, ) (
*
:
:
E-mail: latify_malihe@yahoo.com
ﺎﻘﻣ ﻳ ﺗ ﻪﺴ ﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﻣارﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻣد ﻪﺳ ﺮ ي
ز ﻳ ﺘﺴ ﻲ رورﺎﺑ و ي ﻧﺎﺘﺴﻛﺮﺗ ﻦﺗرﺎﺗ ﻪﻨﻛ ﻲ
Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski
.
(Prostigmata: Tetranychidae)
.
ﻠﻣ ﻴ ﻄﻟ ﻪﺤ ﻴﻔ
1ﻲ ﺎﻣزآ ﻪﻧاوﺮﭘ ،* ﻳ
دﺮﻓ ﺶ ﺰﻋ ،2
ﻳ زاﺮﺧ ﺰ ي لﺪﻛﺎﭘ ﻠﻋ ،3
ﻴ رﻮﺒﺻ ﺎﺿﺮ
4ي ﺴﺣ و ﻴ ﻬﻠﻟا ﻦ ﻴ رﺎ
5ي
!
"#
$
%& '(
)
*+ ,&
: - / / ..
0 12& ,&
: / . / ..
(
ﻜﭼ ﻴ هﺪ
Tetranychus turkestani
.
!
"
#
$
"
%$
&' (
"
# ) ( * + ,
) (/ &01 *2$
*3 4 5
6%
( 81 *
&01 1
%$ 91 3 4
) &' (
%
(Kidney bean)
5: :
;<
*
;=
><
?:
@ A ! *
=
± B<
C:
"/
DE /
"
F
$
"
G : *
"
(/ H%I CJ#
. 1, K!
-
5 , # ) ( 6% C:
6% &01 )
L ) $ 2$
5 6%
( :
:
><
?:
@ : : 1M,
:
"
: 1J ) BN / E F /
=
$1$
: : P
°C
><
( Q
"
45 : 4
"
( . 1M#
"
81 +
: : 1
><
?:
@
R1 K 01M 01
)
>;
/
= (%
1M#
"
%$ 2$ :(H$ +
C(/ (
C: :1 15
: R1
;<
?:
@ :
) T / D>D .(
$U 91 Q
"
H,? 4
) rm
$1$ (
P
DF /
<
*
;T /
<
>E /
<
5: :
;<
*
;=
><
?:
@ :
. 1M#
"
91 (V +
%$ W%X
&' (
) R0
)(
;B / BF ( : R1
;=
?:
@ :
. ) ( K!
"
Y
: : &
;<
?:
@ TT
/
;>
: : *
;=
?:
@ TE
/ DN :
:
><
?:
@
>>
/ T : .
يﺪﻴﻠﻛ يﺎﻫ هژاو :
T. turkestani
K(? *, #
"
M : * .
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
!
"
#$ % &
"
Tetranychus
turkestani
'(
)* &
Ugarov & Nikolski
(1937)
(+, - . . 0123 ( 4 5 6($ & 7
McGregor, 1941 T. atlanticus
#$ % & '
"
8 ,9
"
(Strawberry spider mite)
;'<
5&
.(
7
"
( =(
>
? '
@ A
-
'B 8CD E94
= - ' 7
"
!#F =(
94
"
E*(
&
A - (3 #G 5 ( H ' I!J
"
A5
)
Jeppson et al., 1975
.(
A - M& NG( ' N
<#O &
& E
= . =( 5
*
"
+P ' 5
8?
"
= .
<9 ( E (!&( =(
-
& .
* G & 6Q#A ' . =R4 F& 5
S
"
& ;1R
5? T'(
"
* . ( 8?
# UA V$&
"
'
"
D
"
5.
.(
((5 -
*' (5
<
"
=(
S 6A 5(? =( ' 5& 6&Q A
- S I!J
A
"
+P
"
.
(1988 & 1989) Kamali
( ' ( -
? 2W XQ&? X6Y5& X
"
& X
* X ' Z[
S
S 5 E*( 5# H(QS 6!*=? =( , .
Uspenski
(1978)
&
6
"
( S XS
( -
\
"
' E*( ]9
2\ EB ^W 5 Z_
S =( S
$(= 6A
"
X Z`
& ' 6!?5 =( S ' A
aZ_
S =( S BG' 6A
"
I$ ' A - A 54 ( =
"
.(
5
G(
"
4
*' X\'( X7
AB X\(] X -
5Q '?
' b
'?
!.(5 B!(
)
Jeppson et al., 1975
( 5 '
( 6(
F!*( =( Q -
&5( X6(#A X6Fc(
X6 XN
!J& Fd
-
&e4 X6!*=? X
&R 6Y
"
fO X
3.
