ناریا یسانش هرشح نمجنا ی همان

(1)

çè

ŢƟŚƿŹŵ ææ ææ æèîå ƁźƿŸě

é ì æèîæ

ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ

ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ

èæ çè æ èè æèîç

ƱŚǀƳŻŹŸŝžƳŚſřƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳƱƺǀſǇƺƯźƟƾƿōŹŚĩ

Carum copticum

ƶƿŸƜţŹŚŤƟŹƽƹŹ

Ŝºƃƽř

Ƶźºě ƽ

ŢƄě

ƾſŚưƫř

Plutella xylostella (Lep.: Plutellidae)

ƩŚưūƽŶƸƯ ƾƯźŰƯŶǀƘſæ

æŹƺě

ƹ

ƽŶƳŻƱŚĭĦƯ*

ç

ƱŚŞƸĮƳƮƿźƯƹ

æ

Î ƵźƄůƵƹźĭ ƵŶĪƄƳřŵƽŻŹƹŚƄĩƾſŚƴƃ

į źţƵŚĮƄƳřŵƽŻŹƹŚƄĩ

ŽŹŶƯŢǀŝ

ƱřźƸţ Ï ƾưǀƃƹźŤěƹźưǀƬěƵŚĮƄƷƹĦě

Ʊřźƿř ƱřźƸţ

ƾĪǀƳƹźŤĪƫřŢƀěšŚŞţŚĪƯƩƺŘƀƯ*

moharami@modares.ac.ir

Efficacy of nanoencapsulated formulation of essential oil from Carum copticum seeds on feeding behavior of Plutella xylostella (Lep.: Plutellidae)

M. Jamal¹, S. Moharramipour^1&*, M. Zandi² and M. Negahban¹

1. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, 2. Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran.

*Corresponding author, E-mail: moharami@modares.ac.ir

ƵŶǀĪģ ƶŝ ƾƿōŹŚƧƂƿřżƟřŹƺƔƴƯ ƾƳǇƺƏźǀŧŐţƹ

źţ žƳŚſř ŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚƷ

ƶƫƺƀĜƧ ƾºƯƹźĪǀƯƹƺƳŚƳŵŚƘŝřŹŵžƳŚſřƱŵźƧ

ƪºůƵřŹŶºƳřƺţ

Ư Œ ŶƃŚŝƽźŧ

ƶƘƫŚƐƯƲƿřŹŵ ţŐŧ

ǀ ź ƶƿŸƜţŶƋ ƽř ũřźŴŤſřžƳŚſřƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳŶƿŶūƱƺǀſǇƺƯźƟ

ƱŚºǀƳŻŹŸŝŻřƵŶƃ

Carum copticum

C. B. Clarke

ŜƃƹŹǇƽƹŹ

Ƶźě į ŢƄě ƾſŚưƫř

Plutella xylostella (L.)

ŢƟźĭŹřźƣƾſŹźŝŵŹƺƯ

ƆųŚºƃƲǀºǀƘţŢƸū

ƽŚºƷ

ƶƿŸƜţ ŜƃƹŹǇƽř Ƶźě į ŹƺƧŸƯ ţŢŰţ Ő ƶŝƱŚǀƳŻžƳŚſřƱƺǀſǇƺƯźƟźǀŧ

ƶƳřŻƹŹŹƺƏ ƵŵŹƺųƽřŸƛƱŻƹ

ƂƿřżƟřƵŶƃ ƱŻƹ

ƱŻƹƹƽƹŹǇ

ŶǀƫƺţšǇƺƌƟ

ƵŶƃ

ƶŝ ŶƃŢŞŧŻƹŹƶſšŶƯ

ƂƿŚƯŻō Źŵ ƾƿŚƯŵƎƿřźƃ Î

t ÏÔ ƶūŹŵ į ƾŞºƀƳŢŝƺƏŹŽƺǀƀƬſ Ò

t ÓÒ ƹŶºƇŹŵ

ƵŹƹŵ į ƽŹƺƳ ÎÓ ƹƾƿŚƴƃƹŹŢƗŚſ Õ

ŶƃƭŚŬƳřƾĪƿŹŚţŢƗŚſ

ƱƺǀºſǇƺƯźƟƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳŪƿŚŤƳ

ƱŚºǀƳŻžƳŚºſřƩƺºƀĜĩƺƳŚƳ ºŝ

ƶ ŹƺºƏ

ƾƴƘƯ ƽŹřŵ řŸƛƾŞƀƳƝźƈƯűźƳ

ƾŞƀƳŶƃŹűźƳ

ƵŵŹƺųƽřŸƛƪƿŶŞţƵŵŻŚŝ

ƵŶƃ ƮƌƷƽřŸƛƪƿŶŞţƵŵŻŚŝƹ

ŢſřƵŵřŵƂƷŚĩřŹƵŶƃ

ƲǀƴĤưƷ

ƮƌƷƾŞƿźƤţƆųŚƃ

ƶŝŶƷŚƃŚŝƶƀƿŚƤƯŹŵƾĭŶƳƺƃ

ƾƴƘƯŹƺƏ ŢƃŸĭŻřžěƽŹřŵ ƶſ

ƾƫŚůŹŵŢƟŚƿƂƷŚĩƶƿŸƜţŻƹŹ

ƶºĩ

ƆųŚƃ ƾĭŶƳŹřŵŻŚŝ ƶƿŸƜţ ƽř ƾƴƘƯŶƷŚƃŚŝƶƀƿŚƤƯŹŵ

ŶƄƳŹřŵ ƶŝŪƿŚŤƳ ǇƺƯźƟƶĩŢſřƱōŻřƾĩŚůƵŶƯōŢſŵ ŜūƺƯƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳƱƺǀſ

ƩźŤƴĩƽŻŚſŚƷŹ

ƶƿŸƜţŢǀưſšřźŧřƹƵŶƃžƳŚſřƾŬƿŹŶţƹƵŶƃ

ƶŝřŹžƳŚſřƽř

ƯŹƺƏ Œ ŢſřƵŵřŵƂƿřżƟřƽźŧ

ƽŶǀƬĩƱŚĭĥřƹ

Plutella xylostella

Carum copticum

ƆųŚƃƾƷŚǀĭžƳŚſřƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳ

ƶƿŸƜţƽŚƷ Abstract

In order to increase the efficiency of essential oils, the use of formulations with controlled release of the oil encapsulated in micro- and nano-scales would be the best option. In this research, the antifeedant activity of nanoencapsulated essential oil of Carum copticum C. B. Clarke was investigated on Plutella xylostella (L.) larvae.

To determine the nutritional indices of the larvae affected by the formulated essential oil, weight of ingested food, larval biomass and weight of feces produced were recorded daily for three days. The experiments were conducted at 27 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% RH and photoperiod of 16: 8 h light: dark. Results indicated a significant decrease in nutritional indices such as relative consumption rate, relative growth rate, efficacy of conversion of ingested food and efficacy of conversion of digested food as concentration of the oil increased. Moreover, digestibility was decreased significantly, 72 h after feeding. However, feeding deterrence index was not significantly increased as compared with control. The finding led to a conclusion that nanoencapsulated oil has potential to control release of the essential oils and increase in post-ingestive toxicity of the insect.

Key words: Plutella xylostella, Carum copticum, nanoencapsulation, plant essential oil, nutritional indices

ƶƯŶƤƯ ƵŵŚƠŤſř į ƾŝ ƶƿƹŹ į ŢƟō ƂƧ ƃƽŚƷ ǀ ŦºƗŚŝƾƿŚǀư

ƶŝ źƐų ƵŶƳŻšřŵƺūƺƯƾŤƯǈſƲŤųřŶƳř

ƶŝ ƵĦƿƹ

ƱŚƀƳř

Ƶŵƺƫō ƴĤưƷƹŢƀƿŻƎǀŰƯƱŵźĩ ǀ

řźºƟřƲ ƿ ŢºƯƹŚƤƯƂ

ŢƟōšřźƄůŹŵ Ŷƃ

Ƶ Ţſř Ŝƃ Ƶźě į ƾºſŚưƫřŢºƄě

Plutella xylostella (L.)

