View of DESIGN AND SECURIY ANALYSIS OF SOLAR AND DYNAMO COUPLED HYBRID PEDAL SYSTEM

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Vol.03, Issue 05, May 2018, Available Online:www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

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DESIGN AND SECURIY ANALYSIS OF SOLAR AND DYNAMO COUPLED HYBRID PEDAL SYSTEM

1Ajay Kumar Mishra

1Research Scholar MGCGV Chitrakoot Satna M.P.

2Dr. Bharat Mishra

2Asso. Professor MGCGV Chitrakoot Satna M.P.

3Dr. A. K. Sharma

3Professor and Head JEC Jabalpur

Abstract:- Since the demand of the fuel increases day by day in all over the world as a result of this encourages searching other sources of energy to maintain the demand of energy in different forms. Hence a solar and dynamo coupled hybrid bicycle is easily available energy sources to fulfill small demand of our daily life. As in India solar rays are easily available in all over the year. And in India population is also increasing day by day so we can use these two sources to full fill our daily energy demand with the help of solar energy and the human power with the help of solar dynamo coupled hybrid bicycle. Now a day‟s solar dynamo coupled hybrid bicycle is more popular to generate electricity. Because this system is also useful to improve our health. We can us use this system as an electricity generator and health clinic to maintain the demand of electricity and to improve the health at a same time. In current scenario solar dynamo coupled hybrid bicycle will help to solve our different problems related to energy and fuel demand. the main advantage of our system is that the is a pollution free system and at the same time it is used to encourage the people to maintain their health.

Key words- Solar panel, bicycle, battery dynamo etc.

1. INTRODUCTION

A solar and dynamo coupled bicycle is a bicycle which uses two types of energy sources i.e. solar energy and the human energy. Solar energy with the help of solar panel is used to charge the battery. Two or more number of solar panels is used to charge the battery.

Solar and dynamo power driven bicycle is developed to meet the present challenges of conventional bikes, challenges related to fuel combustion and also used to reduce the pollution which is dangerous to our society. The fast reduction of fossil fuels due to the unexpected increase in demand and global warming due to the emission of CO2 made engineers and scientists to look for an alternative source of energy which is renewable, recyclable, reasonable and easily available. Among the renewable sources like solar, wind and geothermal energy, solar power is shows potential in nations like India which is in the steamy region. India spends a large amount of foreign exchange to import fuel. With the use of solar power assisted vehicles, the dependency on the import of fuels can be reduced and reasonable amount of foreign exchange can be managed. And this amount can be used for other development. A solar dynamo coupled

bicycle is a bicycle which runs using the electrical energy of batteries to run the hub motor which ultimately runs the bicycle. Solar energy is used to charge the battery.

Figure1 - Model of power generation from pedal

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2 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Henry M. Gannon, 2026 10th St., Boulder, Colo. 80302: Their study was related to a multi-wheeled vehicle not limited to a bicycle. The preferred arrangement consists of a standard conventional bicycle with multi-speed transmission, plus an electrical generating system and a solar charging arrangement. This preferred arrangement is normally powered by a combination of motor and pedaling, coupled such that either or both may provide power at any instance. The electrical system consists of: a DC Hub motor, lead acid batteries, a hand lever operating a throttle means, a throttle means which is used to control the battery switching circuit. They also studied on the mechanism called regenerative braking arrangement utilizes the braking arrangement to generate energy to charge the battery. When the brakes are applied they compress the fluid inside a hydraulic cylinder and when the brakes are removed they release the fluid thus generating energy to charge the battery.

Rajesh Kannan Megalingam, Pranav Sreedharan Veliyara, Raghavendra Murali Prabhu, Rocky Katoch et.al Bicycle is the main mode of transportation for many Indian villagers. Most of these villages are un-electrified. Power generated by pedalling can be converted from mechanical to electrical energy by using either dynamo or alternator. Small powered lighting devices can be charged using dynamo and can be used in the night by students for study purposes.

This principle can be extended to power mobiles, iPods, laptops etc. Power can be also generated from the rotation of the wheels of alternator vehicles like bikes and cars, where there is a possibility of generating more power. The generated power can be either used in the same vehicle or can be stored in a battery for powering some other devices. Riding bicycle helps in maintaining a good physic and along with it power can be also generated. This paper presents methods in generating electricity by pedaling a bicycle. It also explains in detail the method using bottle dynamo to generate power. A detailed analysis of using pedal power is also presented.

