تأثیر تنوع و تخصص اقتصادی بر رشد اشتغال استانی در ایران

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ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻭ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ

ﺪﻨﻤﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻓﻮﻜﺷ

ﺭﺎﻳﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻱ ﻥﺎﻬﻔﺻﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ

farahmand.shekoofeh@gmail.com ﻲﺒﻟﺎﻃﻮﺑﺍ ﺎﻨﻴﻣ

*

ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ abootalebi.mi@gmail.com

ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :

5 / 6 / 90 ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :

25 / 4 / 91

ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﺚـﺤﺑ ﻱﺮﻬﺷ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ

ﻪﻓﺮـﺻ ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ .

ﻢﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺖـﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ

ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻱ

ﻲﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺍﺩ

ﺪﻨﻧ . ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻲـﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻱ

ﺗ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻉﻮـﻨﺘﻣ ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻢﻴـﺴﻘ

ﻲﻣ ﻮﺷ ﺩ . ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻌﻓﺎﻨﻣ ،ﻝﺎﻜﺷﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺐﺒـﺳ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻮﺷ

ﺩ . ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺـﺼﺨﺗ ﻭ ﻉﻮـﻨﺗ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﺎﻫ ﻲﻃ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱ ﺳ

ﻝﺎ ﺎﻫ ﻱ 1375 ﺎﺗ 1385 ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ .

ﺭﻮـﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺـﺼﺨﺗ ﻭ ﻉﻮـﻨﺗ ،ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻥﺎﺘـﺳﺍ ﺎـﻫ ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ﻱ

ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻭ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻚـﻳ ﺮـﻫ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺠﻨﺳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ

ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﺎﻫ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱ ﺷ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪ . ﺘﻧ ﺰﺑﻮـﻜﺟ ﻲﺟﺭﺎـﺧ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺠﻨﺳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺞﻳﺎ

ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻱ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻱ ﺍ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ،ﺪﻫﺩ

ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺮﺛ ﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺩ

ﻱﺍ

ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺺـﺼﺨﺗ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻱ

u

ﻲﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺪﻫﺩ

ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﻲـﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﺮـﺛﺍ

ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱ .

ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ

ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱ ﻱ ﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻥ

ﻲﻣ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

.

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ :JEL O18, R11, R12, R15

.

ﻩژﺍﻭ ﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻲﺟﺭﺎـﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ،ﻱﺮﻬﺷ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ،ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ :

ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ،ﺰﺑﻮﻜﺟ . MAR

* - ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﻱ ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ

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1 - ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻉﻮـﻨﺗ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﻱ ﺺـﺼﺨﺗ ﻭ1

ﻭ ﻱﺮﻬـﺷ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺚـﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ2

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺯﺍ ﻲـﮔﺭﺰﺑ ﺭﺎﻤـﺷ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ

ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚـﻳ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺍ

ﺷ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ

ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ

، ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﺘﻔﮔ ﺩﻮـﺷ

) ،ﻥﺍﺭﺎـﻄﻋ 1987

: 44 .( ﺭﺩ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻛ

ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻥﺁ

ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﺒﺳ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺎﻳ ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻚﻳ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺎﻳ ﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻱﺍ

ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﺑ ﻱ

ﺖـﺳﺩ ﻖﻃﺎـﻨﻣ ﺎـﻳ ﻞﻏﺎـﺸﻣ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﺗﻻﺎ

ﺪﻨﻛ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ )

ﺎﻳﺪﭘﻮﺘﺳﻮﻨﻳﺍ

،3

2010 .(

ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻲﻧﻮﮔﺎـﻧﻮﮔ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﺮـﺑ ﻉﻮـﻨﺗ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻨﻛ

ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﻛ ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺖﻫﺎﺒـﺷ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ -

ﻲـﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ

) ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮـﮔﺍ ﻝﺎـﺜﻣ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻱ

ﻳﺎﻨـﺻ ﺭﺩA ﻭ ﺕﺎـﻴﻨﺒﻟ ،ﺏﻮـﭼ ﻊ

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﻭﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ

ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﺑB ﻱ

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﻭﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺪـﻨﻛ

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻱ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧA ﻉﻮﻨﺘﻣB

ﻭ ﺮﺗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻱ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧB ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗA

ﻲﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻛ

.(

ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻥﻭﺮـﺑ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻭ ﺍﺯ

ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻞﻜـﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ

ﻱ

ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻞﺋﺎﻗ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﺪﻧﺍ

. ﻥﻭﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳﺩ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺍﺯ

ﻲﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻭ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺖﻠﻋ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻲﻳﺍﺪـﺘﺑﺍ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻲﻳﺎـﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻌﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺪﻌﺑ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺪﻫﺩ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ ﺪﻧﺍ

. ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻴﻧ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻛﺮﺤﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﻭﺮ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ

ﻲﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻲﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻚﻳ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻞﻜـﺷ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺪـﻌﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﻱﺎﻫ )

4ﺕﺍﺩ ، 2010 .(

ﻭ ﻱﺮﻬﺷ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻪﺘـﺳﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ،ﻱﺍ ﻢﻴـﺴﻘﺗ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻉﻮـﻨﺘﻣ ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻲـﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻱ

ﻲﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻚﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ

ﺍﺯ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻱ

.

ﺚﺤﺑ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻭ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻱ

ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﺮﺛﺍ

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺍ

. ﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺜﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗ

ﻱﺍ

،

ﻭ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺍﺬﮔ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ

. ﺎﻣﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻬـﺷ ﺕﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎـﻣ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺰﻴﭼﺎﻧ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ .

ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻱ

ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ

1- Diversification.

2- Specialization.

3- Investopedia.

4- Douth.

(3)

ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻭ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

، ﺖﺧﺎﻨـﺷ ﺶﻴـﺑ

ﺮـﺗ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻤﻬﻣ ﻡﺎـﮔ

ﺖﻬﺟ ﻫﺩ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺡﻼﺻﺍ ﻭ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺡﺮﻃ ﻦﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻳﺎـﻣﺁ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺗﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ .

ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻡﺎـﺠﻧﺍ ﻦﻴـﻟﻭﺍ ﺮـﺿﺎﺣ ﻱ

ﺯﺍ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﻉﻮـﻨﺗ ﻭ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ

ﺎﻫ ﻱ 1375 ﺎﺗ 1385 ﺮﻓ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻫﺍ ﺪﻨﻛ . ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻝﺍﻮﺌﺳ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ

ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻳﻮﮔ

ﻱ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲـﺷﺎﻧ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ .

ﺪـﻌﺑ ﺖﻤـﺴﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ

ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻱ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻲﻣ

ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺭﺩ ﺖﻤـﺴﻗ 3

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ 4

ﺺـﺼﺨﺗ ﻭ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻥﺎﺘـﺳﺍ

ﺎـﻫ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ﻱ

ﻲﻣ ﻮﺷ ﺩ . ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﺭﺩ 5

ﻭ 6 ﻲـﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻝﺪـﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺠﻨـﺳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺖﻤـﺴﻗ ﺭﺩ 7

ﻪـﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻱ ﺮـﺳ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﻣﺁ ﺖـﺳﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ ﺖﻤـﺴﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ

8 ﻪـﺑ

ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺩﻮﺷ

.

2 - ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ

ﻥﺍﺩﻭﺭ ﻦﻴﺘﻧﺯﻭﺭ )١

1943 (،

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻱ

ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺰﻳﺭﺮﺳ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻲـﻣ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚـﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲـﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ ﺪـﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻞﻛ ﻲﻫﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻛ

. ﻩﺪﻴﻘﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻭﺍ ﻱ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺱﺎـﻴﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﺷﺎﻧ ﻭ2

ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﻭﺎﺠﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻠﻣﺎـﻋ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺭﺩ3

ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻭ ﻢﻬﻣ .

ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻭﺍ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﺠﻨﻣ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ

، ﺶﻴﭘ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺪﻧﺮﺑ

ﻧ ﺪ . ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﺑ

، ﻪـﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ

ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻲﻣ

ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ

ﺍﺯ ﻪﺘـﺳﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻱ ﻲﻠـﺻﺍ ﻱ

ﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻢ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻱ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲـﻣ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ . ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦـﻳﺍ

ﺩﺭﺍﺰﻳﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ )4

1956 ( ﺰﺑﻮﻜﺟ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ )٥

1969 ( ﺪﺷ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ

. ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ

ﻪﭼ ﺰﺑﻮﻜﺟ ) 1969 ( ﻱﺎﻫﺪـﺣﺍﻭ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ،ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﻠـﺻﺎﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻉﻮـﻨﺘﻣ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ

ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻤﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻩﺎﺗﻮﻛ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻱ

ﺎﻫﺪـﺣﺍﻭ ﻥﺁ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻮﺷ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻪﻛ ﺩ ﻱ

ﻞﻴﻤﻜﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻱژﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ

ﺎﻫ ﻲـﻣ ﻢﻫﺍﺮـﻓ ﺍﺭ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱ ﺪـﻨﻛ

. ﺭﺩ

1-Rosenstein-Rodan.

2- externalities of scale.

3- externalities of scope.

4- Isard.

5-Jacobs.

(4)

ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻞﻛ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ

ﺎﻫ ﺪﺟ ﻊﻳﺎﻨـﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻱ ﺪـﻳ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻪﺑ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ

» ﺰﺑﻮﻜﺟ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ

1« ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻌﻣ ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺗ ،ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻉﻮﻧ

2ﻱﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ،ﺪﺷ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﭽﻧﺁ

ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ

:

1 - ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ .

ﺍﺪﻧﺍ ،ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻩﺯ

ﻱ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺯﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ

ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺮﻬـﺷ ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ

.

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻪﭼﺮﻫ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ

ﻱﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻢﻛﺍﺮﺗ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ -

ﻱﺭﺎـﻴﻌﻣ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ

ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻱ

ﺩﻮﺷ - ﺰﻴﻧ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﭼ ﺮﻫ ﺎﻫﺮﻬـﺷ ﻱ

گﺭﺰﺑ ﺮﺗ ،ﻩﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﺶﻴﺑ

ﺮﺗ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ گﺭﺰﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎـﺒﻧﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ

ﻞﻤﺣ ،ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻭ

ﻲﻣ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ؛ﺪﻨﺑﺎﻳ

گﺭﺰﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ

ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ

) ﺪﻠﻔﻧﺯﺭ ﻭﺰﺗﺭﺍﻮﺷ ،ﭻﻴﻧﺮﻫ ،ﻲﻠﻳﺍ ،3

2009 .(

ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ :

2 - ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﻫ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ .

ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ،ﺎﻫ

ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ4

. ﻡﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﻩﺩﻭﺪـﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﻧﺎـﻜﻣ ﺺﺨـﺸﻣ ﻱ .

ﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺰﻳﺭﺮﺳ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺪﺷ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻦ

ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﺠﻨﻣ ﺭﻭﺎـﺠﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

» ﺺﺼﺨﺗ « ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺷﺭ

ﺶﻴﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﺮﺗ ﻮﺷ

ﺩ . ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻱ ﻲـﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻝﺎـﺷﺭﺎﻣ ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﺍﺪـﺘﺑﺍ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺـﺼﺨﺗ ﻲـﻧﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

5

) 1920 ( ﺪﺷ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ

. ﻭﺭَﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ )6

1962 ( ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻱ

ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﺪـﻨﻛ

ﻪﻛ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻞﻛ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻲﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻱ

ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ ﻲـﻣ ﺬـﮔ ﺩﺭﺍ . ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻌﺑ

ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ

7ﺮﻣﻭﺭ ) 1986 (،

ﺪﺷﺭ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ

ﺍﺯ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻝﻻﺪﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩ

ﻪﻓﺮـﺻ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻙﺮﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ،ﻲﻧﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﺮﺴﻴﻠﮔ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺶﻧﺍﺭﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ٨

) 1992 ( ﻝﻮـﻣﺮﻓ ﻱﺪـﻨﺑ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ

ﻝﺎﺷﺭﺎﻣ - ﻭﺭﺍ - ﺮﻣﻭﺭ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧ ﻩ

ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻱ

» «MAR ﺕﺮﻬـﺷ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﻪﻛ

ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ

ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﻱ ﻞﻳﺫ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ

:

1- Jacobs externalities.

2- Urbanization.

3- Illy, Hornych, Schwartz & Rosenfeld.

4- Localization.

5- Marshall.

6- Arrow.

7- Romer.

8- Glaeser

(5)

3 - ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ .

ﻱﺮﻬﺷ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻪﺳ ﺯﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺛﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮ

:

ﻒﻟﺍ ( ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺎﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻱ ﻩﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ :

ﻲـﻠﺤﻣ ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﺭﺩ

ﺪﻨﻨﻛﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ،ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﻱﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻥﺪﻣﺁ ﻢﻫ ﺩﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄـﺳﺍﻭ ﻱﺎـﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﮔ

ﻱﺍ

ﻩﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻣ ﻪﻓﺮـﺻ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﻭﺮـﻘﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﻱ

ﺩﻮـﺷ . ﺰـﻛﺮﻤﺗ ، ﻱﺮﻬـﺷ ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﺭﺩ

ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ

ﻩﺩﺎـﻬﻧ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ -

ﻪﻄﺳﺍﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻱﺍ

ﻚﻧﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻱ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻞﻤﺣ ﻱ ﻭ ﻲـﺘﻴﻨﻣﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪـﺧ ،ﻞﻘﻧ ﻭ

...

ﻲﻣ ﻮﺷ ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻞﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺩ ﻱﺎﻳﺍﺰﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ

ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻧﺮﺑ

.

ﺏ ( ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﻭﺪﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻱ ﺭﺎـﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻱ

: ﻩﺎـﮕﻨﺑ ﻲـﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﺕﺭﻭﺎـﺠﻣ ،ﺎـﻫ

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻲـﻣ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﺎﻣﺮﻓﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﺮﮔﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻢﻫ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﻛ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪـﻫﺩ

.

ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ،ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﻛ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻭ

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻫﺩ

.

ﺝ ( ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻱ :

ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻲﻜﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ

ـﺑ ﺮـﺠﻨﻣ ﺮ ﻪ

ﻲﻣ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻭ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺰﻳﺭﺮﺳ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﻬﺑ ،ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ

ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ

)

،ﻥﺍﻮﻴﻟﺎﺳﻭﺍ 2003

/ 1386 ،ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺮﻛ ﻍﺎﺒﺻ ؛ 1380

.(

ﻦﻤﺷﺮﻴﻫ )١

1958 ( ﻦﻤﺿ ، ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ، ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻱﺎـﻫﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻪﻛ

ﻲﻣ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ

، ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻧﺎﺘﺳﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﻪ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻑﺬﺣ ﻧﻮـﺷ

ﺪ . ﺮـﺗﺮﭘ ﻞـﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ )

1990 ( ﻝﻻﺪﺘـﺳﺍ ،

ﻲﻣ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺐﺒﺳ

ﺩﻮﺷ ﺟ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻌﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻐ

ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮ ﻭ ﺪـﻧﺍ

ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ،ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﻝﺎـﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻧﺍ

ﺪـﻧﺮﺒﺑ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ .

ﺖـﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮـﺗﺮﭘ ﻩﺎﮔﺪـﻳﺩ

،

ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﺮﺗ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺰﺑﻮﻜﺟ ﺩﻮﺷ

. ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻪﻴـﺿﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺗﺮﭘ ﺺـﺼﺨﺗ ﻱ

ﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﺷﺭﺎﻣ ﻮ

ﻲـﻠﺤﻣ ﺖـﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻭ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ،ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺷﺭﺎﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻖﻓﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

) ﺯﺎـﺑ ﻚﻳ ﺮﺗﺮﭘ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺼﺤﻧﺍ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻚﻳ ﻝﺎﺷﺭﺎﻣ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﻲﺘﺑﺎـﻗﺭ ﺭﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ

.(

ﺰﺑﻮـﻜﺟ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ

، ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﻉﻮـﻨﺗ ﻢـﻫ ﻭ ﻲـﻠﺤﻣ ﺖـﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻢـﻫ

ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ .

ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻳﺎﺟ ﻪﻛ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺮـﺗﺮﭘ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

ﻲﻤﻧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ،ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺰﺑﻮﻜﺟ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺷﺭﺎﻣ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ

.

ﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪـﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲ

ﻱ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻲـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺪﻫﺍﻮـﺷ ﻉﺍﻮـﻧﺍ ﻱ

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺍ

ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ

، ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ .

ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺪـﺳﺭ

1- Hirschman.

(6)

ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺯﻮﻨﻫ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﻪﻛ ﻡﺍﺪﻛ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ

ﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺶﻴﺑ

ﺮﺗ ﻲﻘﻓﺍﻮـﺗ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ

ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ .

ﻧﺍ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺡﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ :

ﺕﺍﺩ ) 2010 (،

ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻉﺍﻮـﻧﺍ ﻱﺎـﻳﻮﭘ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻱ

ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺮﻏ ﻥﺎﻤﻟﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ

ﺎـﻫ ﻱ 1989 ﺎـﺗ 2006 ﻲـﻣ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺪـﻨﻛ

. ﻭﺍ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻱﻮﻗ ﻱﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺍ

. ـﻫ ،ﻲـﻠﻳﺍ ،ﭻﻴﻧﺮ

ﺪﻠﻔﻧﺯﺭ ﻭ ﺰﺗﺭﺍﻮﺷ )

2009 ( ﺭﺩ ، ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻲﻠـﺻﺍ ﺕﺎـﻘﺒﻃ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﺩﻮـﺧ

ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻟﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻬﺷ 2003

ﺎﺗ 2007 ﻲﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

. ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﺠﻨﺳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻱﺍ

ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺱﻮﻜﻌﻣU

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻱﺮﻬﺷ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻫﺩ

ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ،ﺪ

ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻱﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ

. ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻩﺯﺍﺪـﻧﺍ ﻁﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻭ ﺮﻬـﺷ ﻱ

ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺪﻳﺁ

. ﻲﻤﻧ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﺰﺑﻮﻜﺟ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

. ﺕﻭﺮﮔ ﻭ ﺭﻭ

1

) 2008 ( ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ، ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻱ

) ﺖـﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻭ ﻉﻮـﻨﺗ ،ﺺـﺼﺨﺗ (

ﻭ

ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺮﻫ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ 68

ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ

ﻃ ﻭ ﻡﺍﺩﺮﺘﺴﻣﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻝﻮ

1998 ﺎـﺗ

2006 ﻲﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

. ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻫﺩ

ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻊﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺭﺪﻧﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺴﻴﻳﻮﻛﺪﻧﻮﻟ ،ﺎﻤﺷﻮﺑ ،ﻥﻮﺴﻧﻮﺳ ،ﻪﻜﻔﻧ )2

2008 ( ﺭﺩ ، ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱ ﺩﻮـﺧ

ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﺶﻫﻭﮋـﭘ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻚﻳ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ . ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻣ ﻢﻴـﺴﻘﺗ ﻎﻟﺎـﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺍﻮﺟ ﻱ

ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ .

ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺋﻮﺳ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔﺭ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻝﺎﺳ

ﺎﻫ ﻱ 1974 ﺎﺗ 2004 ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ،ﺪـﻫﺩ

ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻧﻮﻣﺍﺮﻴﭘ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻌﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ

ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻱ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺕﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ .

ﺠﺗ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﻊﻴﻤ

) (MAR ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ ﻍﻮـﻠﺑ ﺎـﺑ

ﻲﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻨﺑﺎﻳ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻛ

ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﭼ ﺮﻫ ﺰﺑﻮﻜﺟ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺗ

ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺪﻨﺑﺎﻳ

.

ﻥﻮﺳﺭﺪﻨﻫ )3

1997 (،

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﻮﻠﺑﺎﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ

5 ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻱﻻﺎـﻛ ﻱ

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻲﻣ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻲﻧﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﻮﭘ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ،ﻱﺍ ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ

. ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷ ـﻫﺩ

ﻪـﻛ ﺪ

ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﻮـﻗ ﺭﺎﻴـﺴﺑ ﺰﺑﻮـﻜﺟ ﻲﻧﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧMAR

ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﺮـﺗ .

ﻭ ﻱﺭﺪـﻴﺑ

ﺍﻭﺭﻮﻔﻴﺷ ) 2008 ( ﺭﺩ ، ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻱ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ 67

ﻪـﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻱ

ﻪﻓﺮـﺻ ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﺩﻭﺪﺣ 70 % ﻪﻓﺮـﺻ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺷﺭﺎﻣ ﻲﻧﻭﺮﻴﺑ 75

% ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺕﺎ

، ﺖـﺳﺩ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺰﺑﻮﻜﺟ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﺑ

ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﺪﻧﺍ

. ﻲـﻔﻨﻣ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ،ﺰـﻴﻧ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭMAR

ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ

ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﻲـﻔﻨﻣ ﻱﺮـﺛﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺪﻫﺩ

1- Vor &Groot.

2- Neffke, Svensson, Boschma, Lundquist, Olander.

3- Henderson.

(7)

ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮕﺑ . ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻛ

ﺮﺗ ﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺖـﺳ

.

ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺍﻭ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ

ﺵﻭﺭ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻲﻧﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻥﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻢﻬﺒﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﺕﻭﺎـﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻧ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺰﺑﻮﻜﺟ ﻭMAR .

3 - ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎ

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲـﻤﻗﺭ ﻪـﺳ ﺪﻛ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ )1

(ISIC ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ، .

ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺶـﺨﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﻁﻮـﺑﺮﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﺖﺌﻴﻫ ﻭ ﻱﺰﺑﺁ ﺕﺎﻧﺍﻮﻴﺣ ،ﻥﺪﻌﻣ ،ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻥﻭﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺩﺎـﻳﺯ ﻲﮕﺘـﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻞـﻴﻟﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﻱﺯﺮﻣ

ﺖـﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻑﺬـﺣ ﻞﻏﺎـﺸﻣ

ﺪـﻧﺍ . ﺩﺍﺪـﻌﺗ ﺐـﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﺑ

ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ 3692

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ 142

ﺭﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﻐﺷ 26

ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ ﺭﺎـﻣﺁ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳﺩ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻟﺎﺳ ﻩﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﻝﺎﺳ

ﺎﻫ

،ﻲﻟﺍﻮﺘﻣ ﻱ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ

ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻝﺎﺳ

ﺎﻫ ﻱ 1375 ﻭ

1385 ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ، ﻱ

ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ

ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻦﻜﺴﻣ ﻭ ﺱﻮﻔﻧ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺝﺍﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ

.2

ﻢﻴـﺴﻘﺗ ﻱﺪـﻨﺑ ﻲـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﺗﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱ

ﻭ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻱ

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﮓـﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻱﺪﻨﺑﺯﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻝﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻮﺟﻭ ﺮﺗﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻱ ﺘـﺷﺍﺪﻧ ﺩ

ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ ، ﻝﺎـﺳ ﻱﺎـﻫ

1385 ﻱﺪﻨﺑﺯﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ

1375 ﮓﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﺪﻧﺍ

.

4 - ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻭ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﺎﻫ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱ

ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﻮﭘ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻲﺠﻨﺳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻥﺎﺘـﺳﺍ

ﺎـﻫ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ﻱ ﻩﺩ ﻱ

ﻪﻟﺎﺳ ﻱ 1375 ﺎﺗ 1385 ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲ

ﺮﻴﮔ ﻭ ﻉﻮـﻨﺗ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻒـﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ ،ﺩ

ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﺎﻫ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱ

ﺩﻮﺷ .

1- InternationalStandardIndustrialClassification (ISIC).

-2 ﻘﺤﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻛﺫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺎﻘ

ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻥ ﻱ

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺘﺷﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﮓﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪ

. ﻝﺎﺳ ﻦﻜﺴﻣ ﻭ ﺱﻮﻔﻧ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ ﺭﺩ 1385

ﻩﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ

ﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻟﺎﺳ ﺶ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺮﺗ ﻱ

ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻱ

ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎﻣﺁ

، ﻪﺑ ﻲﻠﻳﻻﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﻚﻳ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ

ﻲﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻞﻏﺎﺷ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻙﺮﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻗﻮﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻦﻜﺴﻣ ﻭ ﺱﻮﻔﻧ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

1375

ﻪﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﺯﻭﺭ ﺖﻔﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻛ ﻱ

ﻛ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﻭﺭ ﻭﺩ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺭﻮﻣﺄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻏﺎﺷ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺩﺮ

ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﺪﻧﺍ

.

(8)

1 - 4 - ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﻮﭘ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﻞﻜﺷ 1 - ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺥﺮﻧ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﺎﻫ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱ 1385 - 1375

ﻞﻜﺷ 1

، ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻲﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱ

1375 ـﺗ ﺎ 1385 ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻫﺩ . ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ ﻞـﻛ ﺪـﺷﺭ

40 % ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻊﻳﺎﻨـﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻭ )

ﻊﻳﺎﻨـﺻ ﻞـﻛ ﻪـﺑ

ﺰـﺟ

ﺖﺌﻴﻫ ،ﻥﺪﻌﻣ ،ﻱﺰﺑﺁ ﺕﺎﻧﺍﻮﻴﺣ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻥﻭﺮـﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻱﺯﺮـﻣ ( ﺩﻭﺪـﺣ ﺭﺩ 59

ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ ﺪـﺻﺭﺩ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ

ﻝﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﺶﻴـﺑ ﺮـﺗ ﻪـﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻭ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺖﺳﺍ

. ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻦﻳ ﻝﺎﺳ

ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﺎـﻫ ﻱ

ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺎﮔﺰﻣﺮﻫ ﻭ ﺮﻬﺷﻮﺑ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ

) ﺮﻬـﺷﻮﺑ 72

% ﻥﺍﺮـﻬﺗ ، 59

% ﻥﺎـﮔﺰﻣﺮﻫ ﻭ 76

% ﺪـﺷﺭ

ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﻧﺍ .(

ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ ،ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ 34

% ﺎﺗ 52 % ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍ . ﻢﻛ ﺮﺗ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﻦﻳ

ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻥﻼﻴﮔ

17 % ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﺷﺭ .

2 - 4 - ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺹﺎﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ .

ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧ ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ ًﻼﻣﺎﻛ ،ﺮﻬﺷ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻥﺁﺭﺩ ﺮﮔﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻱ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﻛ

ﻉﻮﻧ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻜﻳ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻭ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺲـﭘ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻝﻮﻐﺸﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ

ﻪﻤﻫ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻱ

ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻜﻳ ﻉﻮﻧ ،ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

) ﻥﻮـﺘﻧﺍﺭﻭﺩ

،ﺎﮔﻮﭘ ﻭ 2001 .(

(9)

ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛﺮﭘ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮـﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ

ﻲﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ )1

(LQ ﻭ ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱ

ﻪـﻧﺎﺧﺭﺎﻛ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ،ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﺭﺩ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺮـﻫ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻲـﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻢﻬﺳ ﻱ

ـﺷﺎﺑ ﺪ .

