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The s t u dy of a 665 sq km area l o c a t e d in the w e s t e r n p a r t of W e s t B e ng a l has b e e n c o m p l e t e d t h r o u g h b o t h a i r c r a f t and s a t e l l i t e i m a g e r i e s m a i n l y for the p u r p o s e of r e c o r d i n g b a s i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the T a r a p h i n i r i v e r - b a s i n f r o m a f l o o d m i t i g a t i o n p o i n t of v i e w as well as to a s s e s s the e f f i c a c y of v a r i o u s r e m o t e sensirrg t e c h n i q u e s and o u t p u t s in this c o n t e x t .
T h i s P r e c a m b r i a n t e r r a i n e x h i b i t s a c o m p l i c a t e d s t r u c t u r a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n , and a d e t a i l e d g e o l o g i c a l - c u m - s t r u c t u r a l m a p has b e e n p r e p a r e d f r o m a i r c r a f t i m a g e r i e s s u p p o r t e d by e x t e n s i v e f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n . S i m i l a r l y , a d e t a i l e d g e o m o r p h o l ogi cal m ap a n d a larrd use nrap h av e b e e n p r e p a r e d f r o m b l a c k - a n d - w h i t e an d c o l o u r i n f r a r e d a i r c r a f t i m a g e r i e s.
F r o m the a b o v e o u t p u t s , a d e t a i l e d l a n d c o v e r map has b e e n g e n e r a t e d , w h i c h f o r m s the b a s i s for t he e s t i m a t i o n of the r i v e r f l o w for v a r i o u s r a i n f a l l i n t e n s i t i e s . T h e r e is a c l o s e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n e s t i m a t e d r i v e r f l o w d a ta and actual r i v e r f l o w d a t a o b s e r v e d at a r a i n g a u g e s t a t i o n ; u t i l i t y of r e m o t e s e n s i n g i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t he v i e w p o i n t of f l o o d s t u d i e s is th u s d e m o n s t r a t e d .
F u r t h e r , t h r o u g h v i su al an d d i g i t a l p r o c e s s i n g of v a r i o u s r e m o t e s e n s i n g i m a g e r i e s t a k e n f r o m a i r c r a f t and s a t e l l i t e and c o m p a r i s o n w i t h S u r v e y of I n d ia t o p o g r a p h i c s h e e t a n d w i t h l i m i t e d g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n in a 3 2 . 5 sq km t e s t s it e n e a r L a l g a r h , an o p t i m u m m o d a l i t y has b e e n d e v i s e d for e x t r a c t i n g m a x i m u m i n f o r m a t i o n by s u i t a b l e i n t e g r a t i o n of L a n d s a t i m a g e r y , a i r c r a f t i m a g e r y and g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n .
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C H A P T E R -1
IN T R O D U C T IO N
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L O C A T I O N AN D A C C E S S I B I L I T Y
The area u n d e r study c o v e r s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 665 sq km f a l l i n g 1n M e d 1 n 1 p u r , B a n k u r a and a l s o p a r t l y 1n the P u r u l l y a D i s t r i c t s of W e s t Bengal and 1n S l n g h b h u m D i s t r i c t of B i h a r ( F i g . 1.1) and lies b e t w e e n 22° 32'N a n d 22" 4 7 ' N l a t i t u d e s and R6° 36'E and R7° 04' E l o n g i t u d e s . The a r ea c o m p r i s i n g the T a r a p h 1 n 1 R i v e r B a s i n 1s l o c a t e d In the S u r v e y of India t o p o g r a p h i c s h e e t n u m b e r s 73 J /9 , 10 and 14 and 73 N/2. The H. T a r a p h l n l 1s one of the I m p o r t a n t t r i b u t a r i e s of R. K a n g s a b a t l ( K as a i) 1n Its u p p e r r e a c h e s . The total c a t c h m e n t area of the T a r a p h l n l Is a b o u t 331 sq km. The T a r a p h l n l o r i g i n a t e s In the n o r t h w e s t e r n h i ll s of the J h a r g r a m s u b d i v i s i o n of the M e d l n l p u r D i s t r i c t .
The area 1s a c c e s s i b l e by a m o t o r a b l e r o a d to the s u b d l v 1 s 1onal t ow n J h a r g r a m w h i c h 1s l o c a t e d 155 km w e s t of C a l c u t t a and s i t u a t e d in the ll o wrah-Nagpur t r u n k r o u t e of tho S o u t h E a s t e r n R a i l w a y ( F i g . 1.2). Dig v i l l a g e s 1n the area are B l n p u r , S 1 l d a and B e l p a h a r l w h i c h are c o n n e c t e d to J h a r g r a m by m o t o r a b l e roads. S o m e p a r t s of the area are e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e t h r o u g h a n e t w o r k of j e e p a b l e r o a d s w h i l e somo p o r t i o n s of the a r e a are a c c e s s i b l e o nl y by c a r t t r a c k s and foot trac k s.