Ajit B. Bachche , N. S. Hanapure:

They studied the fuel prices like the petrol

is rising steadily day by day. The pollution due to vehicles in heavy traffic cities and urban areas is increasing steadily. To overcome these troubles, an effort regarding thesis made to search some other alternative sources of energy for the vehicles. It is not possible to purchase costly vehicles by poor peoples. Keeping this in mind, a search for some way to provide these economically poor people and also to provide a solution for the environmental pollution was in progress.

The solar assisted bicycle is driven by DC hub motor mounted in front or rear axle housing & operated by battery charged using solar energy. The solar panels placed on the carriage will charge the battery & which in turn drives the hub motor. When the bicycle is idle, the solar panel charges the battery. This arrangement is used to replace the arrangement of petrol engine, the gear box & the fuel tank in case of two wheeler or a chain sprocket mechanism generally used by common people. Pedal assisted solar hybrid bicycle is a modification of conventional bicycle thus improving its speed as well as it gives the essential comfort to the driver while driving. During their testing they considered a hub motor of 250W 24V capacity.

3. OBJECTIVES- THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE PAPER

1) Reduction in fossil fuel and an encouragement in alternate sources of energy.

2) Reduction in pollution.

3) To develop a energy generated health clinic i.e. power generation with health improvement.

4) Development of hybrid model with the use of renewable energy and human energy.

5) Development of simple, cheap and energy efficient system.

6) Improvement of human health with energy generation.

7) Development of a energy generating system specially for rural areas.

8) To develop a new solar dynamo coupled hybrid bicycle.

3.1 Working principal

The block diagram of solar and dynamo coupled hybrid bicycle

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3 Figure 2- Block diagram of coupled

hybrid bicycle

3.2 Methodology of solar and dynamo coupled bicycle

A concept is developed for the design and fabrication of a solar and dynamo coupled hybrid bicycle. There are several vehicles that came to power in the existing world.

But the main drawbacks are that their working systems are mainly based on the use fossil fuel. And at the present scenario the demand of fuels is increasing day by day. And we have to maintain the demand of fuel and electricity. But it is not practically possible Thus, we have tried to design and fabricate solar and dynamo coupled bicycle, which would produce the cheaper & effective result with human security than the existing system. This concerns with different parameters like

I. Design parameters II. Fabrication procedure

III. Parameters related to security

The solar and dynamo coupled hybrid bicycle consists of following components – solar panel, motor, battery, dynamo, controller and guide chart.

A. Solar Panels / Cells

The solar and dynamo coupled bicycle is operated by solar and human energy. The battery is charged with the help of voltage generated due to solar energy with the help of a photovoltaic cell and also with the help of human energy. A photovoltaic system is arrangement that can use more than one solar panel that converts alternative energy into electricity. It is made of several parts, with square photovoltaic cells, made of silicon semiconductor materials. In solar cells, a

skinny semiconductor wafer is specifically implemented to create a positive electric field in one aspect & negative in one aspect. When energy of light reaches the PV cell, the electrons are released from the atoms of semiconductor material.

When the conductors are coupled to the negative and positive sides and form a circuit, the electrons are captured to generate electricity. This electricity is utilized to drive a load. A photovoltaic cell is a square or circular module, electrical

& mechanical connections & supports, with means for controlling and / or modifying the electrical output power.

Figure3- Basic Structure of PV Cell B. Motor

The permanent magnet DC motor is a conventional Dc motor. The stator is inside the rotor with the permanent magnets placed inside. The stator is fixed on the axle and the hub will be made to rotate by AC supplied by the batteries. It generates high torque at low speed, which is highly efficient and which doesn‟t need sprockets, brackets and drive chains.

Thus they are very reliable and have a long life. The main feature of the Brushless DC Machines is that they can be controlled to give wide constant power speed ranges.

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4 Figure 4- construction of a motor

C. Lead acid battery

Lead acid batteries are most common type of battery. It is the most commonly used battery in power electronics. Although it has lower energy density than the lithium ion batteries but since is very safe to use lead acid battery with proper precautions taken. It has a lot of advantages like cheap, commonly available, and is also detonation free thus is the most commonly used battery in solar and dynamo coupled hybrid bicycles. Current supplied from battery it indicates the flow of energy from the battery and is measured in amperes (or Amps). The higher the current rating the slower the battery will discharge. A battery is rated in ampere-hours (Ah) and this is known as current rating of the battery. This concepts revolves around charging and discharging energy within a high voltage battery. Thus this concept demands for a battery with longer running hours, lighter weight with respect to its high output voltage and higher energy density. Among all the available battery types the lead acid batteries are the most suitable ones to be used in solar and dynamo coupled hybrid bicycles.

