ﻥﺍﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺘﺻﺮﻓ :
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺍ
۱۴۳
ﻪﻠﺠﻣ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﮔ ﻴ ﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻥﺎﻫﺎ ﻲ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ
ﺩ ﻩﺭﻭ ۴۰ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ، ۳ ، ۱۳۸۸ ) ۱۵۰ ‐ ۱۴۳ (
ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺍ
ﺳ ﻴ ﺴﻧﺍ ﻩﺪ ﻴ ﻪ ﺘﺻﺮﻓ ﻴ
۱ﻥﺎ ﺴﺣ ﻥﻮﻨﺠﻣ ﺮﺻﺎﻧ ، ﻴ
ﻨ
۲ﻲ ،* ﺮﻗﺎﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺪﻴﺳ ﺴﺣ
ﻴ ﻨ
۳ﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻭ ﻲ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻪﻟﺍ
۴ﻱ
۱ ، ۲
، ۳ ، ۴
، ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﯼﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺳﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﮐ
ﯽ
،ﺪﺷﺭﺍ ﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻳﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺸ ،
ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﮐ ﺲﻳﺩﺮﭘ
) ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
۱۶ / ۱۲ / ۸۵
‐ ﺐﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
۲۵ / ۱۰ / ۸۷ (
ﻩﺪﻴﮑﭼ
ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱ
ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺎﻫ
) ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ (
ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ
ﺍ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻲﻔﻴﮐﻭ ﻲﻤﮐ ﻱ
ﻲﺗﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻋﺭﺰﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ، ﺲﻳﺩﺮﭘ
ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﮐ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ
ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ١٣٨٤
ﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ . ﮎﻮﻠﺑ ﺡﺮﻃ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﮑﺗ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ . ﺖﺸﮐ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ
SSS) ( ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ،
CCC) ( ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ
GGG) ( ﺭﺩ ﻡﺍﺪﮐ ﺮﻫ ١٢
ﺩﺭ ﻳ ﺖﺸﮐ ،ﻒ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻱ ٤ ،ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ٤
ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
ﻭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ٤
ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
CSG)
;( ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ٤ ،ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ٤
ﻭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ٤
ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
GSG)
;( ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ٤ ،ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ٤
ﻭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ٤
ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
CSC)
;(
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ٤ ﻭ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ٨
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
GSS)
;( ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻩﺮﺧﻻﺎﺑ ﻭ ٤
ﺩﺭ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻒﻳ ﻭ
٨
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
CSS) ( ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ . ﺎﻫ ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻱ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ
P≤0.05) ( ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻪﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻥﺯﻭ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺐﺒﺳ ، ﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﻲ ﺩﻮﺷ .
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ )
٢٢٠٧٩ ﮐ ﻴ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺮﮔﻮﻠ (
ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ
SSS) ( ﻭ
ﻥﺁ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﮐ )
١٠٤٦٩ ﮐ ﻴ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺮﮔﻮﻠ (
ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ
CSG) ( ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ .
ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻪﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻧ ﺎﻫ
ﻴ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﺰ
CCC) ﻳ
GGG ﺎ ( ﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ .
ﺎﻫ ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻱ
ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻱ
ﻧ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻲﻔﻴﮐ ﺕﺎﻔﺻ ﺮﺑ ﻴ
ﻨﻌﻣ ﺰ ﻲ ﺩﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻳ ﺪ
P≤0.05) .(
ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻢﻀﻫ )
٧١ (%
ﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺐ ﻱ
ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻭ CSS
ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ،GSS
ﻱ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ) CSG
٢ / ١٥ (%
ﻓ ﻭ ﻴ ﻡﺎﺧ ﺮﺒ ) ١ / ٤٨ (%
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ
SSS) ( ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ .
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺶ ٣٠ ‐ ٨ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻱ ﺍﺩ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻪﻧ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ
ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ
CSG) ( ﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻳ
ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺮ ﻱ ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻱ
ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻴ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻦ
ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻱ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
،CSS
ﻭ GSS
ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ CSG
ﻣ
ﻲ ﺘﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻴ ﺎﺟ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠ ﻳ
ﺰﮕ ﻳ ﻦ
ﺍ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﻳ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻭﺩ ﻦ )
ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻭ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ (
ﻓﺮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﺩﺭ ﻦ ﻳ ﺎﻫ ﻒ ﻱ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺖﺸﮐ )
ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ
٤:٤:٤ ( ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻦﻤﺿ ، ﻳ
ﮔ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻭ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺶ ﻴ
ﺮﺗﺮﺑ ،ﻥﺎﻫﺎ ﻱ
ﺑ ﻴ ﮊﻮﻟﻮ ﻳ ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﮏ ﻱ ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱ
) ﺎﺑ
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻱ
ﻣﺯ ﻴ ﻦ = ٢٥ / ١ ( ﺍ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻱ
ﻤﮐ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﺯﺍ ﻲ
ﮐ ﻭ ﻴ ﻔ ﻲ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺷ .
ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﮐ ﻮﮕﻟﺍ :
ﻱ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ،ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺍ
،ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ،ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ،ﻱ
ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ
.
ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ *
: ﻲﻨﻴﺴﺣ ﻥﻮﻨﺠﻣ ﺮﺻﺎﻧ
ﻦﻔﻠﺗ : ۲۱۸۱۲۹۷ ‐
۰۹۱۲
E-mail: [email protected]
۱۴۴ ﻪﻠﺠﻣ
ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ
۴۰ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ، ۳ ، ۱۳۸۸
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻬﮕﻧ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﮐ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻲﻣ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﮏﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﺑ -
ﻤﮐ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ،ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺮﺘ
ﻲﻣ ﻮﺷ ﺩ . ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﮏﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻴﺑ ﻱﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫﺩ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺮﺑ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﺪﺷﺭ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ
(Vandermmer, 1992)ﺪﻳﺁ .
