had struck her family would register with Laila. (page 149)
This relative clause is finite because it uses finite verb had struck and relative pronoun that. The relative clause is restrictive because it has an important role to define and identify the noun phrase the magnitude of the disaster. Since the relative clause is restrictive, the function is to define the antecedent.
2. Finite Non-restrictive Relative Clauses
There are 79 non-restrictive relative clauses in A Thousand Splendid Suns. According to Yule (1998:248) states that the non-restrictive relative clause can be omitted without causing confusion and it is separated by commas, dashes, or parentheses. The function of non-restrictive relative clause is to give extra information about an antecedent. It provides additional information, not identifying information (Yule, 1998: 248).
Data no.13.
Jalil told her the story of Queen Gauhar Shad, who had raised the famous minarets as her loving ode to Heart back in the fifteenth century. (page 5)
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This clause is finite because it use finite verb and the relative pronoun which. The relative clause here is non-restrictive because the function of the relative clause is giving additional information to the antecedent. In other words, the existence of relative clause here is not important since it does not restrict or identify the antecedent. The relative clause who had raised the famous minarets as her loving ode to Heart back in the fifteenth century gives only additional information to the antecedent.
Data no.15.
He owned a cinema, which Mariam had never seen, but at her insistence Jalil had described it to her, and so she knew that the façade was made of blue-and-tan terra-cotta tiles, that it had private balcony seats and a trellised ceiling. (page 6)
This relative clause is finite because it use finite verb had never seen and the relative pronoun which. This relative clause here is non-restrictive because the function is to give extra information about an antecedent. It provides additional information, not identifying information (Yule, 1998: 248). The relative clause which Mariam had never seen only gives additional information information to the antecedent a cinema, not identifying the antecedent.
Data no.16.
Double swinging doors opened into a tiled lobby, where posters of Hindi films were encased in glass displays. (page 6)
This relative clause is finite because it use finite verb were encased and the relative adverb where. The relative clause in the sentence above is non-restrictive relative clause because the function is to give additional information to the antecedent. It can be said that the existence of relative clause is not absolute because it only gives additional information, not identifying the antecedent. The
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relative clause where posters of Hindi films were encased in glass displays only gives additional information to the antecedent a tiled lobby. If we say “Double swinging doors opened into a tiled lobby,” is enough. It will not arise a question about a tiled lobby.
Data no.34.
Then there was a rotund, old woman that Nana called Bibi jo, whose late husband had been a stone carver and friends with Nana’s father. (page 17)
This clause is finite because it uses finite verb had been and the relative pronoun whose. This relative clause is non-restrictive because the function of the relative clause is giving additional information to the antecedent. In other words, the existence of relative clause here is not important since it does not restrict or identify the antecedent. The relative clause whose late husband had been a stone carver and friends with Nana’s father gives only additional information to the antecedent.
Data no.207.
Ahmad, who was the most religious member of the family, sang the azan in his baby sister’s ear and blew in her face three times. (page 109) The relative clause is non-restrictive because the function of the relative clause is giving additional information to the antecedent. In other words, the existence of relative clause here is not important since it does not restrict or identify the antecedent. The non-restrictive relative clause can be omitted without causing confusion and it is separated by commas, dashes, or parentheses (Yule, 1998:248). The relative clause who was the most religious member of the family gives only additional information to the antecedent.
Data no.253.
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But Laila never felt in Tariq’s house, where these matters never seen even came up. (page 139)
This clause is finite because it use finite verb seen and the relative adverb where. The relative clause is non-restrictive because the function of the relative clause is giving additional information to the antecedent. In other words, the existence of relative clause here is not important since it does not restrict or identify the antecedent. The relative clause where these matters never seen even came up gives only additional information to the antecedent.
3. Non-finite Restrictive Relative Clauses
There are 14 non-finite restrictive relative clauses. According to Leech and Svartvik (1975: 269), a non-finite relative clause is marked by the use of an –ing clause, an –ed clause, and a to-infinitive clause. The function of restrictive relative clauses is to define or restrict the reference of the antecedent noun. They help to identify or classify the person or thing being talked about (Yule, 1998: 248)
Data no.59.