ƵŵřƺƳŚºųƮºƸƯšŚƟōŻřƾƨƿ

į

ƶŝƱŚǀƿŚĜǀƬģ

Śưƃ ƾƯŹ ƶºƧŶºƿō ƳŵŹŵ ºǀ Ś źƤţ ƿ ƕřƺºƳřƶºŝľŚºŞ ŢƟō

ƂºƧ ƵŶºƃƭƹŚºƤƯŚºƷ

Ţºſř

(Reddy et al., 2004)

ƵŵŚƠŤſřŦƗŚŝšŚƟōŢƯƹŚƤƯŮƐſƂƿřżƟř

į Ƃǀŝ ŶºůŻř

ƵźƄů ƂƧ źěƽŚƷ ƯƂƿřżƟřƹƶƴƯřŵ ǀ

ƝźƈƯƱřż

ƶĩƵŶƃ

ƹŢººƀƿŻƎǀººŰƯŹŵƩǈŤººųřŵƺººų

řŹƱŚººƀƳřƾŤƯǈººſ

ƶŝ ŢſřƶŤƃřŵƵřźưƷ

(Yi et al., 2007)

ƶºŝ ŹƺºƔƴƯƲǀºưƷ

ƩźºŤƴĩƽĦţřźŤºſřŻřƵŵŚƠŤºſřƵźºƄůƲºƿřƩźºŤƴĩƽřźŝ ŹŵƶºĩŢſřƶŤƟźĭŹřźƣƽŵŚƿŻƶūƺţŵŹƺƯšŚƟōƾƤǀƠƬţ

(2)

ÏÑ ƩŚưū

ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹ ƱŚǀƳŻŹŸŝžƳŚſřƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳƱƺǀſǇƺƯźƟƾƿōŹŚĩ

ƵźºƄůƩźºŤƴĩƹƾºƘǀŞƏƱŚƴưƃŵƱō

į řźºƔƳŵŹƺºƯ Ż

ƶŝƽŶǀƬĩƪƯřƺƗ

ƾºƯśŚºƀů

Ŷºƴƿō

(Guan-Soon, 1990;

Talekar & Shelton, 1993)

žƳŚºſř ƾƷŚºǀĭƽŚºƷ ƪƯŚºƃ

ĨººǀţŚƯƹŹōšŚºŞǀĩźţ

ŶƴŤƀƷƾƗƺƴŤƯƾƷŚǀĭ

ƶƧ ƶŝ İĭŻŚţ ŵƶŝ ƖǀºſƹƞºǀƏƪǀƫ

ƵŵŚƠŤºſřƝŶºƷźǀƛšřŵƺūƺƯƽƹŹƮĩŢǀưſŢǀƫŚƘƟ ƶŝ ƝŚƘƯƲǀƴĤưƷƹřŸƛƾƴƃŚģƱřƺƴƗ

ƲǀƳřƺºƣŻřƱŵƺºŝ

ŢƟōŢŞŧ Ƃĩ ƶŝřŹƽŹŚǀƀŝƶūƺţŚƷ

ŶƳřƵŵźĩŜƬūŵƺų

(Isman, 2004)

šŚŞǀĩźţƲƿř źǀųřƩŚſƵŵŹŵ

ƶºŝ ƱřƺºƴƗ

ƵźººƄů Ƃººĩ ŹŵƽŹŚººŬţƽŚººƷ

ƁźŤººƀĭƩŚººů ƹƵŵƺººŝ

ƽřźŝƾƴƿżĮƿŚū ƾƿŚǀưǀƃƭƺưſ

ŶƴŤƀƷ ƶºŝŢºƯƹŚƤƯƶĩ

Ʊō ŻƹźŝŚƷ ŢſřƵŵźĩ ƾƌƘŝřźƿŻ

Żř ƹƿ İĭĦ įŚƷ ƅŚų

ƾƯƾƷŚǀĭƾƿŚǀưǀƃŵřƺƯŚƿƱŚƷŚǀĭ

ƂǀºŝźǀŧŐţŶƳřƺţ

ƽźºţ

ŶººƃŚŝƶŤººƃřŵŢººƟōšřźººƄůŢººƯƹŚƤƯƂƿřżººƟřƶººǀƬƗ

(Yi et al., 2007)

ŹřźºƟ

śōŹŵƲǀƿŚºěŢºǀƫǈůƱŵƺºŝ

ŶǀƀƧř

ƖƿźſƱŶƃ ƾŝ

ƾţŚŞŧ ƾƿŚǀưǀƃ žƳŚſř ƾƷŚǀĭƽŚƷ

Źŵ Źƺºººƌů

řƺºººƷ

ŹƺºººƳ

ŢºººŝƺƏŹ ƹ

ƽŚºººƯŵ ǇŚºººŝ

Pillmoor et al. (1993)

ƾƯŦƗŚŝ ŵźŝŹŚºƧŻřƪŞƣƶƧŵƺƃ

žƳŚſř ƲŤƟŚƿźƨƟƶŝšŚƟōƩźŤƴƧŹŵŚƷ ƁƹŹ

ƽŶºƿŶū

ŵƺºŝ žƳŚººſřƾƿřŹŚººƧŚººţ

ŶººƷŵƂƿřżººƟřřŹŚºƷ

Żřƾººƨƿ

ƮƸƯ ƁƹŹƲƿźţ

ŵŚŬƿřƹŶƿŶūƱƺǀſǇƺƯźƟŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚƷ

ƾƯƶƧŢſřƾţřźǀǀƜţ

žƳŚſřƽƹŹŶƳřƺţ

ŵƺºƃƩŚºưƗřŚƷ

ºţƱřżºǀƯƹŢǀƠǀƧŚţ Ő

Ʊōźǀŧ ƂƿřżºƟřŚºƷ ºŝŚƿ

Ŷ śŚºŴŤƳř

ƶººŝƾĮŤººƀŝƱƺǀººſǇƺƯźƟ ƪººƯřƺƗ

ƾƿŚǀưǀººƃƾººƨƿżǀƟ

ƅřƺų Żƿ İŤƀ ƵƺŰƳžƳŚſř

į ƹŵźŝŹŚºƧƾĮƳƺĮģźŧř

ŵŹřŵƩƺƈŰƯƕƺƳ

ƶŝ ƂƷŚºƧƹƽŶƯōŹŚƧƂƿřżƟřŹƺƔƴƯ

ŢƀƿŻšřźƐų

ƾƐǀŰƯ ƶŝ ƾºƯźºƔƳ

ŶºſŹ ƱƺǀºſǇƺƯźƟ

ƩźŤƴƧƂƿŚƷŹ

ƵŶºƃ

(controlled release)

ƶºƴƿżĭƲƿźºŤƸŝ

ŶƃŚŝ

(Maji et al., 2007)

ƲƿřŻř ƹŹ ƀĜƧ

ƶƫƺ žƳŚſřƱŵźƧ

ƂƿŚºƷŹƾƿŚºƳřƺţŵŚºŬƿřŦºƗŚŝƹźºĪǀƯƹƺƳŚºƳƭźºƟƶŝ ƩźŤƴƧ ƹźǀŧŐţƂƿřżƟřƵŶƃ ŢǀƫŚƘƟ

ƿŻ İŤƀ ƾƳǇƺƏ źºţ Ʊō

ƾƯ ŵƺƃ

.(Lai et al., 2006)