ﻪﮐ ﻲﻳﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍﺰﺟﺍ
ﺖﺸﮐ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺍ ﺯ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﺪﺷﺭ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ،ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ
ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻭ ﺏﺁ ،ﺭﻮﻧ ﺯﺍ
ﺖﺸﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﺗﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ
ﺩﺮﮐ
(Wells & Faden, 1991)
. ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﻱﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻝﻮﺼﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺪﻳﻮﻧ
(Banik et al., 2006)
. ﺎﺑ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﮏﻳ ﻪﮐ ﻲﺘﻗﻭ ،ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﺱﺍﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺕﻼﻏ ﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺬﻐﺗ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﻮﮕﻟ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻥﮊﻭﺮﺘﻴﻧ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﺡﻼﺻﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻡ
ﻲﻣ
(Giller & Wilson, 1991) ﺪﺑﺎﻳ .
ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺖﻴﺒﺜﺗ
ﻱﺭﻭﺭﺎﺑ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﻮﺟ ﻥﮊﻭﺮﺘﻴﻧ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ
(Jeyabal & Kuppuswamy, 2001)
.
ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ
، ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺯﺍ
ﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺖﻴ ﺖﺳﺍ
. ،ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻉﻼﻃﺍ
ﺯﺍ ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ
ﻱﺎﻫ ﻭ ﮏﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ،ﮏﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﮐﺍ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﮏﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻓﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﺜﮐﺍﺪﺣ ﺕﺭﻭﺮﺿ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ . ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ،ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
ﺳ ﻴ ﻢﺘﺴ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺰﺑ ﻉﺭﺍﺰﻣ ﺪﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﮒﺭ
ﻳ ﺮ ﻳ ،ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺖ
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻥﺎﮑﻣﺍ ﻦﻴﺷﺎﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ
ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﮐ ﺕﻻﺁ )
ﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﺕﺎ
ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ،ﺖﺷﺎﮐ (
ﻲﻣ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺯﺎﺳ
ﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ، ﻴ ﻞ
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻧ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻴ ﺩﻮﮐ ﺯﺎ ﻱ ﻭ
ﺶﮑﺘﻓﺁ ﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻴ
ﺮ ﻱ ﺎﺳﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﮎﺎﺧ ﺶ ﻲﺿﺍﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻮﺑ
ﺐﻴﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺩ
(Cruse, 1992)ﺩﻮﺷ .
ﻲﻧﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲ
ﺪﺷ
،ﺪﻧ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ
ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ،ﻱﺍ
، ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ
، ﺹﻮﺼﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ
، ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻧﺍ
. ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ،ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ
ﻱﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻤﻫ ﺖﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﻥﮊﻭﺮﺘﻴﻧ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﮎﺎﺧ ﺡﻼﺻﺍ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺮﻴﻘﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻭ ﺎﺑ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ
ﻼﻏ ﻲﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ،ﻥﺯﺭﺍ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
(Lesoing & Francis, 1999)
. ﺍ ﻳ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻦ ﻣﺎﺗ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻴ
ﻦ
ﺸﺨﺑ ﻲ ﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﺯﺎ ﺬﻏ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻲﻳﺍ
) ﻮﺑ ﻳ ﻧ ﻩﮋ ﻴ ﻥﮊﻭﺮﺘ ( ﺱﺍﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﺯﺍ ،
ﻭ ﻑﺮﻃ ﮏﻳ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ
ﻫﺎﺗﻮﮐ ﺯﻭﺭ ﻲ ﻪﻳﺎﺳ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﻭ ﺭﺩ
ﺖﺸﮐ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺱﺍﺮﮔ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻑﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻨﺑﺮﮐﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺎﻴﺴﺑ
ﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﺭ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ
(Kowal & Kassam, 1978)
. ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﺕﻼﻏ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﺎﺑ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﺎﻫ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻟﻮﺗ ﻴ ﻞﮔ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺪ ﻫﺩ
،ﻲ
ﺑ ﻪ ﺘﺳﺩ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻴ
ﺑﺎ ﻲ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍ ﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻴ ﻔ ﻴ ﺖ
، ﺕﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻝﻭﺍﺪﺘﻣ ١
(Chapko, 1991)ﺖﺳﺍ .
ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﺍ ،
ﻳ ﻦ
ﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻴ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﻦ ﮐ
ﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺕﻼﻏ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺩﻮ ﻴ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻢﺘﺴ
ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻭ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻚﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻡﺎﺧ ﺮﺒﻴﻓ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ .
ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳﺩ
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻱ
ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺍ
ﻱ ﻲﻤﮐ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ
ﺑﻮﻟ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ،ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻲﻔﻴﮐﻭ ﻴ
ﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎ ﻲ
ﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﺎ
ﺍ ﺯﺍ ،ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫ
ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻞﺼﻓ ﮏﻳ .
