Ƃºĩ ƾºƀƧƺŤƯ

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æ

ŢƟŚƿŹŵ î ê æèîæ ƁźƿŸě

æé í æèîç

ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƶƯŚƳ

ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ

í æ æ èé æèîè

ƵźºƄůƶſźŧř

Ƃºĩ ƾºƀƧƺŤƯ

ŶºƿřŻƺƴƟ

ƱřŹƺºƴƟƺƫ

ƽƹŹƱřŹƺºƀĩƺƴƟƺƬƟƹ

īźºŝ ŶºƴƣŹŶƴƜģŹřƺºų

Spodoptera exigua (Lep.: Noctuidae)

ƾƷŚĮƄƿŚƯŻōƎƿřźƃŹŵ

ŲǀƃƩƺŤŝ ƽŻŚŬůƪǀƬūźǀƯƵŵřŻ *

ƮƿźĩƶǀƣŹƹ ƵŵřŻ

Ƶƹźĭ ƵŚǀĭ ƾĪƃżě

żƿźŞţƵŚĮƄƳřŵƽŻŹƹŚƄĩƵŶĪƄƳřŵ żƿźŞţ

ƾĪǀƳƹźŤĪƫřŢƀěšŚŞţŚĪƯƩƺŘƀƯ*

[email protected]

Effects of methoxyfenozide, lufenuron and flufenoxuron on beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lep.: Noctuidae) in laboratory conditions

B. Sheikhzadeh, M. J. Hejazi^* and R. Karimzadeh

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

*Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected]

ƵŶǀĪģ īźŝ Źřƺų ŶƴƣŹŶƴƜģ

Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)

ƾƗřŹŻƱŚƷŚǀĭƮƸƯšŚƟōŻř Ţſř

ƶƴƯřŵƹ ŵŹřŵƾƘǀſƹƾƳŚŝżǀƯ

ƵŵŚƠŤſř

ƵźƄůŻř Ƃĩ ƽŚƷ ƲƯř źţ ƮĩƩŚưŤůřƹšƹŚƠŤƯźŧřƵƺŰƳŚŝ

źţ Żƹźŝ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ

ƪŨƯ ƮǀƔƴţ ƵŶƴƴĩ šřźƄůŶƃŹƽŚƷ

ƶƯŚƳźŝŹŵ ŢƿźƿŶºƯƽŚƷ

ƵĦƿƹƵŚĮƿŚūŻřŢƟōƲƿř

ŢſřŹřŵŹƺųźŝƽř

ƂƷƹĦěƲƿřŹŵ

ƮǀƔƴţƶſźŧř ƭŚƳƶŝšřźƄůŶƃŹƵŶƴƴĩ

ƾƀĩƺŤƯƽŚƷ

ƹƱřŹƺºƴƟƺƫŶƿřŻƺƴƟ

īźŝƩƹřƲſƽŚƷƹŹǇƽƹŹƱřŹƺƀĩƺƴƟƺƬƟ

ŢºƟźĭŹřźƣƾſŹźŝŵŹƺƯŶƴƣŹŶƴƜģŹřƺų

ƵźºƄůźºŧřƾºſŹźŝƽřźºŝ

Ƃºĩ ƽŚºƷ ŸºƯ ĩ ƺ

Ź

ƂƿŚƯŻō ƽŚƷ ŢƀƿŻ ƶƏƺƛƁƹŹƹŵŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝƾŬƴſ

Źƹ ĨƀƿŵƱŵźĩ ƹƭŚŬƳřƾƗƺƴƈƯƽřŸƛŹŚưǀţƹƾĭźŝƽŚƷ

ŪƿŚŤƳ æÑÑ ŢƗŚſ ŶƘŝ

ŢŞŧŹŚưǀţŻř Ŷƃ

ŶƳ źƿŵŚƤƯ LC50

ƵźƄůƽřźŝ Ƃĩ ƾƀĩƺŤƯƽŚƷ

ƾƗƺƴºƈƯƽřŸºƛŹŚºưǀţƁƹŹŹŵƱřŹƺºƴƟƺƫƹƱřŹƺºƀĩƺƴƟƺƬƟŶƿřŻƺƴƟ

ƶŝ Ŝǀţźţ ÎÒÑ Í

ÏÒÑ Í ƹ ÐÖÕ Ï ƶƏƺƛƁƹŹŹŵƹ

Źƹ ĨƀƿŵƱŵźĩ ƶŝƾĭźŝƽŚƷ Ŝǀţźţ ÐÍÏ Î

ÑÏÔ Í ƹ ÒæÍ Ð ƾƬǀƯ ŹŵźŧŒƯƵŵŚƯƭźĭ

źŤǀƫ ŝƶ ŶƳŶƯōŢſŵ źƿŵŚƤƯƶƀƿŚƤƯ LC50

ŢŞºƀƳƱŚºƴǀưƏřŵƹŶºůƶŞºſŚŰƯƁƹŹŻřƵŵŚƠŤºſřŚŝ

Ʊō ŚºƷ ƶºĩŵřŵƱŚºƄƳ ƁƹŹƹŵźºƷŹŵ

ŢƀƿŻ ƾŬƴſ

źƿŵŚƤƯƲǀŝ LC50

ƵźƄů Ƃĩ ŚƷ ƾƴƘƯšƹŚƠţ ŢƃřŵŵƺūƹŹřŵ

ƾſŹźŝŵŹƺƯƁƹŹƹŵźƷŹŵ

ƮĩƱřŹƺƴƟƺƫ řŹŢǀưſƲƿźţ

ƽƹŹ ƩƹřƲſƽŚƷƹŹǇ īźŝ

ŹŶƴƜģŹřƺų Ŷƴƣ Ţƃřŵ ƵźƄůƶſźƷ

ƂƧ ŢºƔƬƛŹŵ

ƲǀƿŚºěƽŚºƷ īźºŝƩƹřƲºſƽŚºƷƹŹǇƽƹŹ

Źřƺºų

ŶƳŵƺŝźŧƺƯŶƴƣŹŶƴƜģ

ƽŶǀƬĩƱŚĭĥřƹ

Spodoptera exigua ƮǀƔƴţ

ƵŶƴƴĩ

šřźƄůŶƃŹƽŚƷ

ƱřŹƺƴƟƺƫ ƾƀĩƺŤƯ ƱřŹƺƀĩƺƴƟƺƬƟŶƿřŻƺƴƟ

Abstract

Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), is an important pest of field crops with a wide range of host plants. Using safer insecticides, such as insect growth regulators (IGRs), with different modes of action and lower possibility of development of resistance would be useful for an effective control program. The effects of three IGRs namely methoxyfenozide, lufenuron and flufenoxuron were assessed on 1^st instar larvae of S. exigua. The bioassays were performed using diet incorporation and leaf dipping methods. Mortalities were recorded 144 hours after the treatment. The LC50 values for methoxyfenozide, flufenoxuron and lufenuron were found to be 0.154, 0.254 and 2.398 mg ai/l, in diet incorporation method; and 1.302, 0.427and 3.510 mg ai/l in leaf dipping method, respectively. Based on the 95% confidence interval of the ratios of LC50s, for all of the insecticides tested, the LC50 values were significantly different in the two bioassay methods used. Lufenuron had the lowest toxicity against the 1^st instars of beet armyworm in both assays. All insecticides were effective against 1^st instar larvae of beet armyworm at low concentrations.

Key words: Spodoptera exigua, insect growth regulators, lufenuron, methoxyfenozide, flufenoxuron

ƶƯŶƤƯ īźººŝ ŶººƴƣŹŶƴƜģŹřƺººų

Spodoptera exigua

(Hübner)

ř ƽżŞºſƮºƸƯšŚƟōŻ

ŚºƷ

ĭǀ ºƗřŹŻƱŚºƷŚ ƾ

ƹ

ƶƳŚŴƬĭ ř ƽ ƯƹƵŵƺŝ ǀ ƱŚŝż ŚƷ ƽ ŵŶƘŤƯ ƽ ŶƴƣŹŶƴƜģƶƬưūŻř

ŵŹřŵ ř ºƿ řŹřŵŢºƟōƲ ƽ

ưƷř ººǀ ƳŚºƸūŢ ƾ ƯƺººŝƹŢºſř ƾ

ƣźƃśƺƴū ƾ

ſō ǀ ƯŚ ƾ ŶƃŚŝ

(Capinera, 2001)

řŹŵ ºƿ Ʊřź żǀƳ

řźŝ ƽ ƫƹř ǀ Ʋ ƩŚſŹŵŹŚŝ ÎÐÎÔ

ŹŚºƄƟřƎſƺţ ƁŹřżºĭ

ŹƺƄĩƍŚƤƳźŨĩřŹŵƵŻƹźƯřƹŶƃ

ƶŝ ƹƿ ƤƏŚƴƯŹŵƵĦ ƾ

ƶĩ

ƯƶŤƃŚĩŹŶƴƜģ ƾ

ŵƺƃ

ƶŝ ºƃšŶºƃ ǀ

šŚºƟōŻřƹŵŹřŵƕƺ

ƯśƺƀŰƯŶƴƣŹŶƴƜģƮƸƯ ƾ

ŵŵźĭ

(Behdad, 2002)

īźŝ ƶºŝŶƴƣŹŶƴƜģŹřƺų

ƫŵ ºǀ Ŷºƴģƪ Źřƺºų ƹƱŵƺºŝ

ŹŚţ ƿ ƳǇƺºººƏƶºººĤŴ ƾ

ĭŹřźƣ ºººǀ ź ƽ ƕřƺºººƳřƉźºººƘƯŹŵ

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Ï Ųǀƃ

ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƵŵřŻ

ƵźƄůƶſźŧř

Ƃĩ ƾƀƧƺŤƯ ŶƿřŻƺƴƟ

ƱřŹƺƴƟƺƫ ƽƹŹƱřŹƺƀĩƺƴƟƺƬƟƹ

ƵźƄů Ƃĩ ƵƹźĭƶŝŚƷ

ŚºƷ ƽ ƵźºƄůƞºƬŤŴƯ

Ƃºĩ ŚºƷ ƽ

ƃǀ ưǀ Ś ƾƿ ŢſřƵŶƃƭƹŚƤƯ

(Smagghe et al., 2003)

ŵŹřƺƯ

ŵŶƘŤƯ ƽ ºƤƤŰƯƎºſƺţŢƯƹŚƤƯŻř ǀ

ƁŹřżºĭƞºƬŤŴƯƲ

ƵŶºƃ ŶºƳř

(Brewer et al., 1990; Aldosari et al., 1996;

Kerns et al., 1998)

ƶŝ ƭƹŚƤƯŢƬƗ

ŢºƟōšřźƄůƱŶƃ

ųƶŝ ǀƬ ƾ ƵźƄůŻř Ƃĩ ŚƷ ƽ řŹ ƿ ƏƹŪ ǀ ſƹƞ ǀ źºŧřƖ řºƿ Ʋ

ĩźţ ǀ ƵƹǈƗƶĩšŚŞ

řźŝƝŶƷšŚƟōźŝ ƽ

Śſ ƿ šřŵƺºūƺƯź

ŰƯƹ ǀ ŻƎ ƿ ƳŢƀ ǀ ƵźƄůŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřƶŝŶƳźƌƯż

Ƃĩ ŚƷ ƽ

ŝŚŴŤƳř ƾ ƶŝƹ ƲƯřŢŞƀƳ

źţ ºŝƶūƺţ ǀ Ƃ źºţ ƽ ŢºſřƵŶºƃ

řƶƬưūŻř ƿ ƵźƄůƲ Ƃĩ ƯŚƷ ƾ ºƔƴţƶºŝƱřƺţ ǀƮ

ƵŶºƴƴĩ ŚºƷ ƽ

ŵźĩƵŹŚƃřšřźƄůŶƃŹ

(Casida & Quistad, 1998)

Źŵ

ŚŝƶƐŝřŹ ŧŐţ ǀ řź ƿ ĩźţƲ ǀ ƹŹšŚŞ ƽ ŚƷƹŹǇ ƽ ƩŚŝ Ĩƫƺě ƱřŹřŵ

ƤŰţ ǀ ƠƬŤŴƯšŚƤ ƾ

ƶŤƟźĭšŹƺƇ ř

ŶƳ

Ahmad et al. (2006)

ŧŐººţ ǀ ƵźººƄůź Ƃººĩ ŚººƷ ƽ

ƀĩƺŤƯ ƾ řŻƺƴƟ ƿ ƹŹřŹƱřŹƺƴƟƺƫƹŶ ƽ

ŚºƷƹŹǇ ƽ ƭƹŵƲºſ

Feb.

