ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﺑ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁ
ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ
ﺮﻔﻏﺍﺭ ﻦﻴﺴﺣ ﻱﺩﺎﺑﺁ ﻩﺎﺷ ﻞﻀﻔﻟﺍﻮﺑﺍ ،1
ﻩﺩﺍﺰﻴﻠﻋ ﺍﺮﻴﻤﺳ ،2 3
1 ،ﺭﺎﻴﺸﻧﺍﺩ . ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ
ﻱ ﺍﺮﻫﺰﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ،
2 ،ﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ . ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻱ ﺩ ،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻴﺳ ﻲﻠﻋﻮﺑ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍ
،ﺎﻨ
3 ﺪﺷﺭﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ . ،ﺍﺮﻫﺰﻟﺍ
:ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ 19
/ 3 / 1396 :ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ 28
/ 06 / 1396
ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﻮﻤﻫ ﺯﺎﺑﺮﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻩﺭﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻫﺍﺭ ﻦﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﻱ
ﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﻮـﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼ ﻩ ﺍ
.ﺪـﻨﺑﺎﻳ ﺖـﺳﺩ ﺮﺘـﺸﻴﺑ ﺖـﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺎـﻓﺭ ،ﺕﻭﺮـﺛ ﻪـﺑ ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻨﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﺎـﺗ ﺪـﻧ
ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ،ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ
ﺮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻜﻫﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻦﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴـﺴﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺖﺳﺍ
ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ
ﺮﺗ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻦﻳ
ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻂﺴﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼ ﻮﺷ
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻑﺪﻫ .ﺩ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ
ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻚﻧﺎﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ،ﻲﻧﺎـﺴﻧﺍ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮـﻣﺁ)
ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ، ﻢﻳژﺭ ،ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ
ﮔ ﺭﺩ ﺎﭘﻮﻧ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﺑ (ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲـﻫﻭﺮ
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
) 10 ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮـﻧ ﻭ (ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﻮـﺤﻣ
) 18 ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺎـﺑ (ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ
ﻚﻴﻨﻜﺗ ﻞﻧﺎﭘ ﺎﺘﻳﺩ ﻭ ﻪﺑ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻭﺎﺘﺸﮔ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ) (GMM ﻲﻃ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻱ ﻲﻧﺎـﻣﺯ 2015 - 2008
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪـﻫﺩ
ﻪـﻛ ﻊـﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮـﺤﻣ
، ﻡﺎـﻤﺗ ﻪـﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﻲﻃ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻱﺮﺛﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻪﺑ
ﺭﺩ .ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ
ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ
ﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮ
.ﺪﻧﺍ
ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ C23, O15, I25 :JEL
ﻩژﺍﻭ :ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
ﺵﻭﺭ ،ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ،ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ GMM
ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﻱ ،ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ 09132216742
1 - ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺕﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻊﻳﺮﺳ
ﻢﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ،ﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ
ﻪﺑ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ
ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻢﻛ
ﺮﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻭﺮﺑﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ،ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺭﺬﮔ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ
ﺪﻨﻣﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺎﻫﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻭ
ﺵﻭﺭ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻪﻧﺎﻗﻼﺧ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ . ﻪﺑ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﻛ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻤﺳ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻲﻜﻴﻨﻜﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻧﺍﺮﻜﺘﺒﻣ ﻕﻮﺳ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ
ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻭ ﺕﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ
ﺐﺒﺳ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺪﺷﺭ
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻣ
ﺩﻮﺷ
، ﺰﻳﺎﺣ
ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ) ﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺷ ﻥﺍﺭ
، 2003 .(
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻀﻓ ﻢﻟﺎﺳ
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ
ﺪﺷﺭ ﻚﻳ ،ﻲﻠﻣ ﺕﺭﻭﺮﺿ
ﻲﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻭ
ﺕﺎﺒﺛ
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﻴﻳﺄﺗ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺮﻨﻫ)
، 2003 .(
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻱﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺩ ﻱﺭﻭ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻩﺪﻳ
، ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
ﻩﮋﻳﻭ
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻳ ﻲﻨ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻧﻮﮔﺎـﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺮـﺑ ﻲ ﻳ
ﻲﻨ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﮕﻨ - ﺳ ،ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻴ
ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ،ﻲـﺳﺎ
ﻜﻟﺎﻣ ﻴ ﺖ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻟﺎﻣ ﻴ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ،ﺕﺎ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ
ﻳﻪ ﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻳ ﻭ ﻲﻨ ﻱﺎﻀﻓ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻭ ﻩﺭﺎـﺷﺍ ﺭﺎـﻛ
.ﺩﺮﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﺍﻳ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ ﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻳ ﻲﻨ ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺩ
.ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﺪـﻳﺩ ﻥﺎـﺑ ﻲﻧﺎـﻬﺟ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻲـﺷﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﺭﺩ
، ﺭﺎـﻛ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎـﭘﻮﻧ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁ
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻭ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ 2015
ﺐـﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ 26
/ 23 ﻭ 54 / 8 ﺪـﺻﺭﺩ
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻡﻼﻋﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ
ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺎﺑ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﮕﺘﻓﺎـﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﻛ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻡﺪﻋ.
