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ABSTRACT

T h e p r e s e n t w o r k c o n c e n t r a t e s on t h e s t u d y of f l o w r e g i m e t r a n s i t i o n in v e r t i c a l g a s - l i g u i d t w o - p h a s e flow. Th e w o r k i n c l u d e s a n a l y s i s a n d m o d e l l i n g of t h e t r a n s i t i o n s , d e v e l o p m e n t of a n e l e c t r o n i c a p p a r a t u s for d e t e c t i n g them, v e r i f i c a t i o n of t h e m o d e l s in l i g h t of t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d a n d f i n a l l y t o d e v e l o p a d e v i c e for m e a s u r i n g v o i d f r a c t i o n in d i f f e r e n t f l o w r e g i m e s .

T h e e l e c t r o n i c a p p a r a t u s b a s i c a l l y u s e s an e l e c t r i c a l i m p e d a n c e m e t h o d f o r m e a s u r i n g t h e l o c a l v o i d f r a c t i o n . In t h i s m e t h o d , t h e p u l s e w i d t h of a m u l t i v i b r a t o r is m o d u l a t e d in r e s p o n s e t o t h e c h a n g e of l o c a l v o i d f r a c t i o n of a t w o - p h a s e flow. T h e p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n (PDF) of t h e p u l s e w i d t h d a t a is a n a l y s e d fo r d e t e c t i n g t h e f l o w r e g i m e s . T h e a p p a r a t u s is a l s o u s e d f o r m e a s u r i n g a v e r a g e v o i d f r a c t i o n by f i n d i n g o u t i ts c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e a v e r a g e p u l s e w i d t h .

E x p e r i m e n t s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t in t w o d i f f e r e n t f l u i d f l o w s y s t e m s e.g. a i r - w a t e r a n d g a s - l i q u i d n i t r o g e n . F o u r b a s i c f l o w r e g i m e s e.g. b u b b le, slug, c h u r n a n d a n n u l a r f l o w t h a t o c c u r in t h e s e s y s t e m s h a v e b e e n s t u d i e d .

E x p e r i m e n t a l s e t - u p u s e d a i r - w a t e r c o n s i s t s of a t e s t s e c t i o n m a d e u p of a n a c r y l i c t u b e of 11 m m i n n e r d i a m e t e r a n d 2.9 m l e n g t h . T h e r e ar e t h r e e p a i r s of e l e c t r o d e s . T h e f i r s t p a i r of e l e c t r o d e s , w h i c h is a r c type, is u s e d f or m e a s u r i n g a v e r a g e v o i d f r a c t i o n a n d for r e c o r d i n g t h e P D F in s l u g a n d c h u r n flow. T h e s e c o n d pair, c a l l e d w i d e - g a p e l e c t r o d e s , is u s e d f o r i d e n t i f y i n g b u b b l e - s l u g t r a n s i t i o n . T h e t h i r d pair, c a l l e d t h e n a r r o w - g a p e l e c t r o d e s , is u s e d for i d e n t i f y i n g

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IIT Kharagpur

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i n t e r m i t t e n t - a n n u l a r t r a n s i t i o n . T w o s o l e n o i d valve s, p l a c e d n e a r a n d i n l e t a n d outle t, a r e u s e d f or m e a s u r i n g t h e a v e r a g e v o i d f r a c t i o n .

T h e c r y o g e n i c s e t - u p c o n s i s t s of a 15 m m d i a m e t e r and 1.14 m l o n g t e s t s e c t i o n s u r r o u n d e d b y a i n n e r j a c k e t of l iq u i d n i t r o g e n a n d a n o u t e r j a c k e t of s u p e r i n s u l a t i o n . In t h i s case, th e a v e r a g e v o i d f r a c t i o n is m e a s u r e d by r e a d i n g the d i f f e r e n t i a l p r e s s u r e a c r o s s t h e s t a t i c c o l u m n o f f l u i d e n c l o s e d b e t w e e n t h e s o l e n o i d v a l v e s .

T h e b u b b l e - s l u g t r a n s i t i o n h a s b e e n d e t e c t e d b y c o u n t i n g t h e f o r m a t i o n of T a y l o r bubb le. T h e s l u g - c h u r n t r a n s i t i o n is i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a n a n a l y s i s of t h e p l o t of p r e s s u r e d r o p v e r s u s t h e s u p e r f i c i a l ga s v e l o c i t y . T h e i n t e r m i t t e n t - a n n u l a r t r a n s i t i o n is d e t e c t e d b y c o u n t i n g t h e n u m b e r of c o r e b r i d g i n g s .

It is f o u n d t h a t in t h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m b u b b l e t o s l u g f l o w t h r o u g h s h o r t t e s t s e c t i o n s , t h e t u r b u l e n t m i x t u r e of g a s a n d l i q u i d g e n e r a l l y r e m a i n s in a n u n s t e a d y s ta te . T h e t r a n s i t i o n in s u c h a m i x t u r e h a s b e e n e x p l a i n e d by a m o d e l of b u b b l e p o p u l a t i o n b a l a n c e c o n t a i n i n g b o t h t h e b r e a k a g e a n d c o a l e s c e n c e .

T h e s l u g l e n g t h d i s t r i b u t i o n in t h e s l u g a n d c h u r n f l o w h a s b e e n c a l c u l a t e d w i t h t h e h e l p of a m o d e l . It is f o u n d t h a t t h e s l u g l e n g t h d i s t r i b u t i o n a t t h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m s l u g to c h u r n f l o w h a s a n a v e r a g e s l u g l e n g t h of a b o u t 10D.

T h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m a n n u l a r to i n t e r m i t t e n t f l o w o c c u r s w h e n u n s t a b l e i n t e r f a c i a l w a v e s g r o w a n d f i n a l l y b r i d g e t h e g a s c o re. T h e g r o w t h o f t h e s e f i n i t e a m p l i t u d e c a p i l l a r y w a v e s h a v e b e e n e x p l a i n e d u s i n g a s i m p l e m o d e l . I t is f o u n d t h a t t h e w a v e

v i

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l e n g t h of t h e w a v e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t r a n s i t i o n is a b o u t e i g h t t i m e s of t h e w a v e l e n g t h of t h a t m o v i n g w i t h the a v e r a g e f i l m v e l o c i t y .

T h e f l o w r e g i m e s h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d b a s e d on t h e n a t u r e of P D F ' s . C a l i b r a t i o n s of the v o i d f r a c t i o n s e n s o r s h a v e b e e n p r e p a r e d in e a c h of t h e r e g i m e s . It is f o u n d t h a t c a l i b r a t i o n in s l u g a n d c h u r n f l o w r e g i m e s c h a n g e s w i t h t h e s u p e r f i c i a l l i q u i d v e l o c i t y . T h i s c h a n g e is a l w a y s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a s h i f t of t h e P D F p e a k p o s i t i o n s . F i n a l l y a l l t h e s e P D F a n d c a l i b r a t i o n d a t a a r e l i s t e d in a l o o k - u p t a b l e . T h e c a l i b r a t i o n s h o w s m a x i m u m s e n s i t i v i t y in a n n u l a r f l o w a n d m i n i m u m s e n s i t i v i t y in b u b b l e flow.

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IIT Kharagpur

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

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Copyright IIT Kharagpur... Copyright IIT