ﺵﻭﺭﻭ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ۱۳۸۴ ﻲﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻋﺭﺰﻣ ﺭﺩ ـ
ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ
ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ) ﺝﺮﮐ ( ﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺎﺑ ﻴ
ﺎ ﻲﻳ ۵۱ ﻗﺮﺷ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﺽﺮﻋ ﻭ
ﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﻴ ﺎ ﻲﻳ ۳۵ ﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ، ۱۳۱۲ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻣ
ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻘﺤﺗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻭ ﻡﺮﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎ ﻴ
ﻘ ﻲ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻱ ﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠ
ﻱﺍ ) ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻢﻗﺭ ‐
ﻪﻧﺍﺩ ﺍ
(KFS2 ﻱ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﺎﺑ )
ﺱﺭ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﻢﻗﺭ
ﻮﺘﺳﺮﭘ ( ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ) ﺰﻣﺎﻴﻠﻳﻭ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣﺎﻧ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﺱﺭ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﻢﻗﺭ (
ﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ . ﻡﻮﻟ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻪﻋﺭﺰﻣ ﮎﺎﺧ
‐ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺭ
۷۸ ./
ﻟﺁ ﻦﺑﺮﮐ ﺪﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﺩﻮﺑ . ﺪﻨﻔﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻩﺎﻣ ۱۳۸۳ ﺩ ﻭ ﻢﺨﺷ ﻳ
ﮏﺴ ﭘ ﺎﺗ ﻭ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺯ ﻴ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﺯﺍ ﺶ
ﻗﺎﺑ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﻲ
ﺪﻧﺎﻣ . ﺩﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻩﺎﻣ ﺖﺸﻬﺒ ۱۳۸۴
ﭘ ﻴ ﺯﺍ ﺶ
ﺤﻄﺳ ﻢﺨﺷ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻲ
ﺍ ﻭ ﻳ ﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﺩﺎﻣﺁ ﺎﻫﻭﺭﺎﻓ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻱ
ﺪﺷ . ﺎﭘ ﺩﻮﮐ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻳ
ﺮﺗ ﺕﺎﻔﺴﻓ ﺮﭘﻮﺳ ﻪ ﻳ
ﻪﺑ ﻞﭙ
ﻣ ﻴ ﻥﺍﺰ ۲۰۰ ﮐ ﻴ ﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺭﻭﺍ ﻭ ﻡﺮﮔﻮﻠ ﻴ
ﻥﺍﺰ ۳۰۰ ﮐ ﻴ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺮﮔﻮﻠ
ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ) ﮎﺎﺧ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ (
ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺩﻮﮐ
ﻭﺭ ﮎﺎﺧ ﺎﺑ ﮏﮕﻨﭼ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻲﻳ
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ .
ﻧﻴ ﻗﺎﺑ ﻢ ﻲ ﻩﺪﻧﺎﻣ
ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﮎﺮﺳ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺭﻭﺍ ﺩﻮﮐ ﺩﺮﮔ ﻳ ﺪ . ﮔ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻴ
ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻜﺸﺧ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺎ
ﺭﺎﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻢﻫ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻳ
ﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺍﺩﺮﺧ ﻢﺘﻔﻫ ﺦ ﻳ
ﺷ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻴ ﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺎ ﻱ
1. Strip-intercropping
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺘﺻﺮﻓ :
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺍ
۱۴۵
ﻖﻤﻋ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺬﺑ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺸﭘ ۵
ﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻲ ﺮﺘﻣ ﻱ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ
ﭘ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﮎﺎﺧ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻥﺪﻧﺎﺷﻮ .
ﻟﻭﺍ ﻴ ﻣﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻦ ﻴ ﺑﺁ ﻦ ﻴ ﺭﺎ ﻱ
ﺭﺩ ۱۰ ﻭ ۱۴ ﺝﻭﺮﺧ ﻭ ﮎﺎﺧ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﻡﺮﻧ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺍﺩﺮﺧ
ﮔ ﻥﺎﺳﺁ ﻴ ﺖﻔﻫ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺑﺁ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻭ ﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻪﭽﻫﺎ
ﺬﭘ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻩﺯﻭﺭ ﻳ
ﺖﻓﺮ . ﺕﺮﻛ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ،ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺭﺩ ۱۴
ﺩﺭ ﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻒ
ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ۵ ./
ﻝﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺮﺘﻣ ۵
ﺩﺭ ﻭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺮﺘﻣ ﻳ
ﻒ
ﺭﺎﻨﮐ ﻱ ﻭ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﺎﻛ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ۱۲
ﺩﺭ ﻳ ﻧ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻒ ﻴ
ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺰ ﻱ
ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﺗ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ ﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻳ ﺸ ﻲ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ .
ﺕﺮﻛ ﺮﻫ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ
ﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺷﺎﻜﻧ ﻪﺘﺸﭘ ﻚﻳ ﻴ
ﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﻦ ۵
/ ۱ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺮﺘﻣ
ﺪﺷ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ .
ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﻚﻨﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ۳
ﺎﺗ ۴ ﻲﮔﺮﺑ
ﻢﻛﺍﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﺖﻬﺟ ،ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺪﺷ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ
. ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ
ﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻱ
ﺩﺭ ﻳ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻒ ﻱ ﮔ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ ﻴ
ﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻩﺩ ﻩﺎ ﻲ
ﺭﺩ ﺮﺘﻣ
ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ .
ﻒﻠﻋ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻧ ﻪﻋﺭﺰﻣ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻴ
ﺖﺑﻮﻧ ﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺰ )
ﺎﺗ
ﭘ ﻴ ﻞﮔ ﻉﻭﺮﺷ ﺯﺍ ﺶ ﻫﺩ
ﻲ ( ﺘﺳﺩ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻲ
ﺟﻭ ﻴ ﺩﺮﮔ ﻦ ﻳ ﺪ . ﻪﺑ
ﻟﺩ ﻴ ﻫ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻞ ﻴ
ﺍ ﻩﺯﺭﺎﺒﻣ ،ﺕﺎﻓﺁ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﭻ ﻱ
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻦ
ﺖﻓﺮﮕﻧ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ .
ﺡﺮﻃ ﺕﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻙﻮﻠﺑ
ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ
ﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ .
،ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﻛ ﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﻪﺳ
ﺑﻮﻟ ﻴ ﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎ ﻲ
ﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻳ ﺎ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺍﺪﮐ ﺮﻫ ١٢
ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﻭ
ﺞﻨﭘ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺡﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺮﻳﺯ
ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ :
:SSS
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﻛ )
١٢ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ (
:CCC
ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﻛ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ
) ١٢ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ (
:GGG
ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﻛ )
١٢ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ (
:CSC
٤ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻂﺧ
، ٤ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻂﺧ ﻭ
٤ ﻂﺧ
ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ )
٤:٤:٤ (
:GSG
٤ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻂﺧ
، ٤ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻂﺧ ﻭ
٤ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻂﺧ )
٤:٤:٤ (
:CSG
٤ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻂﺧ
، ٤ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻂﺧ ﻭ
٤ ﻂﺧ
ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ) ٤:٤:٤ (
:CSS
٨ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻂﺧ ﻭ
٤ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻂﺧ )
٤:٨ (
: GSS
٨ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻂﺧ ﻭ
٤ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻂﺧ )
٤:٨ (
ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﺎﻫ
ﺷﺎﺣ ﻑﺬﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﺕﺮﻛ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻪ ﺯﺍ ،ﺎﻫ ۱۲ ﺩﺭ ﻳ ﺑ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻒ ﻪ
ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺮﺘﻣ ﻪﺳ ﻝﻮﻃ ۱۰
‐ ۱۵ ﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻴ ﺮﺘﻤ ﻱ ﻣﺯ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻴ ﻦ
) ﺷﺎﻣ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻕﺎﺒﻄﻧﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻴ
ﻨ ﻲ ( ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻪﺗﻮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺱﺍﺩ ﮏﻤﮐ .
ﺮﺑ ﺍ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻱ
ﻲﻃ ﺎﺑ ﻑﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﻦﻴﭼ ﻭﺩ
ﻲﻫﺪﻠﮔ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻩﺩ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ
، ﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﻭ ﺭﻮﻳﺮﻬﺷ ﻢﻫﺩﺰﻧﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺐ ﻩﺎﻣﺮﻬﻣ ﻢﻫﺩﺰﻧﺎﺷ
) ﻳ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻩﺎﻣ ﮏ (
ﺖﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ .
ﺮﺗ ﻥﺯﻭ
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻦﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻞﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓﻼﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ .
ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺖﻬﺟ
،ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻚﺸﺧ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ
ﻝﺩﺎﻌﻣ ٢ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺮﮔﻮﻠﻴﻛ
ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺰﺒﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻭ
ﺕﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ٤٨
ﻱﺎﻣﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ٧٥
ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻥﻭﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﮔ ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﮏﺸﺧ ﺎﺗ
.
ﺭﺩ ﻞﻛ ﻚﺸﺧ ﻥﺯﻭ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﻚﺸﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ .
ﺍﺩ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺑﻮﻟ ﻪﻧ
ﻴ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎ ﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻲ ﻭ
ﻮﺳ ﻳ ﺳﺭ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ﺎ ﻴ
ﮔﺪ ﻲ ﻓ ﻴ ﺰ ﻳ ﮊﻮﻟﻮ ﻳ ،ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﮏ
ﺎﺗ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻡﻭﺩ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻑﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺑ
ﻪﺑ
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ .
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻲﻔﻴﻛ ﺰﻴﻟﺎﻧﺁ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺯﺍ
ﻚﺸﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻲﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻚﻳ ﺏﺎﻴﺳﺁ ٢٥٠
ﻡﺮﮔ
ﺍﺪﺟ ﺷ ﺪ . ﻥﻭﺩﺎﻣ ﺞﻨﺳ ﻒﻴﻃ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ
ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﺰﻣﺮﻗ
NIR)
1( ﮐ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﻴ
ﻔ ﻲ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ
ﺭﺩ ﻡﺎﺧ ﺮﺒﻴﻓ ﻭ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ،ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻚﺸﺧ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻊﺗﺍﺮﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺴﺳﻮﻣ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﺪﺷ ) ،ﻥﺍﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻔﻌﺟ ٢٠٠٣
(.
ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺕﺎﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ
MSTATC
SPSS ﻭ
، ﮏﻤﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺳﺭ ﻭ
EXCEL
ﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ .
ﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻩ
ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻦﮑﻧﺍﺩ ٥
ﻭ ١ ﺖﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺪﺻ ﺭﺩ .
ﻪﺑ ﻈﻨﻣ ﺭﻮ
ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ
LERﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ٢
ﺪﺷ ) ،ﻱﺩ ﻭ ﺎﺘﻫﻮﻣ ١٩٨٠
(.