P U R P O S E A N D S C O P E OF W O R K
R e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s 1n s p a c e t e c h n o l o g y h a v e g r e a t l y e n h a n c e d the c a p a b i l i t i e s of r e s o u r c e s s u r v e y and m a p p i n g . R e m o t e s e n s i n g t e c h n i q u e s p r o v i d e d i r e c t a s s e s s m e n t of l a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , v e g e t a t i o n c o v e r and the h y d r o l o g i c p r o c e s s e s o p e r a t i n g in a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a.
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M A P O F T H E S T U D Y A R E A AND ITS S URROUNDI NGS S H O W I N G D I S T R I C T B O U N D A R I E S
FIG. II
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In the y e a r 1978 t h e r e w a s a d e v a s t l n g f l o o d 1n the K a n g s a b a t l B a s i n . M a j o r p a r ts of the M e d i n l p u r D i s t r i c t w e r e a f f e c t e d by this flood and l a r g e a r e a s w e r e s u b m e r g e d . B o th the rail and r o a d lin k s b e t w e e n K h a r a g p u r and C a l c u t t a w e r e s n a p p e d for a b o u t a m o n t h . T h i s c a t a s t r o p h ^ / f o c u s s e d the n e e d for f l o o d m i t i g a t i o n s t u d i e s , and the p r e s e n t s t u dy on the 1 n t e rr e l a t1 onshi ps of b a s i n c h a r a c t e r 1 s tics <md f lo o ds was I n i t i a t e d In 1979.
On the b a s i s of an a g r e e m e n t on a j o i n t a c t i v i t y on
"the a p p l i c a t i o n of r e m o t e s e n s i n g on f l o o d m i t i g a t i o n s t u d i e s 1n W e s t B e n g a l " r e a c h e d b e t w e e n .the S pace A p p l i c a t i o n s C e n t r e , I nd i an S p a c e R e s e a r c h O r g a n i s a t i o n , A h m e d a b a d and the I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e of T e c h n o l o g y , K h a r a g p u r , l o w - f l y i n g I m a g e r y ( bl ac k and w h i t e , c o l o u r i n f r a r e d and 4 b a n d MS S ) of the T a r a p h l n l B a s i n , W e s t B e n g a l , w a s a r r a n g e d by the S p a c e A p p l i c a t i o n s C e n t r e , 1n May, 1979.
The d r a i n a g e b a s i n 1s the b a s i c areal u n i t 1n w h i c h the g e o m o r p h l c f e a t u r e s and l a n d u s e can be d e t e r m i n e d . The a s s e s s m e n t of t h o s e w a t e r s h e d p a r a m e t e r s 1s I m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e t h e s e a re I n t i m a t e l y r e l a t e d to the b a s i n w a t e r and s e d i m e n t y i e l d . The h y d r o l o g y of an area d e p e n d s b a s i c a l l y on Its c l i m a t e , t o p o g r a p h y and g e o l o g y . The o b j e c t i v e of g e o m o r p h o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s r e l a t e d to b a s i n c h a r a c terl s t ie s 1s to e v a l u a t e the d r a i n a g e n e t w o r k of the b a s i n In Its e n t i r e t y . S u c h c a t e g o r i s a t i o n w o u l d be h e l p f u l 1n u s i n g the h y d r o l o g i c a l d a t a of o ne b a s i n In a n o t h e r of s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , p r o v i d e d o t h e r c l i m a t i c and g e o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are I d e n t i c a l . T h i s s t u d y has c o n c e n t r a t e d on q u a n t i t a t i v e l a n d f o r m a n a l y s i s as a p p l i e d to n o r m a l l y d e v e l o p e d w a t e r s h e d s 1n w h i c h r u n n i n g w a t e r an d a s s o c i a t e d g r a v l t a t l v e m o v e m e n t s , a c t i n g o v e r l o n g p e r i o d s of time, are the c h i e f a g e n t s 1n d e v e l o p i n g the s u r f a c e g e o m e t r y . T he c o m b i n e d e f f e c t s of c l i m a t e and g e o l o g y on a c a t c h m e n t t o p o g r a p h y y i e l d an e r o s l o n a l p a t t e r n w h i c h 1s c h a r a c t e r l s e d by a n e t w o r k o f c h a n n e l s and s t r e a m s . The a u t h o r has t r ie d
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to d e m o n s t r a t e th a t the a v e r a g e s t r e a m p a t t e r n 1s g o v e r n e d by a l i m i t e d n u m b e r of I n d e p e n d e n t p a r a m e t e r s . The au t h o r a s s u m e s tho s i m i l a r i t y of e f f e c t i v e c a t c h m e n t a r e a s and uses It to o x p l o r e the d e t a i l s of c h a n n e l n e t w o r k s t r u c t u r e w i t h i n a g i v e n c a t c h m e n t .
The f o l l o w i n g m o d e s of I n v e s t i g a t i o n have been a d o p t e d :
(1) P r e p a r a t i o n of a g e o l o g i c m a p of the area on 1 : 6 3 , 3 6 0 s c a l e f r om r e m o t e s e n s i n g I m a g e r y of 1 : 6 0 , 0 0 0 s c a l e a l o n g w i t h field c h e c k i n g of l i m i t e d areas.