Figure 5- Lead acid battery charging profile

D. Dynamo

A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamo selection is depending upon battery and Hub motor capacity. We used 48 Volt battery and 48 Volt hub motor, so we are selected 24 volts two dynamos fixed to the rear wheel of bicycle using arc welding. The rotor shaft of the dynamo attached fiber teethed wheel and made friction to the rear wheel bicycle and produced electricity stored in batteries.

Figure 6- cut section of the dynamo

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5 E. Gate Switch

The gate switch is the one type of main switch which is used to use to control the flow of direct current to the motor from the battery. this switch will operate manually or we can use automatically operated switch.

4. ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM PEDALING

A permanent magnet alternator (also called PMA, dynamo or magneto) depends on the magnetic flux generated by a permanent magnet to convert mechanical energy into electrical power. It generates alternating current which charges the battery. In this article the focus is on the typical structure of a permanent magnet structure and also a brief introduction to its working principle. A modern alternator consists of both the moving and stationary coils of wire. In the alternator, however, the moving coil which is also called the rotor uses current supplied through slip rings to generate a moving field also called flux. Power is extracted

from the stationary field coils. The stator combines six coils of copper wire cast in fiberglass resin. It is mounted onto the spine and does not move. The moving parts are the magnetic rotors mounted on the shaft. There are two rotors: the rear one behind the stator and the front one on the outside, which are connected by the long studs passing through a hole in the stator. The blades are mounted on the same studs. They will drive the magnet rotors to rotate and move through the coils. During this process electric energy is produced.

Figure 7-arrangement of the solar and dynamo coupled bicycle system

5. DESIGN OF SOLAR AND DYNAMO COUPLED HYBRID BICYCLE

A) Problem statement

Diameter Of wheel (D)= 50 cm Speed(v)= 16 kmph

Weight Of Bicycle= 45 kg Weight Of Rider= 55 kg B) Power calculations

a) Normal reaction (N) on each tyre= W/2=

100/2= 50kg= 50*9.81=490.5 N

b) Friction Force (F) acting on each tyre For Static Friction, u= 0.03

F= u*N= 0.03*490.5=14.715N For Dynamic friction u=0.003 F= u*N= 0.003*490.5= 1.4715N C) Torque requirement (T)

For static Friction, T= F*R=

14.715*0.304= 4.473~4.5Nm

For Dynamic Friction, T=F*R=

1.4715*0.304= 0.44733Nm D) Speed calculations

ῳ= V/R= 16000/0.304*3600 = 16000/1094.4=14989 or 14.99 rad/sec E) Power requirement (P)

For Dynamic Friction, P= T* ῳ = 0.447*14.99=6.70 watt

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6 For Static Friction, P= T* ῳ =4.5*14.99 = 67.455 watt

F) Battery selection

Since motor selected is of 24V hence battery voltage rating should also be 24.

Therefore the current rating is calculated by P=VI or I=P/v=250/24=10.41 Amp.

Therefore we select two batteries of 12 volt and 7.5 Ah in series combination.

G) Charging time

Time required charging the battery by adapter 12 V 12Ah

P= 12* 12= 144 W T= (24*12) / 144

= 2 hrs.

By using solar panel T= (24*7.5) /50

= 3.6 hrs

H) Panel selection

We use two panels of 20 W each having dimension 200mm*160mm

I) Motor selection

Hub motor of 250 W 24V is selected J) Dynamo selection

We have selected 48 Volt Motor, so we selected 24 V 50 W two dynamos.

6. EXPECTED RESULTS USING PEDAL ARRANGEMENT

Using pedal arrangement for charging battery:

Voltage rating for motor = 12-24 V Rated speed = 1800 – 2600 rpm Current rating = 14 Amps Power rating = 16 – 32 HP Lead acid battery = 12 V battery

Bike wheel to pulley turn ratio is 26‟‟

diameter to 2‟‟ diameter = 1:13

15 – 16 miles hours of speed is required to charge a battery of 15 volts

Figure 8- Graph of DC Voltage v/s Speed in RPM

7. FUTURE SCOPE

Our project “fabrication and development of solar and dynamo coupled hybrid bicycle” is mainly projected to construct a Bicycle with renewable energy source solar and human energy. The bicycle can further be improved by using solar panels on the front and the rear frames of the mudguards or other places which would be responsible for trapping solar energy &

converting the same into electric energy thereby improving the battery‟s efficiency.

