بررسی اثر قرق بر میزان ترسیب کربن درمنه‎زارها در مناطق خشک استان سمنان

" !

#$% &

'

* ( )

&*

$ #$

' +$, -

*. + +$, $ /

*.

" #

!

$%

)

' ( )*

:

!,

/

.

/

/0.

1 ' ( 2' 3

:

!/

/

4

/

/0

(

01

#$

6 7 8 9 7 8 :

; <

= >'

? @ AB 8<C )

.

8 E 6

F6

# ' 3

; G '

FC H 7 6 I J ' C

$

.

K # 8 L M <H

N O F6

P*

F JQ

;

; RS' T

=U' V @ P

JQ

; FC H 7 6 ' V @

)

C 8W' 1 L XS

(

Y V @

)

L

(

<

X Z Y ) 8 7

8

(Artemisia aucheri)

6

$C

.

8 X FC H

7 6 8 [ \

* 2' ]

^ ' X<M R<

_ )EM '

..

<

_.

["H

×

<

8Ra b [ \ )* 7

.

NJ 6 ["H 6 < H FC H

7 6 I J

$ 7

$C

; 7 P c<

d V <%

'

; 7

$

.

8 PK' S' N 6 8 eX

SPSS v.16

P*

K

$C

.

<

f 8

b"<J

;

$\

FC H 7 6 g g P I J )9Z h

$ 6

i CO 8 7 8

6 8Ra

B 8<C )

.

h N ' V @ /

/

kg/ha

_j4 <

' Y V @

# 7

$

.

k 3

$ ' N 8

)

V @

:

j4

/

!

%

Y V @

:

/

/

!

(%

<

$ 6 )

k 3

$ ' N

$ 6

i CO 8Ra

8 Z a

?6 b"<J 8<C $

$

.

mX6

;

<

f 8

[ c'

; ' 3

;

$ 6 n <9 8 7 8

6

)

oa

(%

i CO

)

oa p

(%

' V @

$ 6 q A # ' Y V @

B

.

8B ' 8

=U' V @ P*

F FC H 7 6 ' 3

;

\ ' 8 C

$ ) L )r c%

FC H 7 6

$ q @ 7

.

#2 + . 3

$ . :

8 ' ' 3

; V @ >'

? @

*

$ M s tM

;c ' : uvuwvxx 1 yz{{

|: * : y{v{uw}}v~•

E-mail: maedehyousefian@yahoo.com

$5 86 6 J N€ M )M S a

•\ 2J 7 Z#

C 6 7 8 9 7 cMX'

oa

; XZ

8B ' @ 8<* 7 )

. 8 X6

; ) d 6

P*

$ )AB

F6 6 7 8 9 7 B

$ #

) 8 ' 8 ' 3

; I J 6 7 6 C

Ogle et al. 2004; Feller and Bernoux, 2008;

)

Mondini and Sequi, 2008

(.

;

;

$X '

;

6 N

=‚

P ' 3

;

8 7 6 '

=U' X [

$ ) ' P

' 3

; A # P X<

$C ) . X6

;

<

) N B

6 ' 9 # P

H 8 ƒ7

$ ) ' 8 q

„c%

) %

8 '

…"\

% A

Z \ G '

A '

<

C

$

Damghan project,

)

(.

2004

; X [

%"\

V @ P 8 XB

X [ 6

%"\

' 8

=U' R<M

?

Y R<M

? P

$\

FC H 7 6 h

' 3

; 8 7 6 ' =‚

) .

=U' V @

P

$\

FC H 7 6 ' 8 8 Z a

Mcevoy

et al.

(2006)

8 6 s XC

$ Z C .

A # 8

;

<

8K

$ $ 8 V @

† P*

F

$\

FC H 7 6 F6 I J )9Z C

Chen et al.

.

(2007)

P Z$

8 )AB =

L '

H Z '

$ Z 8

‡Z J '

<MZ >

8

$

$ 8 P*

F [$C L P

s 2S H

Z '

$ Z 8

‡Z J 8<

C .

=U' V @ h

7 6 P ' 8 RS' T

Azarnivand et al. (2009)

C X . A #

= L '

3

; 8 7 8

<C '

<

X

$ 8 L 3B

F6

h 8 7 8

<C JQ

;

$ 6 i CO

$C )

Foroozeh and

.

Mirza Ali (2006)

P

=U' X [ V @ '

P ' 3

; ' 6 8'

6 3Z Y I J

8Ra X7

<

<M 7

$

8 X [ V @ )r c%

' 8

†

P*

F ' 3

; 8 7 6 8' 3Z Y 8Ra

$C

) . 8< Z

$ 8

; 8<E 8B ' )C 8 ' ' 3

; T

' 7 6 3M%

8 7 7 6

E C 6

$

<

[ c<

)

Mortenson

)

and Schuman, 2002

(.

