ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ –
ﻲﭘﺎﻴﭘ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ )
٣٥ ( – ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ٣
‐ ﺰﻴﻳﺎﭘ ١٣٨٨
ﺺﺻ ۱۷۶ ‐ ۱۵۷
ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﺎﮕﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺖﺷﺭ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ
ﮔﺍﺮﻓ ﻴ ﺮ
ﻲﻗﺩﺎﺻ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﻭ
ﻲﻘﻓﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻧ
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ
ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺷﺭ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﺎﮕﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺶﻘﻧ
ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻬﻴﺋﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ،
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ، ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ .
ﻥﻼﻛ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻕﻮﻓ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ، ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ،
١٢ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﻭ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺮﺧ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ
: ﻒﻟﺍ
‐ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻬﻴﺋﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ )
ﺲﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ –
ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﺫﺎﺨﺗﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ –
ﻞﻤﻋ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺑﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ (
؛ ﺏ – ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ) ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ –
ﺖﻏﺍﺮﻓ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺍ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﻨﻏ ،ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ (
؛ ﺝ – ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ )
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ –
ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻭ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﻲﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻞﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻤﻛ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ (
؛ ﺩ
‐ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ )
ﻞﻐﺷ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻳﺮﺴﺗ –
ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﻼﻴﻬﺴﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﺍﺯﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ (
. ﻮﻧ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺕﻻﺍﻮﺳ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻉ
، ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ،
ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ،
،ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷﺭ ،ﻲﻨﺳ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ
ﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺖ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻬﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ .
ﺵﻭﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻤﮐ
ﻲ ﻨﮑﺗ ﻭ ﻴ ﭘ ﮏ ﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻳ ﺸ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ .
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،
ﻪﻴﻠﻛ
ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﺎﮕﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻪﻤﻴﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺷﺭ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
٨٠ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻪﻤﻴﻧ ﻭ ٨١
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﺮﺑﺭﺩ .
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ١٧٠
ﺯﺍ ﺮﻔﻧ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ ﻭ ١٧٠ ﺮﻔﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ .
ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺑ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﭘ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻳ
ﺋﺎ ﻲ ﺭﻮﮐﺬﻣ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﺍ
ﺿ ﺯ ﺮ ﻳ ﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺐ ﻱ ﺥﺎﺒﻧﻭﺮﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
. ﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺍﺮﺑ
ﻱ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺮﻫ
ﻻﺎﺑ ﻥﻼﮐ ﻱ ٨٠ % ﺎﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻳﺎ
ﻲﻳ ﺄﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﹰﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﺍﺭ ﻴﻳ
ﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺪ ﻲ ﺪﻫﺩ . ﺖﻬﺟ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﻘﺤﺗ ﺕﻻﺍﺆﺳ
ﻴ ﺍ ﻖ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺯ
ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ (T-Test) ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭﺰﻴﻟﺎﻧﺁ ﻭ
(ANOVA) ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
.
ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺍﺪﺟ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻪﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻒﻟﺍ
‐ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ ، ﺏ
‐ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ
، ﺝ
‐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ
ﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺏ ﻭ ﻒﻟﺍ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻥﺎ ﻱ
ﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻥﻼﮐ ﻱ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ، ﻲ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻱ
ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺖﺷﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻲ
ﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻲ
ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺭﺍﺩ .
ﻧ ﺝ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺰ ﻴ ﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻥﻼﮐ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺮﻫ ﻥﺎ ﻭ
ﺕ
ﻲﻗﺩﺎﺻ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻘﻓﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﻭ
١٥٨
ﻨﻌﻣ ﻲ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﺩﺮﮕﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻳ
ﺪ . ﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﺑﺮﻣ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﻦﺨﺳ ﺮﮕ ﻴ
ﺭﺎﮐ ﻭ ﻥﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻱ ﺩ ﻳ ﻩﺎﮔﺪ ﻳ ﻧﺎﺴﮑ ﻲ ﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﻨ ﻴ ﺮ
ﺎﻬﻫﺎﮕﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻱ
ﮔﺍﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻴ
ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﺮ .
ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﮊﺍﻭ :
ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ، ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ،ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ،ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﺎﮕﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،
A Survey of Effecting of Open Educational Institutions on Development
A.Sadeghiand N. Ofoghi
Social Sciences Department , the University of Guilan
Abstract
This research examines the effecting of Rasht city open educational institution on economic, social, cultural and individual development. The fallowing twelve micro indexes are considered by the researchers, derived from above mentioned four indexes:
Individual development (including increasing of self-confidence, right decision making, creativity).