ƶƿŸƜţŶºƋšřźŧřƶĩŚŬƳōŻř

ƽř ƱŚǀƳŻƵŚǀĭžƳŚſř

Carum copticum C. B. Clarke

Żř ƪŞƣ

ƵŶǀſŹšŚŞŧřƶŝ ŵƺºŝ

(Sahaf & Moharramipour, 2009)

řŸƫ ţŐŧ ǀ ź ŶƋ ƶƿŸƜţ žƳŚºſřƩƺºƀĜĩƺƳŚƳƱƺǀºſǇƺƯźƟƽř

ŜƃƽƹŹƵŚǀĭƲƿř

Ƶźě į ƾºſŹźŝŵŹƺºƯƾºſŚưƫřŢºƄě

ŢƟźĭŹřźƣ

ƵŚººǀĭ ƳŻ ººǀ ƱŚ

ƷŚººǀĭ ƾ ƾººƿƹŹřŵŢººſř

ƵźººǀţŻř ƽ

Apiaceae

ŻřƂǀŝƶƧ Ūƴě

žƳŚſřŶƇŹŵ ŵŹřŵ

ƶŝƹ ƱřƺƴƗ

Ʀƿ ƾƯƝźƈƯƾƿřŸƛƖƿŚƴƇŹŵƽŹŚŬţƩƺƈŰƯ

ŵƺƃ

ưººſ ǀ ººƀƠƴţŢ ƾ

ƳŻžƳŚººſř ººǀ

ƹŹƱŚ ƽ ƚƫŚººŝšřźººƄů

Sitophilus oryzae (L.)

ƹ Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

ƹ żºǀƳ ŶºƃŹƪºůřźƯ ƽ

Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)

(Sahaf et al., 2007; Sahaf & Moharramipour, 2008)

ƹ

Ŝººƃ Ƶźººě į ƽŶººƴƷ

Plodia interpunctella (Hubner)

(Shojaaddini et al., 2008)

ººſŹšŚººŞŧřƶººŝ ǀ

ŢººſřƵŶ

İſŹźŝ įŚƷ ƭŚŬƳřŵŶƘŤƯ

ƯƱŚƄƳƵŶƃ ƾ

ŹřźƟŵřƺƯƶĩŶƷŵ

ŢƔƬƛŹŵžƳŚſř

ŚƷ ƽ Ż ƿź ľŚƯƺưƗƵŶƴƄĩ

ƵŻŚūř į ŸƜţ ºƿ ƶ

ƶººŝƹƵŵřŶºƳřŹšřźºƄůƶºŝ

ĭŶººƳŹřŵŻŚŝšřźºŧřšŶºƃ ƾ

ŸƜţ ºƿ ƶř ƽ ŶºƳŹřŵ

(Negahban & Moharramipour, 2007;

Sahaf & Moharramipour, 2008)

ƶŝ ưƷ ǀ ƫŵƲ ºǀ šřźºŧřƪ

ưſ ǀ ŸƜţŢ ƿƶ ř ƽ žƳŚſř ŚºƷ ƽ ĭ ºǀ ƷŚ ƾ ƶºŝ ŝƺºų ƾ ŹŚĪºƃō

ŢſřƵŶƄƳ

řźŝŚƴŝ ƿ Ʋ

šřźºƄůŹŵƱŻƹƂƷŚºĩƪºƯřƺƗ

ţǀ ŹŚư ĭŶºƳŹřŵŻŚŝšřźºŧřƶºŝƵŶƃ ƾ

ŸƜţŻřśŚºƴŤūř

ºƿ ƹƶ

ĮƴſźĭƪưŰţ ƾ

Źŵ ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵŢŞƀƳƂƿŚƯŻōƩƺƏ

ƶĩŚŬƳōŻř Źŵ ŶºƿŶūƱƺǀºſǇƺƯźƟ

žƳŚºſř ƾƷŚºǀĭƽŚºƷ

ƾƯƶƫƺƀĜĩ

ŐºţƶºĩŢſřƱōŹŚƔŤƳřŶƳƺƃ ŧǀ

ź ƾĭŶºƳŹřŵŻŚŝ

ƶƿŸƜţ ŝžƳŚſřƽř ŶŝŚƿƂƷŚĩƲĪưƯƪƣřŶůƶ

řŸƫ ƿ ºĪ ƾ

ƬƇřƝřŶƷřŻř ƾ

řƂƷƹĦě ƿ ƱŚºĪƯřšřźºƄůƶĩŢſřƲ

ŸƜţ ººƿ řŸººƛŻřƶ ƽ

žƳŚººſř ƶŤººƃřŵřŹŹřŵ ŶƴººƃŚŝ

šřźººŧřƹ

ưſ ǀ ŸƜţŻřžěŢ ƿƶ

ř ƽ ĭžƳŚſř ǀ ƷŚ ƾ ſŹźŝŵŹƺƯ ƾ

Źřźƣ

ĭǀ ŵź ƶŝ ƵƹǈƗ

ſǇƺƯźƟƶĩŚŬƳōŻř ǀ

ƸţƱƺ ºǀ ƶ śōŚºŝƵŶºƃ

ƣŹ ǀ ƯƢ ƾ ŵƺƃ

Ư ƾ ºſǇƺƯźƟƱřƺţ ǀ

ơƺºƟƱƺ

ƹŹřŹ ƽ ĭ ºǀ ƵŚ

ƗřŹŻ ƾ ŚƯŻō ƿ ŵƺưƳƂ řŹŵřŸƫ ƿ ƂƷƹĦěƲ Ʋǀƫƹřƽřźŝ

ŹŚºŝ

(3)

Ƴ ƶƯŚ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ

ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èè

æ

ÎÐîç

ÏÒ

ţŐŧ ǀź ŸƜţŶƋ ƿƶ ř ƽ ſǇƺƯźƟ ǀ ƵŚºǀĭžƳŚºſřƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳƱƺ

ƱŚǀƳŻ ƽƹŹ ŜƃƹŹǇ Ƶźě į ſŚưƫřŢƄě ƾ

ƾºſŹźŝŵŹƺºƯ

ŢƟźĭŹřźƣ

ƁƹŹƹŵřƺƯ

ŚƷ

ƶǀƸţ ƽ ƵŚǀĭ ƹ ƁŹƹźě źƄů Ƶ

ƾƷŚĮƄƳřŵŵŚƸūšŚƤǀƤŰţżƧźƯŻřƱŚǀƳŻƵŚǀĭŹƹŸŝ Ƹţ ǀ Ŷƃƶ ŹƹŸŝƲƿř ŢĩŚěŹŵ

ƶŤƀŝƽŸƛŚĩƽŚƷ

ŹŵƹƽŶƴŝ

ŹżƿźƟ Źŵ ƽŚƯŵ ÏÑ ƶūŹŵ į ƶĮƳŽƺǀƀƬſ

ŶƳŶƃƽŹřŵ

Ŝƃ Ƶźě į ŢƄě ƾºſŚưƫř

P. xylostella

ĨºƣŚţřŹŵ

ƽŚƯŵŚŝŶƃŹ Î

t ÏÔ ƶūŹŵ į ƾŞƀƳŢŝƺƏŹŽƺǀƀƬſ

Ò t ÓÒ ƵŹƹŵŶƇŹŵ

į ƽŹƺƳ ÎÓ ƹƾƿŚƴºƃƹŹŢƗŚſ Õ

ĩƵŚǀĭƽƹŹƾƨƿŹŚţŢƗŚſ ƮƣŹřżƬ

Opera

ƵŵřŵƁŹƹźºě

Ŷƃ

ƶǀƸţ į žƳŚſř ƶǀƸţŢƸū

į ŚºŝƱŚºǀƳŻƵŚºǀĭŹƹŸºŝřŶºŤŝřžƳŚſř

ŶƳŶººƃŵźººųƾººƣźŝƲĩŵźººųĨººưĩ

ŢººŝƺƳźººƷŹŵ

žƳŚſř ƽźǀĭ

ÑÍ ŚºŝƵŚºǀĭŹŸŝƭźĭ ÓÒÍ

ƾºƬǀƯ śōźºŤǀƫ

žƳŚºſřƵŚĮŤſŵŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝźƐƤƯ

ƶºƄǀƃźºǀĭ

ƩŶºƯƽř

Clevenger

ƂƷƹĦººěƱŚƯŻŚººſŢųŚººſ

ƾººưƬƗƽŚººƷ ƹ

ƱřźƿřƾŤƘƴƇ

ƽŚƯŵŹŵ ÎÍÍ

ƶūŹŵ į ƶŝŽƺǀƀƬſ

ƁƹŹ

žƳŚſřśōŚŝźǀƐƤţ

Ŷƃƽźǀĭ

žƳŚſřƱŚƯŻ

ƽřźºŝƽźǀĭ

ƶƳƺưƳźƷ ŹŚƸģ

ŵƺŝŢƗŚſ

žƳŚſř ƖưūƽŚƷ

ƽŹƹō ƵŶºƃ

śōƮƿŶºſšŚƠƫƺºſĨưĩŚŝ

ƱŚºƯŻŚºţƹƵŶºƃƽźºǀĭ

ƵŵŚƠŤſř

ƶƄǀƃƝƹźƓŹŵ

ƮºŬůƶºŝƽř Ï

ƾºƬǀƯ ŚºŝźºŤǀƫ

ŴƿƪųřŵƾƯƺǀƴǀƯƺƫōƁƺěƹŹ ƩŚĤ

Źŵ ƽŚƯŵ Ñ ƶºūŹŵ į

ƶĮƳŽƺǀƀƬſ

ŶƳŶƃƽŹřŵ

(Negahban et al., 2006)

ƶǀƸţ į ƺƳŚƳƱƺǀſǇƺƯźƟ

ƾƷŚǀĭžƳŚſřƩƺƀĜƧ

ƶǀƸţƽřźŝ į ŹŸºŝžƳŚºſřƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳƱƺǀſǇƺƯźƟ

ƳŻ ºººººǀ ƮºººººƷƱƺǀºººººſřźưǀƬěƁƹŹŻřƱŚ

ƱŚºººººƯŻ

(in situ polymerization technique)

ƶŝ ƾƳƺǀºƀƫƺƯřƁƹŹ

śōŹŵƲºƛƹŹ

(O/W)

ŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſř

(Negahban et al.,

2012)

ƶººŝ ƶººƇǈųŹƺººƏ

žƳŚººſř ƶººŝ ƱřƺººƴƗ ƶŤººƀƷ į

ƺƳŚºººƳ ƩƺºººƀĜĩ ƹ

ƵŹƹř ƹ ŶºººǀƿŶƫŚƯźƟ

ÐÔ ƶºººŝ ƱřƺºººƴƗ

Ƃǀě ƽŚƷźưǀƬě

(U-F)

ƵŹřƺƿŵ į ŚƳ ƺƳ ƩƺƀĜĩ śŚŴŤƳř ŶƳŶƃ

ƶŝ ŹƺƔƴƯ ƶǀƸţ į Ƃǀě źưǀƬě Żř ŹƺºŤĩřŹ żºƸŬƯ ƶºŝ ƮºƷ ƱŻ

ƾĪǀƳŚĪƯ ŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſř

ŶƘŝ Żř ƵŵŚƯō Ŷƃ Ʊ Ƃǀě źºưǀƬě ƵŹƹř

ƹ ŶǀƿŶƫŚƯźƟ

(U-F)

ƾƀƫƺƯř źƿŚƟ Ï ƶŝ šŹƺƇ ŬƿŹŶţ ƾ ƹ

žĜſ žƳŚſř ƶŝ šŹƺƇ ƵźƐƣ ƵźƐƣ ƶƟŚƋř Ŷƿŵźĭ Żřžě

Źŵ Ʊō pH

ſř ǀŶ ƽ ƵŹřƺƿŵ į ƾºƬě ƵŹƹř Ɵ ŶºǀƿŶƫŚƯź

ĪºƄţ ǀ ƪ

ƃ Ŷ ŶƘŝ Żř ŢƃŸĭ ŹŚƸģ ŢƗŚſ

ƪĪƃ ƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳ

ƽŚºƷ

ƪǀĪƄţ ƵŶƃ Źŵ ƲƿźŤƸŝ ŢºƫŚů ŵƺºų ƒºƠů ƹ ŢºƿŚƸƳŹŵ

ƀƳŚĜſƺſ ǀ Ʊƺ ƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳ

ƶŝ ƁƹŹ ƽŵŚưŬƳř ĨƄų Ŷƃ

ƶƿŸƜţƆųŚƃƾſŹźŝ

ƱƺǀſǇƺƯźƟƽř

žƳŚºſřƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳ

ŜƃƹŹǇƽƹŹƱŚǀƳŻƵŚǀĭ

Ƶźě į ŢƄě ƾſŚưƫř

ƽřźŝ ŻŹř ƿŝŚ ƾ ƅřƺºų ŶºƋ

ţ ŸƜ ƿƶ ř ƽ ºſǇƺƯźƟ ǀ Ʊƺ

ƹŚůƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳ ƽ

ĭžƳŚºſř ºǀ

ƳŻƵŚ ºǀ ŢºƔƬƛŻřƱŚ

ŚºƷ ƽ

LC10

LC15

ƹ

LC25

ưººººſŻřƪººººƇŚů ǀ

ŸƜţŢ ººººƿ ƶř ƽ

ſǇƺƯźƟ ǀ ĭžƳŚſřƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳƱƺ ºǀ

ƳŻƵŚ ºǀ ƱŚ

ƶºŝ ţźţ ºǀ Ŝ

èÓîÓ

ÑÑÓÑ ƹ Óæçå ě ƾ ě ƾ ƆƫŚųžƳŚſřƭř

ƵŵŚƠŤºſř

Ŷƃ ŹŚưǀţ ŶƷŚƃ ƪƯŚƃ ſǇƺƯźƟ ǀ žƳŚºſřƱƹŶºŝƱƺ ƺºŝ

ŵ

(Jamal, 2012)

ĭīźŝźƷ ǀ

ƶŝřżƬĩƵŚ ŸƜţŮƐſƱřƺƴƗ ƿƶ

į

ƶŝšřźƄů

šŶƯ èå ƳŚŧ ǀ Źŵƶ Ò Ưǀ Ƭ ƾ ƫǀ ƶƏƺƛƩƺƬŰƯźŤ

Źƹ

žĜſƹ çå ƣŵ ǀ ŻƶƤ ƿ ŴŞţƩǈůŚţŶƃƶŤƃřŸĭŵƺƷź ºǀ

ź

ŵƺººƃ řźººŝ ƽ ŚººƯŻōƕƹźººƃ ƿ

ŚººƷƹŹǇŻřƂ ƽ

ƭƺººſƲººſ

Ŝƃ Ƶźě į ŢƄě ſŚưƫř ƾ ŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤſř

ŚºƷźŤƯřŹŚě ƽ

ŵŹƺºƯ

ŻŹř ƿŝŚ ƾ řŸºƛŹřŶƤƯƪƯŚƃ ƽ

ŵŹƺºų Ƶ řżºƟřƵŶºƃ ƿ

ƱŻƹƂ

ƫƺţšǇƺƌƟŹřŶƤƯƹƹŹǇ ǀŶ

ŵƺŝƵŶƃ ƶºƧ ƶºŝ šŶºƯ ƶºſ

ŸƜţŻƹŹ ƿ ŚƷƹŹǇŹƺƸƓƱŚƯŻŻřƶ ƽ

ŚěŚºţƭƺºſƲºſ ºƿ

ƱŚ

ƶŝƭŹŚƸģƲſƹŹǇ

ƶƳřŻƹŹŹƺƏ

ŶƳŶƃƾŝŚƿŻŹř

ŵŹƺƯƱŻƹ

řźŝƵŵŚƠŤſř ƽ

żŬţ ƿ ƬŰţƹƶ ǀ ĨºƄųƱŻƹƪ ŵƺºŝ

řźºŝ ƽ

(4)

