Chapter 4: Participatory Design Experiments – Gaining Context-Sensitive Insights
4.3 Stage 1: Participatory Design with Novice Users
4.3.4 Analysis of Participatory Research
The researcher thanked each participant at the end of each experiment.
and the various types of data viz. pictures, video, transcripts analyzed to arrive at insights.
4.3.4.1 Analysis Structure
Following analysis structure (as shown in Figure 4.37) was followed in analyzing the videotaped data and DSLR pics.
Figure 4.37: Analysis Structure
Concurrent analysis as seen in the literature makes it an essential base for different types of data viz. pictures, video and transcript as shown in Figure 4.38 . Following section will attempt to present it in detail.
Figure 4.38: Concurrent analysis of Various types of data working in coherence
4.3.4.2 Data organization and transcription
Transcription of audio recording and their analysis to find keywords and patterns.
DATA AND ORGANIZATION OF DATA
The data obtained was in picture and video format. All video recording of the session was converted into digital video data. Pictures captured with the DSLR were put in different folders for each of the four experiments. The pictures were of high resolution and the data was heavy.
TRANSCRIPTION
All videos were transcribed and coded. There were many instances when they were speaking to each other. After careful listening and repetitive playing, transcriptions were
made. This was a time consuming exercise. Transcriptions helped in identifying each concept the user participants made during the participatory session.
TIME-LAPSE VIDEO
24 fps was chosen for the time-lapse video. The software Apple i-video was used to line up the video. A five second pause was introduced on each picture frame that showed the complete concept in each of collective concept generation. Each video had time-lapse for the process of manifestation with different hands working on it and stops for 5 seconds at places where concepts were fully made. This helped in quick understanding of bodily conduct. The information gained from each idea combined with expertise in vehicle design helped in articulating a brief description of concepts. Using video editing software, short descriptions were placed in frames of each concept made by participant groups. The videos provided results of the design analysis of each concept with text underpinning it. All four time-lapse videos were lined up and played.
Following section outlines a brief summary of the analysis of the insights drawn for the four experimental sessions.
4.3.4.3 Analysis of Participatory Activity using Concrete Toolkit
Figure 4.39: Video grab of participatory activity with time lapse images
Figure 4.39 shows video grab of participatory activity with time lapse images. Please see Appendix 8 for detailed time lapse video. Full video of this activity is in CD attached herewith (Appendix 5).
Table 4.7 presents one excerpt of the transcript of experiment done with concrete toolkit.
Table 4.7: Transcript excerpt of participatory activity with concrete toolkit
…
115 Ruchin yeha chcha hai…par yeh car nahi hai..
this is good .. but this isnt a car 116 Mohan yeh ek long vehicle banta hai na…
but this will become a long vehicle 117 Ruchin yeha actually aisa chahiye..
here actually you need it like this 118 Devekar actually yeh bhi upar chahiye..
this also actually should be above 119 Ruchin nahi…jeep..gypsy
no…jeep(as a brand) … gypsy ( as car by maruti suzuki ) 120 Mohan gypsey
121 Nancy gypsey car hai..
this is like gypsy (as a car by maruti suzuki) 122 Mohan gypsey car mein pooche who open rehta hai 123 Ruchin yeh bada adventure type vehicle lagta hai..
this looks like an adventorous vehicle 124 Mohan yeh acha hai..bahut badhiya
this is good. very good
125 Ruchin aur zyada luggage k liye usko supportk liye…
this support for extra luggage
126 Mohan yeh mahindra mahindra jeep hai…abhi latest jungle m ein jata hai na…
ok…ho gaya…abhi chota jeep bhi bana sakta hai..
mahindra (car brand) the latest cars can go off roads.. now they can make smaller jeep( brand)
127 Devekar kaise how?
128 Mohan idhar…idhar do wheel daalne ka….idhar ek wheel idhar ek wheel here put one of the wheels, and the other here
this can be complete area could be for luggage
…
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION
Figure 4.40: Concepts mapped on a time scale
Figure 4.40 gives graphical representation of the output mapped on time scale. This visually indicates instances when collectively ideas took shape of various concepts.
CONCEPTS (BRIEF DESCRIPTION): PARTICIPATORY PROTOTYPING: CONCRETE PARTICIPATORY TOOLKIT
As seen in the graphical representation above, the concepts made by users were as follows:
1) Two-Wheeler, Four Seater, Long Vehicle, Small Luggage
2) Three-Wheeler, Two Seater, Compact Vehicle, Large Luggage space 3) Wheeler, Front Covered, Rear Open Seating/ Luggage
4) Four-Wheeler, Six (Open) + Two(Closed), Flexible Luggage 5) Four Seater, Compact Vehicle, Two (Closed) + Two (Open)
6) Four Seater, Eight Seater, Flexible for Opening/ Closing, Face to Face Seating 7) Six-Wheeler, Very Long Vehicle for Family Use, In-Tandem Seating
APPLICATION: CONCRETE
This form of toolkit can be used for near future design endeavors like re-designing or re-styling existing products.
4.3.4.4 Analysis of Participatory Activity using Abstract Toolkit
Figure 4.41: Video grab of participatory activity with time lapse images
Figure 4.41 shows video grab of participatory activity with time lapse images. Please see Appendix 8 for detailed time lapse video. Full video of this activity is in CD attached herewith (Appendix 5).
Table 4.8 presents one excerpt of the transcript of experiment done with abstract toolkit.
Table 4.8: Transcript excerpt of participatory activity with abstract toolkit
…
16 Anupama hum logon ko lagna chahiye ke hum log kar sakte hai…aisa nahi ke in the middle of way we people should feel that we can do it.. …. its not like in the middle of the way….
17 Yatin yeh fayda karega kya..aise chaar aur jod diye jaye will this be beneficial if we join these four
18 Anupama aisa koi slow medium fast button.. if we press slow, automatic fast…middle …fast…
aisa just press buttons…so thatapne ko problem nahin hai
there should be some button controls such as - slow, medium, fast...
so that it won’t be that difficult 19 Yatin isme aisa nikal jayega
this will come off like this 20 Rajan who to nikal jayeega definitely…
that will come off definitely
21 Yatin maybe agar dono rahenge to dono atak kar denge
maybe if both of them were present they would be stuck together
22 Toussef us lane mein… gaadi ki speed girne ..suppose sab gaadi 80 ki speed se ja rahi hain aur tum 60 se ja rahi hain ….toh kuch announcement ya indication hona chahiye…
tum left mein aa jao
so if you are going at the spped 60 and a passerby comes at 80 then there should be some indication for us to move
23 Anupama scale ka nahin …jaisa tum logon ka mixer mein rehte hai na…
waise buttons….wohi speed mein jayega na…there has to be ..we we don't know…
driving a new corner, they will not come to know kitna speed hai…
mixer mein 1,2,3,4,5, ..ya fan mein…1,2,3,4,5,..
who button press karega to gaadi age jaane chahiye..aisa kuch hona chahiye the car should have preset speeds just like in a ceiling fan or mixer . . you just have to press the buttons and it will go. this will be helpful when you are cornering some turn for the first time,
you don’t know how the curve is, so you set the speed and the car will go automatically ...
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION
Figure 4.42: Concepts mapped on a time scale
Figure 4.42 gives graphical representation of the output mapped on time scale. This visually indicates instances when collectively ideas took shape of various concepts.
CONCEPTS (BRIEF DESCRIPTION): PARTICIPATORY PROTOTYPING: ABSTRACT PARTICIPATORY TOOLKIT
As seen in the graphical representation above, the concepts made by users were as follows:
1) Two Wheeled High and Compact Module, Possibility of Joining two sideways 2) Very Compact Three Wheeled Vehicle
3) Single Wheeled High and Compact Module, Possibility of Joining two sideways 4) Four-Wheeled, Two Seater, One Bed for Longer Distances
5) Four-Wheeler, Compact and High Four-Seater Vehicle 6) Four-Wheeler, Compact and High Four-Wheeler
APPLICATION
These responses through this kind of method may be used for very futuristic design projects where thoughts flow freely through actions and can take any direction through the use of any module of the toolkit.
4.3.4.5 Analysis of Participatory Activity using Concrete-Abstract Toolkit
Figure 4.43: Video grab of participatory activity with time lapse images
Figure 4.43 shows video grab of participatory activity with time lapse images. Please see Appendix 8 for detailed time lapse video. Full video of this activity is in CD attached herewith (Appendix 5).
Table 4.9 presents one excerpt of the transcript of experiment done with concrete- abstract toolkit.
Table 4.9: Transcript excerpt of participatory activity with concrete-abstract toolkit 79 Vinay any point of time you can divide
80 Truveni you can travel together
81 Vinay abhi 4 log hain.. 4 log idhar jaane wale hain 2 office … other are going
somewhere else….kabhi bhi divide kar sakte hain…it's detachable….tu jaise bol raha hai….2 raste alag
for eg. 4 people going to two different offices, they can divide anywhere they want.
it's detachable like you wre saying it 82 Ashish i was just going it as a scenario..
83 Vinay even if there is some problem with parking … divide and park…
84 Ashish divide and park…
85 Vinay haa!
86 Vinay woh bike ka to already bol diya…parking ka hai..they can carry more no of people…
so he has already spoken about the parking
87 Truveni one more thing i thought of it now is ki… 3w se hum log may be…
jaise hum logon ne pehale kiya tha …verticle type kiya tha…arrangement taki
uska length badh jaye.. and again we can …ek wahan ka nikal ke..ek woh nikal dijiye na…
one more thing i thought of (shuffles around the pieces and gives reference two previous configuration)
88 Ashish ek nikal de?..
remove one?