ﺖﻴﻓﺮﻇ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
، .ﺖـﺳﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﻥﺩﻮـﺑ ﻻﺎـﺑ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﻴﻟﺩ
ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﺕﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ ،ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ،ﺭﺍﺯﺎـﺑ ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ،ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﻛﻭﺭﻮﺑ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻭ
، ﻞـﻳﻻﺩ ﺯﺍ
ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻊـﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻮﻣ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣ
ﺭﻮـﺤﻣ ﻲـﻣ ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ
ﻩﺪﻳﺩ) ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻥﺎﺑ ،3
2015 .(
1. Shan et al 2. Henry
3. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)
ﻲﻣ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ
، ﻲﻜﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺮـﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻖـﺒﻃ .ﺖـﺳﺍ
ﻲﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ
، ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻩﺮﻴﺧﺫ ﻱ ﻪﺘﺷﺎﺒﻧﺍ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻱﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺎـﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻭ
ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺯ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ
ﻩﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻲـﻣ
ﺩﻮـﺷ
، ﺩﺎـﻳ ﻲـﻣ ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ
1ﻙﺍﺯ)
، 1999 ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ .(
ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍ
ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﺘﻨـﺳ
ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎﺟ
ﺩﻮﺧ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺮﺑ
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ،
ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺖﻣﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻭﺮﮔ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ ﻪـﺑ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺪـﻳﺪﺟ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻤﺠﺗ
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺎـﻴﻨﺑ
ﻲﺒـﺴﻧ ﺖـﻳﺰﻣ ﻖـﻠﺧ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻱﺎﻀﻓ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
ﻮﺷ .ﺩ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺮـﺑ ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺎـﻫ
2ﺎﭘﻮﻧ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺒﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻱ
ﻭ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻲـﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ .ﺩﻮـﺷ
ﺮـﻛﺫ ﻪـﺑ ﻡﺯﻻ
) ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻊﻤﺠﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ (WEF
ﺢﻄﺳ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ3
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻪﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼ
ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ،ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﻭ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ
ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﻱ
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
، ﺯﺍ ﻲﺤﻄﺳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺵﺎﻌﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻣﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺭ
ﻭ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻭ ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺮﻫﺎﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺭﺎﻛ
ﻡﺎـﺠﻧﺍ ﻲـﻣ .ﺩﺮـﻴﮔ ﻪـﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻱ
ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
، ﻲﺘﻌﻨـﺻ ﺎـﺑ ﻩﺍﺮـﻤﻫ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻚـﻳ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻥﺪـﺷ
ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ
ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻲﻳﻮﺟ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻮـﺑ ﺭﻮـﺤﻣ
ﻥﺩ
ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ گﺭﺰﺑ ﻱ .ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻱ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
، ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺢﻄـﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼ ﻭ ﺐـﺴﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﺮﺘـﺸﻴﺑ ،ﺭﺎـﻛ ﺶـﺨﺑ ﻭ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺭﻮـﺤﻣ
ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺮﺘـﺸﻴﺑ ﺵﺮﺘـﺴﮔ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻩﺪـﻳﺩ) ﺪـﺑﺎﻳ
،ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻲﻧﺎـﻬﺟ ﻥﺎـﺑ 2015
ﻪـﺑ .(
ﻞـﻴﻟﺩ
ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ ﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺭ
ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻭ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﻞـﻣﺎﻛ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻭ ﺭﻮـﺤﻣ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺩﻮﺒﻧ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ
ﻱ ﺐـﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻭ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ،ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻊـﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺒﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮـﻧ ﻭ ﺭﻮـﺤﻣ
ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮـﺤﻣ
ﻩﺪﺷ .ﺪﻧﺍ
1. Zack
.2 ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺎﭘﻮﻧ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻕﻼﻃﺍ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ 42
ﺮﻤﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺎﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ) ﺩﺭﺬﮔ
2015
، ﺭﺩ ﺎﭘﻮﻧ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺱﺮﺘﺳﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻛﺫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ .(GEM
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻛ
ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺎﭘﻮﻧ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ
ﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻌﻟ
ﻱ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ 3. World Economic Forum
ﺭﺩ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻚﻧﺎﺑ )
2011 ( ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ، ﺶﻧﺍﺩ
ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﺑﺮ ﻱﺎـﻨﺒﻣ ﺭﺎـﻬﭼ ﻪـﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺯﺍ
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺖﺧﺎـﺳﺮﻳﺯ ،ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺪـﺑﺍ ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ،ﻲﻧﺎـﺴﻧﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ) ﻢـﻳژﺭ ،ﻲﺗﺎـﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻱﺎـﻫ
(ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺪﻴﺠﻨﺳ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
، ﺍﺬﻟ ﺭﺩ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﻦـﻳﺍ
ﻉﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﻝﺍﺆـﺳ
ﺮـﻳﺯ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ
ﻲﻣ :ﺩﻮﺷ ﻡﺍﺪﻛﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﭼ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻱ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ
ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ .ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ
ﺍﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺲـﭘ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺢﻳﺮﺼﺗ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ،ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻪﻣ
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ ﻭ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ
ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ .ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻨ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ
ﻱ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻳ ﺪﺟ ﻲ ﻳ ﺪﺟ ﻲـﺷﻭﺭ ،ﺪ ـﻳ
ﺁﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺪ ﻳ
ﻟﻮﺗ ﺪـﻨ ـﻴ ،ﺪ
ﺍﻳ ﺪﺟ ﻱﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻳ
،ﺪ ﻳ ﻣ ﻦﺘﻓﺎ ﺪﺟ ﻊﺑﺎﻨ ﻳ ﺍ ﻭ ﺪ ﻳ ﻜﺸﺗ ﻪﻧﻮﮔﺮﻫ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻴ
ﺪﺟ ﺕﻼ ﻳ ﻭ ﺐـﺴﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺪ ﺎـﻛ
ﺭ
ﺮﺘﻴﭙﻣﻮﺷ) ،
1934 (.