Spodoptera litura

ƶƧ ŢºſƺěƵŻŚºţ

ŻřŶºƳř ƽ Ƶŵźºĩ

ŶƳŵƺŝ ƹźºƟƁƹŹŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝ

ŹŵīźºŝƱŵźºŝ ƩƺºƬŰƯ

ưſ ƾ ſŹźŝ ƾ ŶƳŵƺưƳ ř ƿ ŵŚƤƯƱŚƄ ƿ ź

LC₅₀

řŹ ÑÕ ŢƗŚºſ

ţŻřŶƘŝ ǀ ƶŝŹŚư ţźţ ǀ řźŝŜ ƽ ƀĩƺŤƯ ƾ řŻƺƴƟ ºƿ ƱřŹƺºƴƟƺƫƹŶ

Ð ÏÐ ƹ Ô ÔÏ Ư ǀ ƹźĪ ƯŹŵƭźĭ ǀƬ ƾ ƫǀ ŶƳŵźĩƶŞſŚŰƯźŤ

Mosallanejad & Smagghe (2009)

ƾºſŹźŝƽřźºŝ

ƾƀĩƺŤƯƶŝŢƯƹŚƤƯźƐųƩŚưŤůř

ƽŚƷŹŚĩƹŻŚſƹŶƿřŻƺƴƟ

ƱōƾƫŚººưŤůř

īźººŝ ƶººŞƴěŹřƺººų

Spodoptera littoralis

(Boisduval)

ƾƏřŹ ÎÐ ƉźºƘƯŹŵƵŚĮƄƿŚƯŻōŹŵƪƀƳ

ƾººƀĩƺŤƯ ŶººƳŵřŵŹřźººƣŶººƿřŻƺƴƟ

Ƶŵřŵ ŻřƪººƇŚůƽŚººƷ

ƂƿŚƯŻō ŢƟōƲƿřŢǀưſƾſŹźŝƽŚƷ

ŵřŵƱŚƄƳƂĩ ŶƳ

ƶĩ

ƶƿƺſŹŵ śŚŴŤƳř ƶƿƺſƶŝŢŞƀƳƵŶƃ

źŝřźŝŪƴěŽŚƀů

ƾƀĩƺŤƯƶŝŢƯƹŚƤƯ

ŵŚŬƿřŶƿřŻƺƴƟ

ŵƺŝƵŶƃ ƵŻřŶƳř ƽźºǀĭ

ƮƿżººƳō ƾưººſźǀƛƽŚººƷ

ŢººǀƫŚƘƟƶººĩŵřŵƱŚººƄƳƵŶººƴƴĩ

ƶƿƺſŹŵŻŚƳĦǀƀĩřƺƳƺƯ

śŚŴŤƳř ƵŶºƃ Î Ï ƂƿřżºƟřźºŝřźŝ

ƾƫŚººůŹŵŵƺººŝƶººŤƟŚƿ

ƱƺǀţŚººţƺƬĭƹŚƷŻřźŤººſřƶººĩ

Žř

ŶºƳŵƺŝƵŵźºĪƳƽźºǀǀƜţŚƷŻřźƠºƀƳźţ

ƱřźĮºƄƷƹĦěƲºƿř

šŚººŞǀƧźţ

S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF)

Piperonyl butoxide (PBO)

ƹ

Diethyl maleate

ƶŝřŹ ƱřƺƴƗ

ŶƿŶƄţ ƹŶºƳŵźĩƱŚŰŤƯřƵŶƴƴĩ PBO

ƾĭŶƴƴĩŶƿŶºƄţźºŧř

ƾººƴƘƯ ŵřŵƱŚººƄƳŹřŵ

ƂƿŚººƯŻōŪƿŚººŤƳŽŚººſřźŝ

ƽŚººƷ

ŶƿŶƄţ ƾſŹźŝƹƾĭŶƳƺƃ

ƾưƿżƳōƽŚƷ

ŶºƃƶŤƟźĭƶŬǀŤƳ

ƮººƸƯŚƷŻŚƳĦǀººƀĩřƺƳƺƯƶººĩ

ƮƿżººƳōƲƿźººţ

ŹŵƪººǀųŵƽŚººƷ

ƾººƀĩƺŤƯƶººŝŢºƯƹŚƤƯ

ƶººŤƟŚƿƲººƿřŻřƹŶƴŤººƀƷŶºƿřŻƺƴƟ

ƾƯ ƵƹźºĭƲºƿřŹŵŢºƯƹŚƤƯŻƹźºŝŚºŝƶºƬŝŚƤƯƽřźŝƱřƺţ

ƵźƄů Ƃĩ ŵźĩƵŵŚƠŤſřŚƷ

Enríquez et al. (2010)

Ţǀưſ ƹ šřźŧř źƿŻ ƾĭŶƴƄĩ

ƾƀĩƺŤƯ ƽƹŹřŹŶƿřŻƺƴƟ ƽŚƷƹŹǇ

ƭƺºſƲºſ

S. exigua

ƾſŹźŝ ŹřŶƤƯƹŶƳŵźĩ

LC50

řŹ ÏÑ ŹŚưǀţŻřŶƘŝŢƗŚſ

ÏÐ Í ƾƬǀƯ ƭźĭƺƬǀƧźŝźŧŒƯƵŵŚƯƭźĭ

(mg ai/kg)

ƽřŸºƛ

ƶŝƾƗƺƴƈƯ

ŶƳŵŹƹōŢſŵ

Khan et al. (2011)

