5 ROLE OF INDIAN BLACK BERRY (JAMUN) IN TRADITIONAL AND MEDICINAL USES IN
INDORE REGION OF MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA Zahoor Ahmad Lone and N. K. Jain
Department of Botany, Government Autonomous Holkar Science College, Indore 452001, India
Abstract - Jamun (Syzygium Cumini) commonly known as Indian blackberry is an important fruit of Indian subcontinent and belongs to Myrtaceae family. It is found in Tropical Asia, particularly India. It has been reported to possess various bioactivities against diabetes. Syzygium cumini is one of the most identified species. The trees are available on roadsides, around parks or avenues and are also good windbreakers. It is one of the most commonly plant used to treat various diseases in India.It is evergreen plant and the height of jamun plant is 30 m. It is one of the important fruit and easilygrown in Indore city and is much affected by various diseases. The plant is rich in secondary metabolites.
Jamun have high quality of fruits that ripe early. It is an important summer plant. It has high quality percentage, color and bigfruit size with small seeds. It has a good shape and aromatic taste. It is known by various names in India. The English name of Jamun is
“Indian black berry, black plum, Jambolan, Java plum, Malabar plum”. The Hindinames of Jamun are “Jamun, duhat, jam and Jaman”. It hasrich nutritional and medicinal value.
Various parts of Jamun plant like seeds, leaves, fruits and barksare traditionallyused medicine to cure various diseases in India. Seeds are used diabetes and diarrhea. Leaves are used to strength the teeth of gums, fever, dermopathy, constipation, blood discharger and gastropathy. Fruits are used to abdominal pain, loss of appetite, hypertensive, dysentery and irritable diseases. Barks are used to cure digestive problems, diuretic, throat problems and astringent.
Keywords: Indian black berry, anti-diabetic, ethno-medicinal, traditional practice, color, Jamun fruit, Jamun seed, Indore.
1 INTRODUCTION
Syzygium Cumini Linn is an evergreen tropical plant. It belongs to the Myrtaceae family.Plants are an integral part of nature and they are used not only for food, clothing and shelter but also for recreation and medicine. It is a native of India.Plants are the highly valuable and are used by the people since thousands of years as the medicine to cure many diseases. It is popularly known as the Indian black berry. It is a popular tree all over the country. Syzygium cumini is generally planted near the temples, because it is sacred to Krishna and these fruits and leaves are used in worshipping the Lord Ganesha. The plants are widely distributed throughout tropic and sub-tropic regions. Medicinal plants are the
“backbone” of traditional medicine. Plants have a wide variety of natural compounds.It is an important fruit crop, under-exploited and widely grown successfully due to its wider adaptability and nutraceutical properties. It is an emerging fruit crop of the twenty-first century that could play an important role in high medicinal value as well as different plant parts possessed varied uses to mankind. It is a very important nutritious fruit and of various uses. The Jamun can easily be grown in marshy areas. It is a seasonal fruit and is highly nutritious refreshing and succulent. The Jamun seeds have a great significance in treatment like Unani and Ayurvedic medicines.The fruit is rich in proteins, sugars and carbohydrates. The outer layer of the fruit appears blackish or dark purplish in colour and has a distinct sweet taste. It is called the powerhouse of various nutritional components. It is a good for immunity. The ripened fruits are eaten as fresh fruit and also possess into jam, wine and pickles. Small quantity of fruit is used to cure diarrhea. The seeds have a good source of secondary metabolites. The seed powder are highly used for curing the diabetes. The fruits have very high nutritious value. It is also grown in various countries like Thailand, Phillipines, Srilanka, Malaysia andMadagascar. Jamun have successfully been introduced into various other tropical countries like California, West Indies, Algeria and Israel. In India, the number of trees are scattered through the tropical and sub-tropical regions. The deep loam and well drained soils for high yield potential and also good plant growth are needed. This type of soil is sufficient soil mixture which are very beneficial for
6 their growth and fruiting. The annual rainfall required by the plant is 350-500mm. It is a large and evergreen tree attaining a height up to 26-32 metre. The trunk is thick. Leaves are opposite, simple, elliptic, pinnately veined with the lateral veins are close together. At the time of flowering the plant requires dry weather.The February month is the peak period for panicle emergence. The flowering and fruit set is observed in the month of March. The trees are evergreen, medium sized and ornamental. Traditionally the Indian black berry cure various health problems like digestive disorders, liver problems, skin problems, dental problems and diabetes. The fruit of Jamun are very rich in antioxidants. The seed of Jamun are prescribed for diabetes. Traditionally the plant is a good blood purifier. It is also a good general tonic. If the day is hot the fruit of plant has a cooling effect. The juice of Indian black berry is good for the body. The practitioners recommended the powder of seeds mixed with a small piece of Jaggery for cure dysentery and diarrhea.The Jamun leaf paste is used to subside the burning sensation of the body.Various extracts of Jamun possesses a pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-allergic, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-diarreal, antidiabetic and hyperglycemic effects. The plant develop varieties with high quality fruits with high yield and synchronized ripening. The plant develop varieties having quality fruits in terms of high percentage, large, fruit size, aromatic sweet taste and enhanced life. The plant develop with a Juvenile growth.In the production of Jamun, India ranks second in the world. The total production of Jamun in world is 13.5 million tones out of which 15.4 percent is contributed by India. The Jamun have immense scope not only because of their outstanding nutraceutical importance but also strange flavor and thertapeutic values. The Jamun fully ripe fruit has a combination of astringent flavor, sweet and slightly sour. Traditionally the Jamun fruits, seeds, bark and leaves can be used in Ayurvedic medicine. All these parts of Jamun can be used medicinally and has a long history of the use in traditional medicine.