ÏÓ ƩŚưū

ƶŞºſŚŰƯ į ĨººƄųƱŻƹ

īźººŝ ŚºƷ ƽ ŹŵƵŵŚƠŤººſřŵŹƺººƯ

ŚºƯŻō ƿ Ƃ ƫƺţšǇƺºƌƟŚººƷ ººǀ

Ŷ ŚººƷƹŹǇƹƵŶºƃ ƽ

ƶŝŚººƄƯ

ŚƷƹŹǇ ƽ ƶŝ ŚƯŻōŹŵƶŤƟŹŹŚĩ ƿ

Ƃ Źŵ Ūƴě ŹřźĪţ Ʊƹōƪųřŵ

ÓÒ ƶūŹŵ į ƀƬſ ǀ Žƺ ƶŝ šŶƯ ƹŵ ŻƹŹ ƵŵřŵŹřźƣ ŶƳŶºƃ

žĜſ ĨƄųƱŻƹ Ʊō

ŚŝŚƷ ƹŻřźºţ ƽ ºƿ Ĩ Ƶŵ ƭźºĭƭŹřżºƷ

ƶŝ ŶƯōŢſŵ

ƘţŻřžºě ǀºǀ

ĨºƄųƱŻƹŹřŶºƤƯƲ

(mg)

ƆųŚƃ ŹŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝƶƿŸƜţƽŚƷ ƶƐŝř

ŚƷ ƽ Ż ƿź ƶŞºſŚŰƯ

ººƃ Ŷ

(Waldbauer, 1968)

ŹŵƂƿŚººƯŻō Ô

ƹŹřźººĪţ Źŵ

řźƃ ƿ ŚƯŵƎ ƾƿ Î t ÏÔ ƶūŹŵ į ƀƬſ ǀ

Žƺ ŞƀƳŢŝƺƏŹ ƾ

Ò t ÓÒ

ŶƇŹŵ řźƃ ƿ ŹƺƳƎ ƽ ÎÓ ƹƾƿŚƴºƃƹŹŢƗŚſ Õ

ƾƨƿŹŚţŢƗŚſ

ƭŚŬƳř ŢƟźĭ

RCR (mg/mg/day) = Wi / (T × W0)

ƶƐŝřŹƲƿřŹŵ RCR

ƆųŚƃ űźºƳ ƝźºƈƯ ŞºƀƳ ƾ řŸºƛ

(Relative consumption rate)

Wi

ĨººƄųƱŻƹ (mg)

řŸƛ ƽ ƵŵŹƺų ƶŝƵŶƃ řŻř ƽ ƱŚƯŻŻřžěƹŹǇźƷ T

ƱŚºƯŻ

ŸƜţ ƿƶ į řŸƛŻřƹŹǇ Ŝƀůźŝ

ŻƹŹ ƹ W0

ĨºƄųƱŻƹ

(mg)

ƫƹř ǀƶ į ŸƜţŻřƪŞƣƹŹǇźƷ ƿƶ

Ţſř

RGR (mg/mg/day) = (Wt – W0) / (T × W0)

ƶººƐŝřŹƲººƿřŹŵ RGR

ŞººƀƳŶººƃŹűźººƳƆųŚººƃ ƾ

(Relative growth rate)

ƹ Wt

ĨƄųƱŻƹ (mg)

ƹŹǇźƷ

ŸƜţŻřžě ƿ

ĥŹŻřƶ ƿ řŸƛƮ ƾƿ šŶƯŹŵ T

Ţſř

ECI (%) = [(Wt – W0) / Wi] × 100

ƶººƐŝřŹƲººƿřŹŵ ECI

ƆųŚººƃ ŶººŞţƵŵŻŚººŝ

ƿ řŸººƛƪ ƽ

ƵŵŹƺºų ƵŶºƃ

(Efficacy of conversion of ingested food)

Ţſř

ECD (%) = [(Wt – W0) / (Wi – Wf)] × 100

ƶººƐŝřŹƲººƿřŹŵ ECD

ƆųŚººƃ

ŶººŞţƵŵŻŚººŝ ƿ

řŸººƛƪ ƽ

ƮƌƷ ƵŶºƃ

(Efficacy of conversion of digested food)

ƹ Wf

ƱŻƹ ĨƄų (mg)

ƫƺţšǇƺƌƟ ǀŶ

ƶºŝƵŶºƃ řŻř ƽ źºƷ

ƹŹǇ Ţſř

AD (%) = [(Wi – Wf) / Wi] × 100

ƲººƿřŹŵ

ƶººƐŝřŹ AD

ƮººƌƷƾººŞƿźƤţƆųŚººƃ

ƾĭŶƳƺººƃ

(Approximate digestibility)

Ţſř

FDI (%) = [(C – F) / C] × 100

ƶººƐŝřŹƲººƿřŹŵ FDI

ƆųŚººƃ ĭŶººƳŹřŵŻŚŝ

ƾ ƶººƿŸƜţ ƽř

(Feeding deterrence index)

C

ƵŵŹƺųƽřŸƛŹřŶƤƯ

ƵŶƃ

(mg)

ƶººŝŶƷŚººƃŹŵ

řŻř ƽ ƹŹǇźººƷ

ƹ F

ƽřŸººƛŹřŶººƤƯ

ƵŵŹƺų ƵŶƃ (mg)

ţŹŵ ƶŝŹŚưǀ řŻř ƽ ƹŹǇźƷ Ţſř

ƹƶƿżŬţ ƽŹŚƯōƪǀƬŰţ

żŬţŻřƪŞƣ ƿƶ

į ŹŚƯō ƽ Ƶŵřŵ ƩŚƯźƳŚƷ Ʊŵƺŝ Ʊō ŚºŝŚƷ

ƭźƳŻřƵŵŚƠŤſř

ŹřżºƟř

MINITAB14

ºſŹźŝ ƾ šŹƺºƇŹŵƹ

Ƴǀ ŻŚ Śŝ ƶºƐŝřŹŻřƵŵŚƠŤſř

į

Arcsine

100

X

ŶƳŶºƃƩŚºƯźƳ

řźŝ ƽ ŚƤƯ ƿ ƶƀ į ŢƔƬƛźŧř

ŚƷ ƽ ºſǇƺƯźƟźƷƞƬŤŴƯ ǀ

Ʊƺ

ƹŹ ƽ ƆųŚƃ ŚƷ ƽ ŸƜţ ƿ żŬţŻřƶ ƿƶ į Źřƹ ƿ žƳŚ ƿ Ĩ ƶºƟźƏ

ºƴƘƯšŹƺºƇŹŵƹŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſř ƾ

Źřŵ ƯƱŶºƃ ºǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ ŚºƷ

ĩƺººţƱƺººƯŻōƎººſƺţ ƾ

ŮƐººſŹŵ Ò

ŚƤƯ ƿ ŶƳŶººƃƶººƀ

żŬţ ƿƶ ŚƷ ƽ ŹŚƯō ƽ ƶƯŚƳźŝƎſƺţ

į

SPSS 16

ŢƟźĭƭŚŬƳř

ƿŚŤƳ Ū

ţŐ űźºƳƽƹŹƱŚǀƳŻƵŚǀĭžƳŚſřƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳƱƺǀſǇƺƯźƟźǀŧ