Ŷºƴģźºŧř

ƵźƄů Ƃĩ

ƾƀĩƺŤƯƹƱřŹƺƴƟƺƫƶƬưūŻř

ŶƿřŻƺƴƟ

ƽƹŹřŹ

S. litura

ŶƳŵƺưƳƾſŹźŝ

ƶºưƷ ƵźºƄů Ƃºĩ ŵŹƺºƯƽŚºƷ

ƽƹŹƾƿǇŚººŝŢǀưººſƶººƘƫŚƐƯ

S. litura

ƹŶººƳŵřŵƱŚººƄƳ

ƾƀĩƺŤƯƹƱřŹƺƴƟƺƫ

ƶŝŶƿřŻƺƴƟ ƽŚºƷŻƹŵŹŵŜºǀţźţ ÒÒ

ƹ

æåå ƾƬǀƯ ŜƿźūźŝźŤǀƫ

(ml/acre)

ƹīźºƯ ƽǇŚºŝźºǀƯ

íå ŶƳŵźĩŵŚŬƿř

ƵźƄůƶſźŧřźƋŚůƶƘƫŚƐƯŹŵ

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ŢƀƿŻƁƹŹƹŵŚŝƱřŹƺƀĩƺƴƟƺƬƟ

ƽřŸºƛŹŚºưǀţƾŬƴºſ

ƶººƏƺƛƹƾƗƺƴºƈƯ

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ƹŹƾººĭźŝƽŚºƷ ƽ

ŚƷƹŹǇ ƽ īźŝƩƹřƲſ

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ŢƟźĭŹřźƣ

ƁƹŹƹŵřƺƯ

ŚƷ ƵźƄů Ƃĩ ŚƷ ƽ ƀĩƺŤƯƵŵŚƠŤſřŵŹƺƯ ƾ

řŻƺƴƟ ƿ Ŷ Śºŝ

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www.dowagro.com

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ƱŚºƴ

ŢŞƀƳ Ʊō ŚƷ ưƏřŵƹŶůźĭřƱōŽŚſřźŝƶĩ

ǀ ŢŞºƀƳƱŚºƴ

ŵŚƤƯ ƿź

LC₅₀

ŵŶƗ Ʀƿ šƹŚƠţŵƺƃƪƯŚƃřŹ

ºƴƘƯŚºƷ ƾ Źřŵ

Ƴǀ Ţƀ

(Robertson et al., 2007)

ŝƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳ ǀ

ŵŚƤƯƲ ƿ ź

LC₅₀

ƵźƄů Ƃĩ źƷŹŵŚƷ ƿ ƁƹŹŻřĨ

ŚƷ ƽ Ż ƿ Ţƀ Ŭƴſ ƾ

ƴƘƯšƹŚƠţ ƾ

Źřŵ ƽ Ţºƃřŵŵƺūƹ

ºƷƶºĩřźģ ǀ

Ģ ŻřƭřŶºĩ

ưƏřŵƹŶů ǀ

ƱŚƴ ŵŶƗŚƷ Ʀƿ ưƳƪƯŚƃřŹ ƾ

Ŷƃ

Rafiee Dastjerdi et al. (2008)

ºſŹźŝŹŵ ƾ ŧŐºţ ǀ ź

ƵźºººƄů Ƃºººĩ ŚºººƷ ƽ řŵ ƿ

ƱřŹƺºººƯƺƬƟřżĮƷƱřŹƹżƴŝƺºººƬƠ

ĜſřŽƺºƟƺƴƟƹźě ǀ

ţƹŶººſƺƴ ǀ

ŵƺ ƿ ƹŹśŹŚºĪ ƽ

ŚººƷƹŹǇ ƽ

ƵźºƄůƍǈŤųřƁƹŹƹŵŚŝƶŞƴěƵŻƺƣƭźĩƩƹřƲſ

Ƃºĩ

(5)