(11) P r e p a r a t i o n of a d e t a i l e d g e o m o r p h l c map on 1 : 6 3 , 3 6 0 s c a l e t o g e t h e r w i t h an e n l a r g e d m ap on 1 : 3 0 , 0 0 0 s c a l e of a key l o c a l i t y , fr o m r e m o t e s e n s i n g i m a g e r y of 1 : 6 0 , 0 0 0 scale, a l o n g w i t h e x t e n s i v e g r o u n d c h e c k .
(111) D e l i n e a t i o n of d i f f e r e n t l a n d u s e s w i t h the he lp of b la c k and w h i t e and c o l o u r i n f r a r e d I m a g e r y on 1 : 5 0 , 0 0 0 s c a l e and to st u d y r e f l e c t i o n c h a r a c t e r 1 s t i c s of d i f f e r e n t land c o v e r o b j e c t s .
( 1 v ) S t u d y of the m o r p h o m e t r y of the b a s i n .
(v) D e t a i l e d s t u d y of a l i m i t e d ar e a ( 3 2. 5 sq km) w h i c h will s e r v e as 'test area' for t h e m a t i c i n t e r p r e t a t l o n of L a n d s a t d i g i t a l d at a of 2 9t h M a r c h , 1975.
T h e s e s t u d l e s h a v e l e d t o :
(A) the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n r a i n f a l l a nd r u n o f f b a s e d on c a t c h m e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as s t u d i e d f ro m r e m o t e s e n s i n g I m a g e r i e s .
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(B) some i de a s a b o u t m i t i g a t i o n of floods.
(C) the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of an I n t e g r a t e d m o d e of r e m o t e s e n s i n g d a t a a n a l y s i s and the d e v e l o p m e n t of s o f t w a r e for m u l t i - l e v e l r e m o t e s e n s i n g data a n a l y s i s i n v o l v i n g s a t e l l i t e , < 11 r c r a f t and g r o u n d level data 1n an a l l u v i a l t e r r a i n 1n a h u m i d t ro p ic al c l 1 m a t e .
T I M E R E Q U I R E D F O R T H E I N V E S T I G A T I O N '
A p p r o x i m a t e b r e a k u p of the t i m e d e v o t e d for d i f f e r e n t f a c e t s of the p r e s e n t I n v e s t i g a t i o n s are:
(a) P r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s and c o l l e c t i o n of b a c k g r o u n d d a t a ... 6 m o n t h s (b) A n a l y s i s of b l a c k and w h i t e and c o l o u r
I n f r a r e d I m a g e r y ... 4 m o n t h s (c) F i e l d w o r k ... ... 3 m o n t h s (d) F 1 n a l 1 s a t 1 o n of g e o l o g i c a nd g e o m o r p h l c
m a p s ... 6 m o n t h s (e) C o l l e c t i o n of h y d r o l g l c a l d a t a and
a s s e s s m e n t ... ... 4 m o n t h s if ) S t u d i e s u n d e r t a k e n on the a n a l y s i s o f
t e s t area d a t a ... 3 m o n t h s (g) Total a n a l y s i s a n d w r i t i n g ... I y e a r and 6 m o n t h s
As such, the total t i me r e q u i r e d , on a f u l l - t i m e b a s i s , 1s n e a r l y 4 y e a r s .
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P R E V I O U S W O R K ON T H E S T U D Y A R E A A N D ON R E L A T E D T O P I C S
IN I N D I A
In India, the f i e l d of r e m o t e s e n s i n g 1s r e l a t i v e l y u n e x p l o r e d . R e m o t e s e n s i n g is an e x t r e m e l y I n v a l u a b l e tool for m a p p i n g l a n d u s e / l a n d c o v e r c a t e g o r i e s and g e o m o r p h i c e l e m e n t s n e e d e d for w a t e r r e s o u r c e s p l a n n i n g and m a n a g e m e n t .
G e o l o g y : Ve ry l i t t l e p u b l i s h e d g e o l o g i c a l w o r k 1s a v a i l a b l e on the p r e s e n t area. The area c o n s t i t u t e s the e a s t e r n e x t r e m i t y of the P r e c a m b r l a n b e l t of the S l n g h b h u m T h r u s t Zone. The a re a w a s m a p p e d for the f i rs t ‘t im e by Du n n (1929) in the c o u r s e of r e g i o n a l s t ud y of the P r e c a m b r l a n r o c k s of S i n g h b h u m D i s t r i c t . Du n n (1937) u n d e r t o o k a d e t a i l e d m a p p i n g on one inch to a m i l e s c a l e of the area m a i n l y for e x p l o r i n g the m i n e r a l w e a l t h of the rich S l n g h b h u m D i s t r i c t . His w o r k c o v e r s s t r u c t u r e , s t r a t i g r a p h y , p e t r o l o g y an d e c o n o m i c r e s o u r c e s of the area.
