ﺷﺪﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺮ

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ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻲﭘﺎﻴﭘ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ -

) ۳۳ ( ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ - ۱ ﺭﺎﻬﺑ - ۱۳۸۸

ﺺﺻ ۲۴ - ۱

ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ

ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻥﺪﺷ

ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪ ﻱﺩﺭﻮﻣ :

ﻥﺎﺒﻬﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ

ﻱﺭﻮﻧ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺧ ﻥﮋﻴﺑ ﻭ

ﺱﺪﻘﻣ ﺮﻐﺻﺍ ﻲﻠﻋ

ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ

ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ

ﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ

ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﻌ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻭ ﻥﺪﺷ .

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ۲۲۰۰

ﻥﺎﺒﻬﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺯ

ﺖﺳﺍ .

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺲﭙـﺳ ﻭ ﺰﻧﺪـﻴﮔ ﺀﺍﺭﺁ ﺮـﺑ ﻲـﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﹰﺎﺗﺪـﻤﻋ ﻪـﻛ ﻲـﺒﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻱﺍ

ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻥﻮﺴﺗﺮﺑﺍﺭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻦﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ

،ﺖﺳﺍ ۹ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ .

ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺎﻜﺑ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ .

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺪـﺑ ﺭﻮﺼـﺗ ﺱﺎـﻴﻘﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸـﺳﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺯﺎـﻴﻧ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻊﻤﺟ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ .

ﻮﻴﺷ ﻩ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ

ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻨﻣ .

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ

ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩ

ﺗ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤ

ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺁ ،ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﻮﻧ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺶﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ،ﻥﺪﺷ

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ،ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻮﮕﺘﻔﮔ ،ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻌـﺿﻭ ﻭ ﻲـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ

ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻞﻫﺄﺗ ۴۰

ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﺒﻬﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻛ

.

ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ :

ﻬﺟ ،ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ،ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻲﻧﺎ

ﻲﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍﺯﺎﺑ ،ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﻮﻧ ،ﻥﺪﺷ .

An Investigation of Relationship between

Globalization and Body Image Case Study: Tehran, Shiraz & Estahban

B. Khajehnoori and A. A. Moghaddas SociologyDepartment , Shiraz University

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ﻲﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻮﻧ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺧ ﻥﮋﻴﺑ ﺱﺪﻘﻣ ﺮﻐﺻﺍ

٢

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of Globalization and body image of women in Tehran, Shiraz and Estahban. The Sample of the study consisted of 2200 women in these cities. After reviewing local and international literature, we examined 9 hypotheses that drawing from synthesized theoretical framework with regard to Giddens theory and past researches.

The research methodology was a survey. The data was collected by using a questionnaire and a scale for body image. All women of these cities selected systematically at random. The results showed that Modernity, Awareness about Globalization, Life style, negotiation in family, Cultural Capital and Marriage Status on the whole could explain about 40 percent of women's body image.

Keywords: Women; Body image; Globalization; Modernity; Reflexivity

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻩ

ﻩﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘ

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ

ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ،ﻚﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﻱﺎﻬﻟﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻥﺪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ١

) (Garner &

Garfinkel: 1980; Garner & Kearney- Cooke, 1996; Garner, Garfinkel, Schwartz, & Thompson, 1980; Johnson, Brems, & Fischer, 1996; Wiseman, Gray, Mosimann, & Ahrens, 1992 .( .

ﻪﻫﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻫ

ﻱ ﻭ ﺪﻘﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺮﻴﺧﺍ

ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ .

ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ

ﺩﻮﻨﺸﺧﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻱ

ﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲ

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﺎﺷ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻒﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻦﻳ ﻱ

ﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲ

ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ ﻲ

ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ .

ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ

ﻧﺎﻧﺯ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲ

ﻣ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﻲ

ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﻲ ﺿﺍﺭﺎﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲ

ﻌﺳ ﻭ ﻲ ﺧﺮﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲ

ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ

ﻱ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻡﺍﺪﻧﺍ .

ﻧﻮﻨﮐ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﻲ

ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺍ

ﻱ ﻥﺍﺩﺮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺍﺭ

ﻲ ﺪﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻳﺩ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻩ

1- Self-image.

ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲ ﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﺖﻴﺑﺍﺬﺟ ﻲ

ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻭﺮﺑﻭﺭ ، .

ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ

ﻲﻟﻮﻐﺸﻤﻟﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳﺍ ) Cash, Counts & Huffine; dwyer,

Feldman, & Mayer, 1967; Lossemoore, Mable, & Galgan, 1989; striegle-Moore &

Silberstein, 1985 .(

ﻧﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ

ﻱ ﻝﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻥﺪﺑ

ﺭﺩﺎﺒﺘﻣ ﻦﻫﺫ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﻥﺁ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ

ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻱ ﻮﻗ ﻱ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ

ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ )

Bohne et al.,

2002; Joliot, 2001 .(

ﻤﻫ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪ

ﺎﻫﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﻱ

ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ،ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﻫ

ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ،ﺎ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻭ ﻥﻻﺎﺴﻤﻫ

ﻮﻗ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻱ

ﻦﻴﺒﺸﻴﭘ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻳﺎﺿﺭﺎﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ

ﻲ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺯﺍ

ﻣ ﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻲ ﺪﻧﻭﺭ ) Rieves & Cash, 1996;

Tsiantas & King, 2001 .(

ﻤﮐ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻲ

ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ

ﻊﻴﺳﻭ ﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﮏﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺮﺗ

ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻊﻴﺳﻭ ﻲ

،

ﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻌ

. ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

ﺎﻫﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻱ

ﻠﻣﺍﺮﻓ ﻲ ﮕﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ ﻲ

ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻲ

ﻤﻬﻣ ﻲ

ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻠﺤﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻦﮐﺎﺳ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻲ

ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ .

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ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ...

٣

ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓﺍﺮﻓ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻲ

ﻣ ﻲ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺍ

ﻱ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺭﺩ

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻲ

ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻦﮐﺎﺳ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻱ

ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ .

ﻧﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻲ

ﮏﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻏﻻ ﻩﺯﺎﺳ

ﺘﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻲ

ﻣ ﻲ ﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲ

ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻪﮐ

ﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﻢﻫ ﻲ

ﺤﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﻲ

ﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻲ ﺪﻳﺪﺸﺗ

ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ ،ﺩﻮﺷ )

Anderson –Fye, 2003 .(

ﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻱ

ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ

ﻣ ﻲ ﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﺕﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲ

ﺑ ﻥﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻲ

ﻤﻈﻧ ﻲ ،ﻪﻳﺬﻐﺗ ﺭﺩ

ﻭ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ

ﻱ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺩﺮﻣ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺍﺬﻟ ،ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

ﻱ ﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻲ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ

ﺪﻳﺩ ﮎﺭﺍﺪﺗ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺖﻬﺟ .

ﺎﻣﺍ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﻨﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

ﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻖﻴﻗﺩ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻱ

ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ

ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻱ

ﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻞﮑﺷ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮ

ﻣ ﻲ ﻲﻣ ﻩﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻪﻧﻮﮔﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ

ﺭﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻥﺪﺑ .

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ

ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ

ﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻭ ﻥﺪﺷ .

ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ

ﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻲ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻢﮐ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ

ﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲ

ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ

ﺪﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩ

ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺹﻮﺼﺨﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻲ

،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ

ﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲ

ﻖﻴﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺗ

ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲ

ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻚﻤﻛ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .

ﺭﻭﺮﻣ ﻱ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺮﺑ

ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺼﺗ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮ

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﹰﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ ﻥﺪﺑ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻩ

ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ

ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻨﭼ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ .

ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻌﻴﻔﺷ ﻭ ﻡﺍﺮﻬﺑ ﻪ

ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻈﻨﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻮﺼﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭ

ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ

ﻪ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺎﻨﻌﻣ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻭ ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ .

ﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻗﺎﭼ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪ

ﺱﻮﻜﻌﻣ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ .

ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺪﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ

ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻩ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺌﺸﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ

.

ﻲﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻥﺍﺩﺮﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻧﺍ

) Bahram & Shafizadeh,

.(2006 ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻧﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺘﺳ ﻪ

ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ

ﻭ ﻥﺎﺸﻧﺯﻭ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻥﺎﺸﻧﺍﺮﻫﻮﺷ ﻩﺪﻴﻘﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻙﺭﺩ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻥﺎﺸﻧﺪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻧﻮﻜﺳ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ ) Sotoudeh et al., 2008 .(

ﻭ ﻲﻜﻣﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ

ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻥﺎﻴﺷﻭﺎﭼ

"

ﺑﺎﺜﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﺑ ﻪ

ﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﻪ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ "

ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ

ﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪ

ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍ

٨٢٥ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﺩﺮﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺯ ١٨

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻦﻛﺎﺳ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺪﻧﺍ

.

ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻕﻮﻓ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﺲﻨﺟ ﻱ

ﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ،ﻦﺳ ﻪ

ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﻭ ﺖﻧﺎﻳﺩ ،ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ

ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺪﻧﺍ

ﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪ

ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻞﻐﺷ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺎﻨﻌﻣ

ﺪﻧﺍ .

(4)

٤

ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻥﻮﻨﻛﺎﺗ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺪﺑ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺩﺎﻌﺑ

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ

ﺶﻘﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ

ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ

ﻪﻧﺎﻳﺍﺭ ﻱﺎﻫﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺎﺗ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺯﺍ ،ﺖﺳﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

. ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺠﻨﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﻩ

ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﻢﻳﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ .

ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻧﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻣﺍﻮﺳ ﻱﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﺷ

ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﺴﻴﻠﮕﻧﺍ ﺩﺮﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺯ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ

ﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻪ

ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﺭﺍﺩ

ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ

ﻪ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺩ ﻲﺳﻮﻜﻌﻣ ﺭﺍ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ )

Swami, et al., 2008 .(

ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻧﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺪﻴﺷﺭﻮﺧ ﻪ

ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ

ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻛﺮﺗ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻪ

ﻲﮕﺴﺋﺎﻳ

ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ،ﻞﻫﺄﺗ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ،ﻦﺳ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ،ﺪﻧﺍ ،ﻪﻧﺎﻫﺎﻣ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ،ﺕﻮﻜﺳ ﻞﺤﻣ ،ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ،ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ

ﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﻢﺣﺭ ﻥﺭﻭﺁ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ،ﻥﺍﺪﻧﺯﺮﻓ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺠﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﹰﺎﺘ

ﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻭ ﻥﻮﻣﺭﻮﻫ ﻪ

ﻩﺩﺮﻜﻧ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺪﻧﺍ

) khorshid et al., 2007 .(

ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﺗﻮﺑ ﻪ

ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ

ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻭ ﺕﻼﺠﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﺕﻻﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

) Botta, 2003 .(

ﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺮﺒﻴﺑ ﺲﻫ ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻧﺍﺭ

ﻪ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻩ

ﻲﺑ ﺭﺩ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﺼﺘﺨﻣ ﺍﺬﻏ ﻲﻤﻈﻧ

ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﺒﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﺠﻴﻓ ﻥﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﺪﻴﻔﺳ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﻘﻠﺗ ﻉﻮﻧ

ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﻮﭘ ﻪ

ﻪﻨﺧﺭ ﻲﺠﻴﻓ

ﻲﺑ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻥﺍﻮﺟ ﻥﺍﺮﺘﺧﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﺍﺬﻏ ﻲﻤﻈﻧ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ )

Hesse-Biber et al., 2004 .(

ﺰﺗﺎﻛ ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻟ ﻭ ﻦﻣ ﻪ

ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺮﺼﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺍ

ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺸﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻲﻳﺍﻮﻨﻤﻫ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﮕﻧﺎﻧﺯ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﺞﺘﻨﻣ ﻲﻣﺎﻛﺎﻧ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺮﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺏﺫﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ١

ﺪﻧﺍ .

،ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺍﺮﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻙﺮﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ

ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻳﺬﻐﺗ ﻝﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺯﺍﻮﻣ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺮﻏ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺮﻏ ﻭ ﻲﻣﻮﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ -

ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﻧﺍ

) Katzman & Lee,

.(1997

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺮﻨﭘﺍﻮﻫ ﺙﺭﺍﻮﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ

ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺰﻴﻣﺁﺮﻬﻗ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ،ﻲﮔﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﻥﺎﻤﺘﻔﮔ ﻭ ،٢

ﺑ ﻂﻠﺴﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ،ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺯﻭ ﺮ

ﻩﺮﻜﻴﭘ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺷ

ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﺟ ﺪﻧﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻪﻳﺬﻐﺗ ﺕﻻﻼﺘﺧﺍ )

Haworth-Hoeppner,

.(2000 ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻧﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻥﻮﺘﺴﻨﻳﻮﻟ ﻲﻣ

ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ

ﺩ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﮋﻧ ﻭ ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﺪﻧﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭ

.

ﻢﻬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﺗ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﺧﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻮﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﺯﺮﻓ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ .

1- Transcultural.

2- Coercive parentl control.

(5)

٥

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﺮﺛﺍ ﻥﺎﺷﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ )

Levinson et al., 1986 .(

ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻠﮔ ﺀﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﺒﻳﺯ ﺐﻴﻘﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﻮﻗ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ

ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺖﻴﺑﺍﺬﺟ .

ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻥﺍﺩﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ

ﺱﺎﺴﺣ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺮﺗ

. ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﻭ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﻭ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻜﻳ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺍﮋﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺩ ﺹﺎﺧ ﺭﺎﺑ ﺭ ﻩ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﺑﺍﺬﺟ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﻫ

.

ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻝﺁ

ﻲﻣ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

.

ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﺑ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻱﻭ ﻪ

ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺪﻣ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ

ﺪﻳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻩﺎﺠﻨﭘ ﻝﻮﻃ ﻩ

ﺮﺗﺮﻏﻻ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ،ﻲﻳﺎﺒﻳﺯ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﺘﻜﻳﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻧﺯ ﻥﺪﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ )

Glazer,

.(1992 ﻧﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺒﻴﭼﺭﺁ ﺶ

) Archibald et al.,

(1999 ﺰﻛﻭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻲﺗﺁ ، -

ﻥﺎﮔ ) Attie & Brooks-

Gunn, 1989 (

ﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﻭ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ

ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻥﺍﺮﺘﺧﺩ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺭﺩﺎﻣ ﻩﮋﻳﻮﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ . ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺶﻧﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺮﻧﺭﺎﮔ ﺎﻫ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺞﻳﻭﺮﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺮﻏﻻ ﻲﻧﺪﺑ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ

) Garner et al., 1980 .(

ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺶﻧﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻦﻣﺰﻳﻭ ﻪ

ﺶﻘﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ

ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﺕﻼﺠﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻲﻳﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ )

Wiseman et al.,

.(1992 ﺶﻧﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻑﻭﺮﻤﻧ )

Nemeroff et al.,

(1994 ﺶﻧﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻱﺮﺘﭘ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ )

Petrie et al., (1996

ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺎﻫ

ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﻧﺍ .

ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ

ﻠﮐ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻲ ﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻂﻠﺴﻣ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻲ

ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ

ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻥﺪﺑ .

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻴﻟﻭﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺮﺑ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺯﺭﻭ

. ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺩﺍﻮﻫ

ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﺑ ﻊﻳﺎﺷ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺥﺮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﺍﺬﻏ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻤﻈﻧ

ﻲﺑ ﻞﻴﺒﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﺘﺷﺍ

ﺮﭘ ﺎﻳ ١ ٢ﻱﺭﻮﺧ ﺭﺩ ،ﺏﺮﻏ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﻨﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻮﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﻮﭘ ﺪﻴﻔﺳ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

) Haworth-Hoeppner, 2000 .(

ﻲﺑ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ

ﻱﺮﻏﻻ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻜﻳﺭﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﻧﺍ ٣

ﻲ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ) le Grange,

Tibbs, & Noakes, 1994 .(

ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺮﺑ ،ﻩﻭﻼﻌﺑ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﺒﻳﺯ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﺼﻴﺼﺧ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﻏﻻ ﻪ

ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﻧﺯ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺯﺭﻭ ) Steiner-adair, 1986 .(

ﻲﺑ ﺭﺎﭼﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﻧﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﻲﻤﻈﻧ

ﺖﻳﺎﻜﺷ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ

) Cohn & Adler,

1992; Davies & Furnham, 1986; Pliner, Chaiken, & Flett, 1990; Turner, Hamilton, Jacobs, Angood, & Hove Dwyer, 1997 (

ﻭ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ

"

ﻱﺩﻮﻨﺸﺧﺎﻧ

1- Anorexia.

2- Bulimia 3- Slenderness.

(6)

٦

ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ "١

ﺩﻮﺷ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺗ )

Rodin, Silberstein, &

Striegel-Moore, 1985 .(

ﺍﺭﺍﺪﻓﺮﻃ ﻩﺪﻨﺴﺑ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻥ

ﻲﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻬﺑﺎﻧ ﺎﻳ ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻬﺑ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﻲﻣ ﻲﮔﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻦﺘﻣ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺮﭘ

. ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ،ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

ﻥﺪﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺬﻐﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ . ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ﺎﻣ ﺎﺠﻨﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮ

ﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻫ

"

ﻪﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ

ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺶﻨﻛ "

ﺖﺳﺍ .

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻲﻠﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻨﻛ

ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ

ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻱ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ .

ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻲ

ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﹼﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻱﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪ

ﻲﺑ ﻳﺎﻬﺘﺷﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻲ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻮﺧﺮﭘ .

ﻲﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﹰﺎﺤﻳﻮﻠﺗ ﺎﺠﻨﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ

. ﺎﻳ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﺑ

ﺖﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺎﻏ ﻱﺎﻬﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻲﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﺎﻫ

ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ

) Swidler, 1986: 273 .(

ﻲﻣ ﺎﻣ ﻳﺍ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻢﻴﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦ

ﻪ

ﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﺲﻳﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻪ

ﻲﺑ ﻪﻳﺬﻐﺗ ﻲﻤﻈﻧ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻴﻨﻛ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﺘﺧﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ

) Strice,

1- Normative discontent.

Schupak-Neuberg, Shaw & Stein, 1994:

.(839 ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﻱﺮﻏﻻ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺁ

ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻴﺸﻛ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺐﻴﺳﺁ ﺎﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻮﺧ ﺍﺬﻏ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻥﺩﺭ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ . ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺯ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻥﺎﮑﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ

ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻱ

ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻱ ﻢﻈﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﻥﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﺍﺬﻏ ﺪﻧﺯﺎﺴﺑ ﺍﺭ ٢

.

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ،ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ

ﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻮﮕﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻬﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻲ

ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﻛﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﻱﺍ

ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺮﺑ .

ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ

ﻉﻮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﺣﺮﻃ

ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ – ﻙﺮﺤﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ

) Haworth-Hoeppner,

2000: 213 .(

ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺮﻣﻮﻠﺑ

ﻣ ﺽﺮﻓ ﻲ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺟﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﺘﻴﺒﺟﻮﻣ ﭻﻴﻫ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺩﻮﺧ ﻲ

ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ . ﻫ ﺮﻣﻮﻠﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺮﻟﺪﻳﻮﺳ ﻢ

ﺯﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺃﺭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﮔ ﹰﺎﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ )

Swidler, 1986:

.(277 ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻪﭼﺭﺎﭙﻜﻳ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻚﻳ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﻭ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ

ﺩﺮﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻢﺠﺴﻨﻣ ﻲﺘﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺶﻨﻛ .

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ

ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻪﺒﻌﺟ ﮏﻳ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ٣

ﺳ ﻱﺎﺘﺳﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺕﺎﻌﻄﻗ ﻲﻣ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻦﺘﺧﺎ

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ .

ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺍﺮﮔ

ﺶﻨﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ

ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺯﺍ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔ

ﻲﻣ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ

. ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ

2- Disordered eating behavior.

3- Tool kit.

(7)

٧

ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺶﻨﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ

ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ

ﻪﺑ ﻲﻜﺘﻣ

"

ﻲﺷﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﮔﮊﺍﻭ

" ١

ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻲﺷﺍﺮﺗ

٢ﺎﻫ "

ﺎﻳ

"

ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻜﻧﺍ "٣

ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﺍ

ﺪﻧﻭﺭ ) Haworth-

Hoeppner, 2000: 214 .(

ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻜﺘﻣ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﻪﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺘﻣ ﺭﺩ

"

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻥﺎﺷ

"

ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻝﺎﻌﻓ .

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ

ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺭﺩ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ

. ﻳﺍ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻦ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻢﺸﭼ .

ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻢﺸﭼ

ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻜﺑ ﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﻭﺭ

.

ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

"

ﻩﺩﺮﺧ

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ "

ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﺎﻳ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ

"

ﻲﻌﻤﺟ "

ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﻤﻜﺗ ﺩﻮﺷ

. ﻦﻳﺍ

ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ

ﺎﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻲﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗﺯ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻋﺪﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﻲﻣ ﺥﺭ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺪﻫﺩ

) Ibid.

.(

ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ

.

ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺎﻳ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

"

ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ

ﻲﮔﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ "

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺩﻮﺷ

.

ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺎﻴﻨﺑ ،ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺎﻬﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ

ﻥ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻳﺁ

. ﻡﺎﻴﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮔﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪ

ﻲﻣ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻣ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ

) Ibid.

.(

ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ،ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻧﺎﮕﻳ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪ

1- Vocabularies of motive.

2- Accounts.

3- Disclaimers

ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻳ ﻱﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﻜﻧﻮﭼ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻚ

ﻲﻣ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻱﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ

.

ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ

ﻪﭼ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻕﻮﻓ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ

ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩ

ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺎﻛﺍﺭﺩﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻢﻛ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺕ

ﻲﺑ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ

ﺪﻧﺍ .

ﻠﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﻥﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻲﻠﻛ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻭ ،ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ،ﻱﺮﻏﻻ ﻭ ﻲﻗﺎﭼ ﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ ﻥﻮﮔﺮﮔﺩ .

ﺩﺮﹸﺧ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻴﻣ ،ﻥﻼﻛ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﺮﺛﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ

ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻥﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻌﻃﺎﻗ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ )

ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺧ ،ﻱﺭﻮﻧ

١٣٨٥ .(

ﻭ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ

ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ) ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ( ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻦﻳﺍ

ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺎﺗ ﻫﺩ ﻪﺳ ﻪ ﻮﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﻥﺮﻗ ﺮﺧﺁ

) Mittelman, 2000 (

ﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﺏﺎﺘﺷ ﻲ

ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ

ﻲﻧﻮﮔﺮﮔﺩ ﻲﻔﻴﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ

) Dale, 1999 (

ﺎﻬﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺭﺩ

ﺷ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪ .

ﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻲ ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲ

ﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻲ

ﻥﺪﺷ

ﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻥﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻱ

ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻲ ﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻲ

ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ

ﻮﻗ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻱ ﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻲ

ﻨﻨﮐ ﺪ . ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ

(8)

٨

ﻲﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺍﺬﻟ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻊﻳﺮﺴﺗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ

) ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺧ ،ﻱﺭﻮﻧ ١٣٨٥ .(

ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ

ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺪﻳﺪﺸﺗ )

،ﺰﻧﺪﻴﮔ ١٣٧٧ : ٧٧ .(

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ

ﻧﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷﺭﺍﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻲﮔﺩﺮﺸﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻪ

ﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻪ

ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎﻜﺑ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ .

ﻪﭼ ﺮﮔﺍ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻲﻧﻮﮕﻤﻫ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺪﺷ

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻡﺰﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ

ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺎﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺨﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ

ﺯﺍ ﺰﻧﺪﻴﮔ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺗ ﻲﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺩﻮﺷ

.

ﻲﻣ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺍﺭ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻲﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻦﻤﮕﻧﻻ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺩﺯﺎﺳ

ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻲﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻔﻧﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻖﻴﻗﺪﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ

١

ﺪﻨﻨﻜﺑ ) Longman, 2003 .(

ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺩﺮﻣ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﺑ

ﻜﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﻭﺰﻓﺍﺯﻭﺭ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻧﺮﺑ

ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻨﺗ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺖﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ، ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ

.

