ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺺﻴﺼﺨﺗ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ :
ﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ
ﻼﻴﺗﻭﺮﻛ -
ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﺺﻴﺼﺨﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺸﻴﻓ ﻱ
ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺏﺁ ﻱ
ﻪﻨﻳﺭﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ
ﻩﺯﺮﺷ ﻲﻠﻌﻣﻼﻏ ﻱﺍ
ﺭﺎﻴﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻱ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ gasharzei@yahoo.com
ﺪﺟﺎﻣ ﺪﻴﺣﻭ
1
*
ﺭﺎﻳﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻱ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ majed@ut.ac.ir
ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
11 / 2 / 91 ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ : 23 / 8 / 91
ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺿﻮﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺏﺁ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻱ ﺮﻬـﺷ ﻑﺭﺎـﺼﻣ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻳﺮﺑﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
،ﻱ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ ﻖﻃﺎـﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ
،ﺖﺳﺩ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﺟ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺻ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﺗﺁ ﻞﺴﻧ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﺁ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻫﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻞـﺻﺎﺣ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﺮـﮔﺍ
ﻭ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻥﺎﻳﺯ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻴﺻ
ﻪـﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﻫﺎﻓﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺍ
ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﻪﺟﻮﺘﻣ ﺮﻛ
ﺩ .
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪـﺑ ،ﻪـﻴﻣﻭﺭﺍ ﻱ ﻪـﻨﻳﺭﺯ ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ
،ﺩﻭﺭ ﺐﺒـﺳ
ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﺟ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﺕﺍﺮﻄﺧ ﻥﺪﻣﺁ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺪ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺩﻮـﺧ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻱ
ﺎﺑ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖـﺴﻳﺯ ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻚـﻳ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻲـﻄﻴﺤﻣ
ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻪـﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﺥﺮـﻧ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ
ﻝﺪـﻣ ﻚـﻳ ﺐـﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺖـﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻱ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺏﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻪﻨﻳﺭﺯ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻈﻧ ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺖـﺷﺎﺒﻧﺍ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻡﺪـﻋ ﻭ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﺖـﻟﺎﺣ ﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ .
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ
ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺏﺁ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﺪﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗ ﻱﺍ
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ
ﻭ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ
ﺪﻳﺪﺸﺗ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ
.
ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ :
Q25, Q27, Q57, C61
ﺪﻴﻠﻛ ژﺍﻭ ﻩ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ،ﺏﺁ: ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﻱ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ، ،ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ
،ﺮﺸﻴﻓ ﻼﻴﺗﻭﺮﻛ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻪﻨﻳﺭﺯ
ﺩﻭﺭ
* - ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﻱ ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ .
1 - ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺖﺒﻫﻮﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺱﻮﺘﻟﺎـﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ،ﺖﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺄ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎـﻔﻴﻟ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺲﻜﻌﻨﻣ .
ﻟﺎﻣ ﺪﻳﺎﻘﻋ ﺭﺩ ًﺎﺳﺎﺳﺍ ،ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ،ﻲﺳﻮﺘ
ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻊـﺒﻨﻣ ﻚـﻳ
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺏﺎﻴﻤﻛ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
. ﻥﺁ ﺮﮕﻧﺎـﻴﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮـﺷ ﻭ ﻙﺭﺍﺪـﻣ ﻲـﺧﺮﺑ
ﻩﺩﺮﺘـﺴﮔ ﺍﺭ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳﺩ ،ﻲﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ،ﻩﺩﺮـﻛ ﺮـﺗ
ﻪـﺑ ﻱﺭﻮـﻃ ﻪـﻛ
ﻲﺑﺎﻴﻤﻛ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺱﻮﺘﻟﺎﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ
، ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻴﻧ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺭﺩ .
ﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪـﭼ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻙﺭﺍﺪﻣ ﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﺰ ﻪﻨﻳ ﻝﻮـﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﻱﺎﻫ
،ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺎﻣﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺳﺭ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﻲـﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖـﺴﻳﺯ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ . ١
ﻼﻴﺗﻭﺮﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ -
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺸﻓ ﻱ
ﻲـﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ
ﻲﺣﺍﻮﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺎﻴﺑ
ﻪﻤﻴﻧ ﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺎﻴﺑ ﻱ ﺍ
ﺷ ﺘ ﻪ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ، ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻚﻳ ﻱ
ﻪﻳﻭﺍﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ
ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺰﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ
- ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻡﻮﺳﺮﻣ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ
ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻪــﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮــﻗ .
ﻪــﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻉﻮــﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﻌــﺳﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪــﺘﻓﺭ ﺖــﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺖــﺻﺮﻓ ﻱﺎــﻫ
ﻊﺑﺎــﻨﻣ ﻱ
ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺚﺤﺑ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ
. ﺎﺘـﺳﺍﺭ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻱ
ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﻪـﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ
ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ
. ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ
ﻱ ﻪﻨﻳﺭﺯ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺩﻭﺭ
ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻏ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺪـﺷ ﻩﺩﺮـﺑ ﺭﺎـﻛ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﻛ
ﻩ
ﺖﺳﺍ .
2 - ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺪﻣﺎﺠﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺗﺍ ﻲﺘﺣ ﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﺨﺗ ،ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ .
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻬﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖ
ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱ
ﻲـﻣ ﻡﻭﺍﺪـﻣ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺐﺒـﺳ ﺩﻮـﺷ ﻪـﺸﻴﻤﻫ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻊـﺒﻨﻣ ﻡﺎـﻤﺗﺍ .
ﺩ ﺭ
ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﻱ ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ
ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺘﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺄ
ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﻲﻟﻭ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻒﺳ ﺘـﺴﻴﻧ ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨ .
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺗ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ2
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻧﺪﺷ .
ﺥﺮـﻧ ﺪـﻴﻨﻛ ﺽﺮﻓ
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻪـﻧﻮﮔ ﻚـﻳ ﻞـﺜﻣ ﻲﻧﺪﺷﺪﻳﺪﺠﺗ
ﻱ ﺢﻄـﺳ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﺠﻨﻣ ﺹﺎـﺧ
ﻩﺮﻴﺧﺫ ﻱ ﻢﻛ ﻱﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺗ
ﻝﻮـﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺪـﻳﺎﭘ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﺯﺍ
1- Krutilla and Fisher, 1986.
2-Irreversibility.
ﺭﺩ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺪـﺷ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺽﺮﻘﻨﻣ ﻲﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ .
ﻚـﻳ
ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻱ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪ
ﺮﻳﺎـﺑ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻱ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻀﻌﺑ ﻱﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻣ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺩﻮـﺷ . ﺲـﭘ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﺖﺸﻛ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻱ
، ﻥﺎـﻜﻣﺍ ﻪـﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﺖﻴﻌـﺿﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺎـﻳ ﻭ ﺖـﺴﻴﻧ ﺮﻳﺬـﭘ
ﻲﻤﻧ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻱ ﺩﺩﺮﮔﺯﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﺒﻗ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ .1
ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺟ ﺎﺳﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻥﺭﺎﻘﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻚﻳ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﺳ
: ﻪـﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻤﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻱ
ﺍﺮـﺟﺍ
ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
، ﻪـﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻤﻴﻤـﺼﺗ ﻲـﻟﻭ ﻱ
ﺍﺮـﺟﺍ
ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ
، ﻭ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ،ﺪﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ .
ﺭﺩ ،ﻡﻭﺩ ﺖـﻟﺎﺣ ،ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺏﺎـﺨﺘﻧﺍ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻡﺎـﻤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻲـﻣ ﻲـﻔﺘﻨﻣ ﺪـﻌﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻛ ﺪـﻨ . ﻩﺎﮔﺪـﻳﺩ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍﺮﺑ
ﺑ ﺖﺸﮔﺮ ،ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻪﭽﻧﺎﻨﭼ
ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ
ﻱﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﺎﻳ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺶﻴﺑ
ﺮﺗ
ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ
.
ﺎﺑ ﺮﺸﻴﻓ ﻭ ﻼﻴﺗﻭﺮﻛ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﻱ ﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪ ﺎـﺑ ﺖـﺧﺭﺩ ﻢـﻛ ﻲﻧﺎـﺑﺎﻴﺑ ﻲﺣﺍﻮـﻧ ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻱ
ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻙﺪﻧﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ .
ﻱﺎـﻀﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﻝﻭﺍ
ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺪﻌﻣ ﺝﺍﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ ،ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ ﻊﻄﻗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻦﻴـﻣﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ
ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻪـﻛ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧ ﻱﺍ
ﻩ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻭ
، ﻲﺋﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭﺩ ـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻥﺎـﻤﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﻪ
،ﻲﻫﺎـﻓﺭ ﺕﺎـﻧﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻭ ﺕﻼﻴﻬـﺴﺗ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻫﺎـﻓﺭ ﺕﺎﻣﺪـﺧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻭ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻢﺸﭼ ﻩﺩﺮـﻛ ﺮﻛﺫ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻭ ﺎﺒﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺪـﻧﺍ
. ١
ﻥﺎﺸﻳﺍ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺡﺮﻃ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻪ ﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﻳﺎﺧﺫ ﻪﻛﺪﻧ
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ
ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ
ﻱ ﻲﻤﻧﺯﺎـﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺪـﻧﺩﺮﮔ
. ﻦـﻳﺍ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺭﺎـﺷﺍ ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺪـﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻥﺁ ﺎـﻫ
ﻪــﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﺖــﻟﺎﺣ ﻪــﺑ ﺖــﺸﮔﺯﺎﺑ ﻞــﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﺪــﻧﺍ
. ﻪﻌــﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎــﻫﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻞــﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺮــﺑ ﻲــﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻱﺍ
ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻴﺸﻧﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ ﻲﻨ ﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻨ ﺮﻳﺎﺧﺫ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺪ
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﻛ ﻢﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻨ ﺪﻨ
، ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺕﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻪﺑ
ﺭﻮـﻃ ﻞـﻣﺎﻛ
ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻦﻴﺸﻧﺎﺟ ﻮﺷ
ﺪﻧ .