ﺚﺤﺑ ﻭ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﻡﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻦﻴﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻲﻤﮐ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
ﺖﺸﻛ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ
ﭼ ﻭﺩ ﻴ ﻦ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ
p ≤ 0.01) (
ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ )
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ١ ( . ﺭﺩ
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ )
ﻞﻜﺷ ١ ( ﻪﮐ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺎﺑ
ﺩﺭ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻳ
ﻒ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲﻨﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻭ
ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺭﺩ
ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ،
ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﭼ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﮏﺸﺧ
ﻴ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻦ
ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻱﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ، ﻱ
ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
CSGﻱ
GSG ،
CSC ﻭ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ
ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ )
ﻞﮑﺷ ١ .(
ﺑ ﻪ ﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻳ ﺮﻫ ،ﺮﮕ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ
1.Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
2. Land Equivalent Ratio
۱۴۶ ﻪﻠﺠﻣ
ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ
۴۰ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ، ۳ ، ۱۳۸۸
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻁﻮﻄﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ
ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ
ﺰﻴﻧ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﺷ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ
ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮ
ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ
. ﻦﻳﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﻛ
SSS) ( ﻭ ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﺪﻌﺑ
ﺖﺷﺎﻛ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ٨
ﺎﺑ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ٤
ﺩﺭ ﻳ ﺎﻫ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻒ
GSS & CSS) (
ﻪﺒﺗﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺪﻌﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻨ
) ﻞﮑﺷ ١ ( ﻭ
ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺗﻮﺑ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ
ﺖﺳﺍ .
Ross et al.
(2004)
ﺭﺪﺒﺷ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ
ﻭ ﻮﺟ ،ﻢﻴﺳﺮﺑ ﺱﺍﺮﮔ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻑﻻﻮﻳ
ﺎﻫ ﺭﺩ
ﻡﻭﺩ ﻦﻴﭼ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻦﻴﭼ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ
. ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ
ﻳ ﺞ
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻲ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺍﺩ ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭ
) ﻞﮑﺷ ١ (
، ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻱ ﻪﮐ
ﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮ
ﺭﺩ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻦﻴﭼ ﻣﺎﻤﺗ
ﻲ
ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱ
ﭼ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻴ
ﻦ
ﺑ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻴ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺘﺸ
Zhongmin & Guang .
(2003)
ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﮐ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ،ﻩﺎﻴﺳ ﻡﺪﻨﮔﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ،ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺐﻴﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ٤:٤:٤ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
Tsuoba & Walker .
(2003)
ﺭﺩ
ﺑ ﺪﻴﻔﺳ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮ
، ﺍﺭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ
ﺎﺗ ٩٠ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﺘﺸﮐ ﮏﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
Li et al..
(2001)
ﻡﺪﻨﮔ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ
‐ ﻡﺪﻨﮔ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ‐
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻲﺘﺸﮐ ﮏﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﻮﺷ ﺩ
Lesoing & .
Francis (1999)
ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻲﻃ
ﺍﺭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ،ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ،ﺕﺭﺫ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ .
ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺪﻳﺎﺷ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﻠﻋ
ﻪﻨﺑﺮﮐ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ،ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ )
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ (
ﻪﻨﺑﺮﮐ ﻪﺳ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ )
ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ (
ﻩﺮﻴﭼ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻴﮔ
ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ،ﺪﺷﺭ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻲﺘﺸﮐ ﮏﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺍﺭ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ .
ﺑﻴ ﻦﻴﭼ ﻭﺩ ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻞﮐ ﺱﺎﻣﻮ
ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﻛ ﻱ
ﺑ ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻴ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺱﺎﻣﻮ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻴﭼ ﻭﺩ ﺭﺍﺩ
p ≤ 0.01) (
ﺩﻮﺑ ) ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ١ .(
ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻱ ﺖﺸﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺮﺑ
ﺑﻴ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺱﺎﻣﻮ ﺭﺩ
ﻦﻴﭼ ﻭﺩ ) ﻦﻜﻧﺍﺩ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ (
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ
ﻪﮐ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻴ
ﺱﺎﻣﻮ
ﺖﺳﺍ ) ﻞﮑﺷ ٢ ( . ﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺘﻧ
ﻳ ﺞ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ
West & Griffith (1992)
،ﺕﺭﺫ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ
ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺕﺮﻳﺎﻐﻣ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ . ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺮﮐ
ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺩ
ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻞﮐ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
، ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻲﺘﺸﮐ ﮏﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ .
ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
ﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻞﮐ ﻴ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻢﺘﺴ ﻳ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻫ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﺶ
ﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
(Chapko et al., 1991)
ﻲﻟﻭ ،
،ﻲﻠﮐ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ
ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﺕﻼﻏ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻫ )
ﺩﻮﺨﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ
ﮕﻧﺮﻓ ﻲ ﻭ ﻳ ﻑﻻﻮ ( ﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ .
ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻱ
ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻱ
٨ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻭ ٤ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
CSS) (
، ٨ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻭ ٤ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
GSS) ( ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﻭﺩ ﻭ CSC
ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺪﻌﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺭﺩ GSG
ﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺪﻨ . ﺑ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻴ
ﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺱﺎﻣﻮ ﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮ
ﺖﺸﮐ ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
CSG) ( ﺑ ﻪ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ
٧ / ١٠٤٦٩ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺮﮔﻮﻠﻴﮐ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ
ﺩﻮﺑ . ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻣﺍ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ
ﮔ ﻭﺩ ﻴ ﻩﺎ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻓﺮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻦ ﻳ
ﺘﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﺭﺎﺸﻓ ﺶ ﻲ
ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺩﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻳ ﻒ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺷﺎﺣ ﻴ ﻣ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪ ﻲ
ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺎﺑ ،
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ،ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻱﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺘﺑﺎﻗﺭ
ﻲ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻥﻭﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ
ﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻴ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﺖ ﺍ
ﻱ ﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻴ ﺭﺎﻤ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻲﺘﺸﻛ ﻚﺗ .
