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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING

Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal IMPACT FACTOR: 2.104 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) UGC APPROVED NO. 48767

Vol.03, Issue 04, April 2018, Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

Paper Id /Ajeee-1239

cq) dh ewY;ijd f'k{kk

¼Mk0 jpuk½

vflLVsaV izksQslj ¼fgUnh½ ia0 nhun;ky mik0 jkt0 efgyk Luk0 egk0 jktkthiqje ¼y[kuÅ½

vkt xgu laØkfUr ds dky ls xqtjrs gq, ge eglwl dj ldrs gSa] fd uSfrd :i ls ge fdrus nqcZy gks x;s gSaA geus fojklr esa feys ijEijkxr ewY;ksa dks dgha ,d dksus f[kldk fn;k gSA lnkpj.k] lR;] vfgalk ,oa 'kkfUr tSls ewY;ksa dks ge foLe`r dj pqds gSa] tks gekjs O;fDrRo dks rks fu[kkjrs gh gSa lekt o jk"Vª dh izxfr esa Hkh lgk;d gksrs gSaA vkt f'k{kk esa ewY;ijd f'k{kk ij cy fn;k tk jgk gS rks blhfy, rkfd fQj ls ns'k dk Hkfo"; dgs tkus okys ;qokvksa ds eu esa pkfjf=d o vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa dks iqu:RFkku fd;k tk ldsA cnyrs gq, le; ds lkFk gesa oSKkfud n`f"V j[kuh pkfg, vkSj ubZ rduhfd;ksa dh tkudkjh Hkh gksuh pkfg,A fdUrq lks'ky ehfM;k ls tqM+uk ek= gh dkQh ugha gS lekt ds mRFkku dk fpUru djuk vkSj mls fØ;kfUor djuk Hkh t:jh gSA vkt nqfu;k Hkj dh tkudkjh gekjs vaxwBs ds uhps ekStwn gS vFkkZr lekt ifjokj O;fDr lHkh ls tq+M+k Kku vuko`r :i ls gekjs le{k gS vkSj vkxs ge ij ;g fuHkZj djrk gS fd bl tkudkjh dk mi;ksx ge lekt ds ;k jk"Vª ds fgr esa fdruk vkSj fdl izdkj dj ldrs gSa blds fy, n`<+ pfj= dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

cgqtufgr gh thou ewY;ksa dh dlkSVh gksrh gS vkSj ;g thou ewY; gesa gekjh laLÑfr o laLdkjksa ls izkIr gksrs gSa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk izeq[k vax /keZ gS] tks izkphu dky ls vc rd T;ksa dk R;ksa gS cl dgha dBksjrk gS rks dgha dkseyrkA fgUnw /keZ esa vk;h tfVyrk o Ñf=erk ds fojks/k esa ckS) /keZ dk mn~Hko gqvkA foKku o rduhdh ds fodkl ds lkFk gh ekuo esa vkLFkk izse tSls dksey Hkko lekIr gq, vkSj mldk LFkku rdZ o ckSf)drk us ys fy;k vkSj fcuk ân; ds cqf) fdlh dke dh ugha gksrh gSA ge vkt dh rduhdh ls tqM+dj euksjatu izkIr dj ldrs gSa Kku izkIr dj ldrs gSa] fdUrq 'kkafr dh ryk'k gesa fQj Hkh jgrh gSA

vkt iqu% ewY;kijd f'k{kk nsus ds fy, ;qok oxZ dks viuh laLÑfr ls izse djuk lh[kuk gksxk vkSj izR;sd /keZ dk vknj djuk gksxk] D;ksafd vkt ftl lks'ky ehfM;k ds ;qx esa ge 'kkafr ryk'k dj jgs gSa] og vk/;kRe dh vksj eqM+dj gh feysxhA /keZ pkgs dksbZ Hkh gks ;qokvksa dks mlesa Nqis gq, ekxZ dks fcuk fdlh iwokZxzg ls le>uk pkfg,] D;ksafd lHkh /keZ ijekRek dks izkIr djus dk ekxZ gh crkrs gSa] ;k ,sls dgsa fd ijfgr] ijksidkj] tudY;k.k ;k lqekXkZ ij pyuk fl[kkrsa gSa]

ftlds rjhds ;k dgs fd jkLrs fHkUu gks ldrs gSaA

egkRek cq) us vius mins'kksa ds ek/;e ls lekt esa vfgalk] izse o lnkpkj ds Hkko dks tkx`r djus dk ,d lkFkZd iz;kl fd;kA izkphu /keZ xq:vksa us /keZ esa va/kfo'okl dk lekos'k dj fn;k fdUrq vkt ds oSKkfud ;qx esa gksdj Hkh vxj ge mUgha :<+ ekU;rkvksa dk va/kkuqdj.k djsa rks xyr gksxkA vc rd fy[ks x;s osn iqjk.k vkfn vius le; o ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj jps x;s gSaA vkt gesa gekjh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk /;ku j[krs gq, vius foosd dk iz;ksx djrs gq, gh ewY;kadu djuk mfpr gksxkA cq) ckj&ckj vkRenhi cuks dh ckr djrs gSa os crkrs gSa fd va/kfo'okl vo'; R;kxksa fdUrq lnkpkj dks cpk;s j[kuk vko';d gSA vr% [kqn gh viuk ekxZ cukdj pyuk gSA