æ

ÎÐîè

Ò

řŸƛŚŝ ƽ ƗƺƴƈƯ ƾ ƹźƟƹ ưſƩƺƬŰƯŹŵīźŝƱŵźŝ ƾ

Ƴǀ ż

řƶŝ ƿ ŤƳƲ ǀ ſŹƶŬ ǀŶ ŶƳ ŝƶĩ ǀ ŵŚƤƯƲ ƿ ź

LC₅₀

ƹŵŻřƪºƇŚů

ŻƁƹŹ ƿ Ţƀ Ŭƴſ ƾ ƴƘƯƝǈŤųř ƾ

ŢƃřŵŵƺūƹŹřŵ

Ʋƿř

ƲǀƤƤŰƯ šƹŚƠŤƯ ưºſƵŵŚºƯŹřŶƤƯƱŵƺŝ ƾ

ŵŹřƹ ƶºŝƵŶºƃ

ƁƹŹƹŵŹŵŚºƷƹŹǇƱŶŝ

ơƺºƟ ƫŵřŹ ºǀ ƫŚºưŤůřƪ ƾ

ř ºƿ Ʋ

ŝƝǈŤųř ǀ ƋƺţƹƵŵƺưƳƱŚ ǀ

ŵřŵŮ ŶƳ ŵƁƹŹŹŵƶĩ ƿ

Ĩƀ

ĭźŝ ƾ ŵŮƐſŚƸƴţ ƿ

Ĩƀ ŚƷ ƽ ºĭźŝ ƾ ƵźºƄůƶºŝ

Ƃºĩ ŚºƷ

ººƯƶŤººƄƛō ƾ

ŵƺººƃ

ƫŚººůŹŵ ƾ ţƁƹŹŹŵƶººĩ ǀ

řŸººƛŹŚººư ƽ

ƗƺƴƈƯ ƾ

ƵźƄů Ƃĩ ƶŝŚƷ řŸºƛŚŝƪƯŚĩŹƺƏ ƽ

ƗƺƴºƈƯ ƾ

ƯƍƺƬŴƯ ƾ ŶƳƺƃ ŚºƯŻōŹŵ ƿ Ƃ ŚºƷ ƽ Ʊō ŚºƷ Ƴ ºǀ ŶºƴƳŚưƷż

ſŹźŝ ƾ źºƋŚů

ŵŚºƤƯ ƿ ź

LC₅₀

ŵƁƹŹŹŵ ƿ

ºĭźŝĨºƀ ƾ

ººŝ ǀ Ƃ ŵŚººƤƯŻřźººţ ƿ

ź

LC50

řŸººƛŚººŝƍǈŤººųřƁƹŹŹŵ ƽ

ƗƺƴƈƯ ƾ ŶƳŵƺŝ

ŚƤƯ ƿ ŵŚƤƯƶƀ ƿ ź

LC50

ƵźƄůƶſ ţƁƹŹŹŵƂĩ ǀ

ŹŚư

řŸƛ ƽ ƗƺƴƈƯ ƾ ºƀĩƺŤƯƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳ ƾ

řŻƺƴƟ ºƿ ŚºŝŶ

LC50

źŝřźŝ æÒÑ å Ư ǀƬ ƾ ƫŹŵźŧŒºƯƵŵŚºƯƭźºĭ ǀ

ºŝźºŤ ǀ Ƃ źºţ ƿ Ʋ

ưſ ǀ ŚŝƱřŹƺƴƟƺƫƹŢ

LC₅₀

źŝřźŝ èîí ç Ư ǀƬ ƾ ƵŵŚºƯƭźºĭ

ƫŹŵźŧŒƯ ǀ ŚěźŤ ǀƿ Ʋ źţ ƿ ưſƲ ǀ řźºŝřŹŢ ƽ

ŚºƷƹŹǇ ƽ Ʋºſ

īźŝƩƹř ŶƴŤƃřŵŶƴƣŹŶƴƜģŹřƺų

ƩƹŶºū æ ƁƹŹŹŵ

ţǀ ŵŹŚư ƿ ĭźŝĨƀ ƾ ŚŝƱřŹƺƀĩƺƴƟƺƬƟ

LC50

źºŝřźŝ Ñçì å Ưǀ

Ƭ ƾ ƫŹŵźŧŒƯƵŵŚƯƭźĭ ǀ

ŝźŤ ǀ Ƃ źţ ƿ ŚŝƱřŹƺƴƟƺƫƹƲ

LC50

źŝřźŝ Òæå è Ư ǀƬ ƾ źŧŒƯƵŵŚƯƭźĭ ƫŹŵ

ǀ ƮĩźŤ źţ ƿ ŧŐţƲ ǀ řŹź

ƹŹ ƽ ŚƷƹŹǇ ƽ īźºŝƩƹřƲſ

ŶƴŤºƃřŵŶºƴƣŹŶƴƜģŹřƺºų

ƩƹŶū ç ƁƹŹƹŵźƷŹŵ

ƮĩƱřŹƺƴƟƺƫ

źţ ƿ ưºſƲ ǀ Ţ

ƹŹřŹ ƽ ŢƃřŵŚƷƹŹǇ

ţƁƹŹŹŵ ǀ

řŸƛŹŚư ƽ ƗƺƴºƈƯ ƾ

ººƀĩƺŤƯ ƾ řŻƺƴƟ ººƿ ţƁƹŹŹŵƹŶ ǀ

ŵŹŚººư ƿ ººĭźŝĨººƀ ƾ

źţźŧŒƯƱřŹƺƀĩƺƴƟƺƬƟ ƿ

ƵźƄůƲ Ƃĩ ƬƗŚºƷ ºǀ ŚºƷƹŹǇƶ ƽ

īźŝƩƹřƲſ

ŶƳŵƺŝŶƴƣŹŶƴƜģŹřƺų

Ahmad et al. (2006)

ŶººƴģźǀŧŐººţƾººſŹźŝŹŵ

ƵźƄů ƭƹŵƲºſƽŚºƷƹŹǇƽƹŹƂºĩ

S. litura

źƿŵŚºƤƯ

LC₅₀

ƵźƄůƹŵƽřźŝřŹ

ƾƀĩƺŤƯƹƱřŹƺƴƟƺƫƂĩ

ŶƿřŻƺƴƟ

ŻřŶƘŝ Ñí ƶŝŢƗŚſ Ŝǀţźţ ìç ƹ è çè ƵŵŚºƯƭźĭƹźĪǀƯ

ƾººƬǀƯŹŵźŧŒººƯ

ƶººĩŶººƳŵřŵƱŚººƄƳƹŶººƳŵŻƲǀººưŴţźººŤǀƫ

ƾººƀĩƺŤƯ ŢººƟōƲººƿřƭƹŵƲººſƽŚººƷƹŹǇƽƹŹŶººƿřŻƺƴƟ

źºƋŚůƾºſŹźŝŪƿŚºŤƳƶŝŚƄƯƶĩŵƺŝƱřŹƺƴƟƺƫŻřźţźŧŒƯ ƾƯ ŶºƃŚŝ źƿŵŚºƤƯƲǀºŝŵŚºƿŻƝǈŤºųř

LC₅₀

ƹŵƲºƿřŹŵ

ƾƯƾſŹźŝ

šƹŚƠŤƯŻřƾƃŚƳŶƳřƺţ

ƿŚěƶƐƤƳƱŵƺŝ ŢŞŧƾƳŚ

ƶƳƺĭŹŵšƹŚƠţŪƿŚŤƳ

ƽƹŹǇƲǀƴºſƹƾſŹźŝŵŹƺƯƽŚƷ

ŶƃŚŝ ŢǀƘưū ƮƷŚŝżǀƳƾſŹźŝƹŵŹŵƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯƽŚƷ

ƠŤƯ º ƳŵƺŝšƹŚ º

Ŷ

ǀƘưū º

Ţ ŵŹƺƯ ſŹźŝ º

ƾ ƿřº ǀƤƤŰƯƲ º Ʋ

ƩƹŶū æ ŵŚƤƯ ƿ ź

LC50

ƵźƄů Ƃĩ ŚƷ ƽ ŚƯŻōŵŹƺƯ ƿ

ƹŹƂ ƽ ŚƷƹŹǇ ƽ ƩƹřƲºſ

Spodoptera exigua

ţƁƹŹŹŵ ǀ

řŸºƛŹŚºư ƽ

ƗƺƴƈƯ ƾ

Table^{1. The LC}⁵⁰ values of the insecticides tested on 1^st instars of Spodoptera exigua in diet incorporation method.

Insecticide n Slope ± SE LC50(%95 CL) mg ai/L ² Ñ-value

Methoxyfenozide 445 4.2000.642 0.154 (0.142-0.166) 1.552 0.840

Flufenoxuron 472 4.612 0.655 0.254 (0.238-0.274) 0.840 0.670

Lufenuron 470 3.3070.537 2.398 (2.185-2.664) 1.967 0.579

ƩƹŶū ç ŵŚƤƯ ƿ ź

LC50

ƵźƄů Ƃĩ ŚƷ ƽ ŚƯŻōŵŹƺƯ ƿ

ƹŹƂ ƽ ŚƷƹŹǇ ƽ ƩƹřƲſ

Spodoptera exigua

ƶƏƺƛƁƹŹŹŵ

Źƹ ŻŚſ ƽ

ŵƿ Ĩƀ ŚƷ ƽ ĭźŝ ƾ

Table 2. The LC50 values of tested insecticides on 1^st instars of Spodoptera exigua in leaf dipping method.

Insecticide n Slope ± SE LC50(%95 CL) mg ai/L ² Ñ-value

Methoxyfenozide 466 4.282 0.663 1.302 (1.202-1.400) 3.443 0.455

Flufenoxuron 463 5.474 0.861 0.427 (0.397-0.451) 2.610 0.504

Lufenuron 464 4.9140.707 3.510 (3.269-3.754) 2.343 0.328

(6)

Ó Ųǀƃ

ƵźƄůƶſźŧř

ƶººƗŹżƯŢººǀƘưū

ƽř

ƾººƫƹ ŹŵƵŵŚƠŤººſřŵŹƺººƯŢººǀƘưū

ƵŵřŵƁŹƹźºěƵŚĮƄƿŚƯŻōŹŵƪƀƳƲƿŶƴģźƋŚůƾſŹźŝ ƵŶƃ ƶƧŵƺŝ ľǇŚưŤůř ƲŤƟŹǇŚŝŦƗŚŝ

ŢǀºſŚƀů ŚºƷƹŹǇ

ƵŶƃ Ţſř

Mohammadi(2004)

Źŵ

ſŹźŝ

ƾ ŧŐţ

ǀź ƵźƄů

Ƃĩ ŚƷ ƽ

ƹŹƱřŹƺƴƟƺƫƹƱřŹƺƀĩƺƴƟƺƬƟ ƽ

ŚƷƹŹǇ ƽ ƭźºĩƩƹřƲſ

řźƃŹŵƶŞƴěƵŻƺƣ ƿ

ŚƯŻōƎ ƿ ƷŚĮƄ ƾ

ŵŚºƤƯ ƿ ź

LC50

řºƿ ƹŵƲ

ƵźƄů ţƁƹŹŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝřŹƂĩ ǀ

řŸƛŹŚư ƽ ƗƺƴºƈƯ ƾ

îÓ ţŻřŶƘŝŢƗŚſ ǀ

ƶŝŹŚư ţźţ ǀ Ŝ ÓÔ å ƹ Ñæ Ñ Ư ǀƬ ƾ ƭźĭ

ƫŹŵźŧŒƯƵŵŚƯ ǀ

ŚºŤƳƶŝŚºƄƯƹŵźºĩƁŹřżĭźŤ ƿ

ºſŹźŝŪ ƾ

ƹŹƱřŹƺƀĩƺƴƟƺƬƟƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳźƋŚů ƽ

ŚºƷƹŹǇ ƽ Ʋºſ

ŵƺºŝƱřŹƺƴƟƺƫŻřźţźŧŒƯƶŞƴěƵŻƺƣƭźĩƩƹř

ƶºŝƶºūƺţŚŝ

Ư ƶŝŚƄ ƴſƱŵƺŝ ǀ ƹŹǇƲ ƽ ŻƁƹŹƹ ƿ

Ţƀ Ŭƴſ ƾ Ư ƾ Ʊřƺţ

ºŝšƹŚƠţ ǀ Ʋ

LC₅₀

ŵŹƺºƯƶºƳƺĭƹŵŹŵřŹƱřŹƺºƀĩƺƴƟƺƬƟ

ſŹźŝ ƾ ƶŝ šƹŚƠŤƯ ƶƳƺĭƱŵƺŝ

ŪƿŚŤƳŢŞŧƾƳŚƿŚěƶƐƤƳƹŚƷ

ŵřŵƎŝŹ ƱŚưƷ ƩƹřŶūŹŵƶĩŹƺƏ æ

ƹ ç ƾºƯƵŶƷŚºƄƯ

ŵƺºƃ

ƾƯƽŵŚƿŻľŚŤŞƀƳŜǀƃƽřŹřŵƍƺƐųƭŚưţ

ŶƴƃŚŝ ƶºūƺţŚŝ

ƶĪƴƿřƶŝ ƵźºƄůƲƿř

Ƃºĩ ŢºƟōƲºƿřƶºǀƬƗƱřźºƿřŹŵŚºƷ

ƵŶƄƳƵŵŚƠŤſř

ƾºƴĮưƷƂƴĩřƹŢƟōŢǀƘưūƲƿřźŝŚƴŝŶƳř

ƱōƶºŝŢŞƀƳ

ƶºƗŹżƯƎƿřźºƃŹŵźºĭřƹŵŹřŵŚºƷ

ƮºƷƽř

ƘưūƂƴĩřƹ ǀ

ŚŤƳƶŝŚƄƯŢ ƿ

ŚƯŻōŪ ƿ ƷŚĮƄ ƾ ŚŝŶƃŚŝ ºƿ ŹŵŶ

řŵźŝŹŚĩ ƿ ƵźƄůƲ Ƃĩ ºƀŝƶƗŹżƯŹŵŚƷ ǀ

ŵƺºŝƍŚºŤŰƯŹŚ

Żƿ Ɯţřź ǀǀ ź ƽ ų ǀƬ ƾ ŗżū ƾ ƵźƄůŢƔƬƛŹŵ

ƟźƈƯƂĩ ƾ

Ɯţ ǀǀ Żź ƿ ŵŚ ƽ ƯƹīźºƯŶƇŹŵŹŵ ºǀ

řŢºƟōŵřźºƟřź ƿ

ŵŚºŬ

Ư ƾ řźŝƹŶƴĩ ºƿ

ŚºƷŻƹŵŻřƵŵŚƠŤºſřŽŚºſřƲ ƽ

ŻřźţǇŚºŝ

ŵŚƤƯ ƿ Ƈƺţź ǀƶ ƯƵŶƃ ƾ ŽŚºƀůŵřźƟřƝŸůŜūƺƯŶƳřƺţ

ŵƺƃƭƹŚƤƯŵřźƟřśŚŴŤƳřƹ

ŢǀƯƺưƀƯƮƿǈƗ

ƵźƄů ƂƧ ƀĩƺŤƯ ƾ řŻƺƴƟ ƿ ĩźţŻřŶ ǀ źƀţšŚŞ ƿƖ ƵŶƴƴĩ

Ţſƺě ŻřŶƳř ƽ Ư ƾ

ŶƃŚŝ ƲƿřŻř ƹŹ ŚƷƹŹǇźŨĩřŹŵ ƿ

ƾ ƶƧ Źŵ řƉźºƘƯ

ºƿ ƵźººƄůƲ Ƃºĩ Źřźºƣ ƶººŤƟźĭ ŶºƳŵƺŝ řźƟ

ƿ Ŷººƴ

Ţſƺě ŻřŶƳř ƽ ŢƟźĭšŹƺƇƭŚĮƴƷŵƹŻ

ƶŝ ŹƺƏ ƽ Źŵƶºĩ

ō Ʊ ŚƷ ƶŝƾưƿŶƣźſƩƺƀĜĩ

ƩƺºƀĜĩƶºŝƵŶǀŞƀģšŹƺƇ

ƾºƯƵŶƷŚºƄƯŶºƿŶūźſ

Ŷºƃ ŵřŶºƘţŹŵ ƽ

ŚºƷƹŹǇŻř ƽ

ţǀ ŹŚư ƀĩƺŤƯŚŝƵŶƃ ƾ

řŻƺƴƟ ƿŶ

ºſ ǀ ƵŚ ţƺĩƱŶºƃ ǀ

ŹŵƩƺºĪ

Ţưƀƣ ŚƷ ƾƿ ƱŶŝŻř

ŝ ƶ ƵĦƿƹ ůŚƳŹŵ ǀ Ưƶ ǀƳŚ ƾ ŵƺºŝŵƺƸƄƯ

ŵŹřƺƯŹŵ ƽ řƿ ſƲ ǀ ƵŚ ĭŶƃ ƾ ŚƷŚě ƽ ưĪƃ ƾ ƮƷřŹ ƹƪƯŚƃ

ŪƬƟŜŞſ

ƱŶƃ Ʊō ŚƷ Ư ƾ Ŷƃ ƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ

řźºŝ ƽ ŻřŢºĩźů

ŚƷŚě ƽ ſǀ ƶƴ ř ƽ ūźŴƯƹ ƾ ƯƵŵŚƠŤſř ƾ ŶºƳŵźĩ ŚƸƳŹŵ ºƿ Ţ

Ʋǀƴģ ƶŝƾƿŚƷƹŹǇ

ƪǀƫŵ ƶºƿŸƜţ ƱŶºƃƞºƣƺŤƯƹƱŵźºƨƳ

ƾººƯŶººƃŹ

ŶººƳŵźƯ ƹƭƺưººƀƯƽŚººƷƹŹǇƶººƿŸƜţƞººƣƺţ

Ʈĩ ƱōƾĩźŰţ

ƮºƿǈƗźĮƿŵŻřŚƷ

řŹŵƵŶºƃƵŶƷŚºƄƯ ºƿ

Ʋ

ſŹźŝ ƾ ŶƳŵƺŝ ŚºƤƫř ƽ Ţºſƺě ŻřŶºƳř ƽ ŚºƷ ƽ ƹƭŚºĮƴƷŵƹŻ

ƆƣŚƳ

ĪƄţƹ ǀ ŶūźſƩƺƀĜĩƪ ƿ

Ŷ ŢƄě źºſƩƺºƀĜĩ

Ŷƣ ƿư ƾ

ƶŝ ŹƺƏ ƽ ŚţƹŵźſƩƺƀĜĩƶĩ ƾƿ

ƶŝ ƯźƔƳ ƾ ºſŹ ǀ

Ŷ

Ǝºſƺţ

Smagghe et al. (1998, 2003)

ŧŐºţƶºƘƫŚƐƯŹŵ ǀ

ź

ƾƀĩƺŤƯ ƽƹŹŶƿřŻƺƴƟƺŞţƹŶƿřŻƺƴƟ

ŚºƷƹŹǇ ƽ

S. exigua

ƹ ƎſƺţżǀƳ

Smagghe & Degheele (1993)

Źŵ ŚºƷƹŹǇ ƽ

Spodoptera exempta (Wlk.)

ƹ

S. exigua

ţǀ ŹŚư ŚºŝƵŶºƃ

ŜǀƧźţ

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ſŹźŝ ƾ źŧř ƾƀĩƺŤƯ ƽƹŹŶƿřŻƺƴƟƺŞţƹŶƿřŻƺƴƟ

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īźŝ ŶƴƣŹŶƴƜģŹřƺų Ǝſƺţ

Moulton et al. (2000)

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RH-5849

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Sabour Moghaddam (2005)

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ƶŝ ŹƺƏ ƽ ƶĩ ƳŚţ ǀ ƱŶŝƶư

ŶƣƶŤſƺě ƿư ƾ ŶūƶŤºſƺěŻř ºƿ

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ŚƸŤƳř ƾƿ ŶƣƶŤſƺěƱŶŝ ƿư

ƾ ƶŝ šŹƺƇ Şƀģ ǀ ƂºŴŝƶŝƵŶ

ưĪƃ ƾ ƣŚŝƱŶŝ ƾ ţĬºƳŹƹŶºƳŚƯ ºǀ

Ƶź ƶºŝ ŢºƟźĭŵƺºų

Saenz-De-Cabezon et al. (2006)

ƱřŹƺƴƟƺƫźŧřƶƘƫŚƐƯŹŵ

ƹŹ ƽ ŚƷƹŹǇ ƽ ƶƃƺų ƹŹƺĮƳřŹřƺų

Mohammadi (2004)

ſŹźŝŹŵ ƾ ŧŐţ ǀ ŵřŶƘţź ƽ ƵŶƴƴĩŹŚƸƯŻř

ŚƷ ƽ ĩŢųŚſ ǀ ºŤ ǀ Ʋ

ƹŹ ƽ ǈƗƶŞƴěƵŻƺƣƭźĩ ƿ

ƸŝŚƄƯƮ ƾ ŶƳŵźĩƁŹřżĭřŹ

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źŧřŹŵ ŵźŝŹŚƧ ŜǀººſŶººǀŝƩƹřƲººſƽŚººƷƹŹǇƽƹŹƱřŹƺººƴƟƺƫ

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Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)

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(Edomwande et al., 2000)

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Ʈĩ řźţ ƿ ƵźƄůƲ Ƃĩ ƯŚƷ ƾ řƱřƺţ ºƿ ĩźţƲ ǀ řźºŝřŹšŚºŞ ƽ

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ŽŚĜſ ƽŹřżĭ ƃŻƺƯōŢƳƹŚƘƯŻř ƾ

ƈŰţƹ ǀ ưĪţšǈ ǀƬ

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ƫŚºƯŢ ƾ ř ºƿ ƹźĪºƄţƂƷƹĦºěƲ

ƳřŵŹŶƣ ƾ Ư ƾ ŵƺƃ

ƖŝŚƴƯ

Ahmad, M., Saleem, M. A., Ahmad, M. & Sayyed, A. H. (2006) Time trends in mortality for conventional and new insecticides against leafworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9, 360-364.

Aldosari, S. A., Watson, T. F., Sivasupramaniam, S. & Osman, A. A. (1996) Susceptibility of field populations of beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to cyfluthrin, methomyl, and profenofos, and selection for resistance to cyfluthrin. Journal of Economic Entomology 89, 1359-1363.

Behdad, E. (2002) Introductory entomology and important plant pests in Iran. 1^st ed. 824 pp. Yadboud Press. [In Persian].

Brewer, M. J., Trumble, J. T., Alvarado-Rodriguez, B. & Chaney, W. E. (1990) Beet armyworm (Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae) adult and larval susceptibility to three insecticides in managed habitats and relationship to laboratory selection for resistance. Journal of Economic Entomology 83, 2136-2146.

Capinera, J. L. (2001) Handbook of vegetable pests. 730 pp. Academic Press.

Casida, J. E. & Quistad, G. B. (1998) Golden age of insecticide research: past, present, or future? Annual Review of Entomology 43, 1-16.

Edomwande, E. O., Schoeman, A. S., Brits, J. A. & Merwe, M. V. D. (2000) Laboratory evaluation of lufenuron on immature stages of potato tuber moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 93, 1741- 1743.

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Õ Ųǀƃ

ƵźƄůƶſźŧř

Enríquez, C. L. R., Pineda, S., Figueroa, J. I., Schneider, M. I. & Martinez, A. M. (2010) Toxicity and sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide on Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 103, 662-667.

Kerns, D. L., Palumbo, J. C. & Tellez, T. (1998) Resistance of field strains of beet armyworm (Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae) from Arizona and California to carbamate insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology 91, 1038- 1043.

Khan, R. R., Ahmed, S. & Nisar, S. (2011) Mortality responses of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepodoptera: Noctuidae) against some conventional and new chemistry insecticides under laboratory conditions. Pakistan Entomologist 33, 147-150.

Mohammadi, D. (2004) Effects of some chitin synthesis inhibitors on cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner) in laboratory. M. Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, 64 pp.

Mosallanejad, H. & Smagghe G. (2009) Biochemical mechanisms of methoxyfenozide resistance in the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis. Pest Management Science 65, 732-736.

Moulton, J. K., Pepper, D. A. & Dennehy, T. J. (2000) Pro-active management of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) resistance to the IGRs, tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide. Available from: http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/

crops/az1177 (accessed 6 April 2008).

Rafiee Dastjerdi, H., Hejazi, M. J., Nouri Ganbalani, G. & Saber, M. (2008) Toxicity of some biorational and conventional insecticides to cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its ectoparasitoid, Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 28, 27-37.

Robertson, J. L., Russell, R. M., Preisler, H. K. & Savin, N. E. (2007) Bioassays with arthropods. 2^nd ed. 224 pp.

CRC Press.

Sabour Moghaddam, N. (2005) Investigation on the effect of methoxyfenozide, indoxacarb, thiacloprid, pyridalyl and RH-5849 for control of early instar of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in laboratory condition. M. Sc. Thesis.

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, 73 pp.

Saenz-De-Cabezon, F. J., Perez-Moreno, I., Zalom, F. G. & Marco, V. (2006) Effects of lufenuron on Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) egg, larval, and adult stages. Journal of Economic Entomology 99, 427-431.

SAS Institute (1996) The SAS system for windows, release 6.1. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.

Singh, P. (1977) Artificial diets for insects, mites and spiders. 594 pp. IFI/Plenum.

Smagghe, G. & Degheele, D. (1993) Metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of the first non-steroidal ecdysteroid agonist RH 5849 to Spodoptera exempta (Walker), Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 46, 149-160.

Smagghe, G., Dhadialla, T. S., Derycke, S., Tirry, L. & Degheele, D. (1998) Action of the ecdysteroid agonist tebufenozide in susceptible and artificially selected beet armyworm. Pesticide Science 54, 27-34.

Smagghe, G., Pineda, S., Carton, B., Estal, P. D., Budia, F. & Vinuela, E. (2003) Toxicity and kinetics of methoxyfenozide in greenhouse-selected Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Pest Management Science 59, 1203-1209.

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