In the w e s t e r n p a r t of the are a, M u k h o p a d h y a y an d S e n g u p t a (1971) u n d e r t o o k d e t a i l e d s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s i s a r o u n d Si mu l p a l v i l l a g e .
G o o m o r p h o l o g y : In the p r e s e n t a r e a g e o m o r p h o l o g 1 c a l w o r k has not b e e n r e p o r t e d . In I nd i a, m o s t of the i n v e s t i g a t i o n s are b a s e d on ' p h y s i o g r a p h i c ' a s p e c t of l a n d f o r m s ( C h a t t e r j e e , 1 9 4 9 , 1 9 6 2 ; S p a t e , 1954; B a n e r j e e , 1 9 64 ) . G e n e r a l i z e d s t u d i e s of B e n g a l r i v e r s for v a r i o u s p u r p o s e s o t h e r t h an g e o m o r p h o l o g y h a v e b e e n a t t e m p t e d by m a n y a u t h o r s (e.g., La T o u c h e , 1 9 1 0 ; M u c k e r j e e , 1938; M a j u m d a r ,1942;
B a g c h i , 1944, 1960; D a s g u p t a , 1953; Sen, 1956, 1 9 6 8 a , 1 9 6 8 b e tc . ). A s y s t e m a t i c p h o t o g e o m o r p h o l o g l c a l m a p p i n g on 1 : 6 3 , 3 6 0 s c al e 1n p a r t s of the S t a t e s of O r i s s a and W e s t Bengal has b e e n u n d e r t a k e n 1n the D e p a r t m e n t of G e o l o g y and G e o p h y s i c s , I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e of T e c h n o l o g y , K h a r a g p u r , in w h i c h the r e g i o n a l a s p e c t s of the fluvial a n d c o a s t a l l a n d f o r m s h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d {N 1y o g 1 a nd C h a k r a b o r t y ,
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1967; N1 y og 1 et al ., 1968; C h a k r a b o r t y , 1968; B h a t t a c h a r y a , 1970; M a l l l c k et al., 1970; N 1 y o g 1 , 1 9 7 0 a ,1 9 7 0 b ,1 9 7 0 c ,1 9 7 0 d ; N 1yog1 and O h a t t a c h a r y a , 1968). V a l d y a n a d h a n ( 1 9 6 4 , 1 9 6 5 , 1 9 6 7 , 1 9 7 1 ) has c a r r i e d out d e t a i l e d p h o t o g e o m o r p h o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s 1n v a r i o u s p a r t s of India. P r ud h vl Raju and V a l d y a n a d h a n ( 1 9 7 8 a , 1 9 7 8 b , 1981) s t u d i e d p h o t o g e o m o r p h l c f e a t u r e s 1n V 1 s a k h a p a t n a m D i s t r i c t of A n d h r a P ra d e s h . M a n c h a n d a (1983) s t u d i e d aerial p h o t o g r a p h s of H a r y a n a and I n v e s t i g a t e d the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n l an d t y p e a n d s ub -soil w a t e r and s a lt a c c u m u l a t i o n 1n soils.
L a n d U s e a n d A g r i c u l t u r e : In the p r e s e n t a re a land use st udy has not b e e n r e p o r t e d . T h o u g h some w o r k has been r e p o r t e d from b l a c k and w h i t e I m a g e r i e s 1n India, not m u c h w or k has b ee n d o n e u s i n g c o l o u r I n f r a r e d I m a g e r i e s . R a g h a v s w a m y and V a l d y a n a d h a n ( 1980) c a r r i e d o u t d e t a i l e d land use s t u d i e s u s i n g low f l y i n g I m a g e r i e s . S i n g h et al . (1983) and S a x e n a et a l .(1 98 3 ) h a v e a p p l i e d r e m o t e s e n s i n g t e c h n i q u e s for l a n d u s e m a p p i n g w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e to a g r i c u l t u r a l a s p e c t s . G a u t a m a nd N a r a y a n (1983) I d e n t i f i e d the l an d use f e a t u r e s u s i n g m u l t 1 s p e c t r a l s c a n n e r (MSS).
T h e i r m a i n o b j e c t i v e w a s to p r e p a r e a s m a l l - s c a l e land use m a p f ro m s a t e l l i t e I m a g e r y s h o w i n g the b r o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n of land use p a t t e r n s to s e r v e as a b a s e for m o n i t o r i n g land use c h a n g e . Sahal et al. (1 9 8 3 a ,1 9 8 3 b ) h a v e c a r r i e d o u t e c o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s t h r o u g h r e m o t e s e n s i n g t e c h n i q u e s .
M o r p h o m e t r i c A n a l y s i s : In I ndia, not m u c h w o r k has b e e n r e p o r t e d on the inorphometrlc a n a l y s i s of d r a i n a g e b a s i n s . G u p t a and M e h t a ( 1 9 8 0 ) c o n d u c t e d h y d r o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s 1n the B a n g a n g a R i v e r B a s i n as a p a r t of g r o u n d w a t e r r e s o u r c e e v a l u a t i o n s t u d i e s ; m o r p h o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s of four s u b - b a s 1 n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t by the m. R a g h a v a n et al . ( 1 9 83 ) ha v e do n e d r a i n a g e a n a l y s i s 1n T r 1 c h 1 n o p o l y D i s t r i c t of Tamil Nadu.