ewY;ijd f'k{kk ls vFkZ ml f'k{k.k ls gS ftlesa uSfrd lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd ewY; lekfgr gks vkSj cq) ds mins'kksa esa ogh f'k{kk fufgr gS tks ,d LoLFk lekt dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh gSA cq) dh crkbZ xbZ ek= ik¡p f'k{kk dks vxj vkt dk ;qok xzg.k djs rks iwjk lekt uSfrd :i ls lEiUu gks ldsxkA mUgksaus cM+s gh ljy 'kCnksa esa viuh f'k{kk nh gS vkSj ;g dgk gS] fd fopkj tcju fdlh ij Fkksis u tk;sa D;ksafd cq) izKk dks egRo nsrs gSa vFkkZr Lo;a ds vuqHko o Kku ls fdlh rF; dh lR;rk dh tk¡p djuk rnqijkUr mls xzg.k djuk gh cq) ds ekxZ ij pyuk gSA mUgksaus igyh

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egRoiw.kZ ckr dgh gS &**ik.kkfrikrk osjek.kh flD[kian lekfn;kfe** 01- vFkkZr eSa izk.kh fgalk ls fojr jgus dh f'k{kk xzg.k djrk gw¡A cq) opu izse dh ckr djrs gSa }s"k ugha fl[kkrs] vxj vkt ds nkSj esa ge fdlh ij Hkh fgalk u djus dh Bku ysa rks lekt ij eaMjk jgk cM+s ls cM+k ladV Vy ldrk gSA gekjh laLÑfr olq/kSo dqVqEcde dh gS] tgk¡ fgalk ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA

cq) dh nwljh f'k{kk gS &**vfnUunkuk osje.kh flD[kina lekfn;kfe** 2 vFkkZr cq) pksjh ls fojr jgus dh f'k{kk nsrs gSa vkSj ;g pksjh dbZ izdkj dh gks ldrh gS lR; Nqikuk] xyr crkuk Hkh pksjh gh gSA dgus dk rkRi;Z gS fd cq) gj izdkj dh pksjh pkgs vkfFkZd gks ;k oSpkfjd buls nwj jgus dh ckr dgrs gSa D;ksafd ;g Hkh lekt esa foÑfr mRiUu djrh gSA mUgksaus vkxs dgk gS fd

**dkeslq fePNkpkjk osje.kh flD[kkina lekfn;kfe** 3 vFkkZr vuSfrd O;fHkpkj] feF;kpkj ls fojr jguk pkfg, ;g cM+h ckr gS] D;ksafd vkt ftruh gh nqfu;k [kqydj gekjs lkeus vkbZ gS dgha u dgha ge Hkh mrus gh [kqy x;s gSa blesa gesa /;ku gh ugha jgk fd dc ge lc us uSfrdrk dh lhek yka?k nh gSA vkt iw.kZ :i ls uSfrdrk dk iru lekt esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj lekt dks vkxs ys tkus ds fy, blds izR;sd ukxfjd dks uSfrd :i ls le`) gksuk gksxk] D;ksafd vuSfrd vkpj.k djus okyk O;fDr fodkj ls xzflr gksrk gS vr% og y{; rd ugha igq¡p ldrkA

cq) ds vuqlkj ^uSfrdrk gh /keZ gS vkSj /keZ gh uSfrdrk gSA* 4 cq) vkxs dgrs gSa]

**ewlkoknk osje.kh flD[kkine lekfn;kfe**5 vFkkZr >wB cksyus] dM+ok cksyus o O;FkZ cksyus ls fojr jguk pkfg,] D;ksafd blls dM+okgV c<+rh gS vkSj vkil esa HksnHkko mRiUu gksrk gSA cq) dh f'k{kk esa vkxs gS] **lqjkesj;eTt ieknV~Bkuk osje.kh flD[kkina lekfn;kfe** 06 vFkkZr u'khyh] izeksndkjh inkFkksaZ ds lsou ls nwj jguk gh fgrdkjh gSA dqy feykdj ewY;ijd f'k{kk dk mís'; ekSfyd xq.kksa dk fodkl djuk gS lR; vfgalk izse dk Hkko mRiUu djds ,slk ukxfjd cukuk tks ifjokj lekt o jk"Vª ds izfr vius drZO;ksa dk fuokZg djs vkSj cq) dh iwjh f'k{kk blh vfgalk o izse dh f'k{kk gS mudh f'k{kk iw.kZr% oSKkfud gS tks izR;sd dky esa ns'k esa gj balku ij ykxw gksrh gSA vr% ;g lkoZHkkSfed gSA