"
( ' 6(
g#O 6(F '4
- E*( . H(QS '
)
Shojai, 1996 & Rajabi, 2003
.(
A!(\
- =
!
"
'& ' - h E A
N($
!J
"
(3
"
S i<& X
"
( =(
=( 2$ N($
6'& ' 6'5 E&3 X XE&W X5 S
( - ' X Sj
"
A -
S (+R 5( Xk3 #O =( 6&Q
"
' @?
S * '
S )
Helle & Sabelis, 1985
.(
( 5
&
5 b
N$
l P & h
<#O 8(
X8(BG E ' A
2W 6#.5
<
"
E*( F4
) Rajabi, 2003
.(
8(BG 5
'
* A 8(G 6* X5? 6(O
?(5
"
<9 8. ' 6&
E A - 5 & m*! F4 -
*( T? ) E
) Shojai, 1996
.(
W &
"
E$*
#
* ' 8(BG XA & 5? 8(5O
P E*( !&(' 5 8(
(Andrewartha & Birch,
1954)
. A - C& . n #< W &
"
h 5 ' (5
= 5 - ' - ( 5(5 . n .
5
o#A '
- '& ' #$ W -
A -
Q
h
"
5(+S . (&&
"
!(5 & 6(
A=
-
5
"
D9 8* p3' X I!J NG(
"
'
(
"
< ( 64 8?
5 )
Gotoh et al., 2004
.(
& ;A - ' . %Y( 8< =(
- = E
*.
"
A -
=( X &
"
(e . n
"
)
rm
( 64 E*( A
( (& ( -
=((
S -
#
"
( 6(Q
"
A -
=( EFO &
"
PW E*( F4 6 .
rm
N$ b
- 5 ' E*( kF '
< b (& kF -
64
E*(
)
Gotoh et al., 2004
.(
#A( & O &
S= 'O < E
"
q &
?& X894 ! E
"
rr
< &
2O A
"
S= 'O =(
"
!
"
' -
!?(5\ I!J 8CD (
. 5(9(
- =(
23 N
Cagle
(1956)
X
(1957) Andres ،
(1982) Carey & Bradley
X
(1990) Al-Mallah & Abdalla
X
(2000) Popov
X
. (2005) Nemati et al
X
(2006) Sohrabi & Shishehbor
'
(2006) Zhang et al.
<
"
= 5
= E
*.
"
=4 A,B
"
( 5(5 %Y( S (
( 5O' &
2W 5 5 7
E&h E<
( E %Y(
(. 5 8<
=4 ) 8$1W( ,B
- 5 5
5
<#O b E
!?( 5 8(BG ' A
"
5(+S .
!(\ -' 5 h( < < ( =( ;A -A
"(e n N23 =( X"! -'& ' "! = "<2W U (Q9(
)
rm
( Ns t? n X )
R0
( n X
E<#O U (Q9( "A!
) (λ
N b W , X
) (T
E<#O 6. &(& '5 6= X )
(DT
'5 X U\ -A
=( u\ ' kJ
Q '5 X- kJ Q -FSj ' ' -'& X-
5
! ,
"
5 * 5 -
v[
X vw ' Z[
O5
x*
"2 E&W X w
± _[
- '5 ' c5 ay
' " .' E$*
`
& S -' "7 E$*
)
kidney bean
( E*( ,B =4 5 .
شور و داﻮﻣ
ﺎﻫ
# =( "z N{B ' H'\ q &
g#O -A -
& -' . -'4
(Phaseolus vulgaris)
6(#A =(
!z5 )* z
Gotoh
5!*( X. 5(5 tJB
. . =( H'\ -(&
;|
A - -!\
3 &
}
!*
!#
>*( <3 ~ -!\ A N?(5 z . 5!*(
(!*(
E9S (3 r f4 =( . p2.( N{. -(
. -'
(& u* ' . 5(5 (3 & S & ~ >*(
-
W SO ' E&
- z (9 =(
.G XA & &
+R #!*5 -
. .\
. 6($ & & ( =(
z H'\ -(& "
. 5!*( A .
{ ( =( N23
z ' & ( & & ( X'& & =( 64 -' -A
& -' 8<3 ( ' . kr "<3 -A
F + 8c & z - O (3 X5& .
5Y ( ' E<#O U (Q9( -(& Xm #A & ' !9S . N#$ "z .
;|
A -!\ - -5 5
a
± vw O5
x*
"2 E&W X w
± _[
% - ) (. ' ay
' " .' E$*
`
!9S (3 "{ E$*
.
=4 U 5 * 5 A -
E&h v[
' vw ' Z[
O5
x*
) *
# (
=4 5 ' ,B - b 5 A -
S&
"
S =(
&
. %Y(
. AG(' -
=4 B
"
N.
;|
A -
!\
- 3 &
w / w
!*
N?(5 5& !#
!\ A - C b ' ' fW 2\
- ( 2\
b
5 S& b
"
S =(
&
3 &
` / v
!*
(3 !#
E9S . (&
- 5 !.(
kJ A - kA =( *
"
X A -
k3 & 5 -
' ' !.(5& c Fd -
b 5 A -
S&
"
. Nr!
. 5 &
A
` =O( E$*
kJ Q -
. 5(5 5 A 5 .
( =( <&
5 8 ' A
kJ A -
QO & . !.(+S ' =( kJ b
- 5 ;+G b
. . ( =(
= <& & 6=
F| 6 A
- A M&
av E$*
AG(' -
=4 B
"
5=& 5 (3
. G ' !9S -
. E2h .
AG(' -
=4 B
"
] &
(. &
5 )
"
. e )
v[
X
vw ' Z[
O5 x*
(X 2 E&W
"
w
± _[
c5
' '5 - ay .' E$*
"
'
` E$*
7
"
. Nr!
. O G 6= 8 W
"
NG( X
'5 XM&
A - \ =( U kJ Q - X kJ Q - =( u\ '
kJ Q - O E2 ' M& G X
"
& 5 * A 5
. E2h S(O W .
,A
"
A - M& 5
EO q & X. A|
S - 5 b
' F4 - 5 S& b
"
9S (3 E . & 5 A 5 u*
59 A (=( & . !.(+S kJ 5(< XS(O W 5S E2h =' A 5 5 ( '
\ 6
?4 (5( 5 E9
. (&
-
<
O E2
"
'5 W 5 kJ
Q - X5 A 5 kJ
A - !.(+S
F| 6= 5 6#A 5 S(O W & . (F, N -
. . 5(< X6. N =( u\
A -
E2 ' H#. S(O W & 5 A 5 5 ' A -
<#O N & 5
E E2 6($ & A
O
"
. 2*
.
=4 U & 5 A 5 A a[[
(7
. %Y(
.
(&
- QY 4 - W & & 8$1W(
8
\ I!J NG( 6=
X& =( U
' 6(Q
X
P& #$ W
' X QY =( kJ 6(Q ('
(& ' u -
r
, 6=4 =( A ) LSD
&
-
(SAS
4 * 5 -
w % . 5!*(
. (&
- 2*
A!(\
-
= 'O kF
!
"
'&
- ( 5 r =( ^
= )&(' (&
-
<
t? n
Ns
(R0=Σlxmx)
X '5 W N b
(T=Σxlxmx/Σlxmx)
X
<#O 6. &(& '5 6= 8
E
(DT=loge2/rm)
n X
A!
"
(Q9(
<#O U E
(λ=e-rm)
(e n '
"
(Q9(
U
2W
<
"
(1=Σlxmxe-rmx)
. 5!*(
. (&
- 2*
A(r - A!(\ fe -
bO H' =( C&
I
(Jackknife method)
(Q9( % '
Persian Rm
5!*(
.
(Shojai, 1996)
. ( 5 )&('
lx
6B E2 A5
= c9 A 5 = 5(9(
"
S= 'O =(
"
'
mx
&
5 T! )*! ,
(=( & .
A =( b
5 A -
<#O E*( E . (&
- ( 2*
!(\
)
mx
(
! )*
kJ A - (=( & .
Nc(9 5 5 A
=
"
S= 'O
"
O E2 5 X
"
&
5 4 E*5
=4 W f U
"
5.
.
ﺎﺘﻧ
ﻳ ﺚﺤﺑ و ﺞ
!
O G 6= 8 W
"
( M& NG( '
P &
P 5 (Q9( & ' E9 6= 8 5 U
(
\ UA NG(
5 ( ) 'O a .(
&
!B W
(& 8 - . NG(
- \ 5 5 & =( U -
v[
O5 x*
!# ' 5 & & 64 -
Z[
O5
x*
E*(
. r 4 - , 5(5 6B A
h
' 5 - 5(9( 5 M& kJ =( 6= 8 W
* 5 ' 5 w
%
"<
(5 ( 8 W ' E*(
(Q9( & ' 5 5(9( 5 G UA 5 U
"
&
) 5 A Z_
/ vZZ XF=
a_w / v Xdf=
[[[a / [
p<
A X
[Z /
`yZ X F=
_w / v Xdf=
[[[a / [
p<
( ) 'O a .(
\ NG( 6= W
=( U kJ -Q X kJ -Q '
=( u\
kJ -Q (Q9( &
UA 8(G O5 U E9
.
W
\ G U =(
kJ -Q ' kJ -Q
&
*
123 4 5 67 89* ' ) (2 ;< 19= 2%+ (#> ?@
) ' ( ( CD
CE FD 3 G9&+
!
"#
$%
&'
%&
/
%
± (' /)
%(
/
%
±
&) /
*
%+
/
%
±
$, /
*
%*
/
%
± -) /
%
%+
/
%
± + /
*
%+
/
%
±
*' /
*
%+
/
%
± )) /
*
*$a /
%
± (*
/
*(
$&
,%
%$
/
%
± -+
/ +
%$
/
%
± -$
/
%
%+
/
%
± ,) /
%
%$
/
%
± )*
/
%
%$
/
%
± '(
/
%
%$
/
%
± ') /
%
%*
/
%
± -- /
%
%(b /
%
± -$
/ '
+%
&%
%*
/
%
±
&*
/
$
%$
/
%
±
&' /
%
%*
/
%
±
&$
/
%
%*
/
%
±
&(
/
%
&
/
%
%*
/
%
±
&(
/
%
%+
/
%
± )$
/
%
%)c /
%
± ' /
&
$%
$(
*+
/
%
± '*
/)
%&
/
%
± (, /
*
%&
/
%
± +, /
*
%&
/
%
± ,, /
%
%(
/
%
± +&
/
*
%(
/
%
±
*
%) /
%
±
&' /
*
$&a /
%
± +, /
*(
$&
$+
%+
/
%
±
%$
/ (
%&
/
%
± ,) /
%
%&
/
%
± ,(
/
%
%+
/
%
±
&(
/
%
%(
/
%
± ') /
%
%(
/
%
± )/
%
*
%'b /
%
±
&(
/ '
+%
+*
%$
/
%
±
&+$
/
$
%+
/
%
±
&) /
%
&
/
%
%$
/
%
±
&+
/
%
* /
%
±
&*
/
%
&
/
%
%$
/
%
±
&(
/
%
%)c /
%
± )- /
&
% .
5 - 8' I!J
"<
-(5 * 5 w
% X5(5 6B
=( u\ G W ( kJ
-Q A5 5 - vw ' Z[
O5 x*
8'
"<
-(5 5( 6B .
! r G < 5 NcG >
! &B 2 & >
4 E*5 )*
Nemati et al.
(2005)
W E*(
'5 \ ( & =( U }
/ } 5 5 =' -
vw O5
x*
' _ / w 5 =' - Z[
O5 x*
' -
5 H(QS 6Y5&
( . o#A
Carey & Bradley
(1982)
( ( 6= 8
/y 5 5 =' -
/ v}
O5
x*
' - 5 H(QS 2\
.
Cagle (1956)
W
\ '5 ( & =( U _
5 5 =' -
vw O5 x*
' -
& 6= 8 =( !A 5 H(QS 2\
E*5
E*( G < 5 4 .
G 5
"
Andres
(1957)
` / a[
5 5 =' -
v
O5 x*
' -
XY
Sohrabi & Shishehbor (2008)
`a / a[
5 ='
5 - vw 5 O x*
' [Z / _ 5 5 =' -
Z[
O5 x*
' -
&
d
!
"
' v / av ' =' y/
_ ='
-A5 5 m &
vw ' Z[
O5 x*
-'
& 5r =( !B& 5 H(QS "2& kBd &
E*( G < 5 4 E*5 .
Al-Mallah &
Abdalla (1990)
v /y ' -'C '5 -(& =' Z
/ aZ ='
-5 5 "S\ '5 -(&
vw O5 x*
-'
1S ( 5 H(QS 5r
& Q 5r =( !B
&
( 5 4 E*5 <
"
.&
.
"#
!
=( & =( U\ -. I!J NG( 8 c5 c Zv / w % 5& 8'!
. 8 c5 !B&
-5 5 '( EG(!*( G & &
Z[
O5
x*
' %'5 ' '( EG(!*( X-'C NG( ' E*(
-5 5 %'5 * \ vw
O5 x*
"
!.(
) 'O v .(
& 8 c5 N 4 E*5
)*
Sohrabi & Shishehbor (2008)
* -'
6&Q
S A
"
&
5 '5 5 m -
vw ' Z[
5 O x*
yv / aa ' w_
/ v`
' - XH y
/ a`
' yy / va ' -
&
2& kBd
"
' a /
v ' ZZ / Z`
' -
&
d
!
"
& X =( !B
!
& >
5 E*( G < 5 4 E*5
64 N
<#O 5 ;1!?( W? & E*( 7#
5 E
S k3 ' <
A
"
.& 5!*( 5 .
123 C 5 H 2I 89* ' ) (2 <
( CD
CE FD 3 G9&+
°C
°C °C
/
/
/
/
/ / /
/
/
!
/
/
/
/ /
$
%& ' (
)
#$ W -' 5 h
M& -A
"<
(5 5&
) 'O Z .(
#$ W -5 5 5 ' M& -A
v[
O5 x*
5& , 5 -5 '5 =( !B&
. * A 5
5 =( !A A #$ W < 5 -5 5& A
;1!?( (
"<
(5 AB F4 #$ W & - B
.
#$ W !B&
-5 5 5 -A v[
O5
x*
) va / a}
( ' -5 & & 64 Z[
O5 x*
5&
) Zw /y .(
kJ 5(< ,
5 59 A -(=( & . )
} / aZa ( 5(< !B& '
5 b )* . kJ v`[
5 kJ
[
5& =' -5 & &
v[
O5 x*
5&
.
. kJ 5(< !#
v 5 kJ 5$
w / v ='
-5 5 5 b )*
vw O5 x*
5&
.
, -4 r , & 5(5 6B A
-A5 -'&
v[
' vw O5 x*
8'
"<
(5 * 5 - w
% , ( XE.( 5O'
-5 -'&
Z[
O5 x*
8'
"<
(5 & -
-5 v[
' vw O5 x*
E.(5 . 5 -'&
A
5 (\ UA 8(G O5 U (Q9( &
) 'O Z .(
O E2
"
5 5 - v[
O5 x*
=( !#
5 '5 - 5 5& , . E2 A - O
"
y_
/ [ X _a / [ '
_a / [ & 5
A5 5 m -
v[
' vw ' Z[
O5
x*
&
4 E*5 .
Cagle (1956)
=4 5 B
"
' - 5r X5(5 %Y( 2\
y}
/ [ ' yy / [ (& ( X5 -
O E2
"
( 5r &B 5 H(QS
&
( 5 4 E*5 E*( <
. O E2
"
&
E*5
( 5 4 5r =( !# <
&
4 E*5 )*
Sohrabi & Shishehbor (2008)
'
Zhang et al.
(2006)
& ' 5r =( !B
&
)* 4 E*5
Bradley
& Carey (1982)
'
Nemati et al.
(1982)
E*(
. 5r
O E2
"
9 6rr )* . H(QS & +(
m }a / [
` / [ X5
`w / [ X5 ww / [ ' ya / [ 5
E*(
. F' E$
-
& . AB
O E2
"
5
. I!J 8<
5 &
& 8' N
S 6&Q
.&
) < 5 2\
Carey & Bradley
5 6Y5& X
<
Nemati et al.
&1S X
"
< 5
Zhang et al.
& ' d
!
"
< 5
Sohrabi & Shishebor
.(
*+
(, +- .
(Q9( &
=( 5 U v[
&
Z[
O5 x*
c5
r&
(lx)
* 5
\
- UA & p'.
"
) N7.
a (
* j ' -'& '
(mx)
* 5 Q
\ - 5? s(G &
"
* ) N7.
a .(
* A - 5 5 '(
kJ -Q A5 5 -
v[
X vw ' Z[
O5 x*
&
m aw X } ' y
S='
"
5&
.
=4 p'. 6= =(
'( AB U
kJ ' -
b 5 -A S&
"
&
m a
X
` ' w B W ='
) N7.
a .(
A - & 5
A=' =( m -
ay X aa '
_ A5 5 - v[
X vw ' Z[
O5
* x & p'.
'
?4 ' 5
& Q 5 m w
X
Z[
' a`
S='
"
5 ) N7.
a .(
5r A! n & &
"
(Q9(
<#O U E
(λ)
&
(Q9(
(Q9( 5 U U
& ' E9
!B 64 (r
Z / a 5
5 - Z[
O5 x*
5&
. (Q9( &
8 W 5 U
N b 6=
) ( T
6= 8 ' E<#O 6. &(& '5
) ( DT
!9 UA )
'O
( -(& %=C 6= ( = X B
# ' - . I!J NG(
- \ & =( U )
G
O
"
6= =( 64 =( u\ ' M& F| kJ
* u* '
G & 6 kJ
-Q ( %=C 6= '
(&
-
* T'( & 6 kJ
-Q 5 A -
& 5
(Q9(
UA 5 U E9
.
rm
(Q9( & A (Q9( 5 U U
E9 ) 'O
.(
&
!B (r
rm
5 & &
- Z[
O5 x*
5&
. 5 d A v[
O5 x*
6(Q kJ -Q 5 ' vw O5 x*
(r
R0
5
& A 5& !B .
123 F 5 19= 2%+ (#> ?@
' ) ( JK.
( JK.
' L) ( JK.
67 M 19= ( N$* (
) ' (
( ;7 (*
CD CE FD 3 G9&+
°C F
df
P "! !
#$
/ )a
&
( '&
/
**
± + /
*"*
)a ,, (
&, / -
±
**
)b '- ( ,*
/
± - / ,*
* /
*'
*,&
/
!!!*
/
!
