ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺮﺑ
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ
ﻩﺩﺍﺯﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺰﻳﻭﺮﭘ
*
ﺭﺎﻳﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ Pmohamadzadeh@yahoo.com
ﺭﻮﭘﺮﻐﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﺴﺣ
ﺭﺎﻴﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ
Asgharpurh@gmail.com
ﻲﻌﻴﻨﻣ ﺪﻴﻣﺍ
ﻱﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﺪﺷﺭﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ
Omid.maniei@gmail.com ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
28 / 6 / 90 ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
23 / 8 / 91
ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ
ﻱ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻭ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻥﻮﻣﺍﺮﻴﭘ
ﻭ ﻞﻌﻓ
ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺕﻻﺎﻌﻔﻧﺍ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .
ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻱﺮـﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺐـﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲـﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻭ ﻲـﻨﻫﺫ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻡﺎـﻧ ﻱﺩﺎـﺷ ﻭ ﺕﻻﺩﺎـﻌﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﻝﻮﻣﺮﻓ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻨﻛ
ﺪ . ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻝﺎﻧﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﻱﺭﻭ
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺰﺋﺎﺣ ﻥﺁﺮﺑ .
ﻑﺪﻫ ﻲﻠـﺻﺍ
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻪﺒﺗﺭ ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺍ
ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺖﺳﺍﺭ ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪﺣ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺭﺎﻛ
ﻲﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻲـﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﺕﻻﺎـﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻲﻳﻮﻠﺑﺎﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
1
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ 2000 ﻭ 2005 ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻲـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻱ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ
:JEL A300, A130, I000, I100,I200
ﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻩژﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ :
، ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ
، ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻱﺭﻭ ، ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻲﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ،
* - ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ 1- Ordered choice modeling with panel data.
1 - ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺞﻴﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺷ ﺐﻟﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﺭﺩ ﻞﻗﺍﺪـﺣ ،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﻱ
، ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻡﺎﻧ .
ﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴـﺴﺑ ﻪﺘـﺷﺬﮔ ﺭﺩ ﺯ
ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛﻮﺌﻧ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮـﺗ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﻦﻳ
ﻭ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ،ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺕﻭﺮﺛ ﻲﻣ ﻑﻮﻄﻌﻣ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻝﻮﭘ ﻞﻛ ﺎﻳ
ﺪﻧﺩﺮﻛ . ،ﻩﺯﻭﺮـﻣﺍ ﻲﻟﻭ
ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺒـﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻩﺎـﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻱﺩﺎﻣ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻡﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻫﺎﻓﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ
ﺪـﻴﭘ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮـﻛ ﺍ .
ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻡﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻦـﻳﺍ
ﻪـﻛ ﻪـﻧﻮﮕﭼ
ﺑ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻭ ﺕﻭﺮﺛ ،ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﻪ
ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﻲﺑﻮﺧ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﺕﺭﺎـﺒﻋ ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﻳ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎـﺷ ﻭ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺮﺑ ،ﻲﺘﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﻭ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﺕﺎﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﻩﺩﺎﺳ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻣ
ﺩﺮـﻴﮔ . ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺚـﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻥﺁ
ﺎـﺟ ﻲـﻣ ﺕﺄـﺸﻧ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺮـﻴﮔ
ﻦﻴﻟﺮﺘـﺳﺍ ﻝﺎـﺳ ﺭﺩ1
1974
ﻢﻫ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ
ﺪﻫﺩ . ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻱ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ
20 ﻪﻟﺎﺳ ﻱ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻛﺎﺣ ﻦﻴﻟﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ
ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﺑ ﺕﻻﺎـﻳﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻩﺪـﺤﺘﻣ
ﻱ
،ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻨﭼ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺪﻫﺩ
، ﺎﻫﺪـﻌﺑ ﻪﻠﺌـﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ
ﻦﻴﻟﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻑﻭﺮﻌﻣ2
ﺷ ﺪ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ . ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻱ ﺩﻮـﺑ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻦﻴﻟﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩ
ﻪـﻛ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ،ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ
.
ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻱ
ـﺑ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻴﻟﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺗ ﻪ
ﻪﻠﻴـﺳﻭ ﻱ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺮﻳﺎـﺳ ﺩﺭ3
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ
، ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻦﻴﻟﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺖﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺮﮔﺯﺎﻏﺁ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
، ﻪﺑ ﻱﺭﻮﻃ ﻪـﻛ
ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻱﻭ ﻱﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﻱ
ﻪﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻭ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﻭ گﺭﺰـﺑ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻮﮔ ﻭ ﺩﺪـﻌﺘﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺍﺭ ﻥﻮﮔﺎـﻧ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺪﻨﻛ
. ﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺽﻭﺮﻓ ﻦﻳ
ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪـﺑ
ـﻃ ﻢﺘـﺣ ﺭﻮ
ﻲﻣ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺷ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ
ﻲﻣ ﺢﻴﺟﺮﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺩﺎ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻲﻳ ﻥﺁ
ﺎـﻫ ﺍﺭ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺷ ﻪﻧ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺣﺍﺭﺎﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳ ﺪﻨﻛ
) ﺮﮕﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺰـﻴﭼ ﻪـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺭﺩ
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺪﻫﺩ
.(
ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺮﻳﺎـﺳ ﻭ ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻲـﻨﻴﻋ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﻚـﻳ ﻪـﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻡﺎﻧ
، ﻚـﻳ ﻪـﻜﻠﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ
، ﻪﺑ ﻱﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﻛ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ،ﻲﻫﺎﻓﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺍﺭ4
1- Easterlin.
2- Easterlin Paradox.
3- Stevenson& Wolfers, 2008.
4- Subjective Well-Being.
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻦﻫﺫ ﺭﺩ
ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ )
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ (
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻙﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
.
ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺍﻮﺌﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎـﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺍﺮﭼ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﺪﻨﻣ ﻲـﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱ ﻱﺎـﻫﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ؟ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ
ﻧﻮﮔﺎـﻧﻮﮔ ﻲـﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ
ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺮﻤﺷﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺮﺗ
ﻪﻛ ﻲﻔﻳﺎﻇﻭ ﻦﻳ
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺵﻭﺩ ﺮﺑ ﻪـﭼ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪﻠﺌـﺴﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪـﻳﺰﺠﺗ ،ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻄﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ
ﺪﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﻪـﺘﻜﻧ ﺎـﻣﺍ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻲﻠـﺻﺍ ﻱ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻪـﺑ ﻁﻮـﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺎـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪـﻛ
ﻩﺎـﻓﺭ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺪﻳﺎﺒﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺎـﻳ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻲـﻨﻫﺫ
ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﻱ
ﺩﻮـﺷ ﺩﻭﺪـﺤﻣ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺷ .
ﻪـﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﺗﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱ
،ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻱﺩﺎـﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ،ﺖﻴـﺼﺨﺷ ،ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﺷﻮﻛ -
،ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ ﺖـﻴﻌﻤﺟ
ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ
ﻨﻛ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻲﻔﻴﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻤﻛ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺪﻨ
.
ﻲﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺪﻴﻘﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﭼ ﻭ ﻥﻮﭼ
ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ،ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﺗ .
ﻢﻬﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ًﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺮﺗ
ﻲـﻤﻧ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻦﻳ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
.
ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻱ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻛ1
ﻪﻠﻴـﺳﻭ ﻱ ﻱﺮـﻓ ﻭ گﺮﺒﻧﺪـﻨﻴﻟ )2
1993 (
ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻭﺩ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻦﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻲ ﻪـﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ
ﻱﺯﺎـﺳ
ﻥﺁ
،ﺖﺳﺍ ) ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺴﺟ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ (
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ، ﺪﻨﻛ
. ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﺘﺑﺎـﺛ ﻑﺪـﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ
ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻱﻭﺯﺭﺁ .
ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺏﻮـﺧ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ ﻝﻮـﺼﺤﻣ ﻱﺩﺎـﺷ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ
ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﺕﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﺩ
ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻝﺎﺒﻧ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ
.
ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺭﻮﻃ ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻛ 1
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻲـﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ،ﺪﻫﺩ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺭﺍﺬـﮔ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ . ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻱ
ﻪﻤﻫ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻱ
ﺩﺮـﻓ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ
ﻭ ﻲـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻋﺍ ...
ﻲـﻣ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ . ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﻣﺎـﻤﺗ
ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﻲـﻣ ﺪـﻧﺮﻳﺬﭘ . ﺕﺍﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺪـﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ
ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﻱ ﻖﻳﺮﺷ ﻭ ﺙﺭﻮﻧ ،ﺱﻮﻨﻳﻭﺍﺰﺘﻧﺎﻣ )3
2004 ( ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺯﺎﻏﺁ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺯﺍ ،
ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ
ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﺲﻜﻌﻨﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺩﻮﺷ
، ﺎﻣﺍ ﻪﻠﺌـﺴﻣ ﻱﺍ
ﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻫﺫ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﺧﺯﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳ
ﻥﺎـﺴﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻦـﻳﺍ
ﻪـﻛ
ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﻦﺷﻭﺭ ﺖـﺴﻴﻧ
، ﺎـﻣﺍ
ﻝﺪﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ
ﻲﻤﻧ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ
1- Social Production Function Theory.
2- Lindenberg and Frey.
3- Mantzavinos, North & Shariq .
ﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ،ﻲﺣﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ
ﻥﺎـﺴﻧﺍ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻔﻳﺍ ،ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﻛ .
) ﻊﺒﻨﻣ :
May, 2007
( ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ
1 - ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ
ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ،ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ
،ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﻝﺍﻮﺌﺳ
ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺐﻠﺟ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺶﻴﺑ
ﺮﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ .
ﻉﺎـﻤﺟﺍ ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ
ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺎﺟﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺬـﮔ
ﻁﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺯﺍ
ﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻛ ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻤﻛ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻚـﭼﻮ
ﺖـﺳﺍ . ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺪﻫﺎـﺷ ﻭ ﻩﺍﻮـﮔ
ﻦــﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮــﺑ ﻪــﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻲــﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮــﺟﻭ ﺎــﻫ ﻭ ﻱﺮــﻓ ﺪــﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻱﺩﺍﺮــﻓﺍ ﺕﺎــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﻮــﺗ
ﺭﺰﺗﺎﺘﺳﺍ )1
2002 ( گﺍﺮﭘ ﻥﻭ ﻭ ﺭﺮﻓ ﻭ
- ﻞﻧﻮﺑﺮﻛ ﻱﺁ )2
2004 ( ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ .
ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺟ ،ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﺭﺎـﻛ ﻱﻭﺮـﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻭ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻪﻛ
ﺴﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﺘ
ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﻲـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ
1- Frey and Stutzer.
2- Van Praag and Carbonell.
ﻪﺑ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻲـﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻦﺘﻓﺮـﮔﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺬﻟ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ
ﻝﺍﻮﺌـﺳ ،ﺎـﻫ
ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺡﺮﻃ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
.
2 - ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ
ﻢﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﻳ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ
ﺪﻨﻣ ﻲﻣ ،ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱ ﺩﺮـﺑ ﻡﺎﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
.
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺭﺎﻛﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻫﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﺖـﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻭ ﺮـﺗ
ﺖﻬﺟ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻒﻋﺎﻀﻣ ﺖﺒﻏﺭ ﻭ ﺵﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ،ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻲﺣﻭﺭ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻳ
ﻡﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ
ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻡﺎﻧ .
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ
ﺍﺭ ﻪـﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻢﻫﺍﺮـﻓ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﺪـﻨﻛ
ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻫﺩﺯﺎﺑ
ﻱﺭﻭ ﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ
ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻧﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ
ﻱ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﻼﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺪﺷﺭ .
ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ 2
، ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻪﺧﺮﭼ
ﻱ ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪـﻫﺩ
. ﺮﻳﺎـﺳ
ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ 1
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ
. ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻱﺭﻭ ـﭼ ﺎـﺗ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻱﺩﺎـﺷ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻪ ﺪـﻧﺍ ﻩﺯﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭ
. ﻲﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﮔ ﻱ
ﻲـﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎـﻓﺭ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ
ﻲﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ
ﺍﺰﺳ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭ
.
ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ
ﻱ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻪـﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺒـﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺎﻴـﺴﺑ ﺖـﺻﺮﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ
ﻱ
ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻖﻴﻗﺩ ﺮﺗ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗ ﻥﺎـﺴﻧﺍ
ﻢـﺴﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ ﻲـﻨﻫﺫ ﻱﺎﻫﺪـﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻭ
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺪﻫﺩ
. ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻫﺩ
ﻥﺎـﺴﻧﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺶﻴﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺩﺮـﻣ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ
ﻂﻳﺍﺮـﺷ ﻪـﺑ ﻡ
ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﺏﺎﺴﺣ
.
ﻪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ،ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ
ﺎﻫ ﻞﻜﻴﺳ ﻭ ﻪﺑ ،ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﻮﻛﺭ .
ﻞﻜﻴﺳ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻝﺎﻧﺎﻛ ﺎﻫ ﺍ ﻩﺎـﻓﺭ ﻭ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻝﺎﻧﺎﻛ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗ
ﺖﺤﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺪﻫﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ . ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺩ 2
ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻱ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻞﻜﻴﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻝﺎـﻧﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭ
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻱ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ .
ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ ﻪـﺘﺒﻟﺍ
ﻞﻜﻴﺳ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻦﻤﺿ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖـﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ
ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺍﺬﮔ ﺭ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻝﺎﻧﺎﻛ
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
) ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ
ﻩﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻡﺭﻮﺗ ،ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ،ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ (
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ )
ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲـﺘﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ،ﻡﺮـﺟ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ (
ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺭﺍﺩﻮـﻤﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺪـﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ 1
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .
ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺭﻮﻃ ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ 2
ﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌ ﻲﻣ
ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻢﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺮﺗ
ﻦﻳ ﻝﺎﻧﺎﻛ ﺎﻫ ﻞﻜﻴﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻱ ﻲـﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ .
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎـﻳ ﻪـﺑ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻲﻠـﺻﺍ ﻑﺪـﻫ ﻪـﻛ
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﻦﻴـﻴﺒﺗ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻲﮕﻧﻮـﮕﭼ ﻚـﻳﺭﻮﺌﺗ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺍﺬﮔ ،ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻱﺭ ﻭ
ﺭﺍﺩﻮـﻤﻧ ﺚـﺤﺑ ﻲﻟ 2
ﻂـﻘﻓ ﻪـﺑ
ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻱ
ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻪـﻳﺍﺭﺍ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ : ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ
2 - ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻪﺧﺮﭼ
ﻱ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ
ﻟﺍﻮﺌﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ
ﺕﺪﺷ ﻭ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ،ﻲﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ؟ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻞﻴﻜﺳ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﺍﺬﮔ ﻱﺭ
ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻞﻜﻴﺳ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻱ ﺍﺬﮔ ﻝﺍﻮﺌﺳ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻞﻜﻴﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻱﺭ
ﺭﺩ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻱ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﺰﺋﺎﺣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ
ﻥﺪﺷ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﺷﻭﺭ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻨﻛ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺪ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺎﻳ
ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﻳﺪﺸﺗ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻜﻴﺳ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻒﻴﻌﻀﺗ ﺎﻳ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻱ ﻳ ﺮﻴﻘﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ؟ﻥﺁ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻚ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺪﻳﺮﺧ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻪ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺕﺪﺷ
ﺪﻫﺩ . ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺵﻮﺧ ،ﻱﺭﻭ
ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ
ﺭﺩ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻱ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺪﺷﺭ .
ﺑ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻪ
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻮﺴﻤﻫ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻖﻧﻭ
ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﻳﺪﺸﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻱ
ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺎﻤﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻭﺭ
، ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺪﻨﻤﺗﻭﺮﺛ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ
،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻨﭼ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻭ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺪﻧ
، ﻪﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﻞﻜﻴﺳ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ
ﺎﻫ ﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻊﻣﺍﻮ
ﺖﺳﺍ .
ﻩﺭﺎـﺑﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻫﺎـﮔﺁ ﻭ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻱ
ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺩﻮـﺟﻮﻣ ﺕﻻﺎـﻌﻔﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻞـﻌﻓ
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﺭﻭ
ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ .
ﻪـﺑ ﻪﭼﺮﮔﺍ ﻲـﻣ ﺮـﻈﻧ
ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻱﺩﺎـﺷ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺪـﺳﺭ
ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻛ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻤﺼﺗ )
ﺵﻼﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺶـﺷﻮﻛ ﻭ
( ﻚـﻳ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻱﻮـﻗ ﺭﺎﻴـﺴﺑ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﺷ
، ﺪﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷ ،ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﻪـﭼ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﻴﻟﺩ .
ﻪﻠﻴﮔﺭﺁ )1
2001 (،
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻙﺭﺩ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ
ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ
ﺪﻨﻣ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ،ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻱ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﻭ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺪﻫﺩ
، ﺎﻣﺍ
ﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷ ﻲ
ﻚـﻳ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ
ﻱ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ﺎـﺑ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﻱﺭﻭ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﻛ .
ﻭﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺖﻳﺍﺭ )2
1999 (،
ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩ ﺍ ﻭ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﺕﺪـﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻭ
. ﻲﻜﻴـﺳﺮﻴﻣﻮﺒﻴﻟ ﻭ ﻡﺍﻮﺑ )3
2008 (،
ﺍﺭ ﺩﺮـﻓ ﻱﺩﺎـﺷ ﻦـﻳﺍ
ﻪـﻧﻮﮔ
ﻲﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
: ﻲـﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﺕﺎـﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺴﻛ ﺩﺎﺷ ﺩﺮﻓ ،ﺖﻳﺎـﺿﺭ ،ﺕﺬـﻟ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻗﻼﻋ ﻭ ﻕﻮﺷ ﻭ ﺭﻮﺷ ،ﻱﺪﻨﺳﺮﺧ ﺪﻨﻛ
. ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ
ﻲﻟﻮﻃ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ4
ﺖﻴـﺻﺎﺧ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ،ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺘـﺴﻫ
ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨ
ﻥﺎﺸﻳﺎﻫﺭﺎﻛ ﻖﻓﺆﻣ
ﺪﻧﺮﺗ .
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺎﺘﺳﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﻪﺑ ،ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ
ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ
ﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻱ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ
ﺎﻫ ﻖﻴﻗﺩ ،ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻪﭼﺮﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﺮـﺗ
ﻭ
ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﺮﺗ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻴﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ
ﺩ .
1-Argyle.
2-Wright& Staw.
3-Boehm & Lyubomirsky.
-4 ﻲﻟﻮﻃ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻘﺤﺗ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻋﻮـﻧ
ﻩﺪﻫﺎـﺸﻣ ﻪـﺑ ،ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻖـﻴ ﻱ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻚـﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻩﻭﺮـﮔ ﻚـﻳ ﻱ
ﺺﺨـﺸﻣ ﻲﻧﺎـﻣﺯ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ . ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﻳﺰﻣ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻥﺎـﻣﺯ ﺕﺪـﻣ ﻲـﻃ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻚﻳ ﻱ
ﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻧﻻﻮﻃ .
ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ،ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺎﺟ
ﻲﻤﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﺎـﻀﻋﺍ ﻱﺩﺮـﻓ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻱ
ﻝﺮـﺘﻨﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻩﻭﺮـﮔ
ﺮﻛ ﺠﻴﺘﻧ ،ﺩ ﻪ ﻩﺭﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻱ
ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻞﻛ .
3 - ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺖﻳﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲ
ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺪـﺷ ﻝﺎـﺣ ﺭﺩ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻪﺑ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﻛ ﺭﺩ ًﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺶﻴﺑ
ﺮﺗ ﺕﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﻲـﻨﻌﻳ ﺮـﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺭﺍﺬـﮔ
ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ
، ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ .
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱ ﺎﻧ ﻝﺰﺗﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻪﺑ )1
2010 ( ﻢـﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺮـﺗ
ﻪـﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﺗﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳ ﻱ
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻭ ﺪﻣﺁ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ 13000
ﻲﻟﺍ 17000 ﻪﻤﻫ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱ
ﺝﻭﺯ ﻩﺯﺎـﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻲﻨـﺳ 18
- 65 ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﻣ ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ،ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ
ﻝﺎـﺳ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ 1999 - 2008 ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ
ﻥﺎﻤﻟﺁ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .
ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﻧﺎﭘ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺎﺘﻳﺩ ﻞ
ﻪـﺑ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﺎـﺑ ﻲﻤﺘﻳﺭﺎـﮕﻟ
ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ2
ﻩ ﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻱﻭﺭﺮﺑ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
، ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﺪﺣ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ
. ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺮﺗﻻﺎـﺑ ﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺎـﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻪـﻛ
ﺵﻼﺗ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺪﻨﻣﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺶﻴﺑ
ﺮﺗ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱ ﺶﻴﺑ
ﺮﺗ ـﺷ ﻭ ﺖـﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻱﺩﺎ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻦﻴـﻳ ﻭ ﺲﻴﻧﺎﻴﺘﻴﺴﺗ ،ﺲﻴﻠﮔﺭﻮﮔ ،ﻪﻟﺍﺭﻮﭘﺎﻛ )3
2009 (،
ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺍ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻲﻌﻄﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺍ
) 2002 ﻭ 2004 ( ﻱﺍﺮﺑ 19 ﻝﺪـﻣ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻳﺎـﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ
ﻲﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﺖﻴﺑﻭﺮﭘ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﻲـﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ
ﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻭ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ
، ﻒﻴﻌـﺿ ﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻊـﺒﻨﻣ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎـﺷ ﺮـﺑ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ
ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﻲﺑﺮﻏ ﻱﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ
، ﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻟ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻲﻗﺮﺷ ﻱﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ
.
ﻡﻮﻠﺒﺳﻻﻭ ﻭ ﺱﺮﮕﻴﺳ ،ﺲﻟﻭﺎﭘ )4
2007 (،
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭ ﻱﺍ ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺍ ﻱ
1349
ﺝﻭﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﺗ ﻦﺳ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻥﺎﺷ 18
- 65 ﺩﻮﺑ
،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ 1999
ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎـﻤﻟﺁ
ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻲﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﺖﻴﺑﻭﺮﭘ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ
ﺩﺍﺩ ﻩ ﺍ ﺪﻧ . ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻥﺁ
ﺎـﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻛﺎـﺣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ
ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻱﻭ ﺮﺴﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
.
ﺱﺭﺍﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻥﺪﻠﮔ )5
2005 (،
ﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﻟ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺶـﺳﺮﭘ ﻪـﻣﺎﻧ ﻝﺎـﺳ ﻱﺍ
2002 ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﻡﺍﺪـﻗﺍ ﺕﻻﺎـﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺖﺒـﺴﻧ ﺵﻭﺭ
ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﻦﻴـﺑ
"
ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻓﺎﺿﺍ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺳ
"
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩ ﺍ ﺪﻧ . ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻲﻛﺎـﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ
1- Knabe & Rätzel. 2- Fixed Effects.
3- Caporale, Georgellis, Tsitsianis, Yin. 4-Pouwels, Siegers & Vlasblom. 5-Golden & Wiens-Tuers.
ﺯﺍ ﺁ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥ ﺶﻴﺑ
ﺮﺗ ﺎـﺷ ﻲﻓﺎـﺿﺍ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺳ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺮـﻓ ﻱﺩ
ﻲﻤﻧ ﺪﻫﺩ . ﻭﺭﺍﺯﺍﺯ ﻭ ﻮﻠﺠﻧﺁ )1
2009 (،
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﺎﻴﻟﺎﺘﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻭ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺪﻧﺍ . ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺶـﺳﺮﭘ ﻪـﻣﺎﻧ ﺕﻭﺮـﺛ ﻭ ﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ 2006
ﻛ ﺽﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻲﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻪ
ﺎﻬﻨﺗ
ﻲـﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﻭ ﻖﻠﻄﻣ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻭ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ
، ﻱﺩﺮـﻓ ﻱﺩﺎـﺷ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﻥﺭﺎﻘﺘﻣﺎﻧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ .
4 - ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻭ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﺘﻓﺭ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﺯﺍ ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺡﺮـﻃ
ﺎـﻫ ﻱ ﺶـﺳﺮﭘ ﻪـﻣﺎﻧ ﻱﺍ
ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻱ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻱ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻱ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﺳ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
،WVS
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺝﺍﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ .
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻱ ﻡﻮـﻠﻋ ﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤـﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻧﺎـﻬﺟ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻥﺁ ﺕﺍ ﺮـﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ .
ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱ
ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎـﺳ ﻚﻳ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ
ﻲﻋﺎﻔﺘﻧﺍﺮﻴﻏ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻪﻛ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺪﺋﻮﺳ ﻢﻠﻬﻜﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻣ
ﺷﺎﺑ ﺪ . ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺭﺩWVS
EVS2 ﻲﺳﺭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺍ 97
ﻊـﻤﺟ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻭ ﺭﺎـﻣﺁ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ
ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﺮﺑ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
90 ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎـﻬﺟ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺩﻮﺷ
. ﻦﻳﺍ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﮔﺍﺮﻓ ﻭ ﺬﻓﺎﻧ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ
ﻪـﭼ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺩﺮـﻣ ﻪـﻛ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺪـﻫﺩ
. ،ﺕﺍﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺶﻳﺎـﻤﻧ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ
EVS/WVS ﺡﺮﻃ ﺞﻨﭘ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻱﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ 1981
ﺎﺗ 2007 ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺮﻫ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ
ﻚﻳ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺭﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻛ
. ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻡﻮﻤﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﻩﺪـﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﺖﻠﻣ ﺮﻫ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎـﺼﻣ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻊﻤﺟ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ
.
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻝﺍﻮﺌﺳ
ﻱﺎﻫ ﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺭﺍﺪ ﺕﺍﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻲﻠﻣﺍﻮـﻋ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﻢـﻫ
ﻥﻮـﭼ ﻩﺰـﻴﮕﻧﺍ ،ﺖﻴـﺴﻨﺟ ،ﺐﻫﺬـﻣ ﻱ
،ﺭﺎـﻛ
،ﺏﻮﺧ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻤﻜﺣ ،ﻲﺳﺍﺮﻛﻮﻣﺩ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ
ﻱ ﻪـﻨﻣﺍﺩ ،ﻲـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺖﻛﺭﺎـﺸﻣ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ
ﺕﺍﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ
ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ، ﻲـﻣ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ
ﺪـﻨﻫﺩ .
1-Angelo & Zazzaro. 2- European Values Study.
ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ؛ﺩﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻌﻴﺳﻭ ﻒﻴﻃ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻝﻮﻤﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻉﻮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺒﺗﺭ ﺪﻨﺑ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺯﺍ ،ﺪﻨﻤﺗﻭﺮﺛ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺮﻴﻘﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻱ ﺎـﺗ ﻱﺭﻮﺗﺎـﺘﻜﻳﺩ ﻲﺘﻣﻮـﻜﺣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖﻳﺮﺜﻛﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﻛﻮﻣﺩ ﻝﺍﺮﺒﻴﻟ ﺪـﻨﻫﺩ
.
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺯﺭﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺷ
ﻱ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ءﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﻱ
ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
: ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻩﺰـﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ،ﺎﻫ ﻱﺩﺎـﻋ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬـﺷ ﻱﺎـﻫ
. ﺪـﻳﺪﺟ ﻊـﺒﻨﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ
ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺪـﻴﻠﻛ ﺶـﻘﻧ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺛﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻫﺍﻮﮔ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺯﺎﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺍ ،ﻚﻴﺗﺍﺮﻛﻮﻣﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻲﻠﺠﺗ ﻭ ﺭﻮﻬﻇ ،ﺪﻨﻛ
ﻭ ﻲﺘﻴـﺴﻨﺟ ﻱﺮـﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓ
ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻥﺁ
ﻪﭼ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﻛ ﻲـﻣ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﺪـﻨﻣﺎﻧ . ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻱ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗWVS
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻲـﺳﺍﺮﻛﻮﻣﺩ ﻭ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ ﺖـﻴﻔﻴﻛ ،ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺪﻫﺩ
.
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻲﺠﻨـﺳﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲـﻣ1
ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ .
ﺶــﺳﺮﭘ ﻪــﻣﺎﻧ ﺩﻮــﺧ ﻱﺎــﻫ ﻲﺠﻨــﺳ
ﻉﺍﻮــﻧﺍ ﻭﺰــﺟ ﻥﻮــﻣﺯﺁ
ﺎــﻫ ﻱ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﺘﺧﺎﻨــﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻋﻮــﻧ ﻭ ﻲ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
. ﺯﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺶـﺳﺮﭘ
ﻪـﻣﺎﻧ ﺯﺍ ،ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺳﺍﻮﺧ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻲـﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﺖـﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﻚـﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺺﺨـﺸﻣ ﻱﻭ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﺗﺎﻔـﺻ ﻭ ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﺎﻔﺻ ﻥﺁ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻒﻴـﺻﻮ
ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ﻩ ﻱ ﺪـﻨﻛ ﺺﺨـﺸﻣ ﺖـﺳﻭﺍ ﺖﻴـﺼﺨﺷ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻭ
ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻲـﺿﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺕﺎﻔﺻ ﻪﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﻱ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﻭ
2.
ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱ
5119 ﻝﺎﺳ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺮﻔﻧ 2000
ﻭ 2005 ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ،
ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ
ﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ،ﺎﻫ ﺖـﻗﻭ ﻩﺭﺎﭘ ،ﺖﻗﻭ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ،ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺮ
،ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻟﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻭ 2114
ﻪﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺏﺎـﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻝﺎـﻌﻓ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺪﻧﺍ
. ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻨﺳ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻱ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ
18 ﻲـﻟﺍ
65 ﻝﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻭﺩ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ 2000
ﻭ 2005 ﻪﻠـﺻﺎﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱ
ﻲﻧﺎـﻣﺯ
ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ،ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ
ﻲﻣ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻲﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻥﺪﻣﺁ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
.
ﻪﺑ ﻝﺪﻣ
،ﻝﺪﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻝﺰﺗﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻪﺒﻧﺎﻛ
)3
2010 ( ﻞـﻧﻮﺑﺮﻛ ﻭ
ﻭ ﺯﺮﺘﺠﻳﺮﻓ )4
2004 ( ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺝﺍﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ :
୧୲=Ⱦଵ୧୲+Ⱦଶ୧୲+Ⱦଷ୧୲+Ⱦସ୧୲+Ⱦହ୧୲+Ⱦ୧୲ଶ+ɂ୧୲
-1 Self - Report Inventory ،
ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﺣﻼﻄﺻ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺘﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﺭﺎﻛ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . 2-WVS brochure (2010).
3-Knabe and Rätzel, 2010, pp .77-79. 4-Carbonell and Frijters, 2004, pp.650-652.
ﻥﺁﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ୧୲
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
) ﻲﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺍ ﻭ 1
ﻲﻟﺍ 4 ﺹﺎـﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺪﻫﺩ
( ୧୲ ، ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎـﺧ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ، ﻱ
ﺩﺮـﻓ ﺮـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
) ﺯﺍ ﻲــﺳﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍﺮﺑ 1
ﻲـﻟﺍ 10 ( ୧୲ ، ﻪــﺑ ﻪــﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺩﺮــﻓ ﻲﺘﻣﻼــﺳ ﺖﻴﻌــﺿﻭ ، ﺕﺭﻮــﺻ
ﻲﺠﻨﺳﺩﻮﺧ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ1
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺩﻮﺷ
) ﺯﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ 1
) ﺪـﺑ ( ﻲـﻟﺍ 4 ) ﺏﻮـﺧ ﻲـﻠﻴﺧ (
ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ୧୲ .(
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺩﺮـﻓ ﺮـﻫ ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ، )
ﺯﺍ ﻲـﺳﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍﺮﺑ 1
ﻲـﻟﺍ 8
، ﺪـﻗﺎﻓ
ﻲﻫﺎﮕـﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺎﺗ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ୧୲ .(
ﺩﺮـﻓ ﺮـﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎـﺧ ﻥﺍﺪـﻧﺯﺮﻓ ﺩﺍﺪـﻌﺗ ، ﻭ
୧୲ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ ﻦﺳ ، ﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻪ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻄﺧﺮﻴﻏ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻱ
ﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﺁ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻥﺁ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ
2. ﻭﺪﺟ ﻝ 1
، ﻪﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻲﻔﻴـﺻﻮﺗ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺍﺭ ﻪـﺘﻓﺭ ﺭﺎـﻛ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻫﺩ .
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ 1 - ﻪﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪﺣ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻲﮕﻟﻮﭼ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﺸﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﺪﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻑﺍﺮﺤﻧﺍ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ 4 1 -0/519 -0/136 0/678 3 0/823 2/912 ﻱﺩﺎﺷ 10 1 0/067 -0/474 3/758 5 1/938 5/081 ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ 4 1 -0/401 -0/326 0/675 3 0/822 2/883 ﺖﻣﻼﺳ 8 1 -0/23 -1/350 6/204 8 2/491 5/004 ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ 8 0 1/122 0/725 3/877 0 1/969 1/822 ﺪﻧﺯﺮﻓ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ 65 18 0/94 0/567 152/946 24 12/367 35/703 ﻦﺳ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ : ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺕﺎﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ
5 - ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﺕﻻﺎـﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻲﻳﻮﻠﺑﺎﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻝﻭﺍﺪﺟ 2 ﻲﻟﺍ 5 ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ .
ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺵﻭﺭ
ﺎﻫ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻛﺎﺣ ﺮـﺛﺍ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺖﺳﺍ
. ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ 2 ، ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﻩﺪـﻨﻫﺩ ﻱ
ﻝﺪــﻣ ﻦﻴــﻤﺨﺗ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﺘــﺷﺎﺒﻧﺍ ﺖــﻟﺎﺣ ﻪــﻧﺎﮔﺍﺪﺟ ﺖــﻟﺎﺣ ﻱﺍﺮــﺑ ﻭ
ﺭﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻝﺎــﺳ 2000 ﻭ 2005
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
-1 ،ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ ﻲﺠﻨﺳﺩﻮﺧ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺠﻨﺳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺍ ﺦـﺳﺎﭘ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
ﻥﺎﮔﺪـﻨﻫﺩ
ﺍﺭ ﻝﺍﻮﺌﺳ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﺖﻟﺎﺧﺩ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺷﺩﻮﺧ ﺍﺭ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻧﺍﻮﺧ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ
. ﻪﺑ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻋﻮـﻧ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ
ﻩﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﺐﻃﺎﺨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺮﭘ ﻩﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺎﻘﻋ ،ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ،ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ
. 2- Carbonell and Frijters, 2004.
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ 2 - ﻪﺑ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻲﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﺖﻴﺑﻭﺮﭘ ﺵﻭﺭ
2005 2000 Pooled
102***
/ 0
) 017 / 0 (
083***
/ 0
) 017 / 0 (
088***
/ 0
) 012 / 0 (
ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ 368***
/ 0
) 041 / 0 (
31***
/ 0
) 041 / 0 (
317***
/ 0
) 028 / 0 (
ﺖﻣﻼﺳ 019
/ 0
) 015 / 0 (
036**
/ 0
) 015 / 0 (
021**
/ 0
) 01 / 0 (
ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ 028
/ 0 -
) 026 / 0 (
044* / 0 -
) 023 / 0 (
039**
/ 0 -
) 005 / 0 (
ﺪﻧﺯﺮﻓ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ
097***
/ 0
) 008 / 0 (
073***
/ 0
) 008 / 0 (
085***
/ 0
) 005 / 0 (
ﻦﺳ
001***
/ 0 -
) 0001 / 0 (
0007***
/ 0 -
) 0001 / 0 (
009***
/ 0 -
) 728 / 0 (
ﻦﺳ ﺭﻭﺬﺠﻣ 9644
/ 1061
- -277/1549 -2411/3782 ﻲﻳﺎﻤﻨﺘﺳﺍﺭ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﺎﮕﻟ
1072 1042 2114 ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
،***
،**
ﻪﺑ* ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ
1
% ، 5 % ﻭ 10 % ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ
.
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ : ﺤﻣ ﺎ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺕﺎﺒﺳ
ﺑ ﻪ ﻱﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ
ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻲـﻣ ﻪﺤﺻ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻲ ﺮـﮔﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺬـﮔ
ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﻛ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ
،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ًﺎﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ
ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ 180 %
،ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻞﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺗﺩﺎﺷ 180
% ﻱژﺮﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺶﻴﺑ
ﺮﺗ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ًﺎـﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻭ ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ 50
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﻭ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻢـﻛ ﻱﺩﺎـﺷ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺮـﺗ
ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ . ﻝﻭﺪﺟ 3
، ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻭ
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ 4 ﻪـﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻩﺪـﻨﻫﺩ ﻱ
ﺩ ﺎـﺑ ﻲـﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﺕﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﺕﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ،ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭ
ﻲﻣ ﻙﻻﺪﻧﻮﻣ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
، ﻪﺑ ﻱﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﻛ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗﺎﺑ ﺢﻴﺤـﺼﺗ
ﻙﻻﺪـﻧﻮﻣ
، ﺕﺭﻮـﺻﺭﺩ
ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻢﻫ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﻝﺪﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻪـﻛ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻩﺪـﻨﻧﺯ ﻦﻴـﻤﺨﺗ
ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﺪﻨﻧﺯ
، ﻴﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎ ﻢﻴﻨﻛ
.
ﻪﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ
ﺭﻮﻃ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ
، ﻪﺑ ﺰﺟ ﺕﻼﻴـﺼﺤﺗ ﻭ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ
، ﺐﻳﺍﺮـﺿ
ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