Cultural development (including extention of study culture, understanding educational aims, filling spare times).
Social development (including improvement of social relations, helping to solve individnal and social problems logically, extention of individual and social skills).
Economic development (including providing job rapidly, using vocation facilities , increasing of incomes throngh skills).
Also, reseach questions were about the differences of trainee and trainers in terms of gender, study, age groups and disciplines which had more frequencies. The type of research was descriptive. The statistical population were all of open educational institutions in Rasht city in second part of 1380 and first part of 1381.
The samples were 170 trainers and also 170 trainees (by selection of 5 percent of 3400 trainers)
The tool of the research was made by the researchers. The realibilty of the questions was high (nearly %80 Chronbach’ Alpha Coeffecient).
To Analysis of questioners were used T-test and ANOVA Variance statistical tests.
The findings of the research were in three groups as following:
A.Trainers B.Trainees C.Trainers and trainees
In part A, and B, there were no significance differences about individual, social and economic development but there was significance difference about cultural development.
In part C, there were no significance differences about individual, cultural, social and also economic development. In other words two groups (trainers and trainees) had the same viewpoints about effecting of open educational institutions on development.
Key words
:
Development, Open Educational institutions, Individual, Cultural, Social, Economic.
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻡﻮﺳ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ،
ﺩﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﻒﻌﺿ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻱﺎﻬﻳﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ
.
ﺑ ﻲﺘﺣ ﻪﻜﻧﺎﻨﭼ ﻴﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﮊﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎﻜﺑ ﺎ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﺸ ،
ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻲﻫﺩ ﺩﻮﺳ ﻩﺍﺭ ﻪﻤﻴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺖﺷﺭ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﺎﮕﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﮔﺍﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ
ﻴ ﺮ ١٥٩
ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺮﻧ .
ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ،
ﺭﺩ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ
ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺭﺩ ،ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ .
ﺪﺷﺭ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺭﺩ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻬﺘﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺗ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﮓﻨﺗﺎﮕﻨ
ﺰﻴﻧ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻣﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻬﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ
. ﻦﻳﺪﺑ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻼﺧ ﻲﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺻ
. ﻱﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻡﻭﺍﺪﻣ ﻢﻴﺳﺮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻑﺪﻫ ،ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ،
ﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪ
.
ﺎﻫ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﻮﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻱ
ﺩﺭ
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ،
ﻭ ﺎﻳﻮﭘ ﻲﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻡﺰﻠﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻬﻧﺎﻣﺭﺁ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻝﻮﺤﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﺳﻮﻴﭘ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ،
ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﺩﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ "
ﺭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻲﻤﺳ
"
ﺭﺩ
ﻡﻮﺳ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺐﻠﻏﺍ ،
ﺯﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﻳﻻﺩ ﻪﺑ
ﺳﺎﻨﺗ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺐ
،
ﺮﻫﺎﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺖﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﻞﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻭ
ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ .
ﺕﺪﻣ ﻩﺎﺗﻮﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻤﺳﺭﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺩﺎﻣﺁ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍ
ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ،
ﺨﺑ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻜﻫﺍﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺸ
،
ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ،
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ .
ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ
ﻲﺑﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ
"
ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ "
ﻪﺑ
ﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺗ ﻭ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻲﻧﺎ
ﻭ ﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻤﺳﺭﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻨﻳﺮﻳﺩ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺮﮔﺎﺷ ﺖﺳﺎﻋﺪﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ .
ﻼﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ ،ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺪﻳﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻧﺍﻮ
ﻩﺩﺍﺯ ﺩﺎﻤﻋ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻜﻧﺎﻨﭼ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ) ١٣٦٩ ( ﺵﺭﻭﺮﭘ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺭﺪﻗ ﺮﻫ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺗﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﭼ ﺮﻫ ﻭ ﺪﻳﻮﺟ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺮﺘﻧﻭﺰﻓﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ .
ﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﺖﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﺭﻮﻈ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ
،
ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻕﻼﺧﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ .
ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ،ﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻡﺪﻋ
ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺪﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻒﻌﺿ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻜﻧﺁ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻕﺎﺒﻄﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻱﺩﺮﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ .
ﻪﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ
ﻮﻜﺴﻧﻮﻳ ﻲﺘﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻱﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ )
١٩٩١ (
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﻲﺘﺣ ﻱﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺷ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﺣﻼﺻ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻘﻠﺗ .
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ
ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﻢﻫ ﺯﻮﻨﻫ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺹﻮﺼﺨﺑ ﺮﺣ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻑﺩﺍﺮﺘﻣ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓ
،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻐﺗ ﺎﻣﺍ
ﻞﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺮﻴﻴ
ﻱﺮﻣﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ
ﻲﻗﺩﺎﺻ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻘﻓﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﻭ
١٦٠
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺏﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ .
ﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﮕﺘﻬﺟ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪ
ﺯﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ
"
ﻮﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻨﻴﺑ "
ﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴ
ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺩﺎﻳ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ،
.
ﻩﺩﺍﺯ ﺩﺎﻤﻋ )
١٣٦٩ ( ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ
ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ
ﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼ
،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺖﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺬﻟ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺎﺑ ﹰﺎﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺎﻬﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ،
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ .
ﺪﻴﻣﺍ
ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﻮﺘﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ،
ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺎﻣ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺍ
ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻜﻫﺍﺭ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻥﺁ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻪﭼ ﺮﻫ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻭ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺮﺗ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ
"
ﻲﻨﻓ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ "
ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭙﺑ ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ .
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺕﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻭ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ
ﻧﺍ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻉﺍﻮ ﺎﻳ ﺎﻬﻧﺎﺘﺳﺮﻨﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ،
ﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺰﻛﺍﺮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻲﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨ
ﺍﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﻲﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻭ ﻱﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺰﻛﺍﺮﻣ ﻞﻤﺤﺘﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺭ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻴﮕﻨﺳ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻣ .
ﺎﻣﻮﺗ ﻥﺍﮊ ) ١
١٣٦٣ ( ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ
ﺎﺗ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﺒﺟﺍ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻦﺳ ﻪﻤﺗﺎﺧ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻱﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻗﺎﺑ ﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺪﻘﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﻛ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺍﻭ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﻲﺘﻟﻭﺩ ﺎﻳ ﻲﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ .
ﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﺸﻧ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﻖﺒﻃ )
ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ١٠ ﻭ
١١ ( ﺩﻮﺒﻤﻛ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ
ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻪﺟﺩﻮﺑ ،
ﺯﺍ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
1. Jon toma
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺖﻓﺍ ﹰﺍﺪﻳﺪﺷ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻱﻮﺳ .
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻩﺎﺗﻮﻛ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﺎ
ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺳﺮﻴﺑﺩ ﻞﻴﺼﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻍﺭﺎﻓ ﺭﺎﻜﻴﺑ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ،
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻲﺘﻟﻭﺩﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺎﻬﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ :
) ﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﻮﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﺎ (
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ .
ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻳ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻡﺪﻋ
ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﻓﺎﻛﺎﻧ ﺨﺑ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﻫﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺯﻮﺠﻣ ﺶ
ﻲﺘﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﺧ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻖﻧﻭﺭ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ،
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﺏﺫﺎﻛ ،
ﺪﻧﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺡﻼﺻﺍ
ﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻓﺮﻇ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻭ ﺡﻼﺻ
ﺎﻫﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺳﺭﺩ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺮﻳﺬﭙﻧﺎﻜﻣﺍ ،
. ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻣﺪﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ –
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﻮﺗﻮﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ
ﻭ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻥﺁ ﻪﻛﺮﺤﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺪﻨﻣ ﻩﺪﻳﺎﻓ .
ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭﺮﻴﻏ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎ
،
ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ
، ﻲﺘﺳﺩ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ،
ﻲﮕﻧﺎﺧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻭ
ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺗﺭﺍ ،
ﻭ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺀﺎﻘ
ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻱﺭﻭ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻭ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻧﻮﻤﻀﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ .
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ
ﻑﺪﻫ ﻠﮐ ﻲ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ –
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ،
ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﺯﻮ
. ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﺋﺰﺟ ﻲ
ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ :
ﺖﺷﺭ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﺎﮕﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﮔﺍﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ
ﻴ ﺮ ١٦١
١
‐ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺰﻛﺍﺮﻣ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ
٢
‐ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺕﻼﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺰﻛﺍﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﻼﺗ ﺭﺩ
٣
‐ ﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺰﻛﺍﺮﻣ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵ
ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﺍ
٤
‐ ﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﺎﮕﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻲ
ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ٥
‐ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺁ
ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗﺭﺩ *
، ﻱﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ .
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺕﻻﺍﻮﺳ
١
‐ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻳﺁ
ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ
؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
٢
‐ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﻨﺳ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻳﺁ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ
؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
٣
‐ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻳﺁ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻬﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﺑ
؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
٤
‐ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻳﺁ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ
؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
٥
‐ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻳﺁ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ
؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺏﻮﭼ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻲ
ﻝﻮﺤﺗ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻙﺮﺤﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻓﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﻙﺮﺤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺮ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻣﺁ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺍﺪﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﭼ ﺮﻫ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻊﻴﺳﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﹰﺎﺘﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﺩﺯﺎﺳ ﻦﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻦﻳﻮﻧ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ .
ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ –
ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺗﺭﺎﻬﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺭﻭ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻭ
ﻲﺗﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﺪﺳﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻴﻠﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻩﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻬﻴﺋﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺶﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺘﺷﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﺋﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺪﻨﻤﻗﻼﻋ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ .
ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﺷ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻱﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪ
ﺖﺳﺍ : ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ،
ﺩﺎﻳ
ﻭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻪﭽﻧﺁ ﺮﻫ ﻭ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺩﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ، ﻭ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ....
ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ﻭ ﺮﺗﺪﻨﺘﺴﻣ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻟﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻛﺭﺪﻧﺍ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻢﻴﺋﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ :
ﺕﺎﺿﻮﻴﻓ )
١٣٧٧ ( ﺍﺭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻨﻏ .
ﻒﻴﺳ ) ١٣٦٣ ( ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ
ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔﺩﺎﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺩﺎﻳ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔﺩﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻭﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ .
ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ
ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻀﻌﺑ ،
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﺁ ﻢﻋﺍ ﻱﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .
ﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻗﻼﻋ )
١٣٧٥ ( ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺮﮔﺍﺮﻓ ،
ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ، ﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ،
ﻥﻮﻨﻓ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﻳ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻞﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺪﻨﻛ . ﺭﺩ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ
ﻲﻗﺩﺎﺻ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻘﻓﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﻭ
١٦٢
ﺮﻨﻫ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺭﻮﻠﺒﺘﻣ ﻦﻫﺫ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﺎﻳ
ﺖﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﺘﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺎﻳ ﻭ .
ﻱﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻭ ﻊﻴﺳﻭ ﻒﻴﻃ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺦﻳﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺍﺭ )
١٣٧٠ ( ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ
ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺳ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻲﻨﻤﺿ ، ﺩﺎﻳ ﻲﻤﺳﺭﺮﻴﻏ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﺪﻨﻜﻴﻣ .
ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻒﺼﻨﻣ ﻮﮕﺒﺷ )
١٣٨٠ ( ﺑ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺍﺰﻫ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺍﺰﻫ ﻭﺩ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻱﺩﺮﮔﺎﺷ ﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ
ﺢﻴﺴﻣ ﺩﻼﻴﻣ ،
ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺒﺗﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺩﺮﮔﺎﺷ ﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺼﻣ .
ﻥﻮﻳﺎﻤﻫ ﻞﻴﻤﻜﺗ )
١٣٧٣ ( ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ
ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻥﻮﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻩﺪﻧﺯ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﻲﻗﺎﺒﻄﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻖﻄﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻩﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ، ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻟﺎﺧﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ
ﻗﺍﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺧﻮﻣﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻊ
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻜﺑ ﻞﻤﻋ .
ﺎﻤﺟ ﻟ ﻲ ﺩﺮﻓ ) ١٣٦٦ ( ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻦﻤﺿ
ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻳﺮﺑ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻮﺳ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻪﻳﺬﻐﺗ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ .
ﻌﻧﺎﺻ ﻲ ) ١٣٨٠ ( ﻧﻴ ﺰ
ﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻱ
ﻨﻓ ﻲ ﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻱ
ﺎﺑ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ
ﻳ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﺶ ﻱ
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻊﺒﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ
ﺜﮐ ﻴ ﺮ ﻱ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪ ﻲ
ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ،
ﺎﻫﺮﺸﻗ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻱ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺱﺎﺒﻋ
ﺭﻮﭘ ) ١٣٨١ ( ﻢﻫ ﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺎﻬ
ﻳ ﺎﺘ "
ﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻱ
ﻨﻓ ﻲ ﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻱ
ﺩ ﻭ ﻳ ﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺮﮕ ﻱ
ﺗﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻲ ﺎﺑ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ،ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺶ
ﺎﭘ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻭ ﻳ
ﻣ ﺭﺍﺪ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺷ .
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻳ
ﺯ ﻒ ﻳ ﺩﺎ ﻱ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺎﻴﻛﺯﺍ ) ١٣٦٥ ( ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ :
ﺭﺩ
ﺪﺷﺭ ﺡﻼﻄﺻﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ١
ﻨﻌﻣ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﹰﺎﺒﻟﺎﻏ٢
ﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﻜﺑ ﻲ ﻩﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﺳﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ .
ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺪﺷﺭ
ﺭﺩ ﺕﻭﺮﺛ ﻲﻤﻛ ﺩﺎﻳﺩﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺪﻌﺑ ﻚﻳ ﹰﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﺑ
ﻪﻧﺍﺮﺳ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ، .
ﻥﺎﻴﻤﻳﺮﻛ ﻭ ﻱﺮﺒﻛﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ )
١٣٧٣ ( ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﻓ ﺖﻴﻓﺮﻇ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ،ﻱﺮﻜ
ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻭ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻭ ﺖﻴﻗﻼﺧ ، ،
ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻞﺣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ، ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻣ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ
ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻲﻠﻛ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺭﻭﺎﺘﺳﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﮕﻤﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﻮﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ .
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ
ﻬﻴﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﻭ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻱﺎ
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ،ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻦﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ
1.Growth
2.Development
ﺖﺷﺭ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﺎﮕﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﮔﺍﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ
ﻴ ﺮ ١٦٣
ﺖﺴﻴﻧ . ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﻮﻨﻛ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻭ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ
ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻡﺯﺍﻮﻟ ﻭ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ .
ﻭ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻣﺯﻻ
ﺩ ﻱﺍﻮﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﺤﺗ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻧﻭﺭ
، ﻭ ﺶﻨﻴﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ .
ﻲﻫﺎﻔﺷ ) ١٣٧٩ ( ﻝﻮﻗ ﺯﺍ
ﻥﻮﺴﻨﻴﺑﺭﺎﻫ ﻡﺎﻨﺑ ﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ١
ﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﻠﺻ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﺖﻠﻣ ﺕﻭﺮﺛ
ﺍ ﻭﺪﻫﺩ ﻳ ﮕﻨ ﻠ ﺕﺭﺎﻬ ) ١٣٨٢ ( ﻞﺼﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ
ﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﮎﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻱ
ﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲ
ﮔﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ، ﻲ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﮑﻣﺍ .
ﺍ ﺳ ﺲﺘ ) ٢٠٠١ ( ﮐﺎﺗ ﻴ ﻣ ﺪ ﻲ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻲ
ﺮﻃ ﺰﺗ ﻳ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻖ
ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻳ
ﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ،ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺪﺣ ﻦ ﻴﻴ
ﻭ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻦ
ﺎﺘﻧ ﻳ ﻘﻌﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺞ ﻴ
ﻣ ﺐ ﻲ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ .
ﺭﺪﺻ ) ١٣٧٤ ( ﺮﻫ ﻲﻳﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ
ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ، ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻱﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﻮﺧ .
ﻭ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺪﻧﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻗﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ
ﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺶﻨﻳﺰﮔ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘ
ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﺩﺮﺒﺸﻴﭘ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻭ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺪﺸﺨﺒﺑ ﻒﻳﺎﻇﻭ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﺤﺗ ﻭ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ،
ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ
ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺮﻫ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ .
ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻛﺫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ
ﺗ ﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻳﺍﺰﺴ
: ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﺗ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻬﻴﺋﺎﻧﺍﻮ ،
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ )
ﻦﻴﺑﺎﻣ :٢
١٣٧٨ ، ﻭﺮﻳﺰﻣ :٣
١٣٧٤ ،
ﻲﻣﻮﻠﻈﻣ : ١٣٦٦ ﺮﭘﻮﺳ ، :٤
١٣٧٥ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺎﺳ ، ﻓ
ﺪﻨﻟﺮﺠﻴ :٥
1.Harhinson
2. Mabin 3. Masiro 4. Super
5. Saha & Figerland
١٣٨٠ ﻝﺎﻫﺩﻭﻭ ، :٦
١٣٨٠ ﺰﺘﻟﻮﺷ ، : ١٩٦١ ﺮﻜﺑ ، :٧
١٩٦٤ ،
٨ﺲﻜﻴﻫ : ١٣٨٠ (
ﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﻖ
ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺪﺣ )
١٩٩٠ ( ﻚﻧﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔﺭﺩ
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ٢١
ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫﺮﭘ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ،ﻪﻧﺍﺭﻭﺁ ﻦﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺒﻧ ﻩﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻲﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ .
ﺎﻬﻧﺁ
ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﻛ ﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ
ﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻩﺎﺗﻮﻛ ﻲﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻩﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ .
ﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪ
ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺍﺭ ،
ﻲﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﻄﺑ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ .
ﻥﻮﺴﻠﻴﻧﻮﺳ ﻦﻳﻮﻟﺍ ﻭ ﮓﻨﻳﺩﺍ ،
) ٩
١٩٦١ (
ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ٢٢
ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺩﺍﺩ
ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﻪﺑ ،
ﺧ ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺳﺮﻴﺑﺩ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺹﻮﺼ ،
ﺮﻘﻓ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﺘﺳﻮﻴﭘ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺮﻘﻓ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ .
ﺯﺮﻳﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻥﻮﺴﻴﺑﺭﺎﻫ ) ١٠
١٩٦٤ ( ﺩﻮﺧ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ
٧٥ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ .
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﻧﺁ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻥﺎ ﻭ ﻱ
ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺐﻛﺮﻣ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ،
ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ )
٨٨٨ / ٠ ( ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻱﺍ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺔﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
6. Woodhall
7. Becker 8. Hix
9. Svennilson , Eding and Eivin 10. Harbison and Myers
ﻲﻗﺩﺎﺻ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻘﻓﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﻭ
١٦٤
ﻞﻠﻋ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﺘﺳﻮﻴﭘ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻪﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻦﺷﻭﺭ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
. ﺮﻈﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ ﻦﻣﻮﺑ ) ١
١٩٧٣ ( ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ
ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻱﺎﺟ ﺯﺮﻳﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻥﻮﺴﻴﺑﺭﺎﻫ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻭ ﻢﻛ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،
ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻑﺮﻌﻣ ﺎﺴﺑ ﻪﭼ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺍﺮﻛ ﺲﻜﻋﺮﺑ ﻪﻧ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ٢
ﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﹰﺎﻌﻤﺟ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻪ
٦ / ٦٤ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺺﻟﺎﺧﺎﻧ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
) ﻲﺘﻟﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺭﺍﺯ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﺣﺍ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ (
ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺭﺩ
ﻱﺎﻬﻟﺎﺳ ١٩٠٩ ﺎﺗ ١٩٤٩ ﻥﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﻛ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻝﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﻭ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻚﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ .
٣ﺖﻜﻟ
ﻧﻴ ﺰ ) ١٩٦٧ ( ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ :
ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻮﺗ ﺩﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺕﻭﺮﺛ ﻊﻳﺯ
ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺗ ﻪﻧﻻﺩﺎﻋ .
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻒﺼﻨﻣ ﻮﮕﺒﺷ )
١٣٨٠ ( ﺖﺤﺗ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ
ﻞﻛ ﻩﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ١٥٠٠
ﺍﺭ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻔﻧ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ :
ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ٧٠ % ﺭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﺍ
ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻧﺍﺩ ٣٦
% ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﻛ ﻡﻼﻋﺍ
ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺍﺮﻓ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﺍﺮﻓ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ ٧٠
% ﺰﻴﻧ
ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺪﺠﻣ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ .
1.Bowman
2. Kera 3. Lecht
ﺵﻮﺧﺮﺳ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ )
١٣٧٥ ( ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻍﺭﺎﻓ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺎﺑ
ﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺼ ﻴ ﻥﻼ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻥﺍﺪﻤﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﺩﻮﺳ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﺳ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺩﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ . ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ
" : ﻥﺍﺩﺮﮔﺎﺷ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ .
"
ﺎﻴﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﻘﻟﺎﻃ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ )
١٣٧١ ( ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻼﻴﺼﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻍﺭﺎﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﺮﺴﭘ ﻥﻼﻴﺼﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻍﺭﺎﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ ﺏﺬﺟ
ﺮﺘﺧﺩ ﻥﻼﻴﺼﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻍﺭﺎﻓ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ ﺏﺬﺟ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺘﺷﺭ .
ﺪﻴﻔﺳ ﻥﺎﻴﻧﺎﻴﻨﺑ )
١٣٧٢ ( ﺖﺤﺗ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺭﺩ
ﻭ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻼﻴﺼﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻍﺭﺎﻓ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ
ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻥﻼﻴﺼﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻍﺭﺎﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﻤﺳ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ ﺏﺬﺟ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻲﻤﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ )
ﺭﺩ ﺹﻮﺼﺨﺑ
ﻥﺍﺮﺴﭘ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ (
ﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻲﻤﻛ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ
ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻭ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻥﺍﺮﺴﭘ .
ﻣ ﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺺﻴﺼﺨﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻫ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ
ﺖﺷﺭ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﺎﮕﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﮔﺍﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ
ﻴ ﺮ ١٦٥
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻣﺩﺮﻣ ﺖﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﻲﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺬﮔ ،
ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ .
ﻲﻋﻭﺭﺰﻣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ )
١٣٧٢ ( ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ
ﻍﺭﺎﻓ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻭ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻼﻴﺼﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻥ
ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷﺭ ٩
/ ٥٧
ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ١
/ ٢٤
ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ .
ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ
ﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺳﺮﻨﻫ ﺱﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺍﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،
ﻲﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺰﻛﺍﺮﻣ
ﻩﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻲﮕﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻖﺒﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻤﺳﺭﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺶﺨﺑ .
ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﻭ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﺱﻭﺭﺩ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻨﻫ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ
ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﺍﻮﺟ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﻛﺬﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﻓ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ .
ﻫﺩﺍﺩﻭ ﻴ ﺮ ) ۱۳۸۳ ( ﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻖ ﻣ
ﻴ ﻪﻨ
ﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻲ
ﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻱ
ﺘﻧ ﻴ ﻬﮐ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠ ﺎﻳ
ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻦ
ﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺖﻣﺪﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻲ
ﺍﺮﮔ ﮎﺭﺪﻣ ﻲﻳ
ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ
ﻥﺁ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ .
ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ﻳ ﺑ ﻥﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﮏ ﻴ
ﺍ ﻦ ﻳ ﺍﺭ ﻭﺩ ﻦ
ﺳﺎﺷ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻴ
ﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺴ ﻴ
ﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺖﺳﺎ
ﻟﻮﺘﻣ ﻴ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﺎ ﻱ
ﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻲ ﺗﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻭ ﻲ ﻆﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﮐﺬﻣ
ﺸﻣ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻭﺭ ،ﺩﻮﺧ ﻳ
ﺎﻫﺩﺮﮑ ﻱ ﮎﺭﺪﻣ
ﺍﺮﮔ ﻲﻳ ﻣ ﻭ ﻴ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻕﺎﺒﻄﻧﺍ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻱ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ .
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺵﻭﺭ
ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ
ﻤﮐ ﻲ ﻨﮑﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻴ
ﮏ
ﭘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻳ ﺸ ﻲ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﺎﮕﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ
، ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ،
ﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ٥٣
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻱﺍ ﻪﺒﺗﺭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻝﺍﻮﺳ ﺕﺮﻜﻴﻟ ﻒﻴﻃ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﮔ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ ١
ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ . ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ٣٤٠٠
ﻲﺑﺮﻣ ﻭ ﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ
ﺭﺩ ١٧٠ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻩﺎﮕﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﺳ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ١٠
ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
٥ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ )
١٧٠ ﺮﻔﻧ ( ﻭ ٥ ﺯﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ ) ١٧٠ ﺮﻔﻧ ( ﻲﮕﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺲﻧﺎﺷ .
ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﺵﻭﺭ
ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻒﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻝﻭﺍﺪﺟ
ﺠﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺰ
) ﻦﻴﺑ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ
ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ( ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ T
(T-Test) ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭﺰﻴﻟﺎﻧﺁ ﻭ
(ANOVA) ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
. ﺕﻻﺍﻮﺳ ﺭﺩ
ﺮﺑ ﻪﺘﻟﺎﺣ ﻭﺩ ﻲﻔﻴﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻥﻼﻛ ﻱﺎﻬﺼﺧﺎﺷ )
ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ، ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ (
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻴﺠﻨﺳ (T-Test)
ﻭ
ﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺕﻻﺍﻮﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻲﻔﻴﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺮﻴ
ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻥﻼﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺮﺑ ﻪﺘﻟﺎﺣ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭﺰﻴﻟﺎﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ (ANOVA)
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ .
ﻲﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ )
ﺕﻮﻠﻳﺎﭘ (٢
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ
ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ٣
ﺖﻬﺟ ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺕﺭﻮﺸﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ .
ﻪﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ
1.Likert
2. Pilot 3. Validity
ﻲﻗﺩﺎﺻ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻘﻓﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﻭ
١٦٦
) ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ (
ﻭ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ
ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﻭ
ﺖﻬﺟ ﺰﻴﻧ
ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻲﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ١
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ .
ﹰﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ١٠
ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ ﺯﺍ ١٢
ﺮﻔﻧ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ ﺯﺍ
ﻭ ١٢ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻔﻧ
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﺳ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ .
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻬﻴﺋﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ٤
ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻭ
ﺥﺎﺒﻧﻭﺮﻛ ﹰﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺁ ٢
٨٣ / ٠ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ
ﺪﻫﺪﻴﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ .
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺕﻻﺍﻮﺳ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﹰﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ
٤ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻭ
ﹰﺍﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﺁ ﺥﺎﺒﻧﻭﺮﻛ ٨٢
/ ٠ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺯﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ
ﺕﻻﺍﻮﺳ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﹰﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ٤
ﻩﺩﻮﺑ
ﹰﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻥﺁ ﺥﺎﺒﻧﻭﺮﻛ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ٩٠
% ﺍﺭ
ﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺪﻴﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻭ ﺖ
ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺕﻻﺍﻮﺳ ﻩﺮﺧﻻﺎﺑ ﹰﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ٤
ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺥﺎﺒﻧﻭﺮﻛ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻭ
٨٨ / ٠ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻛﺎﺣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ
ﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺕﻻﺍﻮﺳ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ .
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ
ﻒﻟﺍ – ﺑ ﻴ ﻣﺯ ﻥﺎ ﻴ ﺍ ﻪﻨ ﻱ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺳ ) ١٣٧٠ ( ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﻜﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ
ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻥﺎﻴﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﮓﻨﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻲﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻲﭘ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﻧﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﻲﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ .
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ١٣٦٧
ﻲﻣﻼﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﻮﻬﻤﺟ ﺵﺭﻭﺮﭘ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻛ
1. Reliability
2. Cronbach’s Alpha
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺑﻼﻘﻧﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﻱﺍﺭﻮﺷ ﺐﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﺪﻨﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﻮﻴﺴﻤﻛ .
ﺎﻫ ﻥﻮﻴﺴﻤﻛ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺎﻣ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺖﺷﺬﮔ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻥﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻠﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ
ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﺵﺭﻭﺮﭘ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﺭﺩ .
ﻭ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺖﻳﻮﻟﻭﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻬﻴﺋﺎﺳﺭﺎﻧ .
ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ،
ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ
ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺀﺰﺟ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﮔﺭﺰﺑ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﺳ ﻭ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ،
ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻭ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻛ
ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﻱﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ .
ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻢﻫﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻞﻛ ﻩﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻊﺒﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ :
ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺰﻛﺍﺮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻢﻴﺗ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ،
ﻲﻨﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﻳﺩﻮﺧ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ،ﺭﺎﻴﺳ ،
ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻﺭﺩ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﺕﺎﺠﻧﺎﺧﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﺍﻮﺟ ﺰﻛﺍﺮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ،
ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻲﺘﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻠﻌﺗ ،ﺎﻬﻧﺎﮔﺩﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ،
ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻴﺑ ﻪﻤﻴﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﻱﺮ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ،
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ،ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ،
ﻥﺎﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺖﻴﺣﻼﺻ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ،
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻨﻓ .
ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ١١
ﻭ ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ٦
ﺭﺩ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ
ﺎﺑ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ ﻝﺎﺣ ٤٤
ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﺘﺷﺭ .
ﺏ
‐ ﺻﻮﺗ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻒﻴ
ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻲﻨﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭ
) ٣٠
‐ ٢٦ (
ﻭ ) ٤٠
‐ ٣٦ ( ﺎﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ ) ٦ / ٢١ (%
ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ
