ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ –
ﻲﭘﺎﻴﭘ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ )
٣٥ ( – ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ٣
‐ ﺰﻴﻳﺎﭘ ١٣٨٨
ﺺﺻ ۱۵۶ ‐ ۱۳۵
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ
– ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎﺧ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻛﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
) ﺱﺎﺒﻋﺭﺪﻨﺑﺮﻬﺷ ﻥﺎﮔﺰﻣﺮﻫ ﻱﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ (
ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺭ ﻝﻮﺳﺭ ،*
ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻓﺍﺭﻮﭘ ﷲﺍﺮﺼﻧ ﻲﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ ، *
ﻭ*
ﻲﻓﻮﺋﺭ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ
**
ﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ*
ﻥﺎﻬﻔﺻﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻋﺎ
ﻥﺎﻬﻔﺻﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺮﺘﻛﺩ ﻱﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ**
هﺪﻴﻜﭼ
، ﻩﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
، ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ، ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ، ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺮﺜﻜﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻉﻮﻨﺘﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ .
ﻭ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻢﻬﻓ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﭘ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻔﻟﻮﻣ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ
ﺮﻓ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺎﻣﺍ ، ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺶﻫﻭﮋ ﻲﮕﻨﻫ
– ﺪـﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎـﻴﻨﺑ ﻲﺸﻘﻧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻔﻳﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ .
ﻢﻴﺑﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻧﺁﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ :
ﻥﻼـﻛ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻪﺘـﺷﺬﮔ ﻪﻫﺩ ﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻢﻏﺭ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺍﺮﭼ
، ﺪـﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺲﻴﺳﺎﺗ ﻱﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﻮﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻥﺎﮔﺰﻣﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ، ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻮـﮕﻟﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﺶﻫﻭﮋـﭘ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ؟ ﺩﺩﺮـﮔ ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺪـﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻡﻭﺮﺤﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻱ ﻩﺮﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺯﻮﻨﻫ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻴﻧ ﺭﻮﺧﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨ
، ﺕﺮﻜﻴﻟ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺰﻨﺳﺭﺎﭘ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻥﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻳﺎـﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﺍﺰﻳﺎـﻤﺗ
) ﺵﺮـﺑ
ﻦﻴﺒﻄﻗ ( ﻤﻋ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻲﻨﻜﻓﺍﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻩﺪــــ
‐ ﺮﻬـﺷ ﺭﺩ ، ﺩﺩﺮـﮔ ﻲـﻣ ﺏﻮﺴـﺤﻣ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﻢﻳﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺱﺎﺒﻋﺭﺪﻨﺑ .
ﻲﻣﻮـﺑ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬـﺷ ﻲـﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ )
٨٨ / ٢ (
، ﻲﻣﻮـﺑﺮﻴﻏ
ﺎﻫ ) ٩٨ / ٢ ( ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ، ) ٨٦ / ٢ ( ﻥﺍﺩﺮﻣ ، ) ٩٣ / ٢ ( ﺖﻨﺳ ﻞﻫﺍ ، )
٨ / ٢ ( ﻥﺎﻴﻌﻴﺷ ﻭ )
٩٥ / ٢ ( ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ .
ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﮊﺍﻭ :
، ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
، ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ، ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ، ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎﺧ
– ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ .
A Study of Socio-Cultural Obstacles of Development with Emphasis on Particularism :A Case Study in Bandarabbas City
R. Rabbani* , N. Poorafkari*, M. Ketabi* and M. Raoofi**
*Sociology Department , the Universtiy of Isfahan
**Ph.D. student in Sociology.
ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺭ ﻝﻮﺳﺭ ،
ﻲﻓﻮﺋﺭ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ ، ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻓﺍﺭﻮﭘ ﷲﺍﺮﺼﻧ ١٣٦
Abstract
Development has difficult , different and many economical , social , cultural , psychological and political dimentions .For understanding of reasons and obstacles of development , all the mentioned options should be researched , but socio-cultural elements has fundamental role in development process.In this article we want to find :why in spite of enormous industrial, economical and commercial investing and several universities and high training institutions which has established in Hormozgan , this region doesnot have enough development and still classifies as a divested region?In this study we test Particularism that considered as one of the main socio-cultural obstacles of development in Bandarabbas city with modeling
social-modernization theory of Parsons, Survey method, Likert-Scale, Semantic differencial and Projection.
Based on the results , average of Particularism in Sample statistic is (2/89), that in separation : for natives citizens is (2/88), non-native is (2/98),women is (2/86), men is (2/93),Sunnites is (2/8) and Shiites is (2/95).
Key words:Development,Social modernization, Particularism , Social interaction and Socio-cultural obstacles.
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﻳ ﮑ ﻲ ﻣﺁ ﻪﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻴ
ﺧﺍ ﻪﻫﺩ ﻪﺳ ﺰ ﻴ
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺮ ﻳ ﻥﺍﺮ ) ﻮﺑ ﻳ ﻩﮋ
ﺏﻼﻘﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ (
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﭘ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﻭ ١
ﻴ ﻧﻮﻣﺍﺮ ﻲ ﻥﻮـﭽﻤﻫ ﻥﺁ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،
ﺖﻨﺳ،ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺘﻣ ﻭ
ﻧﺭﺪﻣ ـﻴ ﻭ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ،ﻢﺴ
ـﻠﻣ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﻲ
ﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻳ ﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺸـﮐ ﻩﺎـﮕ ﺁﻳ
ﺪـﻨ
ﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ .
ﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﺗ ﹰﺎﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻪﻫ
١٩٥٠ ﻭ ١٩٦٠ ـﻣ ﻴ ﺩﻼ ﻱ ﺎـﮔﺮﻫ ﻩ
ﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻴ
ﻣ ﻥﺎ ﻲ ﺁ ﻣ ﻤﮐ ،ﺪ ﻴ ﮐ ﻭ ﺖ ﻴ ﻔ ﻴ ﻭ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺖ
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ
ﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺢﻤﻄﻣ ﻲ
ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻌﺑ ﺎـﻣﺍ ،ﺖـﻓﺮﮔ
ﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﮓﻨﺟ ﻲ
ﻮﺑ ﻭ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻳ
ﻡﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﮑﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻩﮋ
» ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ
ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲ
٢ « ﺍﻭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻪﻫﺩ ﻞ ١٩٨٠ ﺳﻮﺗ ﻂ ﻳ ﻮﮑﺴﻧﻮ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺭﺩ
ـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺶﻘﻧ ،ﺪﺷ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲ
– ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﺭﺩ
ﺁﺮﻓ ﻳ ﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﻨ ﻴ
ﮕﺘﻓﺎ ﻲ ﺩﺮﮔ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ ﻳ
ﺪ . ﻮﮔ ﺍ ﻳ ﻪﮑﻨ
ﺘﻣ ﺄ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻔﺳ ﻳ
ﹰﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ ﺯﻮﻨﻫ ﻥﺍﺮ ﺗ
ﺩﺎﺼـﺘﻗﺍ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮ ﻱ
ﻳ ﻣ ﻪﺘﺷﺎﮕﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﮑ ﻲ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻳ ﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﻑﺩﺍﺮـﺘﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺎ ﻳ
ﺩﺎـﺠ
ﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻳ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪ ﻳ
ﻘﻠﺗ ﻡﺭﻮﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﺍﺮﻧﺁ ﺎ ﻲ
ﻩﺩﺮﮐ
ﺪﻧﺍ ) . ﻈﻋ ﻴ ﻤ ﻲ
، ٣١:١٣٨٣ ( ﺑﺩﺍ ﻪﮐ ﻦﻤﻟﺩﺁ ـﻴ
ﺗ ﺕﺎ ﺮـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮ
ﻤﻫﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻴ
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺎﮕﻧ ﺖ ﻲ
ـﻣ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮـﮐ ﻲ
ﻮﻧ ـﻳ ﺪﺴ :
1. Development
2. Cultural development
» ﺮﻌﺗ ﻳ ﮔﺩﺎـﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﺧﺭﺩ ﻒ ﻲ
ﻣ ـﻴ ﻧ ﺮﺴ ـﻴ ﺎـﻧ ،ﺖﺴ
ﺮـﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ـﺑ ﻲ ﺍ ﻩﺯﺍﺪـﻧﺍ ﻱ ﺪـﻨﻣ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﮐ ﻱ
ﺒﻃ ﻴ ـﻌ ﻲ ﻭ
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻱ
ﻣ ، ﻴ ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺙﺍﺮ ﻲ
ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﻲ ﻭ
ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺑ ﻴ ﺣﺍﻮﻧ ﻦ ﻲ ﺮﻫ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﺸﺷﻮﮐ ﻲ ﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻌﻣ ﺡﺮﻃ ﺖﻬ ﻴ
ﺭﺎ ﻱ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﮑﻔﺗ ـﻴ ـﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﮏ ﻊ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻳ ﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﻴ
ﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﻲ ﻣ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻲ ﺪـﻨﮐ « ) ،ﻦـﻤﻟﺩﺁ
١:١٩٦٥ (
ﻠﻋ ﻴ ﺩ ﺩﺎﻀﺗ ﹰﺎﻀﻌﺑ ﻭ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻢﻏﺮ ﻳ
ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻥﺎـﻤﻟﺎﻋ ﻩﺎﮔﺪ
ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲ ﺳ ،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ، ﻴ
ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺎ ﻲ
ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ
ﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻡﻮﻤﻋ ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ـﻳ
ﺭﻮـﺤﻣ ﻪـﮐ ﺪـﻧﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
» ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ
« ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻞـﻣﺎﺣ ﻭ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ
» ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ « ﻐﺗ ﻪـﻧﻮﮔﺮﻫ ،ﺖـﺳﺍ ـﻴﻴ
ﻟﻮـﺤﺗ ﻭ ﺮ ﻲ
ﺍﺮﮔ ﺭﺩ ـﻳ ،ﺕﺎﺸ
ﻣﺩﺁ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﻴ
ﻐﺗ ﻞـﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺎ ـﻴﻴ
ﻌـﺿﻭ ﺭﺩ ﺮ ﻴ
ﻋ ﺖ ﻴ ـﻨ ﻲ
ﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻲ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ . ﮏﻧﺎﭘﺎﭘ ﻝﻮﻘﺑ :
» ﮕﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ـﻴ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ،ﺎـﻫ ﻩﺰ
ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﺩ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻳ
ﺮـﮕ
ﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻬﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻢ
« ) ،ﮏﻧﺎﭘﺎﭘ ٤٧:١٩٩٧ (
ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻌـﺿﻭ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺸﮕﻬﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭﺮﻨ ﻴ
ـﻠﮐ ﺖ ﻲ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ
ﺮﻌﺗ ﻳ ﻣ ﻒ ﻲ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻱ
ﺳﺭ ﻴ ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪ ﻳ ﻭ ﺎـﻫ ﺵﺮـﮕﻧ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦ
ﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻱ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻳ
ﻐﺗ ﺪ ﻴﻴ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺮ .
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ –
ﺪﻴﻛﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ١٣٧ ……
ﺎﭘ ،ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺘﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺳﻭﺮﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺎﭘ ﻭ ﻪـﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻪﻤﻫ ،ﺎ ـﻳ
،ﺭﺍﺪ
ﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻳ ﺍ ﻩﺪـﻤﻋ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺮ ﻱ
ﻪـﮐ ﺖـﺳﻭﺮﺑ ﻭﺭ ﻳ
ـﮑ ﻲ ﺍ ﺯ
ﺮﺗ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﻳ ﺍ ﻦ ﻳ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﻦ ﻱ
» ـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲ – ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ «
ﻣ ﺤ ﻣ ﺏﻮﺴ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮔ . ﺸـﺨﺑ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﮔﺰﻣﺮﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻲ
ﺯﺍ
ﻣﺯﺮﺳ ﻴ ﺍ ﻦ ﻳ ﺍﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ،ﻥﺍﺮ ﻳ
ﺎـﻫ ﺶﻟﺎـﭼ ﺮـﺑ ﻩﻭﻼـﻋ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﻨ ﻱ
ﻠﻣ ﻲ ﺭﺎﭼﺩ ،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ »
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻧﻴ ﮕﺘﻓﺎ ﻲ « ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ – ـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲ
ﺖﺳﺍ
، ﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺎﺗ ﻳ
ﻡﻭﺮـﺤﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻋ ﺭﺩ ﺯﻮﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻦ
ﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻴ
ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ
ﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻱ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ . ﺭﺩ ﻪﮑﻧﺁ ﺎﺑ
ﺍﻳ ﻮﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻦ ﻳ
ﻨﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋ ﺪ
ﺧﺍ ﻪـﻫﺩ ﻪـﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺎﺒﻋﺭ ـﻴ
ﺮ
ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻳ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻪ ﻱ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻧﻼﮐ ﻲ ﺬﭘ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻳ
ﺭﺩﺎـﻨﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮ
ﺩﺎﺼـﺘﻗﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻱ
ﺘﻌﻨـﺻ ، ﻲ ﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻥ
ﺭﺩ ﺖــﻤﻌﻧ ــﻳ
ﺎــﺳ ﻭ ﺎ ﻳ ﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎــﻨﻣ ﺮ ﻴ
ــﻌ ﻲ ﻭ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮــﺧﺮﺑ
ﺎﻬﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ
ﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻟﺎﻋ ﺵ
ﻲ ﺩﺪـﻌﺘﻣ ﻱ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﺗ ﺄ ﺳ ﻴ ﺎﺴﻤﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺲ ﻳ
ﮕ ﻲ ﺎـﻫ ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻱ
ﺪـﻨﻤﺗﻭﺮﺛ
ﻠﺧ ﻴ ﻣ ﺖﻔﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺯﻮﻨﻫ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺱﺭﺎﻓ ﺞ ﻴ
ﮎﺭﺎﺒﻣ ﻭ ﻥﻮﻤ
» ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻳ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ « ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﺐﻘﻠﻣ .
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺁﺮـﺑ ﺶﻫﻭﮋـﭘ ﻦ ﻧ
ﻢﻴ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻱ ﺍ ﻳ ﻨﺑ ﻝﺍﻮﺌﺳ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺩﺎ ﻱ ﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺭﻮﺧﺭﺩ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻲ
ﺑ ـﻴ ﺑﺎ ﻴ ﻢ
ﻪﮐ : » ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﻲ
‐ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻥﺎـﮔﺰﻣﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻪ
ﻠﺤﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻴ
ﺪﻧﺍ ﻞ
«
؟
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ــﻳ ﻠﻣﺍﻮــﻋ ﻥﺎﺘــﺳﺍ ﻦ ﻲ
ﻥﻮــﭽﻤﻫ :
» ﺎــﻫ ﺶﻨــﮐ ﻱ
ﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻲ
«
،
» ﺍﺮﮔﺩﺮﻓ ﻲﻳ ﺴﺑ ﻴ ﻂ
«
، » ﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻲﻳ
«
،
» ﺎـﻫ ﻑﺎﮑﺷ ﻱ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ
«
، » ﺎـﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻱ ﺑﺎﺴـﺘﻧﺍ ﻲ
«
، » ﺪـﻘﺗ ﻳ ﺍﺮﮔﺮ ﻲﻳ
«
،
» ﺪـﻬﻌﺗ
ﻤﻌﺗ ﻴ ﻧ ﻢ ﻴ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ
«
،
» ﻤﻌﺗ ﻒﻃﺍﻮﻋ ﻴ
ﻧ ﻢ ﻴ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ
«
،
» ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻴﻧ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ
«
ﻭ
» ــﺑ ﺱﺎﺴــﺣﺍ ﻲ
ﻟﺍﺪــﻋ ﻲﺘ ﺯﻮــﺗ ﻳ ﻌ ﻲ « ــﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻊــﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲ
–
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻴ ﮕﺘﻓﺎ ﻲ ﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻲ
ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮔ .
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺩ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦ ـﻳ
ﺯﺎـﺳﻮﻧ ﻩﺎﮔﺪ ﻱ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
١ﻲ ﺰﻨﺳﺎﭘ ﺕﻮﮑﻟﺎﺗ ﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ٢
ﻴ ﺍ ﻪـﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻞ ـﻳ
ﻢ .
ﻭ ﻱ ﺎـﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ ،ﻥﺭﺪﻣ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ :
ﺻﺎﺼـﺘﺧﺍ ﻲ
،
ﺑﺎﺴﺘﮐﺍ ﻲ ﻔﻃﺎـﻋ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺍﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﻋ ، ﻲ
ـﺜﻨﺧ ﻲ ﻭ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴـﻫ ﺭﺩ
ﺘﻨﺳ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻲ
ﺎﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ ، :
،ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺑﺎﺴـﺘﻧﺍ ﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺮـﮔ ﺹﺎـﺧ ،
ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﺎﺑ ﺭ ﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ . ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺏﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻫﺍﻮـﺷ
1. Social modernization theory
2.T.parsons
ﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲ ﻧﺎـﮔﺰﻣﺮﻫ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲ
ﹰﺎﺗﺪـﻤﻋ » ﺹﺎـﺧ
ﺍﺮﮔ
٣« ﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻴ
ﺩﺮﻓ ﻦ ﻱ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻞـﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻲ
ﻭ
ﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻬ ﻪـﺑ ﻑﻮـﻄﻌﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺶﻨﮐ ،ﺕﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﻭ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪ
ﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲ
ﺷﺯﺭﺍ ، ﻲ ﻣ،
ﺤ ﻠ ﻲ ﻮﺧ ﻭ ﻳ ﺍﺮﮔﺪﻧﻭﺎﺸ ﻲﻳ
ﺖﺳﺍ .
ﭘﻴ ﺸ ﻴ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﻨ :
ﺩ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺯﺎـﺳﻮﻧ ﻩﺎﮔﺪ
٤ﻱ ﺎـﻫ ﺶﻫﻭﮋـﭘ ﻱ
ـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻲ
ﺴﺑ ﻴ ﺭﺎ ﻱ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ .
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ـﻣ ﺹﻮﺼـﺧ ﻦ ﻲ
ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ
ﺎﻫﺭﺎﮐ ﻱ ﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻲ ﺍ ﺲـﮑﻟﺍ ـﻳ
٥ﺲﻠﮑﻨ ﺩ،
ﻳ ﻮ ـﻳ ﻤـﺳﺍ ﺪ ﻴ
٦ ﺖ ﻧﺍﺩ ـﻴ ﻞ
٧ﺮﻧﺮﻟ ﻣﺭﻭﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﺘﻨﺳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺬﮔ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻪﻧﺎ ﻲ
ﻡﺎﻧ ﺍﺭ
ﺩﺮﺑ ) ﮐﺯﺍ ﻴ
،ﺎ ٩٣:١٣٨١ (
ﻟﻴ
٨ﺖﺴﭙ ﻘﺤﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻴ
ﺭﺩ ﺶﺗﺎـﻘ
ﺛﺎﺗ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﻴ
ﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺮ ﻱ
ﺍﺭ ـﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺞ ﺁ ﺮﻣ ﻳ ﺎـﮑ ﻱ ـﺗﻻ ﻴ ﻦ ﺮـﺑ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
، ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲ
ﺯ ﻳ ﻐﺘﻣ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺮ ﻴ
ﺎـﻫﺮ ﻱ ﻢـﻬﻣ
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﻱ
ﺑ ﺮ ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﺭﺎﻤـﺷ : ﻭ ـﻳ ﺍﺮﮔ ﻩﮋ ﻲـﻳ ﻭ
ﻗﻴ ﺎﻫﺪﻨﺑ ﻭ ﺪ ﻱ
ﮔﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻲ ﺗ ، ﺄ ﮐ ﻴ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺪ ﻱ
ﺳﻭ ﺎﺗ ﻴ ﻪﻠ
ﺍ ﻱ ﺍﺮﮔ ﻪﺒﺨﻧ ، ﻲـﻳ
ﺍﺮﮔ ﺖﺤﻠﺼـﻣ ، ﻲـﻳ
، ﻣﺍ ﺬـﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻉﺎـﻨﺘ ﻳ
ﺵﺮ
ﺭ ﻳ ﮕﻧﺍ ﻥﺍﺪﻘﻓ ﻭ ﮏﺴ ﻴ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺰ ﻱ ﭘ ﻴ ﺖﻓﺮﺸ ) ﻉﺭﺍﺯ ، ٣٩٤:١٣٧٣ (
ﻧﺍﺩ ﻴ ﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻧﺮﻟ ﻞ ﻴ
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺶﻤﻬﻣ ﻖ :
» ﺯﺍ ﺭﺬـﮔ
ﺘﻨﺳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲ
ﺯﺎﺳﻮﻧ ، ﻱ ﻣﺭﻭﺎﺧ ﻴ ﻪﻧﺎ « ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺶﺷ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ
: ﮐﺮﺗ ﻴ ﺭﻮﺳ ،ﺮﺼﻣ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻟ ،ﻪ ﻳ
ﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺩﺭﺍ ،ﻪ ﻳ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺰـﮐﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﻥﺍﺮ
ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﺘﻧ ﻦ ﻴ ﻣ ﻪﺠ ﻲ ﺎـﻫ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺳﺭ ﻱ
ـﺑﺮﻏ ﻲ ﺪـﻧﻭﺭ
ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ
ﭘ ﻴ ﺪﺸـﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﻮﻣﺍﺮ ﻳ
ـﻣ ﺪ ﻲ ﺎﻤﻧ ـﻳ ﺪ . ﻭ ﻱ ﻭﺩ
ﻠﮐ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻴ ﺪ ﻱ » ﻟﺪﻤﻫ ﻲ
٩« ﻭ » ﺼﺨﺷ ﻴ ﻟﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺖ ﻲ
١٠« ﺢﻤﻄﻣ ﺍﺭ
ﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻲ
ﺪﻫﺩ .
ﺮﺑ ﻳ ﺭﻮﻣ ﻥﻮﺘﮕﻨ ﺭﺩ١١
. ﻘﺤﺗ ﻴ ـﺳﻼﮐ ﻖ ﻴ ﻮـﺧ ﮏ ﻳ ﺗ ﺶ ـﺤ ﺖ
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ :
» ﺭ ﻳ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺸ ﻱ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ـﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺪﺒﺘـﺳﺍ ﻲ
« ﻪـﮐ
ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻩﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﺳﻭﺭ ،ﻪﺴﻧﺍﺮﻓ ،ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻠﮕﻧﺍ ،ﺪﻨﻫ ﻴ
ﺮﻣﺁ ،ﻪ ﻳ ،ﺎـﮑ
3. Particular
4. Modernization 5. Enkles 6. Smith 7. Lerney 8. Lipset 9. Empathy
10. Transitional personality 11. B.Moore
ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺭ ﻝﻮﺳﺭ ،
ﻲﻓﻮﺋﺭ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ ، ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻓﺍﺭﻮﭘ ﷲﺍﺮﺼﻧ ١٣٨
ﭼ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻟﺁ ﻴ ﺳﺭ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻦﭘﺍﮊ ﻭ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪ
ـﻣ ﻲ ﻮﮔ ـﻳ ﺪ :
ﻧﻮﮔﺮﮔﺩ ﻲ ﻨﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻴ
ﺩﺎ ﻱ ﺮﺗ ﻳ ﻁﺮﺷ ﻦ ﺗ ﻐ ﻴﻴ ﺩﺎﺼـﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺍﺮ ﻱ
ﺖﺳﺍ ) . ،ﺭﻮﻣ ١٩٦٦ ( ـﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻴ ﺸـﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦ ﻲ
ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﺖـﺤﺗ :
ﺍﻳ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﺴ ﻱ ﻣﻮﻗ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﻦـﺋﻭﮊ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺩﺎـﻧﺎﮐ ﺭﺩ ١٩٩١
ﻡﺎـﺠﻧﺍ
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻳ
ـﻘﻠﺗ ﺯﺮﻃ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦ ﻲ
ﺮـﻈﻧ ﻪـﻬﺟﻭ ﻭ ١٤
ﻣﻮﻗ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻲ ﻠﻗﺍ ﻴ ﺠﻨﺳ ﻢﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺭﻮﮐﺬﻣ ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﺖ ﻴ
ﻩﺪ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .
ﺮﺗﺎـﻣ ﻳ ﺎـﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺲ ﻱ
ﺍ ـﻳ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸـﻧ ﺶﻫﻭﮋـﭘ ﻦ
ﻣﻮﻗ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺮﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲ
ﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻣ ﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺵﺩﻮﺧ ﻡﺍﻮﻗﺍ ﺮ ﻲ
ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ) ﻠﮐ ﻴ ﺮﺑﻭ ﻦ ﻱ
، ٢٠٠١ ( ﺴﺣ ﺮﺘﮐﺩ ﻴ ﻈﻋ ﻦ ﻴ ﻤ ﻲ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺭﺩ
ﻮﺧ ﻳ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺶ :
ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺪـﻣ ﻱ ﻧ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ـﻴ
ﮕﺘﻓﺎ ﻲ ﺭﺩ
ﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﭖﺎﭼ ﻥﺍﺮ ﻪـﺑ
ﺭ ﻣ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍ ـﻴ ﻭ ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺎ
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ .
ﻭ ﻱ ـﻣ ﻲ ﻮﻧ ـﻳ ﺪﺴ : » ﺍﺮـﺑ ﻱ
ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﻳ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻦﺘﻓﺎ ﻱ
ﺎﻬﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ، ﻲﻳ ﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻴ ﻪـﮐ ﺪـﻧﺯﺎ
ﺎﭘ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﮔﺍ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﻭ ﻦﻫﺫ ـﻳ
ﻪ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻤﻠﻋ ﻲ ﻨﻓ ﻭ ﻲ ﻟﻮﺗ ﻴ ﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﺪ ﻳ ﻮﺷ ﻦ ﻧ ﺎﻬﻣﺩﺁ ،ﺪ ﻲﻳ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻪﮐ
ﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ ﻖﻘﺤﺘﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎﮑﻨ ﻳ
ﺯﺍ ﺪ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻧﻮﻨﮐ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺧ
ﻨﻫﺫ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻣ ﻴ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺖ
« ) . ﻈﻋ ﻴ ﻤ ﻲ ،
١٣٨٤ : ١٧٧
‐ ١٧٦ (
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻲ
ﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻭ ﻴ
ﻦ
ﻋﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﺠﻧﺯ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻥﺎﻨﮐﺎﺳ ﻲ
ﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﻳ
ﻪـﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ :
» ﻭ ﻳ ﮔﮋ ﻴ ﺎﻬ ﻱ ﺭﺎﺗ ﻳ ﺨ ﻲ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲ
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲ
ﻧ ﻭ ﻴ ﺮﺧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺰ ﺎﻫ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻩﺩ
ﻱ ﺒﻗ ﻴ ﻪـﻠ
ﺍ ﻱ ﺎﻃ ﻭ ﻳ ﺍ ﻪﻔ ﻱ ﺎـﺘﻧ ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﮐ ﻳ
ﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻥﺁ ﺞ ﻲـﻳ
ﻭ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻲ
ﺮﻏ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺒ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪ
ﻳ ﮑ ﻲ ﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻳ
ﭘ ﻦ ﻴ ﻁﺮﺷ ﺶ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺍ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻳ
ﺯﺎـﺳ ﻢﻫﺍﺮـﻓ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦ ﻱ
ﺍﺮـﺷ ﻳ ﻂ
ﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻌــﺳﻮﺗ ﻲ
ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﺎــﺳ ﻝﺪــﺑ ﻥﺁ «
) ﻭ ﻮﻠﻗﺎــﺟﻭﺍ
ﺯ ﺪﻫﺍ ﻱ ، ٩٢:١٣٨٤ (
ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻴ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻦ ﻳ ﺎﭘ ﻦ ﻳ ﺮﺘﮐﺩ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻥﺎ ﻱ
ﺳﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﮐ ﻭ ﻲ
ﺪﺷﺭﺍ
ﺩ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺮـﮕ ﻱ ﺍ ﺹﻮﺼـﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺸـﮐ ﺯﺍ ـﻳ
ﻉﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﻦ
ﻭﺪﺗ ﻳ ﮔﻮـﻠﺟ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺮ ﻱ ﺯﺍ ﻡﻼـﮐ ﻪـﻟﺎﻃﺍ ﺯﺍ
ﺭﺍﺩﺩﻮﺧ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺮﮐﺫ ﻱ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ .
ﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻲ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ
ﺯﺎـﺳﻮﻧ ﺐﺘﮑﻣ ﻱ
ﻳ ـﮑ ﻲ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ـﻳ ﺎـﻫ ﻪ ﻱ ﺑﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺐـﻟﺎﻏ ـﻴ
ﺕﺎ
ﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲ ﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ـﻧﺍﺮﮑﻔﺘﻣ ﻂـﺳ
ﻲ ﻥﻮـﭽﻤﻫ :
،ﺰﻨـﺳﺭﺎﭘ
ﻟﺯﻮﻫ ﻴ ﺁ ،ﺮﺴﻠﻤﺳﺍ ،ﺰﺘ ﻳ
ﺮﺑ ،ﺕﺎﺘﺸﻧﺰ ﻳ
ﮏـﻣ ،ﺮـﻧﺮﻟ ،ﺭﻮـﻣ ﻥﻮﺘﮕﻨ
ﻫ ،ﺪﻨﻟ ﻪﻠﮐ ﻴ
،ﻦﮕ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻮﺘﺳﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺮﺘﻴﭙﻣﻮﺷ ،ﺯﺮﺟﺍﺭ
ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼــﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻲــﺳﺎﻴﺳ ،ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨــﺷ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ،ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨــﺷ ﻪــﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻂﺴﺑ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ .
ﻲـﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺎﮔﺪـﻳﺩ ﻦـﻳﺍ
ﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ . ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺐﺘﻜﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﺶﻳﻮـﭘ ﺵﺮﻳﺬـﭘ ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺎﻣﺁ ﺍﺭ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ
ﻢﻳﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﻮﻧ .
ﻥﺍﺮﻜﻔﺘﻣ ﺐﺘﻜﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ
ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﻭﺪـﺑ ،ﻊـﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎـﻴﻣ ،ﺩﺮـﺧ ﺢﻄـﺳ ﻪـﺳ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲﺨﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻥﻼﻛ ﻣ
ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻲ . ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻥﻮﭼ ﻲﻠﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺮﺧ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ
ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻥﻮـﭼ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﺘﻣﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ،ﺭﺎﺠﺗ ،ﻦﻴﺟﻭﺮﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﻜﻔﻨﺷﻭﺭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ . ،ﺱﺭﺍﺪـﻣ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻥﻮـﭼ ﻲﻠﻣﺍﻮـﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ،ﻲﻧﻭﺎﻌﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ،ﻱﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﻧﺎﺧﺭﺎﻛ
ﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻦﻤﺠﻧﺍ ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﻫ ﻭ ﻭ
.
ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ،ﺕﺎـﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﻲﮕﻧﻮـﮕﭼ ﺮـﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﻼﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺑ ﻡﺎـــﻈﻧ ،ﻲـــﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻭ
،ﺶـــﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻲـــﺘﻟﻭﺩ ﻲـــﺳﺍﺮﻛ
ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ﻲـﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ،ﻲﻨﻴﺸﻧﺮﻬﺷ ).
ﺀﺎـﻴﻛ ﺯﺍ
، ۱۳۸۱ :
۹۳
‐ ۹۲ (
ﻲﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﺐـﺘﻜﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺚـﻌﺒﻨﻣ ﺐﻜﺘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ –
ﻱﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎـﻛ
ﺍﺮـﻧﺁ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﺩﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﺪــﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻢﻫﺍﺮــﻓ ﻚﻴــﺳﻼﻛ ﻥﺎــﺳﺎﻨﺷ .
» ﻥﺍﻮــﻨﻌﺑ ﺰﻨــﺳﺭﺎﭘ
ﺐﺘﻜﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺓﺮﻬﭼ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺪﻨﻤﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ –
ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ
ﺮـﺑﻭ ﻢﻴﻛﺭﻭﺩ ،ﺖﻨﻛ ﻥﻮﭼ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛ ﺙﺍﺮﻴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻭ
ﻩﺭﺎـﭘ
ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻳﻭﺮﻓ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﺷﺭﺎﻣ ،ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻮﺗ ﺮــﻛ ﺡﺮــﻄﻣ ﻥﻭﺪــﻣ ﻞﻜــﺷ ﻪــﺑ ﻲــﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻩﺩ
« ) ﺯﺍ ،ﺎــﻴﻛ
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ –
ﺪﻴﻛﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ١٣٩ ……
۹۵:۱۳۸۱ (
ﺰﻨﺳﺭﺎﭘ ﺩ ﻣﺎﺟ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺭ ﻌ
ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪ
ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲـﻣ ﺭﺎﻤـﺷ ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﻤﻬﻣ ﻒﻄﻋ .
ﻡﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﺡﺮـﻃ ﺎـﺑ ﻱﻭ
» ﻲﻳﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺭ ١
ﻩﺯﻮـﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺪﻌﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻜﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺍ
ﺩﻮﺸﮔ . ﺲﻴﻧﻮـﺗ ﻲـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺦﻨـﺳ ﺮﻴﺛﺎـﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻭﺍ ﻊـﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺯﺍ ٢
ﺩﻮـﻤﻧ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﺗﺭﻮـﺻ ﺍﺭ ﺭﻮﻛﺬـﻣ ﻡﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ،ﻱﺮﺸﺑ .
ﻭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴـﭘ
ﻼﺗ ﺲﻴﻧﻮﺗ ﺮـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲـﺑﺮﻏ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻜﺗ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﺎﺗ ﺩﺮﻛ ﺵ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺪـﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻥﺁ ٣
. ﺲﻴﻧﻮـﺗ
ﺪﻳﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺎﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ »
ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﺍ
« ﻭ
» ﻱﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﺍ «
ﻲـﻣ ﻡﺎﻧ
ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻩﻭﺮـﮔ ﻭﺩ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺮﺑ
» ﺖﻓﺎﺸـﻨﻤﮔ «
ﻭ »
ﺖﻓﺎﺸﻟﺰﮔ
« ﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺯ .
ﺍﺭ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﭗﻴﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭﺍ
ﻪﺘـﺳﺩ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺎﻫﺪـﻌﺑ ﺎـﻣﺍ ،ﺩﺮـﺑ ﺭﺎﻜﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻢﻬﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻥﺍﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﺪﺷ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ .
ﺎـﺑ ﺰﻨـﺳﺭﺎﭘ ﻲﻳﻮـﮕﻟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ
ﻉﺍﻮـﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺖﻓﺎﺸﻟﺰﮔ ﻭ ﺖﻓﺎﺸﻨﻤﮔ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺲﻴﻧﻮﺗ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻟﺍ ﻨﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﺶ ﺍ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺲﻛﺎﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟ
ﻪـﻧﺎﮔ ﻪﺳ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﮔ ﻭﺩ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺗ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ،٤
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻭ٥
ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ٦
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .
ﺎـﻫ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ ﻢﻴﻤﺼـﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﻜﻳ ﻪـﻛ
» ﻡﺎـﻋ
ﻲــﻳﺍﺮﮔ
٧« ﻞــﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ
» ﻲــﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎــﺧ
٨« ﺪــﺷﺎﺑ ﻲــﻣ .
ﺮــﻫ ﺭﺩ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺐﺴـﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ
ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻉﻮـﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ
؟ﺪﻫﺩ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﮊﻮﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺰﻨﺳﺭﺎﭘ :
ﺹﺎﺧ ،ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ
ﺮﮕﺸـﻨﻛ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺮـﺑ ﺶﻨـﻛﺍﻭ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ
ﺭﺩ ﻩﮊﻮـﺳ ﺖـﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻭ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﺏﺎـﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻙﻼﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺭ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺐﻴﻏﺮﺗ ﻩﮊﻮﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺑﺍﻭ
1. Pattern variables
2. Toennies 3 .Social stracture 4.Perso nalily system 5. Cultural system 6. Social system 7. Universalism 8. Particularism
ﺖـﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻚـﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺮﮕﺸـﻨﻛ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻚﻳ ﻩﮊﻮﺳ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻌﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﺮﮕﺸـﻨﻛ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺍﻭ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﻩﮊﻮﺳ .
ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ »
ﻲـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ «
: ـﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻱﻮـﮕﻟﺍ ﻲ
ﻦﻴـﻌﻣ ﺖـﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻉﻮـﻧ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻩﮊﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻳﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻂﺑﺍﻮﺿ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻩﮊﻮﺳ ﺪﻬﻌﺘﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﻣ »
ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﻋ «
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ
ﻦﻴﻌﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﻚﻳ ﺖﺒﺴـﻧ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮﺳ ﺭﺩ
ﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻩﮊﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺐﻴﻏﺮﺗ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮ
ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻉﻮـﻧ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻩﮊﻮﺳ ﺕﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻧ ﻭ ﻩﮊﻮﺳ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ .
ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ »
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ «
: ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎﺧ
ﻂﻳﺍﺮـﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻀـﻋﺍ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ ﻢﻴﻤﺼـﺗ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺸﻘﻧ ﻩﮊﻮـﺳ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻡﺪﻘﺗ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻭ ﺪـﻧﺍﺩ ﻲـﻣ ﺮﮕﺸـﻨﻛ ﺹﺎـﺧ
» ﻲـﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻡﺎـﻋ «
ﺭﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻭ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺸﻘﻧ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﻡﺎﻋ ﹲﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻁﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻘﺘﺴـﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻒـﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻩﮊﻮﺳ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﺹﺎﺧ .
ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ
ﻈﻧ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻨﺳﺭﺎﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻲﻳﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺶﻨـﻛ ﻪـﻳﺮ
ﻭ 9
ﻲﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺍﺭ١٠
ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺮـﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ
ﻲـﻣ ﻲـﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻬﺟﻭ ﻭﺩ ﻲﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ
/
،ﻲﺜﻨﺧ ﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎﺧ /
،ﺍﺮـﮔ ﻡﺎﻋ
ﻩﺪﻨﻛﺍﺮﭘ / ﻲﺑﺎﺴﺘﻧﺍ ،ﻩﮋﻳﻭ /
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﺑﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ .
ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺖﻬﺟ
ﻞﻳﺎﻣ ﻂﺧ ﭗﭼ ﺖﻤﺳ (/)
ﺮـﻓﺍ ﻲـﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺩﺍ
ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻥﺭﺪﻣ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ .
» ﻲﻳﻮـﮕﻟﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ
ﺖـﻬﺟ ﺕﻻﺎـﺣ ﻱﺪـﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﻛ ﻞﺻﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﺼـﺗﺍ ﺮﻃﺎـﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺶﺷﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ
9. Action Theory
10. System Theory
ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺭ ﻝﻮﺳﺭ ،
ﻲﻓﻮﺋﺭ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ ، ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻓﺍﺭﻮﭘ ﷲﺍﺮﺼﻧ ١٤٠
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺪﻳﺁ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ «
) ﺎﭘ ﺭ ،ﺮﺴﻠﻤﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺰﻨﺳ ۳۳:۱۹۸۴
( ﺰﻨﺳﺭﺎﭘ ﻲﻳﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺓﺪﻴﻜﭼ
ﺍﺭ ﻝﻭﺪـﺟ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻧﺮﺗ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺮﻳﺯ ) :
،ﺎﻴﻛﺯﺍ ۹۷:۱۳۸۱ (
ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ )
۱ :(
ﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﺓ ﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻟ
ﺰﻨﺳﺭﺎﭘ ﻲﻳﻮﮕ
ﻒﻳﺩﺭ
ﻲﻳﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ
ﺎﺟ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻣ
ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﻪﻌ ﻥﺭﺪﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ
۱ ﻭ ﻲﻔﻃﺎــﻋ ﺶﻨــﻛ
ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺶﻨﻛ
ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﺶﻨﻛ :
ﺖـﻬﺟ ﻲﺘﺻﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﺗ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻲﺗﺁ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮ
ﺶﻨﻛ ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﺮﻴﻏ :
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ
ﻲﺗﺁ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
۲ ﻪﻋﺎﺷﺍ ) ﻲـﮕﺘﺨﻴﻣﺁ (
ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﻭ
ﻪﻋﺎﺷﺍ : ﺕﺎﻋﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ
ﻪﺑ ﺜﻣ ﻲﻠﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺔﺑﺎ
ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ : ﺔـﺑﺎﺜﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ
ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﻭ ﺹﺎﺧ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ
۳ ﻭ ﻲــﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎــﺧ
ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﻋ
ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎﺧ :
ﺍﺪﻨﭘ ﻪﻧﺎﮕﻳ ﺎـﺑ ﺩﺮـﻓ ﺮﻫ ﻦﺘﺷ
ﺹﺎﺧ ﻭ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ
ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﻋ :
ﻭ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻚﻳ ﻮﻀﻋ ﺩﺮﻓ
ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻚﻳ ﺎﻳ
۴ ﻲﺑﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺎﺴﺘﻧﺍ ﻲﺑﺎﺴــﺘﻧﺍ
: ﺱﺎــﺳﺍ ﺮــﺑ ﺩﺮــﻓ ﺎــﺑ ﺩﺭﻮــﺧﺮﺑ
ﺎﻬﻴﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻳ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺎـﻄﻋﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ
ﻲﺑﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ : ﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺩ
ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ
ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺩﺭﻭﺎﺘﺳﺩ ﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻥﺍﺪﺑ ﺩﻮ .
ﻫﺩ ﻂﺳﺍﻭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺔ
۱۹۹۰ ﻱﺩﻼﻴـﻣ ﺖـﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻩﺩﺮـﻛ ﺖـﻛﺮﺣ ﻥﻼـﻛ ﻭ ﺩﺮـﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﻔﻠﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ
، ﻟﺍ ،ﺰﻧﺪـﻴﮔ ،ﺭﺰﺘﻳﺭ ﻥﻮﭼ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻛ ـﻜ
ﺎﺴ ﺭﺪﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﮕﻤﻫ
ﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺔ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖـﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻥﻼـﻛ ﻭ ﺩﺮﺧ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻱﺪﻌﺑ ﺪﻨﭼ
،ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ )
ﺸﻧﺰﻳﺁ ﺘﺎ ﺩ ، ۱۹۸۵ : ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ( ﺧﺎﻨـﺷ ﹰﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ، ﻪﺘ
ﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺻﺮﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺔ
» ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ
١« ﺰﻧﺪﻴﮔ
ﻱ ﻪـﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪـﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻭﺍ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻴﻀﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﺔ
ﺶﻨﻛ ﮓﻨﺗﺎﮕﻨﺗ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺎـﺑ
ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ .
ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ
ﺘﺷﺭ ﻭﺩ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻭ ﺔ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴـﻴﻧ ﻢﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺪﺟ
، ﻱ ﻪـﻈﺤﻟ ﻪـﻜﻠﺑ
ﻨﻛ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ ﺏﻮﺼـﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻪـﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪـﻈﺤﻟ ،ﺶ
ﺖﺴﻫ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﻧﺍﺯﻭﺭ .
ﻟﺍ ﻱﺮﻔﺟ
،ﺭﺪﻧﺎﺴﻜ ﹰﺎﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ
ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻥﻼـﻛ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ
1. Structurion Theory
ﻟﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺗ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺔ
ﻑﺮـﻃ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻢـﻈﻧ
۱ ( ﻭ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺮﮔ ﺶﻨﻛ ۲
( ﺪـﻧﺍﺩ ﻲـﻣ ﻲﺟﺭﺎـﺧ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ .
ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ
ﺍﺭ ﻪﻌــﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻟﺄﺴــﻣ ﺎــﻣ ﻪــﻛ ﻲﻳﺎــﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺩﺎــﻌﺗ ﻱﺎﺘــﺳﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﺸﮕﻬﺑ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ،ﻢﻴﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ
ﻭ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﻊـﺟﺍﺭ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ،ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﹰﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﻧﻮﮔﺮﮔﺩ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﺗ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ
.
ـﺳﺭﺎﭘ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ ﺰﻨ
) ﻭ ﻧ ـﻴ ﺳﺍ ﺰ ـﻠﻤ ﺮﺴ ( ـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺍﺬـﮔ ﺔ
ﻚـﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﻭ ﺺﻴﺼـﺨﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻉﻭﺮﺷ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺩ
ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺩﺪﺠﻣ ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺔ ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺭﺪـﻣ
ﺪﻣﺎﺠﻧﺍ . ﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍﺯﺍ
، ﻲﺘﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ
ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻚﻳ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﻱﺍﺰﺟﺍ
ﻊﻴـﺳﻭ ﻲﺑﻮﭼ ﺭﺎﭼ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻡﺎﻏﺩﺍ ﻲﻧﺪﻣ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎﺑ
، ﻪـﻛ ﻲﺗﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪﺑ
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ –
ﺪﻴﻛﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ١٤١ ……
ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﺩﺰﻧ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻉﻭﺮﺸـﻣ ﺍﺰـﺟﺍ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻥﺎـﻘﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
ﺰﻤﻴﺟ ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﻼـﻛ ﻭ ﺩﺮـﻓ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﻦﻤﻠﻛ
ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺑﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻞﺻﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎﻛ »
ﻭﺮﭘ ﻕﻼﺧﺍ ـﺗ
ﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﺴ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺡﻭﺭ
« ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺷﻭﺭ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ).
ﺭ ﺭﺰـﺘﻳ
، ۱۳۷۴ ،
۶۱۴ (
) يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا مﺎﻈﻧ يراد ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ
(
) ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ هزﻮﻣآ وﺮﭘ
ﺗ ﻧﺎﺘﺴ ﻲ (
) 3 ( )
2 (
ﺢﻄﺳ نﻼﻛ
) 1 (
ﺢﻄﺳ دﺮﺧ
يﺮﻴﮔ ﺖﻬﺟ
يﺎﻫ يدﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ شزرا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا رﺎﺘﻓر
ﻞﻜﺷ
) ۱ :(
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻥﻼﻛ ﻭ ﺩﺮﺧ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ
ﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻤﻠﻛ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺔ
ﻩﺭﺎﻤـﺷ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ ﺖـﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻨﻛ )
۱ ( ﻭ
ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻱ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ )
۲ ( ﻭ ) ۳ ( ،ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻭ ﻦﻤﻠﻛ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻝﺪﻣ
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺪﺻ ﺭﺩ ،
ﻴﺒﺗ ﻴ ﻲـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖﺧﺎـﺳ ﻥﺎـﻴﻣ ﻲﻠﻣﺎـﻌﺗ ﻦ
‐ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻥﺎﺘـﺳﺍ
ﺖﺧﺎـﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻭ ﻥﺎﮔﺰﻣﺮﻫ ﻢﻴﺘﺴﻫ . ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ
ﻥﻮــﭽﻤﻫ
» ﻲــﻌﻤﺟ ﻲﻘﻳﺎــﺳ «
ﺮــﻫ ﺎــﺑ ﻪــﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎــﺘﻓﺭ
ﺎـﺠﻨﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻢـﻫ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻟﺎﺴـﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻲﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺎـﻳ ﺩﺭ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚـﻳ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻲﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﺪﺠﺗ ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ .
ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﻪﺑﺎﺜﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ .
ﺮﺴـﻠﻤﺳﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺭﻮﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫ
ﺩ ﺪـﻴﻛﺎﺗ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺪـﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻠﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺮﺑ ،ﺩﺭﺍ
ﺮـﺑ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ ﻲـﻣ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﮕﺘﺴـﺒﻤﻫ ﻚـﻳ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﹰﺎﻓﺮﺻ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻥﺎـﮔﺰﻣﺮﻫ ﻥﺎﺘـﺳﺍ ﺮﻴﮔﺍﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺍﺭ ﺪﺳ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻌﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﺮﮔ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻪـﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻮـﮔ ،ﺪـﻣﺁ ﻖﻳﺎﻓ ﺖﻛﺭﺎﺸـﻣ ﻡﺪـﻋ ﻭ ﻲـﻳﺍ
ﻪﻳﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﺨﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻪﺸﻳﺭ ﻦﻴﻣﺯﺮﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﺵﺮـﮕﻧ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺮﻴﮔﺍﺮﻓ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ
ﺍﺭ ﻲﺒـﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻞـﺣ ﻩﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺹﺎﺧ
ﺪﻳﺩ ﻙﺭﺍﺪﺗ .
ﻞﻳﺎﺴـﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺑﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﻮﻧ
ﻩﺪـﻴﻘﻋ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺰـﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺪــﺷ ﻮــﻧ ﻲــﻨﻌﻳ ﻱﺯﺎــﺳﻮﻧ ﻖــﻘﺤﺗ ،ﻩﺯﻮــﺣ ﻦــﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮــﻜﻔﺘﻣ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﺖـﻴﻨﻫﺫ ﻲﻧﺎـﻣﺯ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ،ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺗ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺪﺷﺎﺒﻧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣﺁ ﺩﺪﺠﺗ ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺯﺎـﺳﻮﻧ ﻥﺍﻮ
ﺩﺍﺩ ﻞﻜﺷ . ،ﺮـﻧﺮﻟ ﻞـﻴﻧﺍﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻜﻔﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺏﻭﺩ ﺩﺭﺎﻧﻮﺌﻟ ﻭ ﺖﻴﻤﺳﺍ ﺪﻳﻮﻳﺩ .
ﻲـﻠﻛ ﻲﺼـﺧﺎﺷ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻲﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺖﻴﻤﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺲﻠﻜﻨﻳﺍ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ )
ﺩﺪﺠﺗ ( ﺪـﻧﺩﻮﺑ . ﺯﺍ ﻱﺪـﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺎـﻬﻧﺁ
ﻱﻮـﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﹰﺎﺗﺪـﻤﻋ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺍﻭﺭ ﺪـﻧﺭﻭﺁ ﻲـﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻥﺎﺸـﺗﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﻂﺑ .
ﺎـﺑ ﺎـﻬﻧﺁ
ﺵﺮﺘﺴـﮔ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﻴﺸـﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻲـﻣ ﻲﺨﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺪـﺠﺗ ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻭ ﻲﻌﻤﺟ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻞﻳﺎﺳﻭ ﻪـﺑ ﺩﺪـﺠﺘﻣ ﺩﺮـﻓ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻲﺸﻘﻧ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻤﻳﺍ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺎـﺗ ﺪﺷﻮﻛ ﻲﻣ
ــﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻦــﻳﺍ ﺩﺎــﺠﻳﺍ ﻡﺯﺍﻮــﻟ ﺎــﻬﻧﺁ ،ﺪــﺑﺎﻴﺑ ﺩﻮــﺧ ﻂﻴــﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺮ
ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺭ ﻝﻮﺳﺭ ،
ﻲﻓﻮﺋﺭ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ ، ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻓﺍﺭﻮﭘ ﷲﺍﺮﺼﻧ ١٤٢
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ﻥﺪﺷ ﻮﻧ « ،ﻦﻴـﺘﻧﺍﮊﺭﺁ ﺭﻮﺸـﻛ ﺶـﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ
ﺖـﻓﺎﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻠﻴﺷ ﻭ ﺵﺩﻼﮕﻨﺑ ،ﻞﻴﺋﺍﺮﺳﺍ ،ﻪﻳﺮﺠﻴﻧ ،ﺪﻨﻫ ﻭ ﺪـﻧﺩﺍﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ،ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﺎﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﻘﻣ OMSOO
ﭘ ﻥﺁ ﺎـﺑ ﻭ ﺪـﻧﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺘ
ﻞﻴﺴـﻧﺎ
ﺪﻴﺠﻨـﺳ ﻲـﻣ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﺎـﻬﻧﺁ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﻪـﺑ ،ﺪﻧ
ﺩﺪﺠﺘﻣ :
1 ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻭ ﻩﺎﮔﺁ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬﺷ (
2 ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﻲﻳﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ (
3 ﺕﺭﺪـﻗ ﻲﺘﻨـﺳ ﻊـﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﻥﺎﺷ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ (
، ﹰﻼﻣﺎـﻛ
ﺪﻧﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ
4 ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻱ ﻩﺩﺎﻣﺁ ﻪﺸﻴﻤﻫ ( ﻲﻳﻻﺎـــﺑ ﻑﺎـــﻄﻌﻧﺍ ﺖـــﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻱﺮـــﻜﻓ ﺮـــﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ).
ﭖﻭﺮﺗﺪﻠﮔ
، ۱۳۷۰ : ۳۶۸ (
ﺎـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻊـﻣﺍﻮﺟ ،ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻲـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺒﻠﭼ
ﻭﺭ ﻪــﺑ ﻭﺭ ﻲــﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻱ ﻪﻟﺎﺴــﻣ ﺪــﻨﭼ ﺪــﻨﻴﺑ ﻲــﻣ
ﻢﻴــﻤﻌﺗ ﻪــﻛ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴـﻫ ﺎـﻬﻧﺁ ﻱ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ .
ﺭﺩ
ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﺶﻨـﻛ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺪـﻴﻘﻋ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻭ ، ﺪـﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻢﻴـﻤﻌﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻲﻔﻃﺎـﻋ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍ
ﻓ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻱ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻴﮔﺍﺮ
ﻭ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍ
ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻉﺍﺰﺘﻧ .
ﻪـﺑ
ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﻁﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﹰﺎﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴـﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﻭﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺽﺮﻌﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻌﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻪﻛ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺪـﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻲـﻣ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ
ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﻢﻴـﻤﻌﺗ ﻞﻜﺸـﻣ
ـﻧﻮﮔ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻭﺭ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﻮﮔﺮﮔﺩ ﻊـﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻪ
ﺯﺍ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴـﻫ ﻱﺪـﻨﺑ ﻩﻭﺮـﮔ ﻭ ﺮﻴﺜﻜﺗ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﺪـﻧﺎﻣ ﻲـﻤﻧ ﻲﻗﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎـﻬﻇﺍ ﺪـﻌﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺎﺑ ﻭ )
ﻡﺮـﮔ ( ﻥﺎـﻜﻣﺍ
ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲـﻣ ﻻﺎـﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻤﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺷ ﺏﺬﺟ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻱﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺪﻳﺁ ﻲﻣ ) ﻲﺒﻠﭼ
، ۱۳۸۲ : ۳۰
‐ ۲۲ .(
ﻞﻜﺸـﻣ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺍ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻭ )
ﻪـﺒﻳﺮﻏ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ (
ﻲﻣﻮﻗ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ )
ﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎﺧ (
ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﺟ
ﻪﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ )
ﺍﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﻋ ( ﺭﺎـﻛ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ
ﻂﺴﺑ ﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻋ
ﺗ ـﻈﻨ ﻴ ﻲـﻣ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﻼﻣﺎـﻌﺗ ﻢ
ﺩﺩﺮﮔ .
ﻞﻛ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻲﻣﻮﻗ يﺎﻫ هوﺮﮔ
ﻞﻜﺷ ) ۲ :(
ﺺﻗﺎﻧ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ –
ﺪﻴﻛﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ١٤٣ ……
ﻞﻜﺷ ) ۳ : ( ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻲﺒﻠﭼ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻮﺗ
ﺖـﻴﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﻌﺳ
ﺩﺮـﻛ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ
، ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﮕﺘﺴـﺒﻤﻫ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ
ﻻﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ
. ﺵﺮﺘﺴـﮔ ﺎـﺑ ﺭﺎـﻛ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ
ﻩﺯﻮـﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻩﺩﺮﺧ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱ .
ﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ
+ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻓﺎﺸﻨﻤﮔ زا راﺬﮔ ﺖﻓﺎﺸﻟﺰﮔ
+ ر دﺎﺠﻳا و ناﺮﮕﻳد ﺎﺑ هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻂﺑا
ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ رﺎﻛ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ
ﻲﻫوﺮﮔ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ
ﻲﺷزرا ﺖﻴﻣﻮﻤﻋ
+
+
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ هدﺮﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺗ سﺎﺴﺣا ﻒﻴﻌﻀﺗ
يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ
ﻩﻭﺮـﮔ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻳﻮﻀـﻋ ﻲـﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﭼ ﺮﻫ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻲﮔﺩﺎـﻣﺁ ،ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ .
ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺎـﺑ
، ـﺳ ﻢﻬ
ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲــﻣ ﻻﺎــﺑ ﻲــﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻪــﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮــﮕﻳﺩ ﺖﻛﺭﺎﺸــﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ
ﺭﺩ ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻠـﺻﺎﻓ ﻭ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑﺎـﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ،ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﻱ ﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺩ ﺎﻳﻮﭘ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻭ .
ﻞﻛ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻲﻣﻮﻗ يﺎﻫ هوﺮﮔ
ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺭ ﻝﻮﺳﺭ ،
ﻲﻓﻮﺋﺭ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ ، ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻓﺍﺭﻮﭘ ﷲﺍﺮﺼﻧ ١٤٤
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ هوﺮﮔ رد ﺖﻳﻮﻀﻋ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا
+ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا دﺎﻤﺘﻋا +
ناﺮﮕﻳد ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ﻢﻬﺳ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ
+ ا مﺎﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ دﺎﺠﻳ -
ﻓ و يﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﺎﻧ ﺎ
ﺒﻃ ي ﻪﻠﺻ ﻲﺗﺎﻘ
ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺎﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ .
ﻡﺎﻋ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ )
ﻪﻧ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ( ﻲﻤﻧ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ
،ﺪـﻨﻛ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻠﻴﺒﻗ ﺕﺎﻘﻠﻌﺗ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲـﻤﻧ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻞـﻤﻋ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻖﻓﺍ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺬﻟ ﻲﺒﻫﺬـﻣ ﺎـﻳ ﻲﻧﻮـﺧ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺍﺭ ﺵﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻗ ﺪﻫﺩ ﺭﺍﺮ .
ﻱﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ
ﻴﻧﺎﮔﺭﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺴ
ﻉﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﻢ
ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻔﻃﺎـﻋ ﻲﮕﺘﺴـﺑﺍﻭ ﻪـﻛ ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻋ
ﺍﺭ ﻪـﻧﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻡﺎ
ﺘﺴـﻣ ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺘ
ﺮ
ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻞﻛ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﺴـﻳﺎﺑ ﻞـﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺴـﻴﻧ ﻲـﺻﺎﺧ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻭ ﺕﻼﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺮ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺖﺳﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ .
ﺯﺍ ﻲﻣﻮـﻗ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺎـﻓﻭ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ
ﻲـﻣ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﻲﺗﻼﻜﺸﻣ ،ﺩﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﻲﺸﻴﭘ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻞﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺎﻓﻭ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻩﺎﮔ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺯﺎـﺳ ﺖـﻠﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻲﮕﭼﺭﺎﭙﻜﻳ ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ
ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻧ . ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻗﻼﺧﺍ ﻲﺘﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﺖﻠﻣ ﻩﺎﮔ ﻡﺩﺮـﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺎﻓﻭ ﻱ ﻩﺭﺎﺑﻭﺩ ﺖﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻚﻳ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ .
ﺶﻫﻭﮋـﭘ
ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺎﻘﻳﺮﻓﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻘﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻊﻃ
) ﻑﻼﺘـﺧﺍ ﻪـﻧ
ﻲﻣﻮﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ
‐ ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ
‐ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻭ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ (
ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻣﻮﻗ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ .
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ
:
۱ ( ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻴﻧ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻒﻃﺍﻮﻋ ،ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺪﺳﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﺑ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻭ ﻥﺎﮔﺰﻣﺮﻫ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬﺷ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ .
۲ ( ﺮﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻭ
ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬـﺷ ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻥ ﻲـﻳﺍﺮﮔ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺱﻮﻜﻌﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ .
۳ ( ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻴﻣﻭﺮﺤﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ .
۴ ( ﻭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬﺷ ﻱﺪﻨﻤﺘﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺪﺳﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﺑ
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎﺧ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺱﻮﻜﻌﻣ
.
۵ ( ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬـﺷ ﻲﻌﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﻲﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
.
۶ ( ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻖﻠﻌﺗ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ،ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻪـﻛ ﻲـﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ ﻲـﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ .
۷ ( ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻙﺮﺤﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺱﻮﻜﻌﻣ .
۸ ( ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ –
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ )
،ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ،ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ
ﻞﻐﺷ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺍﺩ (
ﺭ ﻲـﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻭ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﺱﻮـﻜﻌﻣ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ .
۹ ( ﺭﺩ ﻲﻤـﺳﺭ ﺮـﻴﻏ ﻲـﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﺵﺍﺩﺎـﭘ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﭼ ﺮﻫ ﺩﺮـﻓ ،ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﺸـﻴﺑ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﺮﺗﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻣ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲ .
۱۰ ( ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﺓﺮﺘﺴـﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬـﺷ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻪﻧﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺹﺎﺧ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ
.