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﺭﺍﺩﻮـﻤﻧ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ 1
ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ .
ﻪـﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻞـﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺳﻮﺗ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻱ ﻌ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻪ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲـﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖـﺴﻳﺯ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺯﺍ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺖﺷﺬﮔ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻟﻭ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻞـﺻﺎﺣ ﻱﺭﺎـﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
1- Peramn et al 1996.
ﺖـﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻱﺭﺎـﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ
، ﺯﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﺸﻴﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ
) ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻱ ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻱﻭﺭA 1
.(
ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ 1 - ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺪﻧﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ
ﻲﻣ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺡﺮﻃ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ ﺩﻮـﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻢﻴـﻤﻌﺗ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻱ
. ﻩﺭﺎـﺷﺍ
ﺷ ﺪ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻲﺣﺍﻮـﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻧ ﻖﻃﺎــﻨﻣ ﻲــﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﻪــﻤﻴ
ﻪــﺑ ﻲﻧﺎــﺑﺎﻴﺑ ﻭ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻩﺪــﺷ ﻪــﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺎــﻛ
ﻂــﻘﻓ ﻦﺘﻓﺮــﮔ ﺮــﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺮــﺑ
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻳﺎﻓ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ -
ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ
، ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻭ ﺏﺁ ﺑ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺯﺍ ﻱ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ،ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺖـﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺖـﺧﺭﺩ ﻢﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺎﻴﺑ ﻖ
ﻪﺑ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﺏﺁ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻚﺸﺧ ﻪﻤﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻚﺸﺧ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻜﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ .
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺿﻮﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺏﺁ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻱ ﻑﺭﺎـﺼﻣ ﺖـﻬﺟ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻳﺮﺑﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ،ﻱﺮﻬﺷ ـﺑ ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ
،ﺖﺳﺩ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺐﺒﺳ
ﻥﺍﺮﺒﺟ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺻ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺗﺁ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻞﺴﻧ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﺁ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ،ﺩﻮـﺷ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪـﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻴﺻ ﻭ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﮔﺍ
ﻥﺎﻳﺯ ﻲﻫﺎﻓﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﻪﺟﻮﺘﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ
ﺮﻛ ﺩ .
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ
ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺏﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻱ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻝﺍﺭﺁ ﺷ
ﺪ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻚـﺸﺧ
ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﺍﺮـﺒﺟ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ
ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ
ﻪـﺿﻮﺣ ﺰـﻳﺮﺑﺁ ﻱ ﺍﺭﺁ
ﻝ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻱﺎﺟ ﺎﻫ
ﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﻮﻧﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱ ـﻄ
ﻪـﺘﺧﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺮ ،
ﻨﻛﺎﺳ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﺗ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﺎ
ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﻲﻧﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﺕﺍﺮﻄﺧ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻥ ﺩﺮﻛ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ . ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﻪﻴﻣﻭﺭﺍ ﻪﺿﻮﺣ
ﻱ
ﺰﻳﺮﺑﺁ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻮـﺟ ﻥﺍﺮـﺒﺟ ﻲـﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖـﺴﻳﺯ ﺕﺍﺮـﻄﺧ ﻥﺪـﻣﺁ ﻱﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ
ـﺷ ﺩﺎـﻌﺑﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﻩﺪ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ .
ﺏﺁ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺪﺳ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ
ﻪﺿﻮﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻪـﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﻴﻣﻭﺭﺍ ﺯﻭﺮـﺑ ﺭﺎـﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﻌﻨـﺻ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎـﺸﻛ ،ﻱﺮﻬـﺷ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
گﺭﺰﺑ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻚﺸﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻟﺎﺴﻜﺸﺧ ﺮﺗ
ﻦﻳ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻦﻴﻣﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺎﻳﺭﺩ
ﻪﭼ ﻱ ﻥﺎـﻬﺟ ﺭﻮـﺷ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻴﺸﺨﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺏﺎﺘﺷ .
ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺏﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻳ ﻪﻨﻳﺭﺯ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺏﺁ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