A n j a n e y u l u ( 19 8 3) c a r r i e d out h y d r o g e o l o g i c a l I n v e s t i g a t i o n 1n the G a d l d a l a V a g u s u b - b a s 1 n 1n G u n t u r D i s t r i c t of A n d h r a P r a d e s h w i t h the h e l p of a e r o s p a c e data. A g a r w a l and S 1 nh a
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(1983) u n d e r t o o k q u a n t i t a t i v e m o r p h o m e t r 1c a n a l y s i s 1n A s a n and S on g B a s i n s of D oo n V a l l e y of U t t a r P ra d e s h ; p h o t o g e o m o r p h l c a n a l y s i s w o r e c a r r i e d out by t h e m m a i n l y to d e t e r m i n e the m o r p h o m e t r l c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a nd d r a i n a g e pa t t e r n .
E s t i m a t i o n of R u n o f f : E x c e p t for the c o n v e n t i o n a l h y d r o l o g i c a l I n v e s t i g a t i o n s , p r e v i o u s l y no p h o t o I n t e r p r e t a t i o n w o r k has be e n r e p o r t e d f ro m the s t u d y area or f r o m any o t h e r p a r t of the c o u n t r y .
O U T S I D E I N D I A
G e o l o g y and G e o m o r p h o l o g y : G e o l o g i s t s and g e o m o r p h o l o g i s t s h av e b e e n p r o l i f i c u s e r s of r e m o t e s e n s i n g o u t p u t s . O n l y a few r e f e r e n c e s h a v e b ee n m e n t i o n e d . S e v e r a l j o u r n a l a r t i c l e s and g o v e r n m e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s d e a l i n g w i t h p h o t o g e o l o g y - g e o m o r p h o l o g y , a l t h o u g h p u b l i s h e d b e f o r e I960, are v e r y I n f o r m a t i v e (Wasem, 1949; D e s j a r d i n s , 1950 and T a t o r , 1958). An air p h o t o I n d e x to l a n d f o r m s 1n the e a s t e r n ha l f of the U n i t e d S t a t e s w a s c o m p i l e d by K e l f e r (1967), B a d g l e y and V e s t (1966) e n u m e r a t e d the v a r i o u s p o s s i b l e a p p l i c a t i o n s of the s e v e ra l r e m o t e s e n s o r s w h i c h are b e i n g v i g o r o u s l y I n v e s t i g a t e d by and for s p a c e s c i e n t i s t s . T h e y I n c l u d e u n d e r I n f r a r e d p h o t o g r a p h y c o m p o s i t i o n ( b e d r o c k t ypes, p o r o s i t y , p e r m e a b i l i t y ) , s t r u c t u r e ( f a u l t s , f o l d s ) , s e d i m e n t a t i o n ( d u n e s , a l l u v i u m , e t c . ) , m i n e r a l e x p l o r a t i o n , e n g i n e e r i n g p r o b l e m s , and c r u s t a l s t u d i e s ( v o l c a n o e s , h e a t b a l a n c e ) . S a b l n s (1967) has p u b l i s h e d a c a s e - h i s t o r y r e p o r t on the p h o t o g e o l o g i c a p p l i c a t i o n s of i n f r a r e d p h o t o g r a p h y . A c c o r d i n g to him, 1t w as p o s s i b l e to d i s t i n g u i s h not o n l y b e t w e e n u n c o n s o l i d a t e d m a t e r i a l s (e.g., a l l u v i u m ) and b e d r o c k (c o o l / d a r k - t o n e d v e r s u s w a r m / H g h t t o n e d ) , b u t a l s o b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t t y p es of s t r a t a - s a n d s t o n e ( w a r m e r / l i g h t e r ) and s l l t s t o n e ( c o o l e r / d a r k e r ) . R o w a n et a l . ( 1 9 76 ) h a v e d i s c r i m i n a t e d
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m a j o r rock t y p e s 1n the s o u t h - c e n t r a l N e v a d a by u s i n g both digital p r o c e s s i n g and c o l o u r c o m p o s i t i n g of ERTS M u l t 1 s p e c t r a l S c a n n e r Imag es . B a r z e g a r (1979) e v a l u a t e d the c a p a b i l i t i e s of L a n d s a t data for rock type d i s c r i m i n a t i o n u s i n g e n h a n c e m e n t t e c h n i q u e s . R a b c h e v s k y et al., 1979 c a r r i e d o u t g e o l o g i c a l r e c o n n a i s s a n c e of the W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. a re a u s i n g r e m o t e s e n s i n g t e c h n i q u e s . S t a n d o f f and 111 1 1 ( 19 7 9 ) c a r r i e d o u t s a t e l l i t e I m ag e a n a l y s i s for mine r al e x p l o r a t l o n .