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ١
‐ ﻡﻭﺩ ،ﻝﻭﺍ ﻦﻴﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻞﮐ ﺱﺎﻣﻮﻴﺑ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ
ﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻦﻴﭼ ﻭﺩ ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺭ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻌﺑﺮﻣ ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ
ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
ﻱﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻦﻴﭼ
ﻡﻭﺩ ﻦﻴﭼ
ﻦﻴﭼ ﻭﺩ ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ
ﮎﻮﻠﺑ ٣
٥ / ٢١٠٤٤٦٠ ٨
/ ٢٦١٨٩٥ ٦
/ ٣٤١٣٣٧٠
ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ
٧
**
٨ / ٨٤٧٣٢٦٢٣
**
٩ / ٤٣٧٣١٤٩١
**
٨ / ٢٤٩٥٨٥٥١٩
ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻩﺎﺒﺘﺷﺍ
٢١ ٣ / ١٤٤٨٩٧ ٣
/ ٨٥٩٠٩ ٢
/ ٣٢٨٦٧١
ﻞﮐ ٣٢
:**
ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ١
%
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺘﺻﺮﻓ :
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺍ
۱۴۷
e d d
b c a
d c c
b b a
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
SSS CSS GSS CSC GSG CSG
يراﻮﻧ طﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﻛ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻬﺘﺒﺴﻧ
(رﺎﺘﻜﻫردمﺮﮔﻮﻠﻴﻛ ) مﻮﮔرﻮﺳﻚﺸﺧﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ لوا ﻦﻴﭼ
مود ﻦﻴﭼ
ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ‐١ﻞﮑﺷ
ﻡﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻦﻴﭼ )
ﻦﮑﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ .(
ﻑﻭﺮﺣ ،S ﻭ C ﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ G ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴ
٤ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ،ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ
. ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻑﺮﻌﻣ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻑﻭﺮﺣ
ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ١ % ﺖﺳﺍ .
d
c c
b b
a
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
CSG GSG CSC GSS CSS SSS
يراﻮﻧ طﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﻛ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻬﺘﺒﺴﻧ
(رﺎﺘﻜﻫردمﺮﮔﻮﻠﻴﻛ)ﻚﺸﺧﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋﻞﻛدﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ (ﻦﻴﭼ ﻭﺩ) ﻞﮐ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ‐٢ﻞﮑﺷ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ )
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻦﮑﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ
.(
ﻑﻭﺮﺣ ،S ﻭ C ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ G ٤
ﺯﺍ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ،ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﮏﻳ ﺮﻫ .
ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻑﺮﻌﻣ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻑﻭﺮﺣ
ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ١
% ﺖﺳﺍ .
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻲﻔﻴﻛ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ
ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻱ
ﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭ
ﻱ
ﺮﺑ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻲﻔﻴﮐ ﺕﺎﻔﺻ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ
) ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﻢﻀﻫ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ
ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ،ﮏﺸﺧ ﻭ
ﻡﺎﺧ ﺮﺒﻴﻓ ( ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ
p ≤ 0.01) (
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻳﺍﺭﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻫﺩ
) ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٢ .(
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ
ﻱ
ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﻛ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱ
ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻢﻀﻫ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺸﮐ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ٨
ﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﻡ
: ٤ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
CSS) ( ﻭ ٨ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ : ٤ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
(GSS)
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ )
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٢ ( ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ
ﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﻛ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺪﻧ . . ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻢﻀﻫ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺰﻴﻧ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻱ
ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ )
٤:٤:٤ ( ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻖﻠﻌﺗ .
ﺑ ﻪ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ
۱۴۸ ﻪﻠﺠﻣ
ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ
۴۰ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ، ۳ ، ۱۳۸۸
ﺩ ﻳ
،ﺮﮕ ﺎﺑ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺗ ﺩﺍﺪﻌ ﻁﻮﻄﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻪﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻡﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻲﺒﺸﺧ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﻮﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ
ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﻭ
ﺎﻳﻮﺳ
، ﻥﺪﺷ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻧﺍﺩ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻪﺑ
،ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻢﻀﻫ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺯﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﻛ .
ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ
Sistachs & Singhﻱﺎﻫ
(1991)
Sood & Sharma ﻭ
(1992)
ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
ﻳ ﻔ ﻲ
ﺱﺍﺮﮔ ٤ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻭ ﻪﻨﺑﺮﮐ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮐﺎﺣ
ﻢﻀﻫ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻳ ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺞ ﻲ ﺎﻐﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻳ
ﺮ ﺕ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ . ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻲﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻮﮕﻟﺍ
ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱ ٤
ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ،
٤ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﻭ
٤ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
) ٤:٤:٤ ( ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺖﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ
ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ
ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﻭ ﺪﺻ ﺭﺩ
ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ
SSS) ( ﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ )
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٢ .(
ﻪﺑ
ﺑﻴ ﺩ ﻥﺎ ﻳ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ،ﺮﮕ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﺹﻮﺼﺨﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ
، ﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﮕ ﺎﻫﻮ ﻱ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
،ﻱ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻ ﺷ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪ . ﻭ ﺱﻭﺭ
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ )
٢٠٠٤ ( ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﺭﺪﺒﺷ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
ﻑﻻﻮﻳ ﻭ ﻮﺟ ،ﻢﻴﺳﺮﺑ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ
ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ
ﺭﺩ ﺕﻼﻏ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻲﻣ
ﺎﻳ ﺪﺑ . ﻤﻫ ﻴ ،ﺭﻮﻄﻨ
Sistachs & Singh (1991)
ﺖﺸﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ
ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﺎﺑ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ
ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻲﻣ
ﺷ ﻮ ﺩ . ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲ ﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻴ ﺭﺩ ﻪﭼﺮﮔﺍ ﺰ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻ ﻴ
ﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ
ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻱ
ﺎﻳﻮﺳ : ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ )
٨:٤ ( ﻭ ،
ﺎﻳﻮﺳ : ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ : ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ) ٤:٤:٤ ( ﺑﻴ ﺘﺸﮐ ﮏﺗ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻲ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻟﻭ ، ﻲ ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱ ﺖﺸﮐ ٤ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﺑﻮﻟ ﻴ ﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎ ﻲ
ﺭﺩ
ﻦﻴﻓﺮﻃ ٨ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﻣ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻴ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻴ
ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻱﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ
) ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٢ .(
ﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺎﺘﻧ ﻦ ﻳ
Allen & Obura ،ﺞ
(1984)
ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻧ
ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﮑﺑ
ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ
، ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ
ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ
ﺷ ﻮ ﺩ .