; B )AB 9 '

‡ '

@ ' 3

; e

8Ra k 3

$ ' N '

8

; Z#

P =‚

(Foroozeh et al. 2008)

) .

8 7 6 n <9 mX6

;

$ 6 [ c<

k 3

$ ' N c <9 C

$ . 8

Bordbar

s ˆ

et al. (2006)

P ' 3

;

E B 6

T Y

<

h *

$ 6

n <9 k

3

$ ' N ' c<

d P7

$ .

Foroozeh et al. (2008)

P

;Xk '

' 3

; 8 7 6 ' N7

<*#

7 8 8

<C k 3

$ ' N ' c<

$ 6

;

8 7 6 ) $

$ # )

[ *"<J B

P

k 3

$ ' N

;

;

$ 6 C N

>' [

$ )

<X

$ 6

$ <M .

8< Z 6 [ Z a B

8a 29

;

$ )

V @ ' 3

; X

$ . 8 s ˆ T

[ Z a

‰ RRS

;

Milchunas and

$

Lauenroth (1993) Shrestha and Stahla (2008)

$ ) V @

=U' '

3

; I J 7

$ .

‰ * P [ Z a J

<

8K

$ <* 7 8

s X

$ ) V @ ' 3

; I J 7 F6

$

Fearnside and Barbosa, 1998; Schuman et

)

al. 1999; Reeder and Schuman, 2002; Derner et

.

al. 1997

(.

Z % 8 ˆ [ Z a P*

F ' 3

; I J s X

$ ) V @ d P7 X

$

Frank et al. 1995; Bauer et al. 1987;Conant et al.

)

2001; Su-Yong and Zhao, 2003; Ogle et al. 2004;

.

Javadi et al. 2005; Jalilvand et al. 2007; Derner

.

and Schuman, 2007

(.

b"<J [ Z a

K

$C

C b"<J

@

?

\ 2J [ I J C G

S a ' 3 8 B 7 6 s X

$ ) 6

L n <9

C

(Guodong et al. 2008)

$ .

XK Š 8 X6 8

T RS' T

‹ < <

7 =

?<M 6

$

<

P ' 3

;

8

* 8

? L J

.

; 7

; 3 a ) 8 RRS

;

$ C"' ' 7Π6

? % 8\

6 ' S

$ ) A # P*

F

P ' 3

; <

; c<

X

$ . ƒZ

;

RS' T P b$6 =

V @ P

' 3

;

FC H 7 6 ' mX6

; '

M <H N

' 3

; '

8X e J C 8W' ] L XS

L K

$C ) .

) + +

6 7 58

8Ra Z a

8 ) V @ Y V @ (

<

X

< AC

>

@

$C ) . X [ V @ '

C 8W' 1 L XS 8 [$

w s K

$C

' \ 8

' L

$@ * V @ )S' L

$C

$

$ c 7

?<M L C

$ . ' V @

$C )% M

{y}yy

<E6 ˆ $%

Š c' }~z~

<

N@ $%

Š c' {vyy <

oa 8 \ *

uv

<

s XC

• Y

>

@

$C ) ) NEC {

} .(

)AB C 3 X 8Ra

V @

$C Y 8

@ C

s

* >B

?

#

@ {x A {y v•

Ž

* >B {v

?

{w @ ux A @ 8<* 7

$C ) . '

Y V @ P s

* >B w

?

{{ @ v• A Ž

* >B }z

?

{w @ ux A C

$ . ' C 8W' 1 L

XS

• B 8 ' 6#

' X

<

8 < # ) GJ h Z L mZ

( V C 8 '

6#

s s ) 8'"

(

• Y 8 ' H

$S )

. 8B ' 8 8E 8Ra V @

$C

<M ' 6 R'

• 7

<M 6 '

s$<

C

$ ' [ 2

@" @ )

8 <M ( c<

@ 7 . P 7$

8Ra {•y <

s N@ $%

8B [ %

#

•~

/ uy

8B

<

7 ˆ $%

6

;XA

•}

/ {{

1 8B

<

7 C

$ . X' 7Œ

6

* 7 H ' )

C 3 )AB Š c'

( 7$

I J

@

?

6

% 8 ' Z a V @

$C Y V @ ME

(Damghan project, 2004)

) .

90:

"

; 58 ) 7< 8 : ,

=

90:

*

;

# +$/

) 7< 8 )

"

:

?

&

* :

?

@ (

+ B) B .

8 % C 8W' 1 L XS L

$<

$@

8

C R

) Z Y 8 7 8

6

$ 7 .

• 9<

T 8 Z a

•"

\ ˆ: $%

‰%

8 7 8

(Artemisi aucheri)

6 N@ $%

‰%

8 7 6 X6 C

$ .

; NX 8 q bƒ%

=U'

8 7 6 6 7 3 '

; : 8 ΠF9

• J i CO '

@ 2S

8 7

8 6 3 '

; : [ \ )* 7 . 6

8 % ' Z a F

zv

$\

N:

FC H 6 7

• 8 8 7 8

6 <X:

v

$\

• 8

8 7 6

.

)

|H '

; 8Ra b 8 )% M

e

<E6 '

V @ Y V @ 8 X

FC H 7 6 i CO 8 7

8 6 8 d

* 2' ]

^ ' X<M

(Chambers and Brown, 1983)

K

$C .

$ ' 3

["H 6 8 X c<

d

(Mesdaghi, 2003)

# h

8a {

) $

$ #

$ 3

["H 8 d oa N@ $%

(Mueller and Ellenberg, 1974)

'

;

$C .

2

(

2 2

2 2

1 X P S n t N

) ( +

=

8a

N

V * N@ $%

$ ' 8 X O :

t

}y

c<

t

s $B

<

) oa s X<%

q

)

•O X { / y :(

w•

/

X

{

; 8 X 6 Z 8 :

P

xy

$%

aJ 8

•O X : { / y )

}

.

|

S

:

n

{zy

$ ' 8 X Z 8 : {y ) .

$ ' ["H 6 6 e

' V @ Y V @ }y ["H ) { <

(

#

7

$ . 6 ["H c<

X9'

; q

(Moghadam, 2005)

$\

FC H B '

$\

g

P

$\

I J )9Z

$\

i CO ) =

7

$ . mX6

;

?: ' 8 7 8

6 P h

d XC 6

H 8 8 7 8

$%

oa ["H

(Mesdaghi, 2003)

)C

$C . 7 6 XB

#

$C 8

< AC

>

s R<

eX h C 8

6 * B

C

@

$ <* 7 . )AB

# h

6

i CO d

$ 7 R<M

? c<

$C

(Mesdaghi, 2003)

. 8 X

$ 6

‹ ' FC H 7 ' oa

; 8 N : a@

$C

c<

' S\

$ 6 )

‘ C i

8@

( {vy

7 6 e

$ 6 6

{vy 7

$ mX6

; }y 7

i CO )AB

'

; e J '

;

$\

;

$B 7

$ . 8 X

$ P

' TX

Q c 8

6 ) ˆ $%

vy

<

<

( K

$C . )AB

'

; k 3

$ ' N

;

$ 6 6

i CO 8

; Z#

d V <%

Birdsey et al.

)

2000; Bordbar, 2004; Abdi, 2005; Foroozeh,

.

(

2006

c<

$C . 8

• k 3 k N $ '

; :

Z#

h 6 7 N:

; : 3 '

$C

6 ["H ) A

6

<’6 8

6

%

' Z a ) $

$ # .

- ' + 3/

9 C .

8 q R

8M P ' 3

;

;

$ 6 7

$E Z #

P

| 8* aE

)AB 8 "

$

$R

; 6

#

;E

c<

$C ) . mX6

; )AB R 8M P ' 3

; h

7 6 8Ra

t

# NR<M

) Y

<cB ( c<

$C ) .

; 8

eX

P*

6

EXCEL

#

SPSS v.16

K

ƒH )*

. B ' D

<

f

# 6 e 6 < * Sa

I J

$\

FC H 7 6 N\ %

; ["H 6 ' V @

Y V @ s $B

#

$C ) .

$\

FC H

7 6 N ) FC H 7 6 8 7 8

6

7 6 B ["H

6 ( ' V @ , / _!

%

' Y V @ 0

%

# 7

$ . mX6

; P

$\

i CO g

g P I J )9Z P '

V @ <

' Y V @ )

.

<

f N\ % R

8M

; 6 < * Sa

I J

FC H 7 6 '

V @ Y V @ 8

b"<J

;

$\

C H F 7 6 g

g P I J )9Z ) oa { (%

i CO )

oa v (%

8Ra B )

s $B } .(

R

# 8M 8

;

$\ ;

FC H

B '

6 8 8 7

V @ ' Y

oa V @

{

% b"<J B

) s $B / .(

<

f N\ % R

8M h

7

(kg/ha)

6 8 7

8 6 i CO '

V @ Y V @ s $B

•

#

$C ) .

<

f 8

;

$ 6

n <9 8 7 8

6

$R h

8 '

V @ { /

kg/ha

vzyu <

' Y V @ ) v / uv{•

kg/ha

( )

. mX6

;

$R h

$ 6

8@

‘ C i i CO P

' V @ 8 ' ' 3

x / uz•x v / {uxz {

/

kg/ha

}•w <

'

Y V @ ) 8 ' ' 3 : z / }yu}

} / xu~

• /

kg/ha

}}}

(

# 7

$ . Š XK P

h N

$ 6

8 7 8

6 h

N )

$ 6 O i C (

' V @ 8 ' ' 3 } / {{}{z u

/ {{•x~

kg/ha

<

' Y V @ )

.

E+$F

"

; 5 ' ) 6 G .

/8 H I:)J $K + L

@ + ? (%)

8 Z a 8Ra 7 FC H

6 i CO

g P

)9Z I J

V @ wv

/

•}

zv / u yv

/

•}

xv / u

Y V @ {z

yv / } x

/ x•

wv / {•

E+$F

*

; 5 ' G NB ) 6 . /8 L + I:)J H

? +

@ (%)

# ( ) C t-test

N '

X

; (%) b S

8B

t #

V @ wv

/

•}

vv /

{} 6 7FC H

Y V @ {z

wv / uw {{

{~**

/ x

V @ zv

/ u }u

/

• i CO

Y V @ yv

/ } w{

/ uw {

}x / {

*

V @ yv

/

•z {w

/

{u P g g

Y V @ x

/ x•

z•

/ uw z

y•-

/

**•

V @ xv

/ u yw

/

} )9ZI J

Y V @ wv

/ {•

~ / uw ~

}~-

/

**x

oa **

% .

E+$F O

; 5 ' G NB

$K I:)J F B)H )

? +

@

# ( ) C t-test

N '

X

; (%) b S

8B

t #

V @ x

/

•{

ux /

{} 6 8 8 7 B 'FC H

Y V @

~v / {x x~

/ uw {{

vu**

/ x

oa **

{

% .

E+$F P

; Q ) H B)H )

+ R S:T

? +

@ (kg/ha)

8Ra 8 Z a

‘ C i 8@

8 N

$ i CO

Š XK N

V @ v

/ {uxz x

/ uz•x {

/ vzyu }

/ {{}{z {

/ }•w u

/ {{•x~

Y V @ }

/ xu~

z / }yu}

v / uv{•

x / x{w•

•v / }yv yv

/ xuw~

<

f N\ % R

8M

; h 7 6 8 7

8 6 i CO

' V @ Y

V @

%

# 8

;

$ 6 8 7 8

6 8Ra

8 Z a b"<J )

oa { (%

i CO )

oa v (%

B 8<C

)

) s $B v .(

E+$F U

; 5 ' G NB Q ) H B)H )

+ R S:T

? +

@ (kg/ha)

# ( ) C t-test

N '

X

; b S

8B

#

t

V @ v

/ {uxz v~

/

•}~ i ‘ C

Y V @ }

/ xu~

xw / uw }•u

xv /

**x

V @ x

/ uz•x xx

/

{{•w 8@

Y V @ z

/ }yu}

yu / uw ~{z

u{

/ x

**

V @ {

/ vzyu

w{{ 8

Y V @ v

/ uv{•

v•

/ uw vv}

ww / {y

**

V @ }

/ {{}{z

~u /

}ux{ $ N

Y V @ x

/ x{w•

uz / uw {vy}

y•

/ w

**

V @ {

/ }•w

~{

/

wz i CO

Y V @

•v / }yv

•w / uw ~}

zz /

*y

V @ u

/ {{•x~

!4 /

!/_0 6 $) N

i CO ( Y

V @ yv

/ xuw~

! / uw p .

{ / w

**

oa **

* % oa

p

% .

<

f

• 8 k 3

$ ' N h 7 6 i CO

8 7 8

6 8

; Z#

' V @ Y V @

s $B x

$ # ) .

<

f 8

;

$ 6 n <9 8 7 8

6 mX6

; i CO

N\ %

#

$R k 3

$ ' N 8 x~

/ {}

%

' V @ <

' Y V @ ) u / {}

(%

) .

X6 m

;

; k 3

$ ' N P 8 ' ' 3 k 3

$ ' N i CO

‘ C i 8@

<

;

$R

6 8Ra

8 Z a 8 J

“ 2<J

$ .

<

f

• 8 R 8M

; k 3

$ ' N h

7 6 i CO 8Ra

8 Z a 8

b"<J

; k 3

$ ' N

$ 6 i CO

' V @ Y V @ B 8<C $ )

) s $B

~ .(

E+$F V

;

! '

$S ' 9 Q ) H + R S:T B)H

)

<C

? +

@ (%)

8Ra 8 Z a

‘ C i 8@

8 i CO

V @

•{

/

~ u{

/

• x~

/ {}

w / z

Y V @ uu

/

~ {}

/

• u / {}

u}

/ z

s $B w

<

f N\ %

#

$R ' 3

;

$ 6 8 7 8

6 i CO '

V @

Y V @

$C ) .

<

f 8

;

$ 6 n <9 8 7 8

6 i CO N\ %

#

$R ' 3

; 8

' V @

~z /

~~y

kg/ha

<

' Y V @ ) }z /

kg/ha

•uv (

) . 8

"

$R ' 3

; N

$ 6 mX6

;

$R ' 3

; N )

$ 6 i CO ( P '

V @ 8 ' ' 3

~w / {y•{

u{

/

kg/ha

{yx~

<

' Y V @ ) 8 ' ' 3 : wx / vx}

~~

/

kg/ha

vw•

(

# 7

$ .

E+$F W

; 5 ' G NB

! '

$S ' 9 Q ) H + R S:T

? +

@ (%)

# ( ) C t-test

N '

X

; b S

# 8B

t

V @

•{

/

~

•w /

y i ‘ C

Y V @ uu

/

~ v

/ uw {

}{

/

nsy

V @ u{

/

• {z

/

{ 8@

Y V @ {}

/

• y~

/ uw {

v{

/

nsy

V @ x~

/ {}

•x /

} 8

Y V @ u

/ {}

v•

/ uw }

•x /

nsy

V @ w

/ z v

/

} i CO

Y V @ u}

/ z

•u / uw }

x{

/

nsy

:ns

$ .

E+$F X

; Y $B

. B)H )

+ R S:T

? +

@ (kg/ha)

8Ra 8 Z a

‘ C i 8@

8 N

$ i CO Š XK

N

V @ yx

/ {y{

zu / {xz

~z /

~~y

~w / {y•{

}v,vu u{

/ {yx~

Y V @ uz

/

•x {w

/ w{

}z /

•uv wx / vx}

z{

/ }{

44 / p,_

<

f R 8M

;

; ' 3

$C

;

$ 6

n <9 8 7 8

6 ' V @

$ 6 q

A # ' Y @ V

# 8

; P ' 3

;

$ 6

; 8 7 '

V @ Y V @

b"<J oa

{

% i CO )

oa v

(%

B 8<C ) ) s $B z .(

mX6

;

; P

' 3

; N

$ 8 7 8

6 mX6

;

' 3

; N )

$ 6 i CO ( '

Q

$C P b"<J oa

{

$\

B

8<C ) .

E+$F Z

; 5 ' G NB Y $B

. B)H )

? +

@ (kg/ha)

# ( ) C t-test

N '

X

; b S

8B

t #

V @ yx

/ {y{

u /

u{ i ‘ C

Y V @ uz

/

•x zv

/ uw {w

xw**

/ x 1

V @ zu

/ {xz x}

/

vy 8@

Y V @ {w

/ w{

wu / uw }x

z}**

/ x 1

V @

~z /

~~y }v

/

{}~ 8

Y V @ }z

/

•uv

~~

/ uw w~

{w**

/ v 1

V @

~w / {y•{

w~

/

{~x $ N

Y V @ wu

/ vx}

~w / uw {x•

x**

/ u 1

V @ vu

/ }v {w

/

z i CO

Y V @ z{

/ }{

zw / uw ~

u}*

/ { 1

V @ /

/ .j4 zv

/

}}z (i CO 6 $)N

Y V @ 40

/ p,_

v~

/ uw {vx

~v**

/

~ 1

oa **

% oa *

p

% .

[/

+ B - H .

<

f

; RS' T 8

V @ '

† P*

F

6 < * Sa

I J )

$\

g P

$\

I J )9Z (

$\

FC H 7 6 i CO

$C

) . mX6

;

$\

FC H B ' 8 7 8

6

' V @ P e 8 v / } ' Y V @ )

.

;

Reeder and Schuman (2002)

<

Aghajanlo

and Ahmadi (2006) Akbarzadeh and Mirhaji

(2006) Jalilvand et al. (2007)

Gao et al. (2007)

8 L

;

<

f A )

$ <*

s X

$ )

V @ ' N

P*

F FC H 7

6

*

X

$ . F6

$\

FC H B ' '

Y V @

' 8 = R<M

? L FC H B ' 7 6 ) M

(Fakhimi, 2007)

8 8 '

# 3B P*

F

$\

g g

P I J )9Z C

(Su-Yong and Zhao, 2003)

.

<

f N\ %

=U' V @ h

7 6 8 7 8

6 i CO

8 b"<J

; 8Ra

8 Z a

• SZ

$R h

7 6 i CO B

8

; k Š T a 8<*

Alizadeh

6

(2010)

C

$ . B ' 8

; 3 a 8

$R h

7 6 8 7 8

6 '

V @ <

'

Y V @ C

$ ' [ E XC

. Z N s

' 8 = R<M

? L )C i 6 F6

oa P< <*

7 6 M ) . 8 8

F6 i 6 oa P< <*

P h

7 6

P F6

(Fakhimi, 2007)

$ .

)

$ F6

$R h

' Y V @

$ Z

%

; L

8 X<J I J )S'

=U' @

F6 M Π3B

= –

* Z )

E 7

?M 6 [ B C

8

;

Š k J K 8 F6 ƒY

N @ h <

7 6

$C

<

8K

$R h

7 6 F6

(Kooijman and Smith, 2001)

$ .

)

F6

$R h

' Y V @ = Y R<M

? L

8 8

;Xk L

$ ' i

6

8@

6 7 a@

C

$ .

<

8K 7

$ )AB

'

? [ MJ

#

$ .

; b 2

$R

JQ 8@

6 8 B

#

$C

)XM@

6 7 8 XB

i 8@

8 F6

(Sanad gol and Moghadam, 2004)

$ .

;

Reeder and Schuman (2002)

<

Jalilvand et al.

(2007) Gao et al. (2007)

Chen et al. (2007)

F6 ŒH 6 J 8 L

;

<

K )

$ <*

. F6

$R i CO

' Y V @ ) M 8 ' V @

P

• 8 F6

$R h

7 6 C

$ . 8

"

' Y V @ F

$%

CO i 6 J

$C 8 A ) 3B PK' 8 <

A # C .

;

<

8K a T 8<*

Reeder and

6

Schuman (2002)

C

$ .

<

f 8

b"<J

#

; P k 3

$ ' N

$ 6

‘ C

i 8@

8 i CO B

. 8 8

6 e

;

$ 6 ' c <9

P ' 3

; 8Ra

$ . K # 8

<

;

$\

k 3

$ ' N

• 8 8 6 C

$ ' )c7

8 8L 6

$ 6

?

•#

' P

$\

L

$C A #

<

$C k

3

$ ' N 'O P

' 3

; <

$ 6 J )C

.

;

<

Bordbar and Mortazavi jahromi (2006) Foroozeh

et al. (2008) Dianati tilaki et al. (2009)

Alizadeh (2010)

RS' T J 8 L

;

<

f

A )

<*

$ . mX6

; R 8M

; k 3

$ ' N h 7 6 i CO 8Ra

8 Z a

<

f 8

b"<J

;

k 3

$ ' N

$ 6 i CO '

V @ Y V @

B 8<C $ )

.

<

f R 8M ' 3

;

8Ra 8 Z a

8 V @

† P*

F

' 3

;

$ 6 8 7 8

6 i CO

$C

) 8

<

Bauer et al. (1987)

f

Frank et al.

(1995) Derner and Schuman (2007)

Dianati

tilaki et al. (2009) Alizadeh (2010)

9X6 .

' Y V @ 8 Z N )C FC H 7 6 G '

<

8K F6

$\

FC H h

7 6 8

J 3B F6 ) 7 Z#

8 I J C

F6 P ' 3

; 7 6 J

?

$C .

;

<

8K 8<*

Frank et al. (1995)

6

Javadi et al.

(2005) Jalilvand et al. (2007)

Basiri and Irvani

(2009)

' 3 .

<

f R 8M P ' 3

;

;

$ 6

‘ C i 8@

8 6 8Ra

8 Z a 8

;

;

$ 6 b"<J

) oa { (%

@ )

. 8 8

P ' 3

; 8 <

$ 6

‘ C i 8@

) . )

; '

8 P*

h k 3

$ ' N

$\

L

;

$

) M 8

$ 6 8 7

8 6 )M 8

; Š k 8<*

Javadi et al. (2005)

6

Dianati

tilaki et al. (2009)

)A .

8B ' 8 X6 ) ' 3

; '

<

X

'

# 8

’ d

6

[ $ Z ' '

: c<

6

8<J C

$C

$

$ Z ' 8*

6 7

[O 2S *

L [ %

F%

Š '

<M

c<

6 6 B c'

$ Z ' ΠM:

n a ' 6 A

. References

Abdi, N., 2005. Estimation of carbon sequestration by Astragalus, Tragacantha in Markazi and Esfahan province. Ph.D. thesis of rangeland science. Islamic Azad University of tehran, Branch: sciences and researches.

Aghajanloo, F., Ahmadi, M.V., 2006. Investigation of enclosure effect on rangeland plant covers quality and quantity. Iranian Natural Resources, 59, 981-986.

Akbarzadeh, M.V., Mirhaji, T., 2006. Investigation of plant cover changes in and out of Roodshur enclosure. Journal of Range and Desert Research, 13, 222-235.

Alizadeh, M., 2010. Investigation of enclosure period on rangeland carbon sequestration (Case study:

steppe rangeland of roodshur in Saveh). M.Sc. thesis of rangeland. Islamic Azad University of tehranNoor.

Azarnivand, H., Joneidy Jafari, H., Zarechahooki, M.A., Jafari, M., Nikoo, Sh., 2009. Investigation of livestock grazing on carbon sequestration and nitrogen reserve in rangeland with Artemisia sieberi in Semnan province. Journal of Iranian Range Management Society, 3, 590-610.

Basiri, M., Irvani, M., 2009. Plant cover changes after 19 years experimental enclosure in central Zagros.

Journal of Iranian Range Management Society, 3, 155-170.

Bauer, A., Cole, C.V., Black, A.L., 1987. Soil property comparisons in virgin grasslands between grazed and nongrazed management systems. Soil Science Society of America, 51, 176-182.

Birdsey R., Health, I., Williams, D., 2000. Estimation of Carbon Budget Model of the United State Forest, Sector Advances in Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Inventory, Measurements and Monitoring Conference in Raleigh, North Carolina, October 3-5, 2000, 51-59.

Bordbar, K., 2004. Investigation of carbon storage in Eucalyptus and Acacia forest in Fars province.

PH.D thesis of forestry. Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Branch: sciences and researches.

Bordbar, K.S., Mortazavi jahromi, M., 2006. Carbon sequestration potential of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. And Acacia salicina Lindl, plantation in western area of Fars province. Journal of Pajouhash &

Sazandegi, 70, 95-103.

Chambers, J.C., Brown, R.E., 1983. Methods for Vegetation Sampling and Analysis on Revegetated Mined Lands, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report, INT- 151.

Chen, Y., Gilzae, I., Lee, P., Oikawa, T., 2007. Model analysis of grazing effect on above-ground biomass and above-ground net primary production of a Mongolian grassland ecosystem. Journal of Hydrology, 333, 155-164.

Conant, R.T., Paustian, K., Elliot, E.T., 2001. Grassland management and conversion into grassland:

effects on soil carbon. Ecological Application, 11, 343–355.

Derner, J.D., Briske, D.D., Boutton, T.W., 1997. Does grazing mediate soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation beneath C4 perennial grasses along an environmental gradient? Journal of Plant & Soil, 191, 147-156.

Derner, J.D., Schuman, G.E., 2007. Carbon sequestration and rangelands: a synthesis of land management and precipitation effects. Journal of Soil Water Conservation, 62, 77-85.

Dianati tilaki, Gh., Naghi poor borj, A.A., Tavakkoli, H., Heidarian agha khani, M., Saeed afkhamoshoara, M.R., 2009. Effect of enclosure on soil and plant carbon sequestration in semi-arid rangeland of northern Khorasan. Journal of Iranian Range Management society, 3, 668-679.

Fakhimi, A., 2007. The effect of different grazing on litter and plant cover in steppe rangeland of Nadooshan in Yazd province. MS.c thesis of range management. Tarbiat Modarres University.

Fearnside, P.M., Barbosa, R.I., 1998. Soil carbon changes from conversion of forest to pasture in Brazilian Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 108,147-166.

Feller, C., Bernoux, M., 2008. Historical advances in the study of global terrestrial soil organic carbon sequestration. Journal of Waste Management, 28, 734-740.

Frank, A.B., Karn, J. F., 2003. Vegetation indices, CO2 Flux and biomass for Northern Plains grasslands.

Journal of Range Management, 55, 16-22.

Frank, A.B., Tanaka, D.L., Hofmann, L., Follett, R.F., 1995. Soil carbon and nitrogen of Northern Great Plains grasslands as in.uenced by long-term grazing. Journal of Range Management, 48, 470-474.

Foroozeh, M., 2006. Soil and dominant plant carbon sequestration in flood spreading in Garbaygan Fasa.

MS.c thesis. Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources University of Gorgan.

Foroozeh, M.R., Heshmati, Gh., Ghanbarian, Gh., Mesbah, H., 2008. Carbon sequestration comparison of Helianthemum lippii (L.) Pers. Dendrostellera lessertii (Wikstr.) Van Tiegh. & Artemisia sieberi Besser.

In arid rangeland of Iran (Case study: Garbaygan fasa plain). Journal of environmental studies, 34, 65-72.

Froozeh, M.R., Mirzaali, E., 2006. The effects of enclosure on carbon sequestration in the dominant species and soil surface in saline range lands. A case study of Gomishan rangelands, The 8th International Conference on Development of Dry lands, Beijing, China, 35-36 p.

Gao, Y.H., Luo, P., Wu, N., Chen, H., Wang, G.X., 2007. Grazing Intensity Impacts on Carbon Sequestration in an Alpine Meadow on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3, 642-647.

Guodong, H., Xiying, H., Mengli, Zh., Mingjum, W., Ben H., E., Walter, W., Minghium, W., 2008.

Effect of grazing intensity on carbon and nitrogen in soil and vegetation in a meadow steppe in Inner Mongolia. Journal of Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 125, 21-32.

Kooijman A.M., Smith A., 2001. Grazing as a measure to reduce nutrient availabihity in acid dune grassland and pine firests in the Netherlands. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 17, 63-77.

Mcevoy, P.M., Flexen, M., Mcadam, J.H., 2006. The effect of livestock grazing on ground flora in broad leaf woodlands in Northern Ireland. Journal of Forest Ecology and Management, 225, 39-50.

Mesdaghi, M., 2003. Range management in Iran. Astan Ghods Razavi prss, Mashhad, 187 pp.

Milchunas, D.G., Lauenroth, W.K., 1993. Quantitative effects of grazing and soilsover a global range of environments. Journal of Ecology Monographs, 63, 327-366.

Moghaddam, M.R., 2005. Range and range management. University press, Tehran, 470 pp.

Mondini, C., Sequi, P., 2008. Implication of soil C sequestration on sustainable agriculture and environment. Journal of Waste Management, 28, 678-684.

Mortenson, M., Schuman, G.E., 2002. Carbon sequestration in rangeland interseed with yellow-flowering Alfalfa (Medicago sativa spp. Falcata). USDA symposium on natural resource management to offset greenhouse gas emission in University of Wyoming.

Mueller, D., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology, New York: John Wiley &

Sons, 547 pp.

Natural resource office of Damghan. 2004. Project book of range management in Shahtappeh-Chah Mahmood.

Ogle, S.M., Conant, R.R., Paustian, K., 2004. Deriving grassland management factors for a carbon accounting method developed by the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Journal of Environmental Management, 33, 474-484.

Reeder, J.D., Schuman, G.E., 2002. Influence of livestock grazing on Csequestration in semi-arid mixed- grass and short-grass rangelands. Journal of EnvironmentalPollution, 116, 457-463.

Sanad gol, A., Moghaddam, M., 2004. Effect of systems and grazing intensity on yield and use of herbage in the pasture of Bromus tomentellus. Journal of Pajouhash & Sazandegi, 64, 30-35.

Schuman, G.E., Reeder, J.D., Manley, J.T., Hart, R.H., Manley, W.A., 1999. Impact of grazing management on the carbon and nitrogen balance of a mixed-grass rangeland. Journal of Ecology. Appl., 9, 65-71.

Shrestha, G., Stahla, P., 2008. Carbon accumulation and storage in semi-arid sagebrush steppe: Effects of long-term grazing exclusion. Journal of Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 125, 173-181.

Su-Yong, Z., Zhao, H.L., 2003. Influences of grazing and enclosure on carbon sequestration in degraded sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia, north China, New Zealand. Journal of Agricultural Research, 46, 321- 328.

Investigation of Enclosure Effect on Artemisia Carbon Sequestration in the Arid Zone of Semnan Province

R. Tamartash¹, M. Yousefian²*, Kh. Mahdavi²and M. Mahdavi²

1

Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources University of Sari, Iran

2

Islamic Azad University–Noor Branch, Iran (Received: 17-01-2012 – Accepted: 14-10-2012)

Abstract

Nowadays green house gases such as carbon have the most effect on global climate changes that can be decreased by plant and soil carbon sequestration of rangelands. Livestock grazing has high potential to decrease or increase carbon storage. So this research investigated the effects of enclosure on plant carbon storage in rangeland of enclosure (Shah Tappeh-Chah Mahmood) and no enclosure (Chiro) with dominant spices of

Artemisia aucheri in Semnan province. Plant sampling

was done in key areas by random-systematic method with 4 transects of 100m and 40 plots of 1×1m

²

. Then plant and soil parameters evaluated in each plot and carbon determined by Ash method. The data analyzed by

SPSS v.16 software. The result showed that there is a significant

difference between plant cover, gravel, bare soil percentages and also aerial and underground biomass and litter of

Artemisia aucheri in two regions. The total biomass in enclosure rangeland

with 11467/3 kg/ha was more than no enclosure rangeland. Root coefficient alteration (enclosure:

12/67% and no enclosure: 12/3%) was more than the other organs and there was no significant differences between coefficient alteration of organs and litter of

Artemisia aucheri

in two regions.

The result also showed that there is a significant differences between carbon sequestration of

Artemisia aucheri organs (level: 1%) and litter (level: 5%) in two study areas. Regarding to the

effect of enclosure on plant cover and carbon sequestration increasing, it's suggested to protect plant cover in grazing management programs.

Keywords: Artemisia Rangelands, Rangeland, Carbon Sequestration, Enclosure, Climate Change

*Corresponding author: Tel: +989113538566 Fax: +981513822574 Email: Maedehyousefian@yahoo.com