The diploma work partially fulfilled the conditions for obtaining a diploma. Dipanka Boruah to the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam (India) for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy took place under my supervision. Vivek Sah, MD, C-NES Boat Clinic of Dhemaji District for their help and guidance in various stages of the research work.
Despite rapid urbanization, the majority of the population of Assam lives in the remote rural areas, and out of this population, 2.5 million people live in the river island (popularly known as charchapari areas in local Assamese language). The prototype of the proposed amphibious ambulance has been designed and developed as part of the doctoral research in the Department of Design, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG).
Introduction: Healthcare Facilities in Riverine Areas of Assam
Design Development of Ambulance: Issues and Contextual Relevance
Detailed Design, Prototype and Testing of the Amphibian Ambulance
86 4.3.3 Design of assistant foot pedal 89 4.3.4 Adjustment of the frame of the cross trainer mechanism.
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 179-184
84-85 Figure 4.8 Experimental development of a prototype in the initial phase 85 Figure 4.9 CAD drawing of the cross-trainer mechanism for prototype 86 Figure 4.10 Connecting arm of the cross-trainer foot pedal 86 Figure 4.11 Cross-trainer mechanism after machining 88 Figure 4.12 Design of the pedal for the rear rider (assistant) 89 Figure 4.13 Prototype of cross trainer mechanism for rear rider. 123 Figure 4.36 Land test with the amphibious ambulance 124 Figure 4.37 Different scenarios of field testing of modified functional. 127 Figure 4.41 Safety handle and its use in the amphibious ambulance 128 Figure 4.42 Holding bar and its use in the amphibious ambulance 128 Figure 4.43 Different views of final functional prototype 130 Figure 5.1 Field test of final functional prototype 132 Figure 5.2 Test for loading and unloading the patient with stretcher.
133 Figure 5.3 Descriptive statistics of gender of respondents 133 Figure 5.4 Descriptive statistics of age of respondents 133 Figure 6.1 Village woman using existing Chaneki with Jacquard.
List of flow diagrams
List of tables
Chapter 1: Introduction: Health Care Facilities in Riverine Areas of Assam
- Background
- Contextual study
- Shortcomings of existing health Care facilities in riverine areas
- Existing facilities of healthcare treatment at boat clinic
- Shortcomings of the existing transportation facilities
- Motivation from the contextual study
- Research questions (RQ)
- Hypothesis (H)
- Aim and objectives
- Methods of the study (Methodology)
- Structure of the thesis
- Contribution of the present research
The study was conducted by an interdisciplinary team to survey the existing health care facilities in the riverine areas of the Brahmaputra valley. To study the existing health care delivery system in the riverine areas of the Brahmaputra valley. The research focuses on the need of flood-affected riverine population in remote areas in the Indian context.
The introduction deals with rural healthcare facilities available in the context of the study, i.e. also mentions recommendation for the application of the finding of the research in the remote riverine areas in the Brahmaputra valley.
Design Development of Ambulance: Issues and Contextual Relevance
- Traditional transportation system in rural India
- Shortcomings of intermediate ambulance in global situation
- History and evolution of bicycle
- History and evolution of tricycle
- History and evolution of tandem bicycle
- Classification of tricycle based on user and use
- Human powered tricycle in global situation
- Relevance and development of tricycle in Asia
- Classification of tricycle based on the wheel layout
- Need for transportation system as a present practice
- Indian cultural context
- Perception about health care transportation
- Process of manufacture
- Quality and the craftsmanship
- Contemporary look of the amphibian ambulance
- Users’ ergonomic aspect
- Safety features
- Hull terminology
- Need of sustainable indigenous innovation: meaning of associated terms
- Inventors and inventions
- Entrepreneur
- Improver
- Innovation
- Robust design and lean product development
- Conceptual definition of product innovation
- Intellectual property rights (IPR)
- Entrepreneurial quality of an innovator
In 1865, finally, pedals were attached to the front wheel of the walking machine and it is shown in figure 2.2 (b) (Hoefer, 2007) and it was called velocipede which means fast foot. The general system of the McMillan bicycle is shown in Figure 2.2 (c) and is transmitted to the cranks on the rear wheel via connecting rods. A tricycle based on the physical arrangement of the 3 wheels on the tricycle can be classified as a delta [Figure 2.4 (a)] or a tadpole [Figure 2.4 (b)].