<
#$ 0 123 45
)a
&
(
! /
!
±
* /
* )b ,, (
!"
/
!
± +' /
! )c '- (
!' /
!
± - /
! -' / ,&
*,&
/
!!!*
/
!
<
#$
45 )a
&
(
*+
/
*
±
* /
* )b ,, (
"
/
!
± - / + )c '- ( ' /
!
± , / ' /
"'
*,&
/
!!!*
/
!
<
#$ 0 63 45
)a
&
( '"
/
!
± ,/
)b ,, (
"
/
!
±
"
/
* )b '- (
**
/
!
± - /
! '"
/ +
*,&
/
!!!*
/
!
<
78 9: ;=
)a
&
(
"&
/
*
±
* /
*+
)b ,, ( - /
!
± '- /
**
)c '- ( '*
/
!
± -' /,
* /
*'
*,&
/
!!!*
/
!
<
78 9: ;=
)a
*!
(
*+
/
± - /
*, )b
*+
( ' /
*
±
&- /
*!
)c
"*
( ' /
!
±
"
/, +' /
*+
- /
!!!*
/
!
<
43 >? : 150@
. A5
% .
Pivotal age
; 4 5 PQ. 2
lx
) /* R (
mx
)
?+ S (*
(
. ?.. 67 %&7
F ( CD CE FD 3 G9&+
rm
(& kF !(\ b -
c ( I
"
. b
<#O (. 5 XE (+R )
"
3( '
#
"
= XE*( ?
(
h ' (+R ' 5 -
X# ' .
( r& ' Ns
u7<
"
)
Kasap, 2003
.(
Q =( 5!*( E
rm
( ( E*(
(r 2
"
' N($ =(
'
'45(=
-
Fertility
O & ' E*(
- r d !(\
S= 'O
"
) '& X#$ W X# ' . n -
X
' O E2 '
"
( F X r 5 !(\ b
(3
"
S 5 )
Baniameri et al., 2005
.(
W &
"
'5
#A( !(\
= E 5 -
< 5 (r
rm
(5 : 6=
n ' # ' . kJ
Q - 5 X A
-
P
#A( =( # ' . 6= 8(
& E
!B - (5?&
E*(
)
Gotoh et al., 2004
.(
( 5 Y C& Q (r
rm
5 5 - Z[
O5 x*
!A X '5
& 5(5 ( # ' . E*( 4 E*5
. QY
*S 6
(Q9( & 5(5 6B =( 5 U
v[
&
Z[
O5 x*
(r
rm
(Q9( Q U
& ' !9
!B & 64 (r
5 &
- Z[
O5 x*
4 q =( ' E*(
- &
, * 5 A w
%
< ;1!?(
"
5(5 5O' (5
) vw / v_}
X F=
ay`
/ v Xdf=
[[[a / [
p<
( . ' ( =(
& =(
5 * - m* X< 5
(& 5 -
!
"
5 - Z[
O5 x*
E*(
.
Popov (1981)
5r vw / [ X ZZ / [ ' =' [
/ wy X
`v /
v & ( (& m -
rm
'
R0
!
"
5
5 - vw ' Z[
O5 x*
' - ,9 ,(
"
'
Nemati et al.
(2005)
Q 5r vv / [ X Za / [ ' _ / Za X
y/
a}
& ( (& m -
rm
'
R0
( ( 5 5 '5
' - 5r 5 H(QS 6Y5&
rm
X. H(QS
123 T 5 67 (* %&' 123 (%)
T. turkestani
( CD
CE FD 3 G9&+
"
°C °C
°C F
df
P ( N=) ( N=) (N=#)
R0
$a /
± / a
/
± /
#
#b /
± /
#
$ /
# / /
<
rm / a
±
# / / b
±
$ /
$c /
± / /
$
# / /
<
λ a
/
±
$ / b /
± / c
/
± / /
# / /
<
T / a
±
$$
/ / b
±
$ / c
/
± /
$
$ / $
# / /
<
DT a
/
±
# / / b
± # / c
/
±
$ / /
# / /
<
:N
150@
. A5
% .
°C
CD
°C
CE
mx lx
°C
FD
r 02
! &B ( >
5r ( XE*( UA'j\
E*5 &
(& 4 -
R0
& G < 5
5r =( !B H(QS
.
Popov (1981)
'
Nemati et al.
(2005)
& XE*(
s!*(
R0
&
' 4 E*5 -
,9 ,(
"
5 5 - Z[
O5 x*
&
& (r =( !B ( 5 4 E*5
E*( <
. 5r 8'!