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻥﻮﻨﻛﺎﺗ
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻭ ﻪـﻤﻫ
ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﻮﺗﻮﻣ
ﻪﻛﺮﺤﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻱﺩﺎﺼ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮ ﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ،
ﻳ ﻓ ﻥﺎﻨ ﺖﺻﺮ ﻭ ﻒـﺸﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﺘﻣﺎﻧ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ
ـﺑ ﺮ ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ
ﻥﺎـﻣﺍﺭﺎﺗﺎﻜﻧﻭ ﻭ ﻥﺎـﺷ) ،
2000 .(
ﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ،ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻳ
ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻨ ﻼﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﻠﺻﺍ ﻥ ﻲ ﺖـﺻﺮﻓ ﻖﻠﺧ ﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻳﻪ ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻘﻠﺗ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﺗﺮﻣ ﻭ ﺎﺗﻻ) ،4
2009 .(
ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ
ﺖـﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ ﺁﺭﺎـﻛ
ﻱﺪـﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓ
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻳ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ
ﺪﻨﻛ ﻮﻨﻴﻛﻮﻛ) ،5
2005 ﺭﺩ .(
ﻥﺮـﻗ ﺮـﺿﺎﺣ ﻪـﻛ
ﻥﺮﻗ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﺳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ
ﻢﻬﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻱ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ
ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻮﺗ ،ﺕﻭﺮﺛ ﻪﻌﺳ
ﻱ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻭ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻟﻮﻣ ،ﻱﺮـﺨﻓ ﻭ ﻲﺒﻴﻃ)
1389 ﺹ ، 38 ﺯﺍ .(
ﻱﻮﺳ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻲـﻜﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ
ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺐﺒـﺳ ﺪـﻳﺪﺟ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻱ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺐﻴﻏﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻖﻳﻮﺸﺗ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺮـﺠﻨﻣ
ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺕﻭﺮﺛ ﻭ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻮﺷ ﻪﺑ .ﺩ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ
ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ
1. World Bank 2. Schumpeter
3. Shane and Venktaraman 4. Latha and Murthy 5. Kokkinou
ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺩﺎﺼ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ
ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺖـﺳﺍ
ﺶﻳﺭﺩﺁ) ،
2007 .(
ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ
ﺪﺷ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺍﺭ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺮﺑ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺪﻧﺍ
ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻨﺑ
ﻥﺎـﻴ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﻜﻳ ﻢـﻬﻣ ﺮـﺗ ﻦﻳ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺮﺼﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﻳﺎﺷ ﻚﻤﻛ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻱﺎـﻀﻓ ﺩﻮـﺒﻬﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺎﻧ ،
ﺮﺛﺍ . ﻥﺎﻴﻟﺎـﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻱﺎﻔﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻪﻏﺪﻏﺩ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩ
ـﻃ ﻮ ﺭ ﺶﻟﺎـﭼ ﺯﺍ ﺲـﭘ ﻪـﻛ ﻱ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻲﺘﻌﻨـﺻ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻥﺎـﻴﻣ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺖـﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻪـﻛ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﻥﺮﻗ ﻞﻳﺍﻭﺍ ﻭ ﻢﻫﺩﺯﻮﻧ ﻥﺮﻗ ﻱﺮﻜﻓ ﻱﺪﺟ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺗ
ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲـﻣ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ
،ﺩﺮـﻴﮔ
ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﻮﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻭ ﻉﺍﺪﺑﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﻴﭙﻣﻮﺷ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻝﻮﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻨﻛ ،ﺮﺘﻴﭙﻣﻮﺷ) 1934
.(
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ )
(OECD
، 2
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ
، ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺍ ﺱﺎﺳ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ،ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻭ
ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺕﺎـﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ
ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻭ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﻊﻳﺎﻨـﺻ ﻭ ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ ﺭﺩ .ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻪـﻳﺎﭘ
ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ
،ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ
، ﻙﺮﺤﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ،ﺪﺷﺭ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﺕﻭﺮﺛ
ﻭ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺘـﺷﺭ ﺎـﻫ
ﺍ ﺖﺳ ،ﻱﺯﺎﻨﻬﺷ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺯﺩﺎﻤﻋ) 1386
ﺹ ، 150 .(
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻚﻧﺎﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻖﺒﻃ ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ
ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ،ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻦﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺏﻮﺧ
ﺵﺯﻮـﻣﺁ ﻩﺪـﻳﺩ ﻭ ﺯﺎـﻴﻧ ﺮﻫﺎـﻣ
ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻫ ﺮ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﺍ ،ﺐﺴﻛ ،ﻖﻠﺧ ﻭ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ .ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ
ﺭﺩ
ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻩﻮﻘﻟﺎـﺑ ﻱﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪـﻳﺍ ﺎـﻫ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ
ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺪﻨﻛ . ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﺮـﺑ ﺵﺯﻮـﻣﺁ ﻭ
ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ
ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻖﻳﻮﺸﺗ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ،ﺖﻴﻗﻼﺧ ﺯﺎﺳ
ﻱﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻪـﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﷲﺍﺪﺒﻋ) ،
2010 ﺐﺒﺳ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .(
ﺖـﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻛ
ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ،ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﻗﻼﺧ
ﻭ ﺕﺰﻋ ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﺖﻤـﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﻬﻧﺁ ﻚـﻳﺮﺤﺗ
ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ .ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺮﻈﻧﺪﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ
ﻭ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻱﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ،ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺢﻄﺳ
ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ،ﺎﻫ ﻭ
ﻥﺩﻮـﻣﺯﺁ ﻩﺪـﻳﺍ
ﻱﺎـﻫ ﺪـﻳﺪﺟ ﻭ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻩﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻱ
ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻮـﺷ
ﺩ ﻥﺍﺭﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﮓـﻧﺎﭼ) ،
2011 ﻱﻮـﺳ ﺯﺍ .(
1. Audretsch
2. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 3. Abdullah et al
4. Chang et al
ﺖﺷﺎﺒﻧﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ
ﻱ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ
، ﻪـﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻱ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺮـﺘﻬﺑ
ﺯﺍ ﺮﻳﺎـﺳ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻒﺸﻛ ﻫ
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻱﺎ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ
ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ
، ﻪﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻱﺎـﻀﻓ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ،ﻩﺩﺍﺯﺩﺎﻤﻋ) ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ
1382 .(
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﻭﺩ
، ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻪـﺑ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮـﻧ ﻢﺘـﺴﻴﺳ ﻚـﻳ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺪﺑﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺍ
ﺯﺍ ﻱ
ﻪﻳﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ،ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺘـﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺎـﺸﺘﻧﺍ ،ﻖـﻠﺧ ،ﻞﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔ
ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻥﺎـﻴﺑ ﻪـﺑ .ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮـﻧ ﻚـﻳ ﻭ ﻪـﻧﺎﻗﻼﺧ ﻲـﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺮﺘـﺴﺑ ﺖﻴﻗﻼﺧ ﺪـﺷﺭ
ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎـﻳﻮﭘ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮـﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻢﻫﺍﺮـﻓ ﻲـﻣ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﺐﺒـﺳ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮـﻧ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ
،ﺮﺘﻴﭙﻣﻮﺷ) 1934
.(
ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺮﺘﻴﭙﻣﻮﺷ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ
ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻟﻮﻣ ﻥﺎـﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ؛ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ
ﻥﺪﺷ ﺕﺎﺒﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﺷﺭ
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ
ﺭﺩ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ،ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ
ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ ،ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ
ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ
ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ
ﻭ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺕﺮﻬﺷ ﻭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﻭ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻱﺎـﻀﻓ ﺩﻮـﺒﻬﺑ
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻣ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﺰـﻣﺍﺩﺁ) ﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ،1
2006 .(
ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﻲـﻨﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻳﺎﭘ ،ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ
ﻞﻜﺷ ﮔ ﻱﺮﻴ ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻩﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎـﻴﺑ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻧﺎـﺴﻛ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ
ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻪﻧﺍﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ
ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ
، ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻪـﻛ ـﺑ ﺎـﺑ ﻪ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮـﻧ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎـﻛ
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ
ﺢﻄﺳ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺍﺭ
ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ـﻨﻫﺩ ﺪ ) ﻭ ﻲﻳﻮـﭼ
ﻥﺎﻓ ، 2006 .(
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﺐـﻳﺮﺨﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﺠﻨﻣ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻀﻓ ﻲـﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻮـﺷ ﻝﻮـﻴﭼ) ﺩ ﻥﺍﺭﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻦﻴـﺳ
،3
2013 .(
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﻮﺳ
، ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳﺯ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺎـﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻝﺎـﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺪـﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺎـﻨﻓ ﻱ ﺍ ﻱﺭﻭ ،ﺖـﻧﺮﺘﻨﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎـﻋﻼﻃ ﺮﺘـﺸﻴﺑ
ﻩﺪـﻳﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺮـﭘ ﻂﻴـﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫ
ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ .ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻱﺭﻭﺎـﻨﻓ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎـﻛ ﻭ ﺮﺘـﺸﻴﺑ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺪـﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻚﻤﻛ ﺎﻫ
ﻩﺪـﻳﺍ ،ﻱﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﺯﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻀﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻙﺍﺮﺘـﺷﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎـﻫ
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺎﻳﺍﺰﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﻣ
ﻚـﻟﺎﻣ ،ﻥﺁ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻩ
ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﻚﻧﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ـﻨﻛ ﺪـﻨﻣ ﻥﺍﺭﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻱﺰـﻛﻭﺮﺘﭘ) ﺪ
، 2007 ﺵﺮﺘـﺴﮔ .(
ﺖﻴﻓﺮﻇ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻭ ﺵﻭﺮﻓ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ،ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ
ﻭ ﺐـﺴﻛ ﻲﮕﻨﻳﺪﻘﻧ ﺖـﻴﻓﺮﻇ ﻖـﻠﺧ ﻭ ﺭﺎـﻛ
ﻭ ﺩﻮـﺒﻬﺑ ﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺪـﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ
ﻱ
ﺭﺎﻛ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁ
1. Adams et al 2. Choi and Phan 3. Cheol cin et al 4. Petroczi et al
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺭﺎﻬﭼ
، ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻢﻳژﺭ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮـﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻖـﺒﻃ .ﺖﺳﺍ
،
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ
ﻢﻛ ﺮـﺗ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ،ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﺖـﻤﻴﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎـﺳﻮﻧ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﻦﻳ
ﺮـﻣﺍ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮـﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﺘﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﺒﻧ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺖـﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﺶ
ﻲـﻣ ﻲـﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻮـﺷ
ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ ﻦﻴـﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺩ
ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﺺﻴـﺼﺨﺗ ﻲﻳﺎـﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻟﺎـﻣ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ،ﻪﺟﺩﻮﺑ ﻭ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻟﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻦـﻤﻟﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻦـﭼ)
،2
2004 .(
ﻢﻳژﺭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ
ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺮﻫ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻩﺰـﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ
ﻱ ﺍﺭﺎـﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ
ﺐﺴﻛ ،ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻭ
ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻚﻳﺮﺤﺗ ،ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺖﻴﻗﻼﺧ
ﺎـﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺍﺭ
ﻢﻫﺍﺮـﻓ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮـﻛ
ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﻛﺮﺤﻣ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﺟﺮﮔ)
،ﻲﻧﺎﻧﺭ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺯ 1393
.(
ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮـﺳ ﺯﺍ
ﮔﺍﺮﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻴ
ﻮﻘﺗ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺮ ﻳ
ﻜﻟﺎﻣ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺖ ﻴ
ﻣﺯ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖ ﻴ
ﻪﻨ ﻱﺍ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﻲـﻣ ﻨﻛ ﺪـﻨ
ﻮﺸﺗ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﻛ ﻳ
ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻖ ﻳﻪ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ
ﺪﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻳ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻭ ﺪ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻭ ﺮـﺠﻨﻣ
ﻪﺑ ) ﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭﺭﻮﺗ
ﻳ
3ﻚ ، 2009 (.
3 - ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻥﻮﻨﻛﺎﺗ ﻱ
ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﺮـﻈﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ
ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﺧﺮﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﻳﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴـﺳﺎﻔﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺎـﺑ ؛ﺖـﺳﺍ
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﻩﺭﺎـﺷﺍ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻳﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ
ﻲﻣ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻚﻨﻴﻟ ﻭ ﻮﻴﭽﻴﮔ )4
2016 (،
ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
ﻪﻛ ﺎﭘﻮﻧ
ﻩژﻭﺮﭘ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻪﻧﺍﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺘﻓﺮﮔ
،ﻪ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻝﺪـﻣ ﺖـﻴﺑﻭﺮﭘ ﻪـﺑ
ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻭ
ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺪﻧﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ
ﺎﻫ ﺕﺭﺎـﺒﻋ ﻪـﺑ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻲﻳﺎﭘﻮﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻲﻳﻻﺎﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﺭ ﻱﺯﺎـﺳ ﺩﻮـﺧ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺖﺴﻜﺷ ﻢﻛ ﺮﺗ ﻱ ﻩژﻭﺮﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ
.
1.
ﻢﻳژﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻤﻜﺣ ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ،ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ
ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺶﺷ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺏﻮﺧ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻤﻜﺣ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻚﻧﺎﺑ . :ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ
1 ﻖﺣ (
ﺎﻬﻇﺍ ﺮﻈﻧﺭ ﻭ
،ﻲﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ 2
( ﺕﺎﺒﺛ
،ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ 3 ( ﻲﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛﺍ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ
، 4 ( ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ
،ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﻭ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ 5
(
،ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ
6 ( ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻚﻧﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻭ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻖﺒﻃ .ﺩﺎﺴﻓ
، ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﻛ ﺮﻫ ﺎﺗ ﺮﻔﺻ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻤﻜﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
100 ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ
ﻲﻣ گﺭﺰﺑ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺮﺗ
ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻱ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻤﻜﺣ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ
. 2. Chen and Dahlman 3. Torvik
4. Gicheva and Link
ﮓﻳﻭ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺘﺴﻠﻛ )1
2015 (،
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻭ ﻩ ﺍ
ﻲﻳﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻚﻳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺪﻧ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﻲﻬﺟﻮـﺗ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ ﻭ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﺩﻮﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻝﻻﺪﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ
ﺕﻼﻴـﺼﺤﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺩ
ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﻳﺎﺷ ﻭ ﺖﻴﺣﻼﺻ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺍﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻨﺑﺮﻳﺯ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ
ﻱﺎـﻫ
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
2ﻮﻴﺘﻣ ) 2010 (،
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻱﺎﻴﺳﺁ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ
، ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ
ﻲﺑﺮﻋ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ
، ﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘ ﻲﻣICT
،ﺖـﻳﺰﻣ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ،ﺵﺯﻮـﻣﺁ ،ﻱﺭﻭﺎـﻨﻓ ﻝﺎـﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻲﻧﺎـﻬﺟ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻴﻧﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ ﻊـﻗﺍﻭ ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ ﻥﺎـﻬﺟ ﺢﻄـﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎـﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻴﻗﻼﺧ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺑﺍ
.ﺩﻮﺷ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺲﻛﺁ )3
2009 (،
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ
ﻱ ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﺰﻳﺭﺮﺳ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ
ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮــﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎــﻛ ﻭ 19
ﻮــﻀﻋ ﺭﻮــﺸﻛ ﺭﺩOECD
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻱ ﻲﻧﺎــﻣﺯ 2002 - 1981 ﻡﺎــﺠﻧﺍ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﻧﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺮـﺑ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺰﻳﺭﺮﺳ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ .ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲﺒﻴﻃ )
2009 (،
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻱ
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻥﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻭ
،ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ 123
ﻲـﻃ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ
ﻱ ﻲﻧﺎـﻣﺯ 2005 -
2000 ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻞﻧﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺯﺍ ﻲﻛﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﻧﺍ ﺁ
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥ
،ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻖﻳﻮﺸﺗ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ .ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺲﻜﻳﻮﻜﻨﻴﺳ )4
2004 (،
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ
ﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﻱ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﻩ ﺍ ﺪـﻧ ﻪـﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺵﺮﺘـﺴﮔ
ﻲﻣICT
ﻦﻴﺑ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﻳﺎﺷ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ،ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﻲ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﺑ .
ﺮﮔﻭﺮﻛ )5
1974 ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ( ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻒﻴﻌﺿ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﺮـﺠﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻑﺍﺮـﺤﻧﺍ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ
ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻟﻮﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻣ
ﻮﺷ ﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺮ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﺤﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻜﺷ
ﺖﻧﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﻮﺟ ﻩﻮﻠﺟ ﻲﻣ ﻨﻛ .ﺪ
1. Kolstad and Wiig 2. Mathew
3. Acs et al 4. Sinkovics et al 5. Krueger
ﻱﺭﻮﻧﻮﺑﺍ ﻭ ) ﻞﺳﻮﺘﻣ 1391 (،
ﺭﺩ ﻲﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺎﺑ
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺖﻴﻜﻟﺎﻣ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ
ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺐـﺨﺘﻨﻣ
ﻭ ﻪـﻛ ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻝﺎـﺳ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ 2010 -
2008 ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ
ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﺳﺍ
، ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ
ﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻩ ﺍ ﺪﻧ ﻪﻛ
ًﻻﻭﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻱﺩﺎـﻬﻧ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎـﭼ ﻱﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺖﻴﻜﻟﺎﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ
ﻱ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﺮـﺑ
ﻱﻭﺭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻣ
ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻭ ﺍﺰﻴﻣ ًﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﻥ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺮﺑ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
، ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻭ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
.
ﻲﻠﺋﺍﺮﮔ ) ﻱﻮﻟﻭ ﻭ ﺦﻴﺷ 1390
(،
ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎـﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎـﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺎـﻨﻓ ﺶـﻘﻧ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪـﺑ
ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﻧﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﺩﺮـﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺐﺒﺳ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲـﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﺵﺭﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺘﻴـﺼﺨﺷ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ،ﻚﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ،ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﭘ
ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ ﻭ ﺐـﺴﻛ ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺎـﻛ
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺍﺭ
.