The Scientific classifications of Jamun (Syzygium Cumini) are given below.
Taxonomical classification
Kingdom - Plantae
Division - Angiosperms
Sub-division - Eudicots
Order - Myrtales
Family - Myrtaceae
Genus - Syzygium
Species – Cumini
Botanical name – Syzygium Cumini
The different names of Jamun (Syzygium Cumini) are as given below:
Latin name - Syzygium Cumini
English name - Java plum, Indian black berry, black plum, Jambul tree
Urdu name - Jamun
Hindi name - Jamun, Jambol, Jambul, Jamuna.
Bengali name - Kala jam, Jaam.
Sanskrit name - Mahaphala, Mahajambu, Ksudrajambu.
Punjabi name - Jamalu
Telugu name - Neredu, chettu.
Kannada name - Nerale.
Malyalam name - Naval
Tamil name - Naaver pazham.
Assam name - Jam
Gujarat name - Gambu Jamun.
2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
Madhya Pradesh is a veritable niche of growing plants, which are used in the Ayurveda and Unani medicine. The plants have immense medicinal value and abundantly found in Indore. Indore is a remarkable place not only because of the dense forest, but also having a lot of rare and useful natural resources of medicinal plants, which are used for curing
7 different kinds of diseases. The present study aims to identify and prepare an inventory of medicinal plant used by the Indore people to cure various diseases. Local people of Indore region were important part of this study. The present study was carried out in Indore region of Madhya Pradesh during January 2021 September 2021 to document the medicinal plant used by the local peoples.Indore is the largest and most famous city in the state of Madhya Pradesh India. Indore is the cleanest city of India. Indore is also a smart city and is selected among the hundred Indian cities be developed as a smart city. The study area is Indore region of Madhya Pradesh India. Very important medicinal plants are used for treatment of different diseases that focused on the traditional medicinal plants used by the local peoples of Indore to treat human diseases. The present study shows that Indore has a great value of medicinal plants with various medicinal properties.
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In the present study, it has been found that the tribal community of Indore is rich in ethno- medicinal knowledge, which has been transmitted from one generation to another generation. Information pertaining to ethno-medicinal use of the plant was collected from the tribal physicians, tribal men, aged tribals and further confirmed with the herbalists.
Jamun is a well-known fruit of industrial as well as medicinal applications. All parts of the plant are used in medicine as well as industries and home to treat a range of diseases. The Jamun botanically known as Syzygium Cumini (L.). India is the nation with rich biodiversity and the largest heritage of fruits plant, growing in different parts of the country.
It is an important fruit in India. The fruit are good source of pharmaceutical properties and is very highly nutritious. It is mainly used for diabetes patients and in the pharmaceuticals industries.In the Indian subcontinent a majority of Jamun trees known as Jambudweep, Jambul regarded as “fruit of the gods”, by many Hindus. Additionally the seed extract showed antidiabetic and antimicrobial activities and may potentially be used on a typical antimicrobial products and the fruits contain different kinds of anti-oxidant compounds. All parts of plants are used medicinally for long tradition in alternative medicine. The fruit is oval type.The pulp constitutes 73% of the fruit, while the seeds makes up only 27% by weight.The present study also revealed that various communities living in the same area have their own traditional ethno-medicinal knowledge. The methods used for curing diseases have been found to be different from one community to another. This is because of their socio economic structure, ancient traditional knowledge and beliefs. The present study emphasized that there is a profound and growing knowledge between old and younger generations. The medicinal plant provide numerous oppurtunities for the Indore region to advance rural well-being, because this medicinal plant are one of the few natural products that sell at premium prices. The tribals of the Indore region are still collecting their seeds, leaves, fruits and bark to supplement their income. The medicinal plant can be viewed as an important commodity item for sustainable economic development of the region. The study will serve as a useful tool to botanists, pharmacologists, foresters, practitioner of medicine, planners and administrators in the preparation of action and development plans for their conservation as well as drug industry in the tribal tracts for providing self- employment oppurtunities and improving the social status of the rural and tribal population.We found that the Jamun plant in Indore region is rich in the economic importance. It is necessary to know the importance so that the multiplication and conservation would be emphasized. This study is helpful to those fields where the Jamun plant and their products are applicable in economic aspect. More plants should be identified and analyzed to reach the goal.The present work was carried out in Indore region of Madhya Pradesh. The extensive studies were conducted during the period January 2021 to September 2021 with the help of local people of the area. Traditionally the plant leaves, bark, fruits and seeds are all used in Ayurvedic and Unani medicines. Its different parts such as leaves, bark, seed and fruits are being used traditionally medicine for the treatment of various ailments.
LEAF:- Leaf of this plant is used as astringents and anti-inflamatory. The fresh leafs make a paste and apply on the affected areas on the skin and also help in the healing of wounds fast. Fresh leaf juice is taken orally for stomach pain. It also used in the treatment of
8 vomiting, haemorrhoids, asthma, bronchitis, mouth wash, mouth ulcerations, dysenteryand anti-venom. The leaves are also used in soaps and perfumes. The juice of jamun leaf is orally given as antidote to treat for opium poisoning and centipede bite. Fresh leaf paste are mixed with milk and taken orally to treat indigestion. The juice of leaf is mixed with milk and taken orally in the morning also to treat for diabetes. The tender leaf of Jamun is taken normally to treat Jaundice.
BARK:- The bark can treat the asthma, diarrhea, sore throat, diabetes, ulcers and blood impurities. The bark can also use for controlling blood pressure. The decoction of stem bark is taken orally three times a day for 4-5 weeks to treat for diabetes. The juice of stem bark is given orally to treat for repeated abortions.
FRUITS:- The fruits of Syzygium Cumini are not only used for medicinal purposes but also used in various food products. Fruit is berry, initially appears green and gradually turn to light violet-red or purplish-red and finally dark purple to full maturity. The fruits of Jamun are considered as the general tonic. The fruits can cure the sore throat, headache, diarrhea, urine retention, ringworm of the scalp, diabetic problems and liver problems. It is also used to cure the diseases of spleen. The fruits of Jamun are a good source of iron and also used against asthma and heart diseases. Fruit is given orally to treat diabetes. The Jamun fruit is stored in 4 days and taken orally to treat for gastric problems.
SEEDS:- The seed of Jamun is used in various healing systems like Ayurveda eg.To treat diabetes. The Jamun seeds is of important benefit i.e lowering of blood glucose level. Taking the dried extract of seeds orally and decreases the blood sugar.The Jamun seeds are decoction antiseptic activity. The Jamun seed powder is good for astringent, antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflamatory. Paste of seed powder taken orally once a day for two months to treat diabetes. The juice of seed powder of Jamun is applied externally to treat sores and ulcers, opium poisoning and in centipede bite. The seed powder mixed with sugar is given orally 2-3 times daily to treat for the treatment of dysentery.
The chemicals mentioned alphabetically, of each part of Syzygium cumini (Jamun) tree with the following sub-headings.
1. Serial no.
2. Plant part
3. Chemical present S. no. 1.
2. seeds
3. (a) Gallic acid, quercetin, ellagic acid, corilagin, 1-galloylglucose, jambosine, 3,6- hexahydroxyl diphenoylglucose.
S. no. 2 2. bark
3. (a) Friedelin, Betulinic acid, Gallic acid, gallotannin, allagic acid, ellagitannin, kaempferol and myricetine
S. no. 3.
2. leaves
3. (a) Betulinic acid, Crategolic acid, n-nonacosane, noctacosanol, n-triacontanol, quercetin, myrecetin, myricitrin, n. octacosanol, heptacosane, mycaminose, Crategolic acid, n- dotricontanol and flavonol glycosides.
S. no. 4.
2. Fruits
3. (a) Malvidin, diglucosides, delphinidin, anthocyanin and Petunidin.
9 4 CONCLUSION
Every part of the Jamun plant has very high medicinal uses, right from its fruit to its seed and bark to the leaves. Jamun (Syzygium Cumini) is a very common tree and a big evergreen beautiful tree of Indian subcontinent. Since the ancient times Jamun (Syzygium cumini) is used for Ayurveda and medicinal uses. Jamun has also anti-diabetic, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial and anti-hyperlipidemicproperties. The powdered of Indian black berry is useful for extremely to effectively control the bleeding. Fruits of Indian black berry are effectively in blood purifying. Seeds are effectively in anti-diabetic and leaves are effectively in strengthing the teeth.
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