cq) us tks iap'khy dk fl)kUr fn;k mldk ikyu fo'o'kkafr ds fy, vko';d gSA muds mins'kksa esa 'khy o lnkpkj dks n`<+ djus dk lans'k gS vkSj blfy, lekt esa U;k;] cU/kqRo] [kq'kgkyh ds fy, o izxfr ds fy, muds }kjk nh xbZ f'k{kk dk ikyu vko';d gSA cq) ekurs gSa fd /keZ ds nks rRo gSa izKk vFkkZr fueZy cqf) vkSj d:.kk vFkkZr izse vkSj nksuksa gh vR;Ur vko';d gS

**blds fcuk u lekt thfor jg ldrk gS vkSj u lekt dh mUufr gks ldrh gSA** /keZin esa mUgksaus dgk gS fd] **lCc ikiLl vdj.ka dqlyL; milEink lkfpRrifj;ksni.ka ,ra cq)ku lkluaA**7 vFkkZr lHkh iki dk;kZsa dks ugha djuk pkfg, dq'ky dk;kZsa dks ges'kk djrs jguk pkfg, rFkk vius fpRr dks ges'kk iw.kZr% fueZy djrs jguk pkfg, ;gh cq) dh f'k{kk gSA os 'khy o lnkpkj ds ek/;e ls izse o ca/kqRo dh vko';drk ij tksj Mkyrs gSaA

vkt foKku us va/kfo'okl o tM+ ekU;rkvksa dks de fd;k gS O;fDr dks ckSf)d gksus dk ntkZ Hkh fn;k gS fdUrq mlh ckSf)d O;fDr esa vrhr ds izfr vukLFkk o if'pe ekU;rkvksa ds izfr vkd"kZ.k Hkh txk;k gSA eYVhehfM;k ds nkSj esa ge dgha u dgha vius laLdkjksa ls Hkh nwj gksrs tk jgs gSa vkSj lcdqN ik tkus dh rhoz bPNk gesa dgha u dgha vuSfrdrk dh vksj <dsyrh tk jgh gS]

fdUrq ,sls ;qx esa egkRek cq) dh f'k{kk gesa 'khy o lnkpkj fl[kkrh gS] oks Hkh cM+s gh ljy <ax lsA fdlh tkfr lewg ;k ns'k fons'k ls laca/k u gksdj ftu ewY;ksa dk laLdkj laiw.kZ fo'o dh izfr ,oa HkykbZ ls gksrk gS os ewY; oSf'od ewY; dgykrs gSaA blesa lcds fy, Lora=rk] U;k; ,oa

volj dh lekurk fu'kL=hdj.k lHkh izdkj dh nklrkvksa dk

mUewyu &&&&&vkfn ewY;ksa dk lekos'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA cq) blh fo'o izxfr dh ckr djrs gSa mudh f'k{kk fdlh /keZ] tkfr fo'ks"k ds fy, ugha fo'ofgr esa gS vkSj viuh f'k{kk dh otg ls gh fo'o esa ckS) /keZ dks og LFkku izkIr gS tks vU;ksa dks ughaA

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cq) loZ/keZ lEHkko ds i{k/kj Fks mudh f'k{kk dk mís'; ek= ekuothou dks lq[ke; cukuk jgk gS blfy;s os dgrs gSa&

lCls rlfUr n.MLl Hkk;fUr ePpquksA vLrkua miea djok] u gus'; ?kkr;sAA 08

vFkkZr lHkh n.M ls Mjrs gSa lHkh dks e`R;q ls Hk; yxrk gSA vr% lHkh dks vius tSlk le>dj u fdlh dh gR;k djsa u gR;k djus ds fy, izsfjr djsaA

bl izdkj ;fn vkt dh ih<+h ek= cq) dh f'k{kk ek= xzg.k djds pys rks gekjk lekt fodkj ls eqDr gks ldrk gS vkSj ;g ns'k viuh laLÑfr dks lqjf{kr j[krs gq, fo'o Qyd ij viuk ijpe ygjk ldrk gSA

lanHkZ

1- ckS)p;kZ&fof/k i`"B 12 fHk{kq/keZjf{kr 2- ckS)p;kZ&fof/k i`"B 12 fHk{kq/keZjf{kr 3- ckS)p;kZ&fof/k i`"B 12 fHk{kq/keZjf{kr

4- Hkxoku cq) vkSj mldk /kEe 1 i`"B 256@Hkhejko@HknUr vkuUn dkSlY;k;u 5- ckS)p;kZ fof/k i`"B 12

6- ckS)p;kZ fof/k i`"B 12 7- /kEein 14-183 8- /kEein 10-129