5 , - (&
-
rm
'
R0
5(9( )*
5 E*( . H(QS , .
#O =(
Carey & Bradley
(1982)
5r v / [ X v}
/ [ ' _ /
y X
/
[
&
m
(&
-
rm
'
R0
5 5 -
` / vZ '
/ v}
O5 x*
5 H(QS .
Sohrabi & Shishehbor (2008)
5
5 - vw ' Z[
O5 x*
&
(& m -
rm
'
R0
!
"
' -
&
- 2& kBd
"
5r vZ / [ X
Zv / [ ' ya / w[
X _`
/
' - 5r H v
/ [ X v`
/ [
' _}
/ w}
X wa / vw ' ' -
&
d
!
"
5r a}
/ [ X v_
/ [
'
`y / v_
X Za / va 5 H(QS ( .
( 5 8<
5r (& . H(QS -
rm
'
R0
5r =( !#
&
< 5 4 E*5 G
"
.&
. s!*( &
R0
5
Z[
O5 x*
< 5
Carey & Bradley
(1982)
'
Sohrabi & Shishehbor (2008)
' -
&
2& kBd
"
&
& (r =( !B ( 5 4 E*5
E*( UA'j\
. 5r
&
!B
rm
'
R0
&
5 4 E*5
6B G <
& A5 W 65& !B #$
A -
# '5 65& !A XM&
-
\ NG(
=( U
5 8 65& !# X&
. NG(
- \ ' & =( U
'& 65& C&
- 5 ( 5 A E*( <
.
8' A - 5 & E*( 7# . AB
5 8' N
S p (. X 5(j X6&Q
=4 ) H' ' U A
-
=((
S - QY ' .& 8$1W(
.
! (( >
( 5 . 6B UA'j\
"
A5
!
"
5 * A 5 E*( 53 -
< 5
S= '5
"
' N ( 5?
kJ Q - X o#A
!
(' W & >
"
6B ' 5 h( A5 -
B 6=
'& ' #$ W X# ' -
!
"
"
.&
. W
. I!J NG(
- 5 ' uO '5
!
"
5 5 - Z[
O5 x*
'5 =( !#
5 - 5 , 5&
. 5 ' A #$ W (Q9( & A
UA 5 U E9
.
(Q9( &
=( 5 U v[
&
Z[
O5 x*
8 W
6=
<#O 6. &(& '5 6= 8 ' N b
E
UA E9 .
<#O 6. &(& '5 6= 8
5 5 E -
v[
O5 x*
)
`w / Z ( r '5 2 ( &(&
5 6=
5 - Z[
O5 x*
) }v / a ( E*(
. A! n
"
(Q9(
<#O U ' E
rm
(Q9( &
(Q9( 5 U U
!9 . =(
Y4
rm
P &
& # ' B 6= 8(
xG
5 & XE*(
CW N
"
# ' B 6= 6.
- NG(
. I!J -
5 5 - v[
O5 x*
!# X
(r
rm
( 5
& 5 4 E*5 .
5 5 N&r 5 -
Z[
O5 x*
5 &
N
# ' B '5 6.
-
. I!J NG(
- ' o#A
* 6= UA
6
T'( &
kJ Q - 5 A -
& X5
!B (r
rm
5
(
& 5 Xr& & & 8$1W( Y4 =( ' 4 E*5
'& ' # E$*
- 5
rm
c1?
"
S A X5.
P ( 5 5 N($
rm
# 6
"
(&& X5.
&
5r x*(
rm
&
5 X4 E*5 -
Z[
O5
x*
(&
-
!
"
m*
5 '5 =(
-
5 E*( , .
!
& >
( 5 4 E*5 ^& XUA'j\
!
& >
%Y( 8< =( 4 E*5 ' .
-
*
A - E*(
(Kasap, 2001; Kasap, 2003;
Yasuda, 1982)
.
( & 6'Q9(
rr H(QS x*( & X
( XI!J
S (& kF E94 b -
= 5(<
5 - 8CD =(
$(=
"
R& '
"
E*(
(Carey & Bradley, 1982; Helle
& Sabelis, 1985)
( '
"
( O N&3 8? 5Y F
"
' -
&
,9 OS X('A XQ&? X
"
8 XN9 X
,9
"
& ' - JS 8CD =(
( - R ' JS ( -
5(5 )
Escudero & Ferragut, 2005
( & O & '
(.
(A ' f4 )
"
(. ' B JS ? )
5 XA
& 5 -
='B ^W =(
- JS '
& A =( U vw
O5
* x ( #!G( ' E*(
. 8? 5Y
( )*
(&& X5(5 5O'
&
!
"
*&
"
A -
&
!B -
= 5 AS7. !9
"
5. Q#!
&
!B S7.
- ' A5 5 ( 5? Ns -
C&
-
vw O5 x*
='&
"
A5 .