The solar and dynamo operated bicycle will be use full to reduce the consumption of fossil fuel. In this way we think about some economical savings.

8. SECURITY ANALYSIS

Electrical burns account for a significant percentage of critical accidents. Each year, a number of consumers in India suffer from electrical injuries due to technical problems, equipment failures, due to absence of knowledge and the unauthorized use of electricity. The aim of this study was to develop a system which will generate electricity in secured manner especially for rural areas where skilled persons are not available. Revelation of electricity lines and illegal construction of residential houses in areas where there were medium- and low-voltage lines were responsible for 37% of the injuries.

The accidents can be happened because of  Disregard or non-observance of

arranged rules and parameter

 Insufficient training of the staff

 Careless and indifferent method of working including unacceptable earthling

 Poor supervision

 Faulty protective equipment‟s and poor maintained

 due to absence of proper technology

 7.due to improper management of load

 Misunderstanding of instructors Actions to be taken after accidents

 Use of pre arranged security equipment.

 Arrangement of primary medical treatment.

 Breakdown of overhead line should arrange cordon off the area and warn drivers of train.

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 Arrange to cut power supply off by nearest electrical department official.

 Send for medical assistance.

 Immediate arrival of authorized officer from electrical department and preliminary investigation should be done

From the above analysis we can say that there are large numbers of accident in power system. And at the same time proper security action is also required. On the basis of analysis we can conclude that our developed system is very secure from the electrical accident point of view. And our system does not require any costly equipment for security purpose and it also not required skilled person especially for security purpose in villages where the availability of skilled persons are very less. .

9. RESULT AND TESTING

Fabrication, development and security of solar and dynamo coupled hybrid bicycle was calculated for renewable energy source solar and dynamo. Riding test successfully completed for 16 kmph. Total 35 km round trip with one time charge solar and dynamo backup. And from the security point of view our system is stable and secures system as compare to other power generation system. And at the same time our system provide awareness to maintain our health, this system also use full to save the different animals i.e.

bulls, cow and donkeys etc.

10. CONCULSION

After studying various research papers, the following conclusions are proposed.

1. The solar and dynamo coupled hybrid bicycle can be a very good application of renewable energy and human energy source which will help to reduce pollution and can be a very useful device for villagers, where the provision of electricity is not satisfactory.

2. This can be used even in the absence of sunlight since it has an alternate source of power generation using dynamo.

3. Though the efficiency of solar cells is very low, and it is also a costly device, it has the capability to sustain longer. It is a combination

of both, non-polluting and equipment for Maintaining the health.

4. This system can be develop as a energy generating health clinic.

5. our system can be very use full in small places as well as in educational institutes for daily need of electricity for student i.e.

mobile, laptop charging etc.

6. Our system can be used as a power generation health clinic in which we can encourage the peoples to improvement their health with free of cost and at the same time generation of electricity is also possible.

7. Our system is reliable, simple, cheap and can be implemented any where easily.

REFERENCES

1. Rajan Verma, Tapas Sharma, Aishwarya Vardhan, Pravin Kumar Singh Research Article International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2016 Volume 6 Issue No. 5 ISSN 2321 3361 © 2016 IJESC.

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Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology EISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN:

2321-7308.

4. Mahadi Hasan Masud, Md. Shamim Akhter, Sadequl Islam, Abdul MojidParvej, Sazzad Mahmud research article Received 04 November 2016; accepted after revision 06 March 2017.

5. Chetan Kumaar Maini, Deputy Chairman and Chief Technology officer, Reva Electric Car Company, India “Development of a next generation Electric Car for World Markets” Journal of EVS 24 Stavanger, Norway, May13- 16,2009.

6. Ajit B. Bachche , N. S. Hanapure „Design and Development of Solar assisted bicycle‟

volume 2 , issue 2, December 2012, IJ 7. HeneryGannon , „Electric and pedal driven

bicycle with solar charging‟, patent no.

5316101, May 31 1994.

8. Glenn C. Streif„, 25052 Campo Rojo, - Lake Fomst‟ Calif- 92630, „Solar powered Two – wheeled vehicle with Energy intensifying Solar Collector‟

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