ŸƛƾŞƀƳƝźƈƯ ř

ŚŤƳ ƿ żŬţŻřƪƇŚůŪ ƿƶ

į ŹŚºƯō ƽ ŚºŝƶºĩŵřŵƱŚºƄƳ

ƶŝ ŹŚĩ ſǇƺƯźƟƱŵźŝ ǀ

žƳŚſřƱƺ ƵŚǀĭ

ƳŻ ºǀ ƱŚ ƹŹ ƽ řŸºƛ ƽ

ŜƃƹŹǇ Ƶźě į ŢƄě ſŚưƫř ƾ

ŞƀƳƝźƈƯűźƳ ƾ

ŹŵřŸƛ

šŶƯ ƶſ ŸƜţŻřžěŻƹŹ ƿ

ƶŝƶ ºƴƘƯŹƺºƏ ƾ

Źřŵ ƽ ƂƷŚºĩ

ƿ ŢƟŚ ƩƹŶū įŚƷ Î Śţ Ð Żřžě ƶſ ŸƜţŻƹŹ ƿƶ

ŪƿŚºŤƳ

ƶƿżŬţ į ƱŚƄƳžƳŚƿŹřƹ źŧřƶƧŵřŵ

ŢƔƬƛ ƞºƬŤŴƯƽŚºƷ

(5)

æ

ÎÐîç

ÏÔ

Ʋƿř ſǇƺƯźƟ ǀ řŸºƛƾŞºƀƳƝźºƈƯűźƳƽƹŹƱƺ ƽ

ƹŹǇ

ŚƯŻōŵŹƺƯ ƿ

Ƃ

ƾƴƘƯƝǈŤųř

ƽŹřŵ ƩŚºưŤůřŮƐſŹŵ Ò

ŵ ŵŹř ÑÓÏ Ð

F =

çÑ Ð, df =

ÍÐÏ Í P =

řżºƟřŚºŝ ƿ Ƃ

ºſǇƺƯźƟŢƔƬƛ ǀ

ƝźºƈƯűźºƳŹřŶºƤƯƩƺºƀĜĩƺƳŚƳƱƺ

ŞƀƳ ƾ ǇŚŝŢƔƬƛŹŵƎƤƟřŸƛ

ÓÎÏÍ ƾě ƾě ƭř ǈŤºųř Ɲ

ƴƘƯ ƾ Źřŵ ƽ Śŝ ŶƷŚƃ Ţƃřŵ Ŷū Ʃƹ įŚƷ Î Śţ Ð

ţŐ űźºƳźºŝƱŚºǀƳŻƵŚǀĭžƳŚſřƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳƱƺǀſǇƺƯźƟźǀŧ

ƾŞƀƳŶƃŹ

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(6)

ÏÕ ƩŚưū

ƩƹŶū Î źŧř ſǇƺƯźƟ ǀ Ʊƺ ƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳ

žƳŚſř ĭ ǀ ƳŻƵŚ ǀ ƱŚ

Carum copticum

Źŵ ŢƔƬƛ ƽŚƷ

ƞºƬŤŴƯ

ƽƹŹ ƆųŚºƃ ƽŚºƷ

ƶƿŸƜţ ƽř ƹŹǇ ƭƺſƲſ

ŻřŶƘŝ ÏÑ ŸƜţŢƗŚſ ƿƶ

Table 1. The effect of different concentrations of nanoencapsulated essential oil of Carum copticum on nutritional indices of Plutella xylostella third instar larvae after 24 h feeding.

Nutritional indices (Mean ± SE) Concentration

(ppm) FDI

(%) AD

(%) ECD

(%) ECI

(%) RGR

(mg/mg/day) RCR

(mg/mg/day)

- 1.591 a

93.84 a 1.644

7.31 b 0.105

2.77 a 0.145

1.21 a 3.679

28.82 0

a 0.756

32.00 2.135 a

91.24 a 1.472

5.29 ab 1.209

4.66 a 0.051

0.91 ab 3.797

22.82 3696

a 1.229

33.71 a 2.115

91.11 a 1.428

6.73 ab 1.117

5.96 a 0.045

0.92 ab 3.461

19.15 4464

a 0.535

35.00 a 2.471

88.65 a 1.800

8.15 1.702 a

8.07 a 0.108

1.13 b 1.639

12.18 6120

Means followed by the same letters in each column do not differ significantly using Tukey's test at P < 0.05.

RCR = Relative consumption rate, RGR = Relative growth rate, ECI = Efficacy of conversion of ingested food, ECD = Efficacy of conversion of digested food, AD = Approximate digestibility, FDI = Feeding deterrence index.

ƩƹŶū Ï źŧř ſǇƺƯźƟ ǀ Ʊƺ ƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳ

Carum copticum

ƞºƬŤŴƯ

ƶƿŸƜţ ƽř ƹŹǇ ƭƺſƲſ

ŶƘŝ Żř ÑÕ ŢƗŚſ ŸƜţ ƿƶ

Nutritional indices (Mean ± SE) Concentration

(ppm) FDI

(%) AD

(%) ECD

(%) ECI

(%) RGR

(mg/mg/day)

- a

1.082

93.84 a 0.661

4.55 a 0.475

3.94 a 0.178

1.72 a 3.513

42.50 0

a 0.896

24.43 1.199 a

93.19 ab 0.539

3.29 ab 0.385

2.78 b 0.066

0.91 b 2.194

30.21 3696

a 0.896

26.57 a 1.094

91.10 b 0.370

1.89 b 0.322

1.71 b 0.127

0.59 b 2.437

33.70 4464

a 1.056

27.86 a 1.294

90.00 b 0.178

1.64 0.150 b

1.47 b 0.055

0.49 b 1.926

27.73 6120

ƩƹŶū Ð źŧř ſǇƺƯźƟ ǀ Ʊƺ ƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳ

Carum copticum

ƞºƬŤŴƯ

ŸƜţ ƶƿ ƽř ƹŹǇ ƭƺſƲſ

ŶƘŝ Żř ÔÏ ŢƗŚſ ŸƜţ ƿƶ

Nutritional indices (Mean ± SE) Concentration

(ppm) FDI

(%) AD

(%) ECD

(%) ECI

(%) RGR

(mg/mg/day)

- a

1.030

92.97 a 0.236

3.55 a 0.212

3.46 a 0.212

1.42 a 7.598

57.39 0

a 0.522

26.29 0.346 ab

88.63 ab 0.459

2.91 a 0.392

2.60 ab 0.135

1.18 ab 5.287

41.12 3696

a 0.800

27.14 ab 1.763

87.05 bc 0.265

1.82 b 0.205

1.56 bc 0.125

0.62 ab 3.989

38.12 4464

a 0.680

28.71 b 1.420

86.45 c 0.183

1.38 0.141 b

1.18 c 0.069

0.50 b 1.912

36.73 6120

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ƟŚĩŹŶƣ ƾ ŹŵřŹźºƔƳŵŹƺºƯžƳŚºſř ƿ

ŢºƟŚ

ƹŢſřƵŵźĪƳ ŶƿŚƃ

řƿ řźŝšŶƯƲ ƽ

ưºſšřźºŧřŻƹźŝ ƾ

ƟŚĩ ƾ ŶƃŚŞƳ ƟźƏŻřŚƯř ƾ ºſǇƺƯźƟƱƺģ ǀ

ƩƺºƀĜĩƺƳŚƳƱƺ

ƹŚů ƽ ƵŹƹř šŻř ŚƯźƟƹ Ŷƫ ǀƿ ƯŶ ƾ ŶƃŚŝ

Śƃ ƿ ŵŶ ºƿ ƵŹřƺ į

ƩƺƀĜĩ řŸƛźŧřŚƷ ƾƿ

ŸƜţŵƺºŞưĩƱřźºŞūƹŵƺºŞƸŝŹŵ ºƿ

ƶ

řźŝ ƽ ěŹŵřŹŶƃŹ ƾ

ŢſřƶŤƃřŵ

řźŝŚƴŝ ƿ Ʋ

ơƺºƟƕƺƋƺƯ

ººƀŝ ǀ ŜººƫŚūŹŚ Ƶŵƺººŝ

ƤŰţŹŵƹ ǀ ŶººƘŝšŚººƤ ƽ

Ƴ ººǀ ƶººŝŻŚ

ſŹźŝ ƾ ŚƷ ƽ ŝǀ Ƃ źţ ƽ ŵŹřŵ ƂƷƹĦě ŚºƷ ƽ ŵŶºƘŤƯ ƭŚºŬƳř

ŵŹƺƯŹŵƵŶƃ ţŐŧ

ǀ ź žƳŚſř ƾƷŚǀĭƽŚƷ

ƆųŚƃƽƹŹ

ŚƷ ƽ

ŸƜţ ƿƶ ř

ƽ ŶƴƳŚƯ ƵŚºǀĭžƳŚſř ƆųŚºƃƽƹŹƱŚºǀƳŻ

ŚºƷ ƽ

ŸƜţ ºƿ ƶř ƽ ŵŹōƶºƄĜƃ

(Sahaf & Moharramipour, 2009)