REFERENCES
1. Al-Mallah, N.M. & Abdalla, S. L. (1990). On the biology of the strawberry mite Tetranychus turkestani Uga. & Nik. (Tetranychidae, Acariformes) and the susceptibility of three glandiolus cultivars to infestation under greenhouse conditions. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 8(1), 21-24.
2. Andres, L. A. (1957). An ecological study of three species of tetranychids (Acarina: Tetranychidae) and their response to temperature and humidity. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley, 49pp.
3. Andrewartha, H. C. & Birch, L. C. (1954). The distribution and abundance of animals. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 782 pp.
4. Baniameri, V., Soleiman-nejadian, E. & Mohaghegh, J. (2005). Life table and age-dependent reproduction of the predatory bug Orius niger Wolff (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) at three constant temperatures: a demographic analysis. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 40(4), 545-550.
5. Cagle, L. R. (1956). Life history of the spider mite, Tetranychus atlanticus McG. Virginia Agriculture Experimental Station. Technical Bulletin, 124, 22pp.
6. Carey, J. R. & Bradley, J. W. (1982). Developmental rates, vital schedules, sex ratios, and life tables for Tetranychus urticae, T. turkestani and T. pacificus (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on cotton. Acarologia, 23(4), 333–345.
7. Escudero, L. A. & Ferragut, F. (2005). Life history of predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on four spider mite species as prey, with special reference to Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Biological Control, 32, 378-384.
8. Gotoh, T., Akiyuki, S., Kitashima, K. & Hussien, A. R. (2004). Developmental and reproductive performance of Tetranychus pueraricola Ehara and Gotoh (Acari: Tetranychidae) at four constant temperatures. Applies Entomology and Zoology, 39(4), 675-682.
9. Helle, W. & Sabelis, M. W. (1985). Spider mites, their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. A, Elsevier, Amesterdam. 405 pp.
10. Jeppson, L. R., Keifer, H. H. & Baker, E. W. (1975). Mites injurious to economic plants. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 614pp.
11. Kamali, K. (1988). Tetranychid mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) injurious to plants in Khuzestan. In:
Proceedings of Iran Proc. XVIII. International Congress of Entomology, Vancouver Canada (Abstract).
P. 357.
12. Kamali, K. (1989). A part of plant mites fauna of Khuzestan. Agricultural Journal of Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, 73-83. (In Farsi).
13. Kasap, I. (2001). Interactions between the predator mite, Typhlodromus athiasae Porath and Swirski and its prey, citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acarina: Tetranychidae; Phytoseiidae) and development of degree-day models. Ph. D. dissertation. Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Cukurova University, Adana, 93 p. (In: Turkish with English summary).
14. Kasap, I. (2003). Life history of hawthorn spider mite Amphitetranychus viennensis (Acarina:
Tetranychidae) on various apple cultivars and at different temperatures. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 31, 79-91.
15. Naveh, V. H., Allahyari, H. & Saei, M. (2004). A computer program for estimating of fertility life table parameters using jackknife and bootstrap techniques. In: Proceedings of 19th International Plant Protection Congress, May 11-16, Beijing, China, p.299.
16. Nemati, A., Soleimannejadian, A., Shishehbor, P. & Kamali, K. (2005). Evaluation of the effect of temperature on biological parameters of Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski (Acari:
Tetranychidae). The Scientific Journal of Agriculture, 28, 209–222.
17. Popov, S. Y. (1981). Survival tables and biological parameters of the spider mite Tetranychus turkestani.
Izvestya timiryazevskoi selskokhozyaistvennoi akademii, 1, 124-133.
18. Popov, S. Y. (2000). The temperature developmental curves of the Atlantic spider mite Tetranychus atlanticus McGregor (Tetranychidae). Entomologicheskoe – Obozrenie, 79(3), 550-556.
19. Rajabi, Gh. (2003). Insect ecology. Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Agricultural Research and Education Organization, Vol. 34, 622pp. (In Farsi).
20. Shojai, M. (1996). Enthomology. (2nd ed.). The University of Tehran Press, 464 pp. (In Farsi).
21. Sohrabi, F. & Shishehbor, P. (2008). Effects of host plant and temperature on growth and reproduction of the strawberry spider mite Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski (Acari: Tetranychidae).
Systematic and Applied Acarology, 13, 26-32.
22. Uspenskii, F. M. (1978). The Turkestan cotton spider mite. Zaschchita _ Rastenii, 6, 47-48.
23. Yasuda, M. (1982). Influence of temperature on some of the life cycle parameters of citrus red mite Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 26, 52-57.
24. Zhang, Y. X., Wang, F. T., Chen, X. & Chen, F. (2006). The fecundity potential of Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski (Acari: Tetranychidae). Acta Phylophylactica Sinica, 33(4), 379–383.