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺮﺒﻴﻓ ﺪﺻ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﺧ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ )
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٢ ( ﺖﺸﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ٨
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﻭ
٤ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
GSS) ( ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ . ﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﻴ
ﻡﺎﺧ ﺮﺒﻴﻓ ﻥﺍﺰ ﺰﻴﻧ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ
٤ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ،
٤ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﻭ
٤ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ
) ٤:٤:٤ ( ﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ )
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٢ .(
ﺭﻮﻄﺑ
،ﻲﻠﻛ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻁﻮﻄﺧ ﻪﺑ
ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﺎﻫ ﺭﺩ
ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
ﻱ ﻡﺎﺧ ﺮﺒﻴﻓ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻭﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ
Ross et al..
(2004)
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ
ﺮﺒﻴﻓ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺕﻼﻏ ﺎﺑ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ،ﺕﻼﻏ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ
ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻳ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ،ﺪﺑ .
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٢
‐ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺕﺎﻔﺻ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ
ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ
ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻮﮕﻟﺍ
ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻢﻀﻫ
) ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ( ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ
ﻡﺎﺧ ) ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ( ﺮﺒﻴﻓ
ﻡﺎﺧ ) ﺪﺻﺭﺩ (
ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ )
١٢ ﺭ ﻒﻳﺩ (
ab ٣ / ٦٨
e ٧ / ١١
a ١ / ٤٨
ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ :
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ) ٨:٤ (
a ٤ / ٧١
d ٨ /
b ١٢ ٣ / ٤٦
ﺎﻳﻮﺳ : ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ) ٨:٤ (
a ٢ / ٧١
d ٤ /
ab ١٢ ٥ / ٤٧
ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ :
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ : ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ )
٤:٤:٤ (
b ١ / ٦٥
a ٢ /
d ١٥ ٣ / ٣٩
ﺎﻳﻮﺳ : ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ : ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ) ٤:٤:٤ (
c ٩ / ٥٩
c ٣ /
c ١٣ ٥ / ٤٤
ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ :
ﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻡﻮ : ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ) ٤:٤:٤ (
c ٥ / ٥٩
b ٧ /
bc ١٤ ١ / ٤٥
ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻑﺮﻌﻣ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻑﻭﺮﺣ ١
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ )
ﻦﮑﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ .(
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٣
‐ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻞﮐ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ LER
) ﻦﻴﭼ ﻭﺩ ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ (
ﻱﺍ ﻪﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ )
ﺐﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ
ﺭﺩ ﻡﺮﮔﻮﻠﻴﮐ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ
( ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ
® ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ LER ﻞﮐ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻪﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻪﻧﺍﺩ
‐ SSS ٢
/ ٢٢٠٧٩ a
‐
‐
‐ CCC
‐ ٦
/ ٣٦٦٤ a
‐
‐ GGG
‐
‐ ٤٠٢٤a
٨٧ CSC / ٠ ٨ / ١٣١٧٢ c ٧
/ ٩٩٦ b
‐
٩٦ GSG / ٠ ٥ / ١٢٥٥٧ c
‐ ٧
/ ١٥٥٦ b
٠٥ CSS / ١ ٨ / ١٧٢٤٠ b ٧
/ ٩٩١ b
‐
١٥ GSS / ١ ٨ / ١٦٢٣٥ b
‐ ٩
/ ١٦٨٩ b
٢٥ CSG / ١ ٧ / ١٠٤٦٩ d ٢
/ ٩٨٤ b ٠
/ ٢٠٧٠ b
® ﻑﻭﺮﺣ ﻭ C ,S ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ G ٤
ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﮏﻳ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ،ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ .
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻱ
ﻣﺯ ﻴ ﻦ
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻱ
ﻣﺯ ﻴ ﻦ
LER1) ( ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻚﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﻬﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﻛ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻢ
ﻲﻣ
(Banik et al., 2006)ﺩﺮﻴﮔ .
ﺎﺘﻧ ﻳ ﻭ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻦﻴﭼ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞ
ﻞﮐ ﺱﺎﻣﻮﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻚﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﺩ )
ﻭﺩ ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ
1. Land Equivalent Ratio
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺘﺻﺮﻓ :
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺍ
۱۴۹
ﻦﻴﭼ ( ﺪﻨﻣﺩﻮﺳ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻱ
ﻟﻮﺗ ﻴ ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺪ ﻱ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ )
٤ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ :
٤ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ : ٤ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ (
ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻱ
ﺘﺸﮐ ﮏﺗ ﻲ
ﺎﺑ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ٢٥
/ ١
LER= ﺖﺳﺍ ) ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٣ .(
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﻛ
ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻱ ٨ ﻭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ٤
ﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
٠٥ / ١
LER = ﻭ ٨ ﻭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ٤
ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ
١٥ / ١
LER= ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺒﺗﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ .
ﺍﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻦ
ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
Allen & Obura (1984)
ﻨﺒﻣ ، ﻲ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺮﺑ
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻣﺯ ﻴ ﺑ ﻦ ﻴ ﺑﻮﻟ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻴ
ﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎ ﻲ
ﺯﺍ
ﻮﺳ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻳ
ﮐﺪﻧﺍ ،ﺎ ﻲ ﺎﻐﻣ ﻳ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﺮ . ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻱ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ٤ ،ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ٤
ﻭ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ٤
ﻭ ،ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻱ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ٤ ،ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ٤
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
ﻭ ٤ ﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﻴ
ﺎﺑ ﺐ ٩٦
LER =./
ﻭ
٨٧
LER=./
ﺩﻮﺳ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﻣ
ﻱ ﻟﻮﺗ ﻴ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﺧﺁ ﻪﺒﺗﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺪ
ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ) ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٣ .(
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻦ ﻲ ﺮﻫ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ
ﺭﺩ
ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻱ
،ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﻭﺰﻓﺍ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ
ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻭ
ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﺯﺍ
ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﺮﺴﻴﻣ ﺩﺮﮔ ﻳ ﺪ . ﺑ ﻪ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻱ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ
ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ
ﻱ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻱ ﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻳ ﺰﮕ ﻳ ﻦ ﺮﮐ ﺩ ﻥ ٤ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ
CSS) ( ﻳ ﻮﺳ ﺎ ﻳ ﺎ
GSS) ( ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺭﺩ
ﺢﻄﺳ ) ﺜﻣ ﻝﺎ : ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻱ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ٤:٤:٤ ( ﻪﻧﺍﺩ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻱﺍ
ﻓﺎﺿﺍ ﻲ
ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﺯﺍ )
٧ / ٩٩١ ﮐ ﻴ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺮﮔﻮﻠ (
ﻭ ﻮﺳ ﻳ ﺎ
) ٩ / ١٦٨٩ ﮐ ﻴ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺮﮔﻮﻠ (
ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﺎﻳ ﻭ
) ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٣ .(
ﺍﺩ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻪﻧ
ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ
ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ٦
/ ٣٦٦٤ ﻭ ٤٠٢٤ ﮐ ﻴ ﺖﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺮﮔﻮﻠ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ
ﺑ ﺪ ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳ ﻭ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ٨
ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻭ ٤ ﺑﻮﻟ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﻴ
ﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎ ﻲ
ﻳ ﻭ ﺎ ٤ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ
ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻪﻧﺍﺩ
ﻱﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺷ ﺪ . ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﺘﺸﮐ ﮏﺗ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻪﻧﺍﺩ
Abd & Lateef
(1993)
ﺰﻴﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ .
ﻠﮐ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻲ ﻤﮐ ﺖﻳﺰﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻛﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ، ﻲ
ﮐ ﻭ ﻴ ﻔ ﻲ
ﻱﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻱ
ﻲﺘﺸﻛ ﻚﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ
ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺖﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻱﺍ
ﻭ ،ﻥﺎﮑﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﮏﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻴﺑ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻥﺎﮑﻣﺍ
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻟﻮﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻴ
ﺪ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺩﻮﺷ
.
Maffei & Mucciarelli (2003)
ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ،ﺎﻳﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﻌﻧ ﻞﻔﻠﻓ ٥٠
ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻱﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ .
،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺸﻛ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ
ﮔ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻴ
ﻩﺎ ) ٤:٤:٤ ( ﺖﺸﻛ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ،
ﺭﺍﻮﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻱ
ﺪﻨﻣﺩﻮﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻱ
) ٢٥ / ١
LER= ( ﻩﺩﻮﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ٩٨٤
ﮐ ﻴ ﻲﻠﺒﻠﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ ﻪﻧﺍﺩ ﻡﺮﮔﻮﻠ ﻭ
٢٠٧٠ ﮐ ﻴ ﻮﺳ ﻪﻧﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺮﮔﻮﻠ ﻳﺎ
ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ١٠٤٧٠
ﮐ ﻴ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺮﮔﻮﻠ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ
) ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٣ .(
ﺭﺍﺰﮕﺳﺎﭙﺳ
ﻱ
ﻤﻠﻋ ﺐﻄﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻲ
ﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻪﺑ ﻲ ﺩﺍﮋﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻱ ﮔ ﻴ ﺍ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻫﺎ ﻱ
،
ﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻡﺮﺘﺤﻣ ﺖﻧﻭﺎﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻲ
ﺩﺮﭘ ﻳ ﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﮐ ﺲ ﻱ
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ
ﺒﻃ ﻴ ﻌ ﻲ ﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺎﻤﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻥ
ﻳ ﻟﺎﻣ ﺖ ﻲ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺡﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺑ
ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ٣ / ٦ / ٧١٠١٠١٤ ﻧﺍﺩﺭﺪﻗ ﻝﺎﻤﮐ
ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺷ .
REFERENCES
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2. Allen, J. R. & Obura, R. K. (1984). Yield of corn, cowpea, and soybean under different intercropping systems. Agron J, 75, 1005-1009.
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WWW.leopold.iastate.edu/.
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