) ﻱﺮﺨﻓ ﻭ ﻲﺒﻴﻃ 1389
(،
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺮﺑ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ 30
ﻮـﺸﻛ ﻮـﻀﻋ ﺭ ﺭﺩOECD
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻱ ﻲﻧﺎـﻣﺯ 2005 - 2000
،
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﻧﺍ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺪﻫﺩ ﺝﺭﺎـﺨﻣ ،ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ،ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ
ﻭ ﻲـﻨﻌﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻖﺑﺎـﻄﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ
ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ
ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ
OECD
ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ .ﺪﻧﺍ
ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﮔ ﻪﻧﻮ ﻪﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﻮﻬﺸﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ
، ﻞـﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮـﺒﻤﻛ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ
ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ
،ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﺕﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲـﻤﻛ
ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻭ
ﻙﺪﻧﺍ ﻲﺗﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ
ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱ
ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻱﺩﺎﺼ .ﺪﻧﺍ
ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺭﺩ
ﻢﻛ ﺮـﺗ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱﺍ ﻪـﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻧﺍ
،ﺪ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺟﻭ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﻱ ﻪﻴﻘﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻱ
ﻥﻮﻨﻛﺎـﺗ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﻱ ﻲﻠﻣﺎـﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ
ﻲ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ
4 - ﻝﺪﻣ ﺢﻳﺮﺼﺗ ﻲـﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻚـﻳ ﺮـﺑ ﻲـﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ -
ﻭ ﻲﻔﻴـﺻﻮﺗ ﻪـﺑ
ﻝﺎـﺒﻧﺩ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻊـﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﺒﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺮـﺑ ﻥﺎـﻴﻨﺑ
ﻭ ﺭﻮـﺤﻣ
ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﮕـﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻥﻮﻨﻛﺎـﺗ . ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ
ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻧﻮﮔﺎـﻧﻮﮔ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺮـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲ
ﻩﺪﻴﺠﻨﺳ ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻌﺑﺎـﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺪﻧ ﻪـﻔﻟﺆﻣ
ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ
) ﺖﺧﺎـﺳ ﺮـﻳﺯ ،ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺪـﺑﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮـﻧ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ،ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻢﻳژﺭ ﻭ ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
( ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺎـﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﺭﺩ .ﺩﺮﻴﮔ
ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻟﺍ ﮕﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ
ﻲﻧﺍﺮ ﻢﻫ ﻥﻮﭼ ﻥﺍﺭﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻱﮋﺘﻴﻧﺭﺎـﻛ )1
2016 ﻥﺎـﮕﻧﺍﺯﺮﻓ ،(
) 2014 ﺩﺍﺮــﻨﻛ ﻭ ﻮﻴــﺴﻜﻟﺁ ،(
)2
2010 ﻥﺍﺭﺎــﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺲــﻛﺁ ،(
) 2009 ﻥﺍﺭﺎــﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻙﺮــﻠﻛ ،(
3
) 2008 ) ﻥﺎﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻳﻮﭼ ،(
2006 ﻞﻴﻛ ﻭ ﺶﻳﺭﺩﺁ ،(
4ﭻﺑ ) 2008 (،
ﺎـﻛ ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻮﺷ
:ﺩ
) 1 ( ୧୲ൌ ୧୲ሺ୧୲ሻஒభሺ୧୲ሻஒమሺ୧୲ሻஒయሺ୧୲ሻஒర
ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ENT
،5
ﻲﻧﺎـﺴﻧﺍ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮـﻣﺁHC
،6
ﻡﺎـﻈﻧINO
ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺪﺑﺍ ،7
ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳﺯ ICT
ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻭ8
ﻢﻳژﺭREG
ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ9
ﻲﻣ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﺎﮕﻟ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ) 1 (،
ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ
:ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ) 2 ( ୧୲ൌ ȽȾଵ୧୲ Ⱦଶ୧୲ Ⱦଷ୧୲ Ⱦସ୧୲ɂ୧୲
) ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ 2
،(
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻱ
ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻚـﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ـﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺎـﻫ
) ﻝﻭﺪ 1 ﺭﺩ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺮـﻛﺫ ﻪـﺑ ﻡﺯﻻ .ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ (
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﺐﻳﺍﺮﺿ ﻕﻮﻓ
ȾସﻭȾଷ،Ⱦଶ،Ⱦଵ
ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﭘﻮﻧ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺶـﺸﻛ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ
ﻢـﻳژﺭ ﻭ ﺕﺎـﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎـﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺎـﻨﻓ ،ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺪـﺑﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ،ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻢﻫ .ﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑߙ
ﺃﺪﺒﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻭ
ɂ୧୲ ﺮﮕﻧﺎـﺸﻧ ﺰﻴﻧ
ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻱ ﺲﻳﺪﻧﺍ .ﺖﺳﺎﻄﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻭi
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻫ t
.ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﻓ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺖﻣﻼﻋ ﺐﻳﺍﺮﺿ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺮﻳﺯ :ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ப౪
பୌେ౪ ൌ Ⱦଵ Ͳǡபப୍౪
౪ ൌ Ⱦଶ Ͳǡபப୍େ౪
౪ ൌ Ⱦଷ Ͳǡ
ப౪
பୖୋ౪ൌ Ⱦସ Ͳ
1. Czarnitzki et al 2. Alexeev and Conrad 3. Clercq et al
4. Audretch and Keilbach 2. Entrepreneurship
3. Education and Human Resources 7. Innovation System
8. Information Infrastructure
9. Economic and Institutional Regime
ﻞﻣﺎــﺷ ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮــﻣ ﻪــﻧﻮﻤﻧ 28
ﻊــﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮــﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲــﺒﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺭﻮــﺸﻛ ﺭﻮــﺤﻣ
) 10 (ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻭ1
ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ) 18 (ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻭ 2
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻱ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ 2008
ﺎـﺗ
32015
ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ
ﻱ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱ ﺒﺳ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺪـﺷ ﺐ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩ ﻚـﻴﻨﻜﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺎـﺗ
ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻳﻮﭘ ﻞﻧﺎﭘ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻭﺎﺘﺸﮔ)GMM
(ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ4
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ 1 ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ .
ﻉﻮﻧ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻡﺎﻧ
ﺩﺎﻤﻧ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ
ﺬﺧﺄﻣ
ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﺎﮕﻟ
LENT ﺎﭘﻮﻧ ﺎﭘﻮﻧ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ ﺑ
ﻥﺎ
) ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ( GEM
ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﺎﮕﻟ
ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﺒﺛ ﺥﺮﻧ LHC
ﺭﺩ ﺺﻟﺎﺧﺎﻧ ﻡﺎﻧ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻴﺑﺩ ﻊﻄﻘﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ ) ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ (WDI 5
ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺪﺑﺍ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﺎﮕﻟ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ
LINO
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ پﺎﭼ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﺕﻼﺠﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺍﺯﺍ 10000 ﺮﻔﻧ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ
) ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ( WDI
ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﺎﮕﻟ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ
LICT
ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻨﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺍﺯﺍ ﻪﺑ 100
ﺮﻔﻧ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ
) ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ( WDI
ﻢﻳژﺭ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﺎﮕﻟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﻭ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ LREG
ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ
) ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻤﻜﺣ (WGI
6
ﻣﺁ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﺭﺎ ﻱ
ﺭﺩ ﻝﺪـﻣ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ
ﻱ ) ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ 2015
-
2008 ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ( ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻭ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
) ﻝﻭﺍﺪـﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ 2
) ﻭ ( 3 ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ (
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ
1.
ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺮﺼﻣ ،ﺮﻳﺍﺰﺠﻟﺍ ،ﺎﻴﺒﻣﺍﺯ ،ﺍﺪﻧﺎﮔﻭﺍ ،ﻱﻮﻴﻟﻮﺑ ،ﻡﺎﻨﺘﻳﻭ ،ﻦﻴﭙﻴﻠﻴﻓ ،ﺪﻨﻫ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ 2.
،ﻥﺎﻤﻟﺁ ،ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻠﮕﻧﺍ ،ﺎﻴﻟﺎﺘﻳﺍ ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﭙﺳﺍ ،ﻪﺴﻧﺍﺮﻓ ،ﻚﻳﮋﻠﺑ ،ﺪﻨﻠﻫ ،ﺪﺋﻮﺳ ،ﺲﻴﺋﻮﺳ ،ژﻭﺮﻧ ،ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﻩﺮﻛ ،ﻙﺭﺎﻤﻧﺍﺩ
ﻱ ،ﻲﺑﻮﻨﺟ
ﺪﻨﻟﺮﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﻮﻳ ،ﻝﺎﻐﺗﺮﭘ ،ﺪﻧﻼﻨﻓ ،ﻦﭘﺍژ 3.
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻪﻛ
2008 ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻥﺎﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ
، ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻱ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ 2008
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺑ 4. Generalized Moment of Method 5.World Development Indicator 6.Governance Development Indicator
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ 2 ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ . ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻑﺍﺮﺤﻧﺍ
ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪﺣ
80 LENT
97 / 1 70
/ 0 69
/ 0 36 / 3
80 LHC
06 / 4 59
/ 0 55
/ 2 63 / 4
80 LINO
53 / 3 69
/ 1 95
/ 0 97 /6
80 LICT
008 / 3 60
/ 0 47
/ 1 97 / 3
80 LREG
25 / 3 75
/ 0 05
/ 1 4
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ :ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻡﺮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ
Eviews 9
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ 3 ﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ . ﻱﺭ
ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻑﺍﺮﺤﻧﺍ
ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪﺣ
144 LENT
26 / 1 32
/ 0 70
/ 0 26 / 2
144 LHC
71 / 4 14
/ 0 51
/ 4 38 / 5
144 LINO
73 / 5 09
/ 1 02
/ 4 33 / 8
144 LICT
35 / 4 19
/ 0 64
/ 3 58 / 4
144 LREG
47 / 4 10
/ 0 14
/ 4 6/
4
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ :ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻡﺮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ
ﺭ Eviews 9
ﺭﺩ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ
ﺮﻫ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ
ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ
ﻭ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
ﻲﻣ .ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﺭﺩ 4
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺎﭘﻮﻧ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ
ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
، 11 / 9 ﻮﻧ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ
ﺭﻮﺤﻣ 64 / 3 ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻛﺎﺣ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
، ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
، ﻲﻟﺎﺣﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺐﺗﺍﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺗ
