B C
HIV
B : C
!" HIV
# $ %& '$ ( ) * % # + ,
&
# * -. / 0 1 #2
3 .
5 - '
, #2 ) 6
7 0
# 8
&
. 9 : ; # - '
< &
B C
& HIV
= > %8
&
.
? # - ' : -
" "A
%8 & B +
% 0 * 3 # - ' .
#
*
#
0 C 5 ?
#+DE
% ) &
& = >
. 5 FE 0 G 8 # %6 ( H E .
I *
0
# - ' 5 cc
& # 0 * 5 6 . = > 8 $ .
) )
=
SPSS ,0
Chi-Square .
% K' 05
/
P 0
% 0 * 3 ! "A # ,>
.
< > : 400
% 0 * 3 # - ' .
3 / 80
% 0 7
/ 19
% .
3 / 36
%
V #
I 5 / 18
% W- $ #+
5 / 8
%
< 6 X%8 Y #+
16
%
&, . #+
% &
. < &
# - ' 0 B
8 / 5
C % 8 / 7
HIV %
?
* . .
< &
B
5 / 6
% 5
/ 2
% ) 13 /
P=0 (.
% ] D < &
X%8 Y B
< 6
& 8 I
% ] D # +
^ ) 6
. < &
4 C
/ 8
% 1
/ 5
%
&
) 32 /
P=0 ( I
< &
; 8 ! #+ C
) 001 /
P<0 (
$ H , #+
) 001 /
P=0 (
STD#+
) 019 /
P=0 (
V #
) 001 /
P<0 ( W- $ ) 001 /
P<0 (
& 8 % #'
. 25 / 0
%
# - ' 0
# F
B
& 8 C
. 0 _ ` Da HIV
D
< &
& ? HIV
.
< & # #8 :
<
# * -. '$
) HIV
8 " W
'$ 1 2
b + 8 % X2 = > c CV
%2 2 d . B
0 .
B : C I
HIVI I
! "# $ %& '( %& )%*+
) -.
/ 0 1 2 3 / 4567
(
9 : :
<=
/
? / 456@
9 ABC :
4=
/ 4<
/ 456@
D 9E#
:
<6 / 4 / 456=
& . ) * Ib eX ) %X 1
W&,( ) W6
%8 W&,( = " ) ^6
. :
%8 -
g $
- -
C ) h (
"
: 9 - 443000 - 0561 :
2229722 - 0561
W W- X(
azarkar@bums.ac.ir:
%8 W&,( = " ) ^6 W&,( ) W6 8 W&,( & . ) * " 5i j 2
%8 W&,( = " ) ^6 & %& 2 3
%k 8 $ - E
X 62 ; # l & #+'%
,
# F
) & ) ,0 + , HIV
) & ) m V6
#2 0
6
X ( ,2
) n
. -
b
1981
o%> 0 F
Y+0 #2 & mV6 X * d ,* W .
70
%
] D
1 ) X%8
20
%
+ , #% .
) n )
1 .(
$ ] + p- q " 7
# F
) & d ,*
. G3 HIV
8 "? ) %62 )
#+DE
# #8 ) & %
%2 K'
# HIV
# W
h%(
+ 8 ) %62
.
X
b + V H , 62
- 0 ] D c CV ^ 6 HIV
) & rD X%8 I
#
= % ,- b a E
s %8
t g
% 3 & b &
75
%
# F D
% X + ,
I #t * u ;
% 3
oW
# $ %& + , #2 %2 ) &
6
*
'$ ( 0
62 $ ^
1 .
# &
, 3 ^ 5 ?
u V H , #2 X uB ) _
HIV b +
) 2 .(
; , 13
F D ,
#
%& HIV
. 6
/ 64
%
+ , H E
4 / 7
% ) & ) -. # X%8 - 0 H E I
) V
#2 &
50 70 F D 0 ,
# $ %&
62 8
& # &
% ) 3 (.
% # ,
" &
) & # $ %& D2 E D2 ,
E 8 &
& D2
q "
) 2 0
.
B
2 '$ , C
<
>
% %%2
) 0 b + + ,
) -. $
. b + ) #
&
+ ,
# $ %& '$ ( ) * % # B 0 1 #2 &
< * -. / # 8 3
. : ; b ; 5FW6 W B
F )
62
# _ , 2
% - 7
% # # 8 0
*
% X .
8 & V HDE
" _ 1 q # >% B
b
&
. ,
1 200 000
B #
C
) -.
# _ , # 7 10 000
-.
# )
B
d ,* 62 C
&
) 4 (.
# - '
v% # : ;
< &
HIV B
%8 & B + C
& = >
.
? # - ' -
< " "A '+
400
B +
8 &
% 5 ? #
0 C
#+DE o%8 rX; ) & % o( s V
# - ' 1 . = > 8 : r"8 #D; C
&
.
!p& WA < o%8 % = 7 5 FE
5F CA , W !A ! i : "D3
. ..
G 8 # %6 ( H E
& . .
G 8 5 FE .
) &
) ^% =
2
# & w*
H+A $ # A 5 ?
0 * 3 I
2x # = 7
H +A 8
) ^6 lF$ # 2 = "
* y ' %8 W&,(
z # .
G 8 o(
5 FE .
#
$ 0
, #
5cc HBS Ag 8
Anti HCV
# HIV
% C$ &
B
# C
I *
, - d # 5 6 .
& = >
.
) G 8 ) ) & .
=
SPSS ,0
. .
Fisher H 3
Chi-Square
K'
% 05 /
#=0
! "A # ,>
3
*
% 0 .
# - ' 400
B +
#2 % 0 * 3 # - ' 321
)
3 / 80
% (
79 )
7 / 19
% ( .
{% ^
# - ' 7 /
±11 1 / 34 b .
b 8 1
!
6 # - ' '$
. 3 / 36
% #
Bz 8 ! - ]
V #
.
< &
# - ' 0 B
8 / 5
%
) 23 (
r # #2
5 / 6
% 5 / 2
%
.
% 9F $ *
< &
B
^ ) 6 o%8 )
28 /
P=0 (.
&
B <
0 < 6 X%8 Y
5 / 26
%
% & < 6 X%8 Y #2 0 8
/ 3
%
*
#2
% 9F $ 6 0 . 6
) 001 /
P<0 .(
< &
p # + B
# - ' )
#+ ; 8 ! #+
$ H , #+ STD
8
# = 8 < W- $ ! i : o%
V (
% #'
& 8 .
< &
# - ' 0 C
8 / 7
% ) 31 (
#2 4
/ 8
% ) 27 ( 1
/ 5
% ) 4 ( .
*
% 9F $ < &
o%8 C
6 ) 6
) 32 / 0
P= (.
< &
W- $ C
) 9 / 18 (%
V #
) 6 / 16 (%
; 8 ! #+
) 1 / 16 (%
% 9F $
& 8 )
001 /
P<0 (.
25 %
# F D
$ H , #+ C
6 / 15
%
#+ .
% & STD C I
#+
$ H , )
001 /
P=0 (
STD #+
) 019 /
P=0 ( #'
%
% #' p # + & 8
6 ) 6 .
< &
'$ ! rX; C
b 8 2
< &
B
b 8 < _ W # C
3 ) & ) 6 .
_ )
25 / 0 (%
# - ' 0
# F
C
& 8 B
.
`
# - ' 0 _
Da HIV
D
< &
?HIV
&
.
! 1 -
$ % &
' &(
) * +,
-. + * &
/ * $ +, ' (
5 /
8 34 < 6 X%8 Y
5 /
18 174 W- $
3 /
36 145 V #
5 /
52 210 ^ 9 C
8 32 $ H , #+
16 64 STD#+
4 /
3 5 + ,
5 /
29 118 ; 8 ! #+
! 2 - 1 2 3& 4 -. + * & ) * C
C1 2
%5! $6 178 +,' (
145 ) 100
%
( (%83/4)121 (%16/6)24 V # 118
) 100
%
( (%83/9)99 (%16/1)19 ; 8 ! #+
174 ) 100
%
( (%81/1)160 (%18/9)14 W- $
32 ) 100
%
( (%75)24 (%25) 8 $ H , #+
64 ) 100
%
( (%84/4)54 (%15/6)10 STD#+
! 3 - 1 2 3& 4 : B
* ( 3& ; <6 =C
) *
%5! $ > ? $ > * ( 3&
1 2 6
) 1 / 4
(% (%4/3) 6 0 B
24 ) 6 / 16
(% (%16/4)23 (%20) 1 C
= > # - ' ) &
HBS Ag 0
8 / 5
C % 8 / 7
%
& . ? I
. uB W #2 >
B b + b + C
H E
) -. }
#2 X v &
,
& 7 # 8 ) * .
1 ,0 X C
.
6 h , ) & = > 5 - '
) & d ,*
.
# - ' b #2 1381
= > 6 + ,
&
60
%
# F D 0
3 C B %
7
%
# F D ) HIV
7 .(
# - ' b #2 1379
'$ ( *
# * -. & = > &
HBV
HCV
r # + ,
7 / 16
% 4 / 52
% d ,*
&
) 7 .(
5 - '
# 1 . = > ! -
+ , < &
B C
# - ' HIV
: ; 6
) .
# - ' b #2 ^
1380
& = > Xt " X 4
/ 8
%
HBSAg
Da 1 / 9
% # F D ) C
6 .(
k
# - ' % B
) W b 1376
%8 7
HBS Ag % Da
) 8 .(
= > 5 - ' h , ~" V 62 ) &
) & d ,*
.
# - '
= > #X 0 #2
&
806 3
/ 30
Anti-HCV% Da
) 9 (.
- ^ H +A
C 0
39
%
B 0 35 % ) 10 .(
# - ' b #2
2004
Bologna
& = > - 5
/ 12
%
HIV # 1 / 8
%
B # 1 / 31
%
C # F D )
11 .(
b #2 _
2004
Rhode Island
0 & = > W .
HIV
B
r # C
8 / 1
% 2 / 20
% 1 / 23
%
& d ,*
) 12 .(
b ! #2 # - '
2000 = >
0 &
B C
r # HIV
5 / 17
%
3 / 6
% 2 / 3
% ) 13 .(
+ +A b #2 2000
2
403
& = >
64
HBV % 87
HCV % Da
HIV ` 6 ( ) * .
43
%
+ , )
14 (.
= > 5 - ' # 0 ) &
B
C
# + 7 r # + , HIV
.
# - ' : ; #2 6 B
B
* -. , ) G & C
7 X + ,
.
# * -. , 5
B
- ' C
5
< # 8 !2 * -. , 5 ! - # ~" V
# - ' y E DX
&
.
X . = > " # 0 #2 8
0 #2 % X '$ ( 0 r"g
t 2 '$ # F /
3
% ) + ,
% 6$ X%8
. (..
I
# 8 8 %" t ^
#
&
. ) 2 oD; ) " $ I
# 8 # . o( C$ . X
*
% X ] D # 8 .
0 _
2 '$ # * -. / $ % # + ,
#W" 3 t
_ % #
! ; 2 !
%
# 2 '$ !
# 8 b +
.
0 X
3 G 8 #% ? 0
H
XV W&,(
# .
I
% (
#2 ) %X
. K A? d 0
) *. '$ (
&
d . . # K A? B- 0
I & )
%k
= 7
= >
%& #
&
I
. ! 2 u 8 '$
* -. 6
%2 * "8 • $ Y A # b + , I
. ) F
& . o( . 2 ^ ( u > . '$ ( 0 b € #
* "8
* .
$.
!C0 W rE > ! -
+ , r . 1 2 & 0 # ,>
# 0 c C $ .
yF? . • v #2 + %& 2 )
^% 0 5FW6 #2 0 _ ! 2 0
^ D * 8 C 3
v %t
G3
# % v #
%6 ( d . #2 %%2
B2 0 K A?
& '$
# * -. !3 7
* "8 X • '$ <
.
# * -. '$ < < & # #8
HIV
1 2 8 " W X 2 #
b + '$
8 % X2 = > c CV
0 %2 2 d . B
.
- ; H +A
& . ) ;
6 ‚(
%8 W&,( = " ) ^6
#2 = > #
3 W6 #"
&
%k I
= 7 ^% = > 8 & = A
$ b + #2
# #
= >
# ? W 5 6 .
% &
,^
&
.
:
1- Benenson AS. Control of communicable disease manual. An official report of the American public health association.16 nded. St.Louis: Mosby; 1995.
2 - q ƒ X $
y :
d 0
< = + _-
= . . b „ t . : W&,( = " ) ^6 „ t 5 6 ) I
1380 .
3 - 62 . &
… HIV
31 / 6 / 85 .
^6 ( !2 ) ) D
.
4- Rowhani RA, Rooholamini S, Khoshnood K. Prevalence of HIV infection and other blood-borne infections in incarcerated and non- incarcerated injection drug users (IDUS) in Mashhad, Iran.Internal J Drug Policy. 2004; 15:151- 55.