89 Truveni ek nikal de …vertical aur horizontal …unhi teen pahinyon ko use kar kr…
removing one and using three wheels in vertical and horizontal direction 90 Ashish taki… kya hum zyada….
so what is the end result?
91 Truveni taki … woh jaise pahile tha … haan!
so everything will be the same as before
92 Ashish ho sakta hai, pehale ek ke pahiye ek baith le..then … dadhane ke liye, ek baaju nain ek baith sakta hai…
it can be such that one can sit one after the other and now we can make them sit side to side so
as to increase interaction between
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION
Figure 4.44: Concepts mapped on a time scale
Figure 4.44 gives graphical representation of the output mapped on time scale. This visually indicates instances when collectively ideas took shape of various concepts.
CONCEPTS (BRIEF DESCRIPTION): PARTICIPATORY PROTOTYPING: CONCRETE-ABSTRACT PARTICIPATORY TOOLKIT
As seen in the graphical representation above, the concepts made by users were as follows:
1) Two-Wheeler, Two Seater (Different Levels), Compact Vehicle 2) Four-Wheeler, Two Seater, Enclosed Bi- directional Vehicle
3) Three/ Four-Wheeler with Spring Bound Cab for Protecting against Accidents 4) Four-Wheeler, Two Seater, Very Large Luggage Space
APPLICATION
The response generated through this kind of toolkit may be used for design of moderately futuristic projects where practicality is more important.
4.3.4.6 Analysis of Participatory Activity using Abstract- Concrete Toolkit
Figure 4.45: Video grab of participatory activity with time lapse images
Figure 4.45shows video grab of participatory activity with time lapse images. Please see Appendix 8 for detailed time lapse video. Full video of this activity is in CD attached herewith (Appendix 5).
Table 4.10 presents one excerpt of the transcript of experiment done with abstract- concrete toolkit.
Table 4.10: Transcript excerpt of participatory activity with abstract-concrete toolkit 18 Lakshmi three wheeler personal use
19 Lakshmi auto covered two wheeler 20 Patkar advantage over existing bike or 21 Lakshmi two wheeler which is covered 22 Rishi storage box
23 Lakshmi three wheeler to personal wheel mage…..boots space…you must take a Rickshaw to the station ….
24 Rishi then you have additional vehicle also..
25 Lakshmi additional vehicle…..additional trolley 26 Rahul three wheeler ase…ek minute
three wheeler… like this… one minute 27 Rishi into the puddle puddle
28 Patkar but magnet
29 Rishi mene socha ulta kiya ….
Was done opposite to what I said…
30 Patkar support lage….
It would need support
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION
Figure 4.46 gives graphical representation of the output mapped on time scale. This visually indicates instances when collectively ideas took shape of various concepts.
Figure 4.46: Concepts mapped on a time scale
CONCEPTS (BRIEF DESCRIPTION): PARTICIPATORY PROTOTYPING 4: ABSTRACT-CONCRETE HYBRID TOOLKIT
As seen in the graphical representation above, the concepts made by users were as follows:
1) Three-Wheeler, Four Seater (2 in-tandem, 2 sideways), Wide Rear Luggage 2) Three-Wheeler, Two Seater, Very Large Luggage Space
3) Wide Two Wheeled (Segway-Type), Two Seater with Middle Luggage space 4) Four Wheeled, Four-seater (Back to Back Seating), Large Luggage Space
5) Four Wheeled, Four-seater, Compact, Large Luggage Space 6) Compact Width, Four-Seater Vehicle
7) Three-Wheeler, Single Seater, Large Luggage Space
APPLICATION
The responses generated through this kind of toolkit may be used for futuristic design projects, where free flow of creativity is more important.
4.3.4.7 Discussion on analysis
In conducting these experiments it was observed that Velcro or any toolkit that works on ‘one size fits all’ couldn’t generate satisfactory results. These experiments in participatory research offered immense possibilities. Abstract toolkit helped people to make futuristic concepts whereas concrete helped them to generate ideas for immediate short term needs – ones that are less futuristic but something that can be planned today.
So, if company wishes to probe target customer base to understand what are people’s aspirations and expectations for a very futuristic scenario, the Abstract toolkit can be used. If a company wants to find out what to innovate for users in short and immediate time span of 2-3 years, a participatory workshop aided with a concrete toolkit may help to peek into users’ deep aspirations and experiences.
The 3D toolkits can play a pivotal role in participatory prototyping for bringing out responses that have a relation with parameters of timeframe for the future. The diversity of ideas generated by users are qualitatively very interesting and offer rich dividends for designers to develop them into marketable products. The success of the outcome of these experiments was reflected in this researcher being invited to conduct a workshop in Denmark with expert groups.
4.3.5 Communicating Results: Context Mapping: Formulation of Design Brief for