On the other hand, the tadpole riders' CG is lower [Figure 2.8 (f)], but located in front of the forward tilt axis. William James, an American philosopher, states in his book "The Meaning of Truth (1907)" that truth is something that happens to an idea.
- The context of the design and innovation: user survey
- Brief for design development of an amphibian ambulance
- Feasibility study
- Establishing economic existence of the identified need
- Identification and formulation of the design problem
It also provides easy access so that the patient, attendant and rider can get in and out of the ambulance with ease. Consider the process of launching the designed ambulance taking into account the prevailing system of launching socially relevant innovative products in the market. Component and subsystem readily available from commercial bicycle/tricycle industry form the components of the design and can be outsourced to facilitate easy maintenance by the local bicycle repair shops and spare parts availability.
The initial 3 phases in the design morphology, namely feasibility study, conceptual design and detailed design, which fall under the field of industrial design of an amphibian ambulance, are covered in the following sub-sections. The first step in feasibility planning is to determine the economic viability of the identified need. The starting point of the project research project was a hypothetical need that was observed during the research of socio-economic scenarios.
The second step in the feasibility study is the identification and formulation of the design of the amphibious ambulance. The following factors were identified and design problem was formulated in the preliminary design of the ambulance. Providing handholds to get in and out of the ambulance with easy access for the users and to provide support to get the ambulance in and out of the water with ease.
The angle of seat and stretcher is kept at around 10 degrees, which is an ergonomically optimal angle for sleeping/lying. This may be possible by providing fencing where injuries sustained after collision with another vehicle on the road will protect the users of the ambulance. The vehicle should be tested on both rural and urban roads and in water by different users to evaluate its performance in terms of ease of use, maximum possible speed and required braking time during road and water use.
Operation on land
Operation in water
- Evaluation of the concepts
- Physical realisability for the concept
- Economic worthwhileness of the concept
- Financial feasibility
- Discussion regarding amphibian ambulance concept
- Preliminary design
- Selection of the design concept
- Formulation of mathematical model
- Compatibility analysis
- Formal optimisation
- Projection into the future
- Prediction of the system behaviour
- Testing and validation of the design concept
- Simplification of the Design
In the second concept of the vehicle, the stretcher was properly placed between the rider and the attendant. The height of the underroof of the catamaran type hull is shown in Figure 3.7. Consider a catamaran type hull fully submerged in water in the case given in Figure 3.7 (a), the center of gravity (CG) of the catamaran type is below the center of buoyancy.
This oscillation behaves the same as a simple pendulum hanging at the metacenter M. a) (b) Figure 3.7: Stability of an amphibian ambulance. Therefore, the amphibian ambulance is stable because the metacentric height of the amphibian ambulance is 0.774 m and is less than 1.2 m. Setting up a plant for the production and assembly of an amphibian ambulance is possible within the framework of 1.5 million euros.
Among the three amphibious ambulance concepts, concept 1 cannot be physically realized with a human-powered vehicle. This concept fulfills most of the requirements for the design of an amphibian rescue vehicle. In the case of the amphibious ambulance design process, the formulation of a mathematical model was required in relation to.
The simplicity of the amphibious ambulance model increases the chances of greater use in the future. The suitability of the design project and the resulting amphibious ambulance can be tested through its use. The detailed design of the amphibious ambulance discussed further transfers the design concept developed in the preliminary phase to the final product form.
Detailed Design, Prototyping and Testing of the Amphibian Ambulance
- Detailed design
- Preparation of design
- The detailed design of the parts
- Design of hull for the amphibian ambulance
- Plywood pattern making for catamaran type hull
- Buoyancy calculation
- Design validation of the catamaran type hull for the amphibian ambulance
- Buoyancy and stability test of FRP hull in water
- Propulsion system for land
- Simulation of the Cross Trainer mechanism using bamboo
- Frame design prototype simulation of the Cross Trainer mechanism used in amphibian ambulance
- Design of foot pedal for the attendant
- Modification of the frame design of Cross Trainer mechanism for final prototype
- Simulation of gear hub
- Simulation of idler gear
- Alignment of chain and sprocket
- Oil seal
- Bearing block housing
- Design of paddle wheel
- Mounting and removal of the paddle wheel
- Removal of the rear wheel
- Design of rudder and rudder steering
- Design of physical life to match anticipated service life
- Design for consumption .1 Design for maintenance
- Design for reliability
- Design for convenience in use (considering human factors)
- Balancing weight
- Door opening latch
- Stretcher design
- Design for aesthetic features
- Design for operational economy
- Planning for retirement
- Design for safety
- Buoyancy for anti- sinking using non- structured plastic foam in case of ambulance sinks
- Assembly of functional prototype of the amphibian ambulance
- Field trial of the amphibian ambulance
- Modified version of the amphibian ambulance
- Operation on land
- Operation in water
- Transition from land and water and vice versa
- Final functional prototype construction of the Dola ambulance
The amphibious ambulance's rudder was placed at the rear end of the vehicle outside the catamaran-type hull. First version of functional prototype of the amphibious ambulance was tested on IIT Guwahati campus internal road. The design of the upward opening entry and exit door opening system of the amphibious ambulance is shown in [Figure 4.30 (b)].
Chapter 5: Detailed Product Test Programme, Data Collection and Analysis
- Materials and methods .1 Questionnaire preparation
- Experimental design
- Details of the responders’ demographical profile
- Experimental details- objective measurement
- Data analysis and result
- Findings of experiments
- Experiment no. 12: People perception regarding the visual appearance of the vehicle as an amphibian ambulance while
- Validation of hypothesis- H1
Visual image of the vehicle as an amphibious ambulance while operating on land and in water. Comparison of two different contexts using the newly developed amphibious ambulance on the rider's perception of riding comfort on land and in water. Ambulance ride comfort on land and Ambulance ride comfort in water.
H03- Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the perception of cyclists in the context of cyclist comfort when driving an ambulance on land and in water. H04- Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the attendant's perception in the context of his/her comfort while driving an ambulance on land and in water. H05- Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in driver perception in the context of ambulance safety on land and in water.
H07- Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the perception of cyclists in the context of forward visibility of the cyclist during ambulance driving on land and in water. H08- Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the perception of cyclists in the context of weather protection during ambulance driving on land and in water. A comparison of the performance of amphibian ambulance navigation on land and in water.
H09- Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the perception of riders on land and in water in connection with navigation. The null hypothesis is accepted (Two-tailed sig.: 0.282> 0.05) and concluded that there is no significant difference in the navigability of the ambulance while driving on land and in water. H10- Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the patient's perception on land and in water in relation to gender.
Institutionalisation of Innovation
- Initiation of a system of institutional support for grassroots innovation
- Innovation ecosystem in rural India: Demand for technology
- Grassroots Innovation Augmentation Network (GIAN)
- Techno incubation to techno business incubation
- Technology business incubation (TBI) framework in India
- Examples of commercialised grassroots innovations through NIF
- Innovation ecosystem in Wales: design demand
- TBI framework in Wales
- Examples of commercialised indigenous innovations in Wales, UK
- Design support in Wales, UK
- Design business support in Wales
- Interventions for grassroots innovation: case study
- Indian innovation: Chaneki
- Concept generation of the Chaneki
- Product detailing of the Chaneki
- Value addition of the Chaneki
- Diffusion of the Chaneki
- Role of technology business incubation
- Financial support
- Problems, challenges and future
- About the Wales innovator and his innovation
- Concept generation of the Synidor
- Product detailing of the Synidor
- Role of technology business incubation
- Financial support
- Problems, challenges and future
- Diffusion of the Synidor
- Comparison between two innovations
Some of the academics recognize grassroots innovators from their origins, individuals coming from rural communities (Butkevicience, 2009). As mentioned earlier, NIF, with the help of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, provides full support to innovators in relation to. While the basic innovations come in raw form, detailed technical documentation is done by GIAN with the help of HBN and other agencies if required.
It gives active support in filing a patent on behalf of the innovators with the help of a network lawyer. Testing and Prototype Development: At this stage the prototype model of the technology Innovation is developed. However, this accounted for only 2.5% of the total new firms for the UK as a whole.
In the entire device development process, coil development took most of the time. Therefore, Deepak modified the shape of the coil with the help of the design professor to solve the problem. Professor and Deepak made various models with the help of Department of Design, IIT Guwahati, India.
Currently, the Central Silk Board in India provides beneficiaries with a 75-80% subsidy towards the cost of the device. The CAD rendering of the Synidor [Figure 6.9] and several views of the prototype are shown in Figure 6.10. The Synidor PIM alert unit should be set according to the timing of the turning regimen recommended by the medical supervisor for the patient [Figure 6.11].