ŒƯ ƿ řŶ ƿ žƳŚºſřƶºĩŢºſřŜºƬƐƯƲ

ŚºƷ ľŚţŶºưƗ šřźºŧř

ŸƜţŶƋ ƿƶ ř ƽ ƶŝřŹŵƺų ĭŶƳŹřŵŻŚŝšŹƺƇ ƾ

ŸƜţ ºƿ Żƹźºŝƶ

ŸƜţƂƷŚĩŜūƺƯƹƵŵřŵ ºƿ

ºěŹŵƹƶ ƾ

ƱŻƹƂƷŚºĩƱō

Ư ƾ ƺƃ ƳŶ

ţŹƺƇŹŵ ƾ źºŧřƶĩ ƱřŶºƴģ Ż ºƿ ŵŚ ƽ ƹŹ ƽ ƵŵŻŚºŝ

ŶŞţ ƿ ŹřŶƳřŸƛƪ Ƴ

Ŷ

(Jiang et al., 2012)

ƶººƯřŵřŹŵ į ŚººƯŻō ƿ Ƃ ŚººƷ ƽ ƭŚººŬƳř řŹŵƵŶººƃ ººƿ

Ʋ

ƳŚƯŻƂƷƹĦě ƾ

ƶŝǇŚŝŢƔƬƛŹŵƹŹǇƶĩ

šŶƯ ƹŵ ŻřŻƹŹ

řŸƛ ƽ ŸƜţƩƺƀĜĩƺƳŚƳƶŝƶŤƄƛō ƿ

Ưŵźĩƶ ºǀ ŸƜţƱřż ºƿ Źŵƶ

ŚƤƯ ƿ ƞƈƳƶŝŶƷŚƃŚŝƶƀ ƂƷŚĩ

ƿ ŚƯřŢƟŚ ƱŶƃƮĩ ƱŻƹ

źƤţ ƿ ƮĩľŚŞ Żřźţ ƶſ ŶƷŚƃƶŝŢŞƀƳƱŻƹźŝřźŝ ŵƺŝ

ř ƿ ŹŵƲ

ƾƫŚººů ĭŶººƳŹřŵŻŚŝƆųŚººƃƶººĩŢººſř ƾ

ŸƜţ ººƿ Źŵƶ

ŢƔƬƛ ŚƷ ƽ ƴƘƯƞƬŤŴƯ ƾ

ƳŹřŵ ŵƺŞ ƱŚưƷŚƯř ŹŚƔŤƳřƶĩŹƺƏ

ººƯ ƾ Ź ưººſšřźººŧřŢººƟ ǀ

ŸƜţŻřžººěŢ ººƿ

ƶººŝƶ šŹƺººƇ

ƮƄģ ĭ ǀź ƽ Żƹźŝ ƿ ŢƟŚ

ƶŝ ƽŹƺƏ ŶºŞţƵŵŻŚŝƶĩ ƿ

řŸºƛƪ ƽ

ƵŵŹƺų ƵŶƃ ŸƜţžĪƗźŝ ƿ

ƶ ÏÑ ƶŤƗŚſ ƞƈƳƶŝ ƂƷŚĩ

ŵźƧřŶǀě řźŝŚƴŝ ƿ Ʋ

ƬƇřŢƬƗ ƾ ºƯřŹƱŻƹƂƷŚĩ ƾ

Ʊřƺºţ

(8)

ÐÍ ƩŚưū

ưſšřźŧřƶŝ ǀ

řŸƛŢ ƾƿ ŵřŵŢŞƀƳžƳŚſř

řŹŵ ƿ šŶƯƲ

řżƟř ƿ ƹŹŢƔƬƛƂ ƽ

ƮƌƷšŹŶƣ

ĭŶƳƺƃ ƾ ƳřŸƛ ǀ ŧŐţż ǀ ź

ºººƴƘƯ ƾ Źřŵ ƽ ŢºººƃřŶƳ

ºººƴģ ǀ ŶěƲ ºººƿ ƵŶ ř ƽ ŹŵƱƺƴĩŚºººţ

ŚººƯŻō ƿ Ƃ įŚººƷ ŵŶººƘŤƯ ƽ ƹŹƆƫŚººųžƳŚººſřŚººŝƶººĩ ƽ

ƭŚŬƳřšřźƄů

ƵŶƷŚƄƯƵŶƃ Ŷƃ

Ƶ Ţſř

Żƿ žƳŚſřřź ŚºƷ

ƵŻŚūř į ŸƜţ ƿ ºưƳřŹƵźƄůƶŝƶ ƾ

Ʒŵ Ŷºƴ ƵŶºưƗƹ į ƪºƬƗ

ĮƴºſźĭƪºưŰţƶºŝƱŻƹƂƷŚĩ ƾ

ŸƜţŻřśŚºƴŤūřƹ ºƿ

ƶ

ººƯƵŵřŵŢŞººƀƳ ƾ

ŵƺººƃ

(Sanna Passino et al., 2004;

Yi et al., 2007; Sahaf et al., 2008)

řŹŚºĩ ƾƿ řŸººƛ ƽ ƵŵŹƺººų ŸƜţŹŵƵŶºƃ ººƿ

ƶ ƽ Żřžººě

ƶſ ƵŻƹŹ ƽ ŜƃƹŹǇ Ƶźě į ŢƄě ſŚưƫř ƾ řŸƛŻř ƽ ƶŤºƄƛō

ſǇƺƯźƟƶŝ ǀ

ºŝƂƷŚºĩƱƺ ǀ

Ƃ źºţ ƽ ě ºǀ ŢºſřƵŵźºĩřŶ

ƶŝ ŹƺƏ ƽ ƬƗƶĩ ƾ ŸƜţƂƷŚĩƮƛŹ ƿ

ƞƈƳƶŝƶ

ŹřŶºƤƯ Źŵ

źţǇŚŝ ƿ ŢƔƬƛƲ

ƷŚĩ ƮºĩźŝřźŝƶſƱŻƹƂ

ŶƷŚºƃŻřźºţ

ŹŵƪºŞƣŻƹŹƶºŝŢŞºƀƳƭƹŵŻƹŹŹŵƹŹǇƱŻƹŚºƯřƵŶƃ ƮĩƶŝƶŝŚƄƯŢƔƬƛ

ƞƈƳŻřźţ ƂƷŚĩ

ƿ ŢºſřƶºŤƟŚ

Źŵ

řƿ ƳŚŬƴ ǀ ƬƇřŢƬƗż ƾ

ƯřŹ ƾ ŶºŞţƵŵŻŚŝŹŵƱřƺţ ƿ

řŸºƛƪ ƽ ƵŵŹƺų

ƶƈŴƄƯƶĩƵŶƃ ř

ƽ ưſŻř ǀ ƃŹřƺĭŢ ƾ

Ţſř

ƶºŝ

šŚŞŧř ŶƳŚſŹ

Żƿ ŶŞţƵŵŻŚŝřź ƿ

ŝƶŝřŸƛƪ ǀ

ŻřƂ ƶºſ źºŝřźŝ

ƂƷŚĩ ƿ ŢſřƶŤƟŚ

ŚŤƳ ƿ Ū

Moretti et al. (2002)

ŵřŵƱŚƄƳ

ƶĩ Ưǀ ƯƹīźƯƱřż ǀ

ƹŹǇź

Lymantria dispar (L.)