L a n d Use: O u t s i d e India, la n d use or land c o v e r m a p p i n g u s i n g r e m o t e l y s e n s e d data Is a r o u t i n e p r a c t i c e . M u c h work has b e e n d o n e on a g r i c u l t u r a l l an d use b e c a u s e of the I m p o r t a n c e of a g r i c u l t u r e 1n the e c o n o m i c s of d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s . C o l w e l l ( 1 9 62 ) , N e u m a n n and S l m o n e t t (1970) h a v e a n a l y s e d c o l o u r , c o l o u r I n f r a r e d and bla ck and w h i t e p h o t o g r a p h y 1n l a nd u s e s t u d i e s . O l s o n (1967) e v a l u a t e d the a c c u r a c y of l a n d use I n t e r p r e t a t i o n f r o m thermal I m a g e r y . A g o o d a m o u n t of w o r k has a ls o b e e n d o n e on the v e g e t a t i o n m a p p i n g u s i n g c o l o u r I n f r a r e d p h o t o g r a p h s ( N i e l s e n et al., 1971; G a m m o n et al., 1 979). S t u d i e s by S 1 m o n e t t ( 1 969), R u d d (19 71 ) , T h r o w e r ( 1972) are ama/ig t h o s e that h a v e b e e n a t t e m p t e d on the e v a l u a t i o n of the l a n d u se m a p p i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s of s m a l l - s c a l e s p a c e I m a g e r y .
M o r p h o m o t r l c A n a l y s i s : H o r t o n (1945) u n d e r t o o k the p i o n e e r i n g q u a n t i t a t i v e d e s c r i p t i o n of s t r e a m m o r p h o l o g y . O r d e r i n g of d i f f e r e n t s t r e a m s y s t e m s has b e e n p r o p o s e d by h i m 1n o r d e r to g i v e a b e t t e r q u a n t i t a t i v e d e s c r i p t i o n of n a t u r a l s t r e a m n e t w o r k s . He l a id the f o u n d a t i o n for m u c h of the s u b s e q u e n t w o r k in q u a n t i t a t i v e g e o m o r p h o l o g y of d r a i n a g e b a s i n s . His q u a n t i t a t i v e d e s c r i p t i o n of l a n d f o r m s p a v e d the wa y for g r e a t a d v a n c e s 1n the fi e l d s of geoinorphol o g y , h y d r a u l i c s a n d h y d r o l o g y . B e c a u s e of c o m p l e x n a t u r e of s t r e a m n e t w o r k s , the s t o c h a s t i c a p p r o a c h has b e e n s u g g e s t e d by s o m e r e s e a r c h e r s to gi ve a p r o b a b i l i s t i c d e s c r i p t i o n of t he n a t u r e of strearns. H o r t o n ' s work was
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s u p p l e m e n t e d by L a n g b e l n (194 7 ). L a t e r S t r a h l e r ( 1 9 5 2 , 1 9 5 7 , 1 9 5 8 ) , S c h u m m (195 6 ), M e l t o n ( 1 9 6 2 ) , S h r e v e (1969) and o t h e r s d e v e l o p e d q u a n t i t a t i v e m e t h o d s by a d d i n g new p a r a m e t e r s and I n v e s t i g a t i n g r e g i o n a l v a r i a t i o n s 1n m o r p h o l o g y 1n a w i d e r a n g e of g e o l o g i c a n d c l i m a t i c e n v i r o n m e n t s .
E s t i m a t i o n of R u n o f f : So m e p u b l i s h e d w o r k on the e s t i m a t i o n of r u n o f f u s i n g c u r v e n u m b e r t e c h n i q u e 1s a v a i l a b l e . T h i s m e t h o d has b e e n a d v o c a t e d p a r t i c u l a r l y by a g r i c u l t u r a l s c i e n t i s t s w h o h a v e b e e n u s i n g this t e c h n i q u e for small w a t e r s h e d s . C o o l e y and L a n e ( 1 9 8 0 , 1 9 8 ? ) d e v e l o p e d c u r v e n u m b e r s for s u g a r c a n e and p i n e a p p l e f i e l d s of H a w a i i .
C L I M A T E A N D S E A S O N S
The a r ea u n d e r I n v e s t i g a t i o n l i e s to the s o u t h of the T r o p i c of C a n c e r and falls w i t h i n the t r o p i c zone. The c l i m a t e of the' d i s t r i c t 1s c h a r a c t e r i s e d by an o p p r e s s i v e l y hot s u m m e r , w i t h h i g h h u m i d i t y n e a r l y all the y e a r r o u n d and well d i s t r i b u t e d r a i n f a l l d u r i n g the m o n s o o n m o n t h s . T he c o l d w e a t h e r s t a r t s f r o m a b o u t the m i d d l e of N o v e m b e r and lasts till the end of F e b r u a r y . The p e r i o d f r o m M a r c h to M ay r e p r e s e n t s the s u m m e r . The s o u t h w e s t m o n s o o n s are a c t i v e f r o m J u n e to S e p t e m b e r and the In t e r v a l f r o m O c t o b e r to the f i r s t h al f of N o v e m b e r c o n s t i t u t e s the m o n s o o n r e c e s s i o n p e r i o d .
T E M P E R A T U R E
T e m p e r a t u r e s t a r t s r i s i n g r a p i d l y fr o m the b e g i n n i n g of M a r c h . The s u m m e r h e a t 1s p a r t i c u l a r l y o p p r e s s i v e d ue to h i g h m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t 1n the air.
O c c a s s i o n a l l y , the m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e s to a b o u t 47* C or 48°C. T h e r e Is a w e l c o m e r e l i e f f r o m the h u m i d heat , - a l t h o u g h o n l y t e m p o r a r i l y , - w h e n t h u n d e r s t o r m s o c c u r d u r i n g
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M a r c h - M a y . W i t h the o n s e t of the s o u t h w e s t m o n s o o n by abo u t the f i r s t we e k of June, the day t e m p e r a t u r e s drop a p p r e c i a b l y but the n i g h t t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t i n u e s to re m a i n high. B e c a u s e of o p p r e s s i v e h u m i d i t y , the w e a t h e r 1s o ften v er y u n c o m f o r t a b l e d u r i n g the m o n s o o n s e a s o n , e s p e c i a l l y 1 n b e t w e e n s u c c e e d i n g s p e l l s of rain. The m o n s o o n w i t h d r a w s e a r l y 1 ri O c t o b e r w h e n t e m p e r a t u r e s begirt to f a l l . T h e d r o p , p a r t i c u l a r l y 1n the n i g h t t e m p e r a t u r e , 1s m o r e m a r k e d from a b o u t the m i d d l e of N o v e m b e r . D e c e m b e r 1s the c o l d e s t m o n t h In the area, w i t h a m e a n da l l y m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e of 12° to 1 3 °C. The m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s o m e t i m e s goes d o w n to 5° to
(> * C . .
R A I N F A L L
The n e a r b y m e t e o r o l o g i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s t a t i o n ( r e c o g n i s e d by the I n d i a n M e t e o r o l o g i c a l D e p a r t m e n t )1 s at M e d l n l p u r . B e l p a h a r l a l s o has a r a l n g a u g e s t a t i o n w h i c h Is u n d e r the D e p a r t m e n t of I r r i g a t i o n a nd W a t e r w a y s , G o v e r n m e n t of W e s t B e n g a l , but s t a n d a r d I n f o r m a t i o n 1s a v a i l a b l e o n l y at the M e d l n l p u r o b s e r v a t o r y . The a v e r a g e an n u a l r a i n f a l l and t e m p e r a t u r e of the M e d l n l p u r s t a t i o n has b e e n r e p r e s e n t e d 1n Fig. 1.3.
The area r e c e i v e s a h ig h a m o u n t of r a i n f a l l . The a v e r a g e r a i n f a l l d u r i n g the m o n s o o n m o n t h s , J u n e to S e p t e m b e r , c o n s t i t u t e s a b o u t 78 p e r c e n t of the a nnual p r e c i p i t a t i o n . J u ly and A u g u s t are the r a i n i e s t m o n t h s . T he v a r i a t i o n 1n the r a i n f a l l f r o m y e a r to y e a r 1s n ot s i g n i f i c a n t . The a v e r a g e annual r a i n f a l l 1n the d i s t r i c t 1s 1525 . 5 m m w h e r e a s at B e l p a h a r l 1t 1s 1 4 8 1 . 7 5 mm. T he c o n c e n t r a t e d r a i n f a l l 1n the r a i n y s e a s o n t o g e t h e r w i t h a dry w i n t e r and r e l a t i v e l y dry s u m m e r 1s c h a r a c t e r l s t 1 c of this m o n s o o n - t y p e h u m i d t r o p i c a l c l i m a t i c r e g i o n . Due to this, s e a s o n a l f l u c t u a t i o n of the w a t e r t a b l e Is al s o c o n s i d e r a b l e ; it is l o w e s t in the m o n t h of Ma y , j u s t b e f o r e the o n s e t of the m o n s o o n a nd r i s e s r a p i d l y d u r i n g the r a i n y
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RAINFALLIN CM
A V E R A G E A N N U A L R A I N F A L L AND T E M P E R A T U R E OF THE M E D I N I P U R DI S TRI CT
50 40 30 0 20 10
o
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R A I N F A L Lf~ \ M E A N M A X . T E M P M E A N M I N T E M P
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season. W a t e r t a b l e Is h i g h e s t in the end of the m o n s o o n a f t e r w h i c h it g r a d u a l l y falls b e i n g l o w e s t a g a i n in May.
The s e asonal f l u c t u a t i o n of the w a t e r table p o s s i b l y favours a l a t e r l t l c type of w e a t h e r i n g .
H U M I D I T Y
R e l a t i v e h u m i d i t i e s are g e n e r a l l y high t h r o u g h o u t ttie y e a r . But 1n the s u m m e r m o n t h s , a f t e r n o o n h u m i d i t i e s are c o m p a r a t i v e l y less.
Data for t e m p e r a t u r e , rainfall', r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y etc. w e r e c o l l e c t e d from the o f f i c e of the Indian M e t e o r o l o g i c a l D e p a r t m e n t , C a l c u t t a t h r o u g h the c o u r t e s y of
the R e g i o n a l D i r e c t o r .
M E T H O D S A N D P R O C E D U R E S OF S T U D Y
Bl a c k and w h i t e p h o t o g r a p h s erf the e n t i r e T a r a p h l n l B a s i n h av e b e e n s t u d i e d In d e t a i l In the l a b o r a t o r y a nd d e t a i l e d g e o l o g i c , g e o m o r p h l c and land c o v e r maps on 1:63 , 360 sc ale have b e e n p r e p a r e d . The f ir s t step In this was the p r e p a r a t i o n of a m o s a i c to get an o v e r a l l v i e w of the area, i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of f e a t u r e s and u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e i r i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s . P h o t o g e o m o r p h 1c a n a l y s i s was c a r r i e d out c h i e f l y to d e t e r m i n e the m o r p h o m e t r i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and d r a i n a g e p a t t e r n . D e t a i l e d d r a i n a g e b a s i n m ap w i t h all the s u b - b a s i n s h a v e b e e n p r e p a r e d on 6.3 c m to one km ( 1 : 1 6 , 0 0 0 a p p r o x .) s e a l e . The a r e a of s u b - b a s i n s of a g i v e n o r d e r w e r e m e a s u r e d by p l a n l m e t e r from a map on w h i c h the p e r i m e t e r s h av e b e e n o u t l i n e d for e a c h o r d e r and the c h an n el l e n g t h s w e r e m e a s u r e d w i t h c h a r t o m e t e r (map m e a s u r e r ) d i r e c t l y from the p r e p a r e d map. The m a p p i n g w a s o r i g i n a l l y u n d e r t a k e n on 1 : 6 0 , 0 0 0 s c a l e v i s u a l i m a g e r i e s . The p h o t o g e o l o g i c , p h o t o g e o m o r p h i c , d r a i n a g e and la n d c o v e r d e t a i l s w e r e s t u d i e d i n i t i a l l y on the s c a l e of a ir p h o t o s
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and w e r e l a t e r p r o j e c t e d w i t h the help of s k e t c h m a s t e r on the t o p o g r a p h i c b a s e of 1 : 6 3 , 3 6 0 scale. V a r i o u s c r i t e r i a i n c l u d i n g r e l i e f , p h o t o tone, and t e x t u r e w e r e us ed to d i f f e r e n t i a t e rock types a l o n g w i t h trends of fo l i a t i o n p l a n e s a nd the d i r e c t i o n s of dips. A d e t a i l e d p h o t o g c o m o r p h 1c map a l o n g the R. Kasai have been p r e p a r e d on 1 : 3 0 , 0 0 0 s c ale. For b o t h g o o m o r p h i c and l 1 t h o 1 o g 1 c m a p p i n g , the In d iv i d u a l landfortn f e a t u r e s and rock types I n t e r p r e t e d In the l a b o r a t o r y w e r e l a te r v e r i f i e d in the field and c o r r e c t i o n s n e c e s s i t a t e d d u r i n g field c h e c k w e r e
I n c o r p o r a t e d In the map. C o l o u r i n f r a r e d i m a g e r i e s on 1 : ')U, 0 0 0 s c al e ha v e b e e n e n l a r g e d to 1 : 1 0 , 0 0 0 s c a l e on Z o om 1 r<inI o r c o p e and p r o j e c t e d on a t o p o g r a p h i c a l b a se ( o r ig in a l s c a l e 6.3 cm to one km or 1 : 1 6 , 0 0 0 ) a l s o e n l a r g e d to 1 : 1 0 , 0 0 0 scale, and a d e t a i l e d land use map of a p a rt of ,i u n c o n s o l i d a t e d and al l u v i a l t e r r a i n has b e e n p r e p a r e d . M o r e d e t a i l e d l a n d u s e maps of 3 v i l l a g e s have b e e n p r e p a r e d on a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 : 2 2 3 0 scale, r e p r e s e n t i n g an e n l a r g e m e n t of n e a r l y 1:22 ti m es .
D e t a i l e d l a n d use and g e o m o r p h o 1o g 1cal maps of the L a l g a r h T e s t A r e a has b e en p r e p a r e d from 1:25 ,000 s c a l e bla ck and w h i t e air p h o t o g r a p h s . Digi ta l a n a l y s i s of the Land s at i m a g e r y of 2 9 t h M a r c h , 1975 has b e e n u n d e r t a k e n and a c o m p a r i s o n of geoinorphol og I cal and la n d use I n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d from L a n d s a t i m a g e r y and aerial p h o t o g r a p h s was
made.