ﺶﺨﺑ ﻲﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﻲﻜﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺪﻨﭼ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ

ﺭﺎـﻛ ﻪـﺑ ﺰـﻴﻧ ،ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ

ﻪــﺘﻓﺭ ﺪــﻧﺍ ) ،ﺍﻭﺭﻮﻔﻴــﺷ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺪــﻴﺑ 2008

.(

ــﺑ ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦــﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘــﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮــﻣ ﺺﺧﺎــﺷ ﻱﺍﺮ

ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻱ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

.

ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚـﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ ﻚﻳ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻢﻬﺳ ،ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ )

L ( _ir ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ ﻞـﻛ ﺯﺍ

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ) L ( _r ﻢﻬﺳ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻞﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ

) L ( _i ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻞـﻛ ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ ﺯﺍ

) L

ﻪﺑ (

ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ

ﻱ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻱ

ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻮﺷ

ﺩ . ﻭ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍi ﻪﺑ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍr

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ .

ﻪـﺑ ﺥﺮـﻧ ﻪﭼ ﺮﻫ

ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ گﺭﺰﺑ

ﺮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺪﺷ

، ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ ﻲـﻨﻌﻳ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻥﺁﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺍ

ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻛ

. ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺥﺮﻧ گﺭﺰﺑ

ﺮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ ﻥﺁ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻫﺩ

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ )

،ﺰﺗﺭﺍﻮﺷ ﻭ ﭻﻴﻧﺮﻫ ،ﻲﻠﻳﺍ

،ﺪﻠﻔﻧﺯﺭ 2009 :(

) 1 (

L L

L L LQ

i r ir ir=

ﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌ

ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻚـﻳ ﺮـﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻱﺪﻳﺩ

ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻦﻤﮔﻭﺮـﻛ ﻲـﻌﻤﺠﺗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ )2

،ﻦﻤﮔﻭﺮـﻛ 1991

( ﻲـﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺩﻮـﺷ

ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻞﻛ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ

.

) 2 å (

= -

= ^I I i

i r r ir

L L L KSI L

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ KSI

ﻦﻴﺑ 0 ﺎﺗ 2 ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﭼ ﺮﻫ گﺭﺰـﺑ

ﺮـﺗ

ﻪﻛ ﻲﻌﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ

ﻮﻃ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﺭ ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ

ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ

، ﻲﻣ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻭﺭ

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ) ،ﺰﺗﺭﺍﻮﺷ ﻭ ﭻﻴﻧﺮﻫ ،ﻲﻠﻳﺍ ،ﺪﻠﻔﻧﺯﺭ

2009 .(

ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﺭﺩ 1

ﻪﺳ ﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧ

1- Location Quotient.

2- Krugman Specialization Index (KSI).

(10)

1375 ) ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱ (

، ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻦﻳ ﻢﻛ ﺮﺗ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻳ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺍ

ﻲﻌﻳﺎﻨـﺻ

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﺎﻫ ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺮﺗ

ﺪﻧﺍ

، ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ .

ﻝﻭﺪﺟ 1 - ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻱ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻦﻳ ﻢﻛ ﺮﺗ ﻦﻳ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ 1375

ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻱ

ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ

ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ KSI

ﻪﻳﻮﻠﻴﮕﻬﻛ ﺮﻳﻮﺑ ﻭ 637 ﺪﻤﺣﺍ / 0 ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ

ﻰﻜﺷﺰﭙﻣﺍﺩ ﻯﺎﻫ )

88 / 4 (

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻰﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻯﺭﺎﻛﺩﺪﻣ ﻯﺎﻫ )

14 / 2 (

ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻰﻳﺎﻫ

- ﻭ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺿﺍ

) 09 / 2 (

ﻝﺎﺤﻣﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺑ ﻭ 568

/ 0 ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻰﻳﺍﻮﻫ ﻞﻘﻧﻭ ﻞﻤﺣ

ﻰﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻱ ) 31 / 4 (

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻰﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ ﻯﺎﻫ )

73 / 2 (

ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻰﻳﺎﻫ

- ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ )

54 / 2 (

ﻡﻼﻳﺍ 532 / 0 ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ

ﻰﻜﺷﺰﭙﻣﺍﺩ ﻯﺎﻫ )

98 / 3 (

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻰﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻯﺭﺎﻛﺩﺪﻣ ﻯﺎﻫ )

47 / 2 (

ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﺮﻴﺜﻜﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻯﺎﻫ

) 44 / 2 (

ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻢﻛ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻱ

ﺮﺗ

ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ KSI

ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻟ 065

/ 0 ﻲﻋﻮﻨﺼﻣ ﻑﺎﻴﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ

) 63 / 10 (

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻩﺭﻭﺎﺸﻣ ﻭ ﻰﺳﺮﺑﺎﺴﺣ ﻭ ﻯﺭﺍﺩﺮﺘﻓﺩ ﻭ ﻯﺭﺍﺪﺑﺎﺴﺣ ﻭ ﻰﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻯﺎﻫ )

12 / 2 (

ﻦﻫﺁ ﻩﺍﺭ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻭ ﻞﻤﺣ )

97 / 1 (

ﻥﺎﺳﺍﺮﺧ 178

/ 0 ﻭ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻯﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺩﺰﺧ ﺖﺳﻮﭘ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﮓﻧﺭ

) 78 / 2 (

ﻮﺗﻮﻣ ﺮﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻯﺭﺍﺪﻬﮕﻧ ﻭ ﺵﻭﺮﻓ ﻡﺯﺍﻮﻟ ﻭ ﻰﻛﺪﻳ ﺕﺎﻌﻄﻗ ﻭ ﺖﻠﻜﻴﺳﺭ

) 38 / 2 (

ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻞﺘﻫ ﻱ

ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺎﻛﺭﺍﺪﺗ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻭ ﮓﻨﻴﭙﻤﻛ )

26 / 2 (

ﻥﺎﺠﻳﺎﺑﺭﺫﺁ ﻲﻗﺮﺷ 207 / 0 ﺹﺎﺧ ﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﺎﺑ ﺕﻻﺁ ﻦﻴﺷﺎﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ

) 96 / 3 (

ﻡﺎﻋ ﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﺎﺑ ﺕﻻﺁ ﻦﻴﺷﺎﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ )

38 / 3 (

ﺶﻔﻛ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ )

94 / 2 (

ﺬﺧﺄﻣ : ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ

3 - 4 - ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﻫ ﺎ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱ

ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻱﺮﻬﺷ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪـﻫﺩ

. ﻚـﻳ

ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧ ﻉﻮﻨﺘﻣ ًﻼﻣﺎﻛ ،ﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺮﮔﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻜﻳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺎـﻬﻣ ﻉﻮـﻧm

ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﻬـﺷ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ ،ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻝﻮﻐﺸﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻉﻮﻧm

ﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻜﻳ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻩ

ﻉﻮـﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺪـﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻚـﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺍﺭm

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ) ،ﺎﮔﻮﭘ ﻭ ﻥﻮﺘﻧﺍﺭﻭﺩ 2001

.(

ﻩﺯﺍﺪـﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺎـﻫﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻉﻮـﻨﺗ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ

ﺭﺎﻴـﺴﺑ

(11)

ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ . ﻦﻤﺷﺮﻴﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ -

ﺞﻳﺍﺭ ﻪﻛ ﻝﺍﺪﻨﻴﻓﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺭﺎـﻴﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ

ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ

ﻲـﻣ ﻪﺒـﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺕﺭ ﺩﻮـﺷ

) ،ﻲـﻠﻳﺍ

،ﺪﻠﻔﻧﺯﺭ ،ﺰﺗﺭﺍﻮﺷ ﻮﭽﻴﻧﺮﻫ 2009

( :

) 3 (

2

1

å= ÷ ø ç ö è

= ^I æ

i r

r irL

HHI L

ir ﻪﻛ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ L ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ ﻞﻛ ﻪﺑi

ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻱ ،r ﻞـﻛLr ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ

ﻭ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗI

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ .

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﭼﺮﻫ ﺶﻴﺑ

ﺮﺗ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ

ـﻫﺩ ﺪ

ﻪﻛ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﺗ ﻱﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻩﺯﺍﺪـﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ،ﻉﻮـﻨﺗ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺱﻮﻜﻌﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ

ﻮﺷ ﻥﻮﺳﺭﺪﻨﻫ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺩ ﻲﻣ1

ﺪـﻨﻣﺎﻧ

ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺕﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻚﻳ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻀﻌﺑ ﺪـﻧﺍ

ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ :

ﻲﻨﻴﺟ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ )

ﺷﺍ ﺐﺴﺣﺮﺑ ﻉﺍﺮﺘﺧﺍ ﺖﺒﺛ ﺎﻳ ﻝﺎﻐﺘ

( ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻞﻛ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ، ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ

ﻱ

ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻞﻛ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻞﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻢﻬﺳ ،ﻱﺮﻬﺷ .

ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻤﺷﺮﻴﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺱﻮﻜﻌﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ

- ﻪـﺑ ﻝﺍﺪﻨﻴﻓﺮﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ

، ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺭﻮﻃ ﺍﻭﺭﻮﻔﻴﺷ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺪﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ )

2008 ( ﺭﺩ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻱ ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﺩﻮـﺧ

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺞﻳﺍﺭ ،ﺪﻧﺍ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ

ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻱﺮﻬـﺷ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . HHI ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ

ﻱ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻳﺪﺷ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ .

ﻝﻭﺪﺟ 2 - ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻱ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻦﻳ ﻢﻛ ﺮﺗ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻦﻳ ﻱ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ 1375

ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ HHI ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻱ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻢﻛ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺮﺗ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ HHI

ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻱ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ

49 / 6 ﻝﺎﺤﻣﺭﺎﻬﭼ

ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺑ 62

/ 26 ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ

73 / 7 ﺪﻤﺣﺍﺮﻳﻮﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻳﻮﻠﻴﮕﻬﻛ

25 / 25 ﻥﻼﻴﮔ

25 / 8 ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻴﺳ

ﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﭼﻮﻠﺑ 73

/ 21 ﻥﺎﻬﻔﺻﺍ

ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻱ

ﻭﺩ ﻝﺎﺤﻣﺭﺎﻬﭼ ،ﺖﺳﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﻴﺘﺨﺑ ﻭ

ﻪﻳﻮﻠﻴﮕﻬﻛ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎ

ﻭ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻤﺣﺍﺮﻳﻮﺑ ﺶﻴﺑ

ﺮﺗ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻦﻳ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻱ

ﻢﻛ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻧﺍ ﻪـﺟﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ

ﻱ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺪـﻨﻫﺩ

. ﻭ ﻥﺎﺘـﺴﻴﺳ ﻥﺎﺘـﺴﭼﻮﻠﺑ

ﺺـﺼﺨﺗ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﺘـﺳﺍ ﻦﻴـﻤﺠﻨﭘ ﻢـﻫ

ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻉﻮـﻨﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﻻﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻥﺎﻬﻔﺻﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ

ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻩﺩﺭ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ

ﻱﺎﻫ 19 ، 8 ، 21 ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺷﺎﺑ ﺪﻨ . ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ

1- Henderson Decentralization index.

(12)

ﻞﻜﺷ ﺯﺍ 2 ﺰﻴﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻴﻧ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻭ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ

ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳ ﺶﻴـﺑ ﺮـﺗ ﻦﻳ ﻪـﺟﺭﺩ ﻱ ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺺـﺼﺨﺗ ﻢـﻛ

ﺮـﺗ ﻦﻳ ﻪـﺟﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻉﻮـﻨﺗ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺲﻜﻋﺮﺑ ﻭ .

ـﻛ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺮ

ﺶﻴـﺑ ﺮـﺗ گﺭﺰـﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻬـﺷ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲـﻣ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻱﻻﺎـﺑ ﺺـﺼﺨﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻧﺮﺑ

ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ .

ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﺎـﻫ ﻢـﻫ ﻥﺎﺘـﺳﺯﻮﺧ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻤـﺳ ﻱ ﻪـﺟﺭﺩ

ﻱ

ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ

ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﻻﺎﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ

.

ﺤﻣ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎ

ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺـﺼﺨﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺳﺭ

ﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱ .

ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻦﻤﮔﻭﺮﻛ ﻲﻌﻤﺠﺗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ

ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﺎﻫ ﻚﻳ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱ ﻪﺑ

ﺖـﺳﺩ ﺪـﻣﺎﻴﻧ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩ . ﺮـﻈﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺳﺭ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱ ﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ

ﻉﻮـﻨﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﻧﺮﺑ

. ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ،ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪـﻴﻳﺄﺗ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻲﺠﻨﺳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻮﺷ ﺩ .

ﻒﻟﺍ ( ؛ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺏ

( ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ

ﻞﻜﺷ 2 - ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻭ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﺎﻫ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱ ) 1375 :(

5 - ﺘﻣ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐ

ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﻲﮕﻧﻮـﮕﭼ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺷ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ

» ﻲﺟﺭﺎـﺧ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ

ﺰﺑﻮﻜﺟ « ﻭ

» ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ «MAR

ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ

ﺎـﻫ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻲـﻃ ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ﻱ ﻩﺩ ﻱ

ﻪﻟﺎﺳ ﻱ 1375 ﺎﺗ 1385 ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺩﻮﺷ

. ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺥﺮﻧ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ

ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ 142

ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻲﻣ

ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

Lˆir

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ .

ﺎـﺑ ﺮـﺑﺍﺮﺑr

ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱ 1375

ﻭ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗi ﻲﻣ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻖﺒﻃ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻱ

ﺭﺩ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻞﻛ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺮﻫ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻝﺎﺳ

ﺎـﻫ ﻱ 1375

ﻒﻟﺍ ﺏ

(13)

ﺎﺗ 1385 ﻝﺎﻣﺮﻧ ﺮﻧ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺥ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ )

1ﺰﺒﻤﻛ ، 2000 .(

ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ

:

) 4 (

ir ir ir

i i

L ˆ L L

L L

=

85 75 85

75

ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺭﻮﻃ ﺖﻤﺴﻗﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ 2

- 5 ﺪـﺷ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ،

ﻩﺯﺍﺪـﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ،ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺖﺳﺍLQ

. ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ ،ﺺـﺼﺨﺗ ﺮﺗﻻﺎـﺑ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ

LQ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺩﻮﺷ

. ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱ ﻥﺎﺘـﺳﺍ ﺮـﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻐـﺷ ﺮـﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ ﻖﻠﻄﻣ

) L ( _ir ﻲـﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ،ﻦﻴـﻤﺨﺗ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻢﻫ ﺩﻮـﺷ

) ﻭ ﺰﺗﺭﺍﻮـﺷ ،ﭻﻴﻧﺮـﻫ ،ﻲـﻠﻳﺍ

،ﺪﻠﻔﻧﺯﺭ 2009 .(

ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻤﺷﺮﻴﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ

- ﻝﺍﺪﻨﻴﻓﺮﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺼﺧﺎﺷ 3

- 5 ﺪﺷ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ

ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ، ﻞـﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻉﻮـﻨﺗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﻲـﻣ

ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ . ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻦﻤـﺷﺮﻴﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﻦـﻳﺍ

ﺎـﺟ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ

ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺮﻫ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ

ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ

:

) 5 (

( )

J

jr r ir

j j i ir

J

j r

j j i

(L L L )

HHI J , , ,...,i ,..., j,...,

(L L L )

=¹

-

= =

-

å å

2 1

1

1 2 3 142

1

ﻖﺒﻃ ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﻱ ﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺭ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻉﻮـﻨﺗ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻩﺪـﻣﺁ ﺖـﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﺩﻭﺭ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺖﻣﻼﻋ .

ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ

ﻱ ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ ﻢﻛﺍﺮـﺗ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ (L )r

ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .

ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻢﻛﺍﺮﺗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ،ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺷ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗ

ﺎ ﺺﺧ

ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱ ﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﻫ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻲـﻣ ﻖـﻠﻄﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎ

ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ) ،ﺪـﻠﻔﻧﺯﺭ ،ﺰﺗﺭﺍﻮـﺷ ﻮـﭽﻴﻧﺮﻫ ،ﻲـﻠﻳﺍ

2009 .(

ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﺩﻭﺭ

.

1- Combes.