źŧřŹŵ

ŸƜţ ƿƶ į ſǇƺƯźƟƶŝƶŤƄƛōīźŝ ǀ

ƯƱƺ ǀ ŻřŶƘŝƩƺƀĜĩƹźĪ

ƹŵ ƹ ƶſ ƴƘƯšƹŚƠţŻƹŹ ƾ

Źřŵ ƽ řŶƷŚƃŚŝřŹ ƿ

ŵźºĩŵŚŬ

Śŝƶĩ ƿ ƶŤƟŚ ŚƷ ƽ ƢǀƤŰţŻřƪƇŚů

źƋŚů ŵŹřŵŢƤŝŚƐƯ

ƶŝ ŤƳƱřƺƴƗ ǀ ƶŬ ĭ ǀź ƽ ŚƸƳ ƾƿ ºƯ ƾ ŹŵƱřƺºţ ƿ ƶºĩŢºƟŚ

ƶººŝžƳŚººſř

ƶººŝƹƵŶººƯōŹŵƶƫƺººƀĜƧšŹƺººƇ

ŹŶººţ ƿ ŵřŻōŪ

Ư ƾ ƵŵŚƯŹřŶƤƯƆŴƄƯƱŚƯŻšŶƯŹŵřŸƫŵƺƃ

į ƩŚºƘƟ

ŵřŻō ƮºƧƆƫŚºųžƳŚºſřƶºŝŢŞƀƳƵŶƃ

ºƯźºţ ƾ ŶºƃŚŝ

ŚŬƳōŻř ƾƿ ƶƫƺƀĜĩƶĩ

ƇŚųƂƷŚĩŦƗŚŝžƳŚſřƱŵźĩ ǀ

Ţ

ĭŶƳŹřŵŻŚŝ ƾ Źŵ ŻƹŹ Ʒ ƶǀƫƹřƽŚ į ƶºŝŢŞƀƳƶƿŸƜţƂƿřżƟř

ƆƫŚųžƳŚſř Ư

ƾ Ưŵƺƃ ƾ ŝƱřƺţ ǀ Ƃ źºţ ƿ ưºſźºŧřƲ ǀ

Ţ

řƿ ſǇƺƯźƟƲ ǀ

ưºſƶŝřŹƱƺ ǀ

ºƃŹřƺĭŢ ƾ

ŸƜţŻřžºě ºƿ

ƶ

ƫƹŵřŵŢŞƀƳ ƾ

řŚŝ ƿ Ʋ ƤŰţŵƺºūƹ ǀ

ºŝšŚºƤ ǀ Ƃ źºţ ƽ řźºŝ ƽ

řšŚŞŧř ƿ ŢſřƭŻǇŜƬƐƯƲ

ƖŝŚƴƯ

Guan-Soon, L. (1990) Integrated pest management of diamondback moth: practical realities. pp. 565-576 in Talekar, N.

S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. 603 pp. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Taipei, Taiwan.

Isman, M. B. (2004) Plant essential oils as green pesticides for pest and disease management. pp. 41-51 in Nelson, W.

M. (Ed.) Agricultural applications in green chemistry. 216 pp. ACS Symposium Series No. 887, American Chemical Society.

Jamal, M. (2012) Insecticidal properties of nano-encapsulated essential oil of Carum copticum on Plutella xylostella. M.

Sc. Thesis. 121 pp. Tarbiat Modares University. [In Persian with English summary].

Jiang, Z., Akhtar, Y., Zhang, X., Bradbury, R. & Isman, M. (2012) Insecticidal and feeding deterrent activities of essential oils in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 136(3), 191-202.

Lai, F., Wissing, S. A., Müller, R. H. & Fadda, A. M. (2006) Artemisia arborescens L. essential oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for potential agricultural application: preparation and characterization. American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists 7, 1-9.

Maji, T., Baruah, I., Dube, S. & Hussain, M. (2007) Microencapsulation of Zanthoxylum limonella oil (ZLO) in glutaraldehyde crosslinked gelatin for mosquito repellent application. Bioresource Technology 98, 840-844.

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Moretti, M. D. L., Sanna-Passino, G., Demontis, S. & Bazzoni, E. (2002) Essential oil formulations useful as a new tool for insect pest control. American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists 3, 64-74.

Negahban, M. & Moharramipour, S. (2007) Efficiency of Artemisia sieberi and Artemisia scoparia essential oils on nutritional indices of Tribolium castaneum (Col.: Tenebrionidae). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 23, 13-22. [In Persian with English summary].

Negahban, M., Moharramipour, S. & Sefidkon, F. (2006) Insecticidal activity and chemical composition of Artemisia sieben Besser essential oil from Karaj, Iran. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 9, 61-66.

Negahban, M., Moharramipour, S., Hashemi, S. A. & Zandi, M. (2012) Efficiency of nanoencapsulated essential oil of Artemisia sieberi on nutritional indices of Plutella xylostella. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (in press). [In Persian with English summary].

Pillmoor, J. B., Wright, K. & Terry, A. S. (1993) Natural products as a source of agrochemicals and leads for chemical synthesis. Pesticide science 39, 131-140.

Reddy, G., Tabone, E. & Smith, M. (2004) Mediation of host selection and oviposition behavior in the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella and its predator Chrysoperla carnea by chemical cues from cole crops. Biological Control 29, 270-277.

Sahaf, B. Z. & Moharramipour, S. (2008) Fumigant toxicity of Carum copticum and Vitex pseudo-negundo essential oils against eggs, larvae and adults of Callosobruchus maculatus. Journal of Pest Science 81, 213-220.

Sahaf, B. Z. & Moharramipour, S. (2009) Comparative study on deterrency of Carum copticum C. B. Clarke and Vitex pseudo-negundo (Hausskn) Hand.-Mzt. essential oils on feeding behavior of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).

Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 24, 385-395. [In Persian with English summary].

Sahaf, B. Z., Moharramipour, S. & Meshkatalsadat, M. H. (2007) Chemical constituents and fumigant toxicity of essential oil from Carum copticum against two stored product beetles. Insect Science 14, 213-218.

Sahaf, B. Z., Moharramipour, S., Meshkatalsadat, M. H. & Filekesh, E. (2008) Repellent activity and persistence of the essential oils from Carum copticum and Vitex pseudo-negundo on Tribolium castaneum. Integrated Protection of Stored Products 40, 205-210.

Sanna Passino, G., Moretti, M. & Bazzoni, E. (2004) Microencapsulated essential oils active against indianmeal moth.

Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas 30, 125-132.

Shojaaddini, M., Moharramipour, S. & Sahaf, B. Z. (2008) Fumigant toxicity of essential oil from Carum copticum against indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Journal of Plant Protection Research 48, 411-419.

Talekar, N. & Shelton, A. (1993) Biology, ecology, and management of the diamondback moth. Annual Review of Entomology 38, 275-301.

Waldbauer, G. (1968) The consumption and utilization of food by insects. Advances in Insect Physiology 5, 229-288.

Yi, C. G., Kwonl, M., Hieu, T. T., Jang, Y. S. & Ahn, Y. J. (2007) Fumigant toxicity of plant essential oil to Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and Cotesia glomerata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 10, 157-163.

ناریا یسانش هرشح نمجنا ی همان

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