ﺪﻳﺍ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩ

ﻥﺎﻬﺟ – ﻲﻠﺤﻣ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ .

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺰﻧﺪﻴﮔ ﻱﺍ

٢ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﻳ ﺎﺳﺯﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻱﺯ

ﻲﻳﻻﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﺖﻴﻧﻼﻘﻋ ،ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﺸﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺎﻫ

) Waters, 2001: 5 .(

1- Articulate.

2- Localization.

ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺯﺍ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺪﻳﺍ ﻭﺩ ﻥﺪﺷ

ﻩ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻲﮔﺩﺮﺸﻓ

ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻞﻛ ﻚﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﺪﻳﺪﺸﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ )

،ﻥﻮﺴﺗﺮﺑﺍﺭ ١٣٨٢

: ٣٥ .(

ﻪﺑ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ

ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻥﻮﺴﺗﺮﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺩﺮﺸﻓ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﻥﺪﺷ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ .

ﻲﻧﻮﮔﺮﮔﺩ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﻭ ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ

،ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻊﻳﺮﺴﺗ ﺕﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺪﻧﺍ

) Rantanen, 2005: 5 .(

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ

ﺖﺴﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻭ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻥﻮﮔﺮﮔﺩ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻨﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻜﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺩﺍ ﺪﻧﺍ

. ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻥﺪﺷ

ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻥﺪﺷ

ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺯﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺎﻛﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﺤﺗ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ

ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ

. ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ

ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻱﺍ ،ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ ،ﺮﺸﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ،ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﻮﭽﻤﻫ

ﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﻜﻣﺩ ﻥﻮﮔﺍﻮﮔ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯ

ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﺤﺗ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻲﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻱﻮﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ

ﺶﻳﻮﺧ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺯﺎﺑ )

ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻪﺑ (

ﻩﺩﺯ ﺖﺳﺩ

ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺭﻮﺧﺍﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻭ ﮔ ﻥﻮﮔﺮﮔﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺸ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻣ ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﻩ

ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﺘﺴﻫ ﻭﺮﺑﻭﺭ ﻱﺪﻳﺪﺟ

ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ

ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ

) Hongladarom, 2002 (

ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﻳ ﺩﻮﺷ .

ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﺻﺮﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺪﺷ

ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ –

ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﻭ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

(9)

٩

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ .

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﻮﮔﺮﮔﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ

ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻭ ،ﻲﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ

) Youngelson et al.,

( 2001 ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ .

ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ،ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﻜﻣﺩ ،ﻲﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ

ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻫ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻫﺍﻮﺧ

ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤ

ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ﺎﻫ )

ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺧ ﻭ ﺪﻫﺍﺯ

،ﻱﺭﻮﻧ ۱۳۸۴ ؛

ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺧ ،ﻱﺭﻮﻧ ۱۳۸۵ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺧ ﻭ ﺱﺪﻘﻣ ؛ ،ﻱﺭﻮﻧ

۱۳۸۵ .(

ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﺰﻧﺪﻴﮔ ﺎﻣ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ

ﺖﻨﺳ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ) ،ﺰﻧﺪﻴﮔ ١٣٨٧ : ١٢٠ .(

ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﮔ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺧﺎﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻦﺘ

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﻮﺒﺠﻣ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻥﺎﺷ .

ﻤﻫ ﻪ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ،ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ

ﻂﻘﻓ ﻪﻧ

ﺭﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩ ﺭﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻩ

ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ

ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻳﻮﺧ ﻪ

ﻲﻣ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ

ﺪﻧ ) ﺎﺠﻧﺎﻤﻫ : ١٢١ .(

ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﺘﺴﻫ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ

ﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩ

ﺪﻤﻋ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻩ

ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻭ ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺩ ،ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺯ . ﺎﺑ ﺎﻳﻮﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ

ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ،ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . ﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻥﺎﻴ

ﻥﺎﻤﺘﻔﮔ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﻲﻳﺎﺒﻳﺯ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ .

ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﺘﻔﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ .

ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻣ ﹰﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ ﻪﻛ ﻥﺎﻤﺘﻔﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺑ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺍﺮﭘ ﻝﺎﺣﺭﺩ ﺎﺟ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺭﺩ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﻮﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻨﻛ

. ﺯﺍ

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﻩ

،ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ

ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻜﻧﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻱﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺭﺪﺗ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻱﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻕﻮﺳ ﻥﺎﺸﻣﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺪﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ .

ﺕﺎﻴﺿﺮﻓ

١ ( ﺼﺗ ﻭ ﺖﻧﻮﻜﺳ ﻞﺤﻣ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮ

ﻪ

ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ .

٢ ( ﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻭ ﻞﻫﺄﺗ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪ

ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ .

٣ ( ﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪ

ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ .

٤ ( ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻥﺪﺑ ﻭ ﺎﻫICT

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ .

٥ ( ﻮﻴﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ .

٦ ( ﻮﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺍﺮﮔ ﻭ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ .

٧ ( ﺶﻘﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ –

ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻭ ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ .

٨ ( ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻭ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻦﻴﺑ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ .

٩ ( ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱ

ﺘﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻲ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻭ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ .

(10)

١٠

ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺵﻭﺭ

ﺸﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻲ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻱﻭﺎﺣ ،ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ،ﻲﻨﻴﻋ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻥﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪ ﻦﻴﻨﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ١٦

ﺎﺗ ٤٥

ﺭﺩ ﻦﻛﺎﺳ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ

، ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﺒﻬﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﺘﺧﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻨﻳﺰﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﻧﺍﺭﺬﮔ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺎﻤﻨﻫﺍﺭ ﻡﻮﺳ ﺱﻼﻛ ﻢﻜﺘﺳﺩ

ﻪﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ٤٥

ﺰﻴﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻝﺎﺳ

ﻲﮕﺴﺋﺎﻳ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﺗ ﻢﻳﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻨﺳ ﻁﺮﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺪﺣ ) ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺘﻳﺮﺑ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ ﻦﻤﺠﻧﺍ ١٣٨٢

: ١٦ ﻭ ٣٧ ( ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺭ

ﻮﻫ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﻭﺰﻓ ،ﻢﻴﻨﻛ ﻪﻨﻴﻤﻛ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮕﺑ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺖﻳ

ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﺳ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻢﻛ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻭ .

ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺖﺨﺘﻳﺎﭘ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻲﻧﻮﮔﺮﮔﺩ ﺯﺍ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻭ ﻱﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﺮﻳﺬﭘ . ﺘﺳﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﺎﺑ ﺕﺭﻭﺎﺠﻣ ﻭ ﺶﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺎ

ﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪ

ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻲﻟﻭﺍﺮﻘﺸﻴﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺭﺎﻓ ﺞﻴﻠﺧ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ .

ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻥﺎﺒﻬﺘﺳﺍ

ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺰﻛﺍﺮﻣ ﻴﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺱﺭﺎﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪ

ﻲﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﻭ ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﺨﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ

. ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ .

ﻪﻛ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺮﻫ

ﺱﻼﻛ ﻢﻜﺘﺳﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺎﻳ ﻦﻴﻨﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺯ ﻚﻳ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺴﻧﺍﻮﺗ ،ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺎﻤﻨﻫﺍﺭ ﻡﻮﺳ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻩﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ١٦

ﺎﺗ

٤٥ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ .

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ

ﻩ ﺏﻮﺼﻣ

ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

. ﻮﻴﺷ ﻩ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ

ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻱﺍ . ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ

ﻪﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻱﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻧﻮﮔ

ﻪ ﺭﺩ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻳﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ

ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﻫ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻙﻮﻠﺑ ،ﺎﻫ

ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺷﻮﺧ ﻚﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺗ .

ﻪﺷﻮﺧ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺎﻫ

ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ

ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺯ ﻚﻳ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻭﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺪﺷ . ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻥﺯ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺎﻳ ﻭﺩ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻱﺍ

ﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺰﺋﺎﺣ ﻩ

ﺮﻔﻧ ﻚﻳ ﻂﺧ ﻭ ﺮﻴﺷ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻑﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻪﺑ .

ﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪ

ﺸﻘﻧ ﻪ ،ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ،ﻱﺮﻬﺷ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ

ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻠﺑ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻙﻮ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻳﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺡﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﻬﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ :

ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ

١٣٧٥ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﺮﻬﺷ ٦

ﻩﺪﺷ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ

ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺶﻨﻳﺰﮔ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺶﺷ ﺮﻫ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ .

ﺶﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﻳﺎﭘﺮﺑ ،ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻪ

ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﻫ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ

ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ١٢ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻳﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ .

(11)

١١

ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ٢

ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻙﻮﻠﺑ

ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺶﻨﻳﺰﮔ .

ﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪ

ﺮﻬﺷ ،ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ٢٢

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ .

ﺯﺍ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ٢٢ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ١٠

ﻪﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻧﻮﮔ

ﻪ ﺶﻨﻳﺰﮔ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ

ﺪﺷ . ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ٢٠

ﺮﺑ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ

ﻳﺎﭘ ﻪ ﺍ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧ

. ﺰﻴﻧ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ

٢ ﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻙﻮﻠﺑ ﻪ

ﺪﺷ ﺶﻨﻳﺰﮔ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ .

ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﺎﺒﻬﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﻬﺷ

ﻳﺎﭘﺮﺑ ﻪ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ٤

ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ

ﻤﻫ ﻪ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺶﻨﻳﺰﮔ ﻥﺁ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ .

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ :

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻪ

ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﻟ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ )

Lin, 1978: 446-447 .(

ﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﺎﺑ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺸﻨﻳﺰﮔ ٤

،±

ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ٩٥

ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ٥٠

- ٥٠

ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ) ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﺪﺣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺽﺮﻓ (

ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ

ﺎﺑ ٦٠٠ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻜﻧﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ،ﻢﻴﺳﺮﺑ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻞﻴﻤﻜﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ

ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ

٧١٠ ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﻪ

ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ٧٠٦

ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ .

ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﺭﺩ ٣

ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ،±

٩٥ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ٥٠

– ٥٠ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ

ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺸﻨﻳﺰﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ١٠٦٥

ﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ . ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﺭﺩ

ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻜﻧﺁ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺸﻧ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺖﺸﮔﺮ

ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ

١٢٠٠ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ

١١٤٧ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ

ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻧﺍﺩﺮﮔﺮﺑ .

ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﺎﺑ ،ﻥﺎﺒﻬﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ٥

،±

ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ٩٥

ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ٥٠

- ٥٠

ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ،ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ٣٧٠

ﺩﻮﺑ . ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻳ

ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ،ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ٤٠٠

ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ

ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ٣٧٥

ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ

ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ .

ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺳ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺖﻠﻋ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺮﻫ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻲﻧﻮﮕﻤﻫﺎﻧ .

ﺯﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﺑ

،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻲﻧﻮﮕﻤﻫﺎﻧ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ

ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ٣ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ± .

ﻪﻛ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﺭﺩ

ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻧﻮﮕﻤﻫﺎﻧ ٤

ﺭﺩ ±

ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ .

ﺕﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﺒﻬﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ

ﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷﺩﺎﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻱﺮﺘﻤﻛ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧ

ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ٥

ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ± ﺯﺍ .

ﺐﻳﺍﺮﺿ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺶﻨﻳﺰﮔ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺖﻟﺎﺧﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺎﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ .

ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .

ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻚﻳ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺵﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻱﻭ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻭ ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ

(12)

١٢

) hargreaves & Tiggemann, 2006; Jung &

Lennon, 2003; Grogan, 1999: 1 .(

ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻌﺳ ﺶﻳﻮﺧ ﻩﺮﻣﺯﻭﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻖﻴﻔﻠﺗ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ .

ﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ . ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ،ﻥﺍﺩﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ

ﻫﺎﻇ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﺮ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺷ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ

ﻲﻤﺴﺟ ﺖﻴﺑﺍﺬﺟ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺐﻠﻏﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻥﺎﺷ

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

) Jung & Lennon, 2003 .(

ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﻱﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺕﺮﻜﻴﻟ ﻒﻴﻃ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﻧﺍ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻴﺠﻨﺳ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ .

ﻱﺎﻫ ﻒﻴﻃ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ

ﻪﻛ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ،ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺯ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻚﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺥﺎﺒﻧﺮﻛ ﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﺯﺍ .

ﺮﺑ

ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩ

ﻒﻴﻃ

ﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ١٥

ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ

٧٧٥٥ / ٠ ﺩﻮﺑ .

ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ

ﺘﺳﺩ ﻪﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪ

ﺪﻤﻋ ﻩ

ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺯﻮﺣ ،ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺖﻴ

ﻩ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ )

ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳﺩ

ﺎﻫICT ( ﺯﻮﺣ ﻭ ﻩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ .

ﺘﺳﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪ

ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ :

ﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ :

ﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﻦﻤﻠﻛ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪ

ﺎﺑ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻲﺻﺎﺨﺷﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻱﺪﻨﻤﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﻲﻣ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ

ﻞﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺍﺭ

ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻳﻮﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺩﺯﺎﺳ

. ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻭﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ

ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺯﺍ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻱﻭ ﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪ

ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ،ﻲﮔﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺍﺭ ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ) Coleman, 1988 .(

ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪ

ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ

ﺎﻓ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﻠﺻ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻴﺠﻨﺳ ﻱﺍ .

ﻮﻴﺷ ﻩ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ : ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻮﻴﺷ ﺰﻧﺪﻴﮔ ﻩ

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻱﺍ

ﻭ ﻢﻛ ﺎﻫﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺖﺳ

ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﻛ

ﻥﻮﭼ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ

، ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻭﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻪﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ

،ﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﻭ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻫ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﺖﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ

ﺘﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻳﺰﮔ ﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ

 ﺴﺠ ﻲﻣ ﻢ

ﺩﺯﺎﺳ )

،ﺰﻧﺪﻴﮔ ١٣٧٨ : ١٢٠ .(

ﻮﻴﺷ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﺠﻨﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩ

ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ١٥ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ

ﺎﺑ ٧٥ / ٠ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ .

ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ )

ﺎﻫICT (:

ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻤﻫ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪ

ﻥﺁ

ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻦﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ

ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻝﺎﻜﺷﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ،ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻜﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﻬﺴﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻜﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺎﺠﻨﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

،ﺖﭼ ﻥﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻣ ﻭ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻨﻳﺍ ،ﻪﻧﺎﻳﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻣ ﻭ ﻞﻳﺎﺑﻮﻣ ،ﻲﻜﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺖﺴﭘ ،SMS

ﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻫﺎﻣ ﺖﻳﺎ .

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