5 - _"
) .
s 2 : G & † - ( .
e- : 9 , , y ;
= + 8
= „ t . : l & 6 I
1380 .
6 -
< = + C = + A- ? = A- ? .
HBS Ag 0
Xt " X C
. l & r DE #">
)
= " ) ^6
W&,(
(.
1380 I 3 ) 4 (:
203 - 206 .
7 - X $ D E ‡ ( .
HBV * -.
HCV
b & '$ ( * X " HIV
1378 .
# %"C0 s %8 rE
) ^6 6 ‚(
& W&,( = "
1379 I 3 ) 1 :(
53 - 59 .
8 - D$ ‡ 0 . ) B )
.
%8 W&,( = " ) ^6 #">
. 1376 I 4 ) 10 11 (:
6 - 22 .
9- Hedouin V, Gosset D. Infection with hepatitis C virus in a prison environment. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1998; 22: 55- 60.
10- Butler T, Spencer J, Cui J. Sero prevalence of markers for hepatitis B, C and G in male and female prisoners. Aust NZJ Public Health. 1999; 23: 377-84.
11- Sabbatani S, Giuliani R, Fulgaro C, Paolillo P, Baldi E, Chiodo F. HIV Ab, HCV Ab and HBS Ag sero prevalence among of the prison of Bologna and the effect of counseling on the compliance of proposed tests. Epidemiol Prev.
2004; 28 (3): 163-68.
12- Macalino GE, Vlahov D, Sanford-Colby S. Prevalence and incidence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infections among male in Rhode Island prisosn. Am J Public Health. 2004; 94 (7): 1218-23.
13- Catalan-Soares BC, Almeida RT, Carneiro-proietti AB. Prevalence of HIV-1/2, HTIV-I/II, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Treponema pallidum and Trypanosoma cruzi among prison inmates at Manhuasu, Minas Gerais State. Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop.02000; 33 (1): 27-30.
14- Christensen PB, Koarup HB, Niesters HG, Norder H, Georgsen J. Prevalence and incidence of blood borne viral infections among Danish prisoners. Eur J Epidemiol. 2000; 16 (11): 1043-49.
Title: HBV, HCV and HIV prevalence among - south Khorasan prisoners Authors: Z. Azarkar1, Gh. Sharifzadeh2, MA. Miraki3
Abstract
Background and Aim: HBV (hepatitis B virus), HCV (hepatitis C virus) and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) are among important infectious agents in prisoners. Intravenous addicts in prisons are one of the high risk groups and are more susceptible to such viral infections. There are many reports suggesting that prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV is higher in prisoners. The present study was carried out in Birjand aiming at determining prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV in Birjand prisoners.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptivecross- sectional study prisoners in Birjand prison were studied.
Sampling was done randomly. Information was collected through questionnaires and from each subject 5 ml of blood was taken to be tested for HBS Ag, anti HCV and anti HIV. The results were analyzed by means of chi- square test and P 0.05 was taken as the significant level.
Results: Totally, 400 prisoners were surveyed; 80.3% of them were males and 19.7% were females. 36.3%
were addicts, 18.5% had a history of tattooing, 8.5% used to have illegal sexual contacts, and 16% had experienced sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the past. HBS Ag, HCV, and HIV prevalence in these samples were 5.8%, 7.8% and 0.0%, respectively. Prevalence of HBV was 6.5% in males and 2.5% in females (P=0.13). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between prevalence of HBV and illegal sexual contacts; while there was no significant relationship between the other variables. Prevalence of HCV was 8.4% in males and 5.1% in females (P=0.32). A significant correlation was found between HCV on one hand and transfusion (P=0.001), surgery (P<0.001), STD in the past (P=0.019), addiction (P<0.001) and tattooing (P<0.001) on the other. 0.25% of the cases had both HBV and HCV. HIV in all samples was negative; so, its prevalence was zero.
Conclusion: Regarding the prevalence of different types of hepatitis and risk of being infected with HIV, employing practical solutions to decrease the risk of transmission of these infections in prisoners; especially vaccination against hepatitis B and instructing prisoners and prison staff are recommended.
Key Words: HBV; HCV; Prisoner; HIV; HBS Ag
1Corresponding Author; Assistant Professor, Department of Infectious Diseases; Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences. Birjand, Iran azarkar@bums.ac.ir
2Instructor, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences. Birjand, Iran
3B.Sc in Health. Birjand University of Medical Sciences. Birjand, Iran