Mariam had asked him to tell her more, and Jalil said that the old man and his puppet had all sort of adventures, that there was a place called Pleasure Island, and bad boys who turned into donkeys. (page 28)
The sentence above has the relative clause called Pleasure Island. The use of verb –ed in the sentence is to replace the works of relative pronoun. That relative clause can be analyzed as follows:
Mariam had asked him to tell her more, and Jalil said that the old man and his puppet had all sort of adventures, that there was a place which is called Pleasure Island, and bad boys who turned into donkeys.
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According to Leech and Svartvik (1994), and –ed clause can occur in the situation where the relative clause is in the passive voice. The relative pronoun and the verb be are directly omitted. This clause is restrictive relative clause because the existence of the relative clause is important since it provides absolute information for the antecedent. The relative clause called Pleasure Island defines the antecedent place.
Data no.100.
But I’ve seen nine years old girls given to men twenty years older than your suitor, Mariam. (page 53)
The sentence above has the relative clause given to men twenty years older than your suitor. The use of verb –ed in the sentence is to replace the works of relative pronoun. That relative clause can be analyzed as follows:
But I’ve seen nine years old girls who weregiven to men twenty years older than your suitor, Mariam.
According to Leech and Svartvik (1994), and –ed clause can occur in the situation where the relative clause is in the passive voice. The relative pronoun and the verb be are directly omitted. This clause is restrictive relative clause because the existence of the relative clause is important since it provides absolute information for the antecedent. The relative clause given to men twenty years older than your suitor defines the noun phrase nine years old girls.
Data no.117.
Mariam saw small mounds of flyblown garbage littering the street here and there. (page 62)
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This sentence above has the relative clause littering the street here and there. The use of verb –ing in the sentence is to replace the works of relative pronoun. That relative clause can be analyzed as follows:
Mariam saw small mounds of flyblown garbage which was littering the street here and there.
Based on the theory, when the verb in the relative clause is one of the progressive tenses, the relative pronoun which functions as subject and the verb be may be omitted. As a result, such a clause will build a non-finite –ing relative clause. (Leech and Svartvik, 175:269). The non-finite verb in this clause is littering. This clause is restrictive because it functions to define the antecedent flyblown garbage. It defines which flyblown garbage is.
Data no.127.
She missed the winter afternoons of reading in the kolba with Mullah Faizullah, the clink of icicles falling on her roof from the trees, the crows cawing outside from snow-burdened branches. (page 67)
This sentence above has the relative clause falling on her roof from her trees. The use of verb –ing in the sentence is to replace the works of relative pronoun. That relative clause can be analyzed as follows:
She missed the winter afternoons of reading in the kolba with Mullah Faizullah, the clink of icicles which were falling on her roof from the trees, the crows cawing outside from snow-burdened branches.
Based on the theory, when the verb in the relative clause is one of the progressive tenses, the relative pronoun which functions as subject and the verb be may be omitted. As a result, such a clause will build a non-finite –ing relative clause
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(Leech and Svartvik, 175:269). The non-finite verb in this clause is falling. This clause is restrictive because it functions to define the antecedent icicles.
Data no.152.
They walked on to a place called Kocheh-Morgha, Chicken Street. (page 79)
The above sentence is the one of non-finite restrictive relative clauses. This clause is restrictive because the existence of the relative clause is important since it provides absolute information for the antecedent. The antecedent in this clause is a place. The relative clause called Kocheh-Morgha, Chicken Street defines what a place is. This clause is non-finite because it use finite verb called. The use of verb –ed in the sentence is to replace the works of relative pronoun. That relative clause can be analyzed as follows:
They walked on to a place which is called Kocheh-Morgha, Chicken Street.
According to Leech and Svartvik (1994), an –ed clause can occur in the situation where the relative clause is in the passive voice. The relative pronoun and the verb be are directly omitted.
Data no.156.
They strolled past carpet shops, pastry shops, flower shops, and shops that sold suit for men and dresses for women, and, in them, behind lace curtains, Mariam saw young girls sewing buttons and ironing collars. (page 79)
This sentence above has the relative clause sewing buttons and ironing collars. The use of verb –ing in the sentence is to replace the works of relative pronoun. That relative clause can be analyzed as follows:
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They strolled past carpet shops, pastry shops, flower shops, and shops that sold suit for men and dresses for women, and, in them, behind lace curtains, Mariam saw young girls who were sewing buttons and ironing collars.
Based on the theory, when the verb in the relative clause is one of the progressive tenses, the relative pronoun which functions as subject and the verb be may be omitted. As a result, such a clause will build a non-finite –ing relative clause. The non-finite verb in this clause is littering. This clause is restrictive because it functions to define the antecedent young girls.
Data no.253.
As Laila reached the curtains, she saw a car pass by on the street tailed by a cloud of dust. (page 133)
The above sentence has the relative clause tailed by a cloud of dust. This clause is non-finite because it uses non-finite verb tailed. The use of verb –ed in the sentence is to replace the works of relative pronoun. That relative clause can be analyzed as follows:
As Laila reached the curtains, she saw a car pass by on the street which wastailed by a cloud of dust.
According to Leech and Svartvik (1994), an –ed clause can occur in the situation where the relative clause is in the passive voice. The relative pronoun and the verb be are directly omitted. This clause is restrictive because it defines the antecedent the street. This clause defines which the street is.
4. Non-finite Non-restrictive Relative Clause
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The number of non-finite restrictive relative clause in A Thousand Splendid Suns is 16. Since the relative clause is non-restrictive, the function is to give additional information.
Data no.88.
The stairs she and Jalil took were wide and covered with a similar carpet, nailed down at the base of each step. (page 43)
The sentence above has the relative clause nailed down at the base of each step. This clause is non-finite because it uses non-finite verb nailed. The use of verb –ed in the sentence is to replace the works of relative pronoun. That relative clause can be analyzed as follows:
The stairs she and Jalil took were wide and covered with a similar carpet, which wasnailed down at the base of each step. (page 43)
According to Leech and Svartvik (1994), an –ed clause can occur in the situation where the relative clause is in the passive voice. The relative pronoun and the verb be are directly omitted. This clause is non-restrictive because it is separated by comma and it functions to give additional information to the antecedent a similar carpet.
Data no.91.
On one of the shelves, Mariam saw a collection of identical wooden dolls, arranged in a line in order of decreasing size. (page 43)
The sentence above has the relative clause arranged in a line in order of decreasing size. This clause is non-finite because it uses non-finite verb
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arranged. The use of verb –ed in the sentence is to replace the works of relative pronoun. That relative clause can be analyzed as follows:
On one of the shelves, Mariam saw a collection of identical wooden dolls, which were arranged in a line in order of decreasing size. (page 43)
According to Leech and Svartvik (1994), an –ed clause can occur in the situation where the relative clause is in the passive voice. The relative pronoun and the verb be are directly omitted. This clause is non-restrictive because it is separated by comma and it functions to give additional information to the antecedent identical wooden dolls.
Data no.173.
Fariba must have recognized her, walking in burqa beside Rasheed. (page 86)
The sentence above has the relative clause walking in burqa beside Rasheed. This clause is non-finite because it uses non-finite verb walking. The use of verb –ing in the sentence is to replace the works of relative pronoun. That relative clause can be analyzed as follows:
Fariba must have recognized her, who was walking in burqa beside Rasheed
Based on the theory, when the verb in the relative clause is one of the progressive tenses, the relative pronoun which functions as subject and the verb be may be omitted. As a result, such a clause will build a non-finite –ing relative clause. (Leech and Svartvik, 175:269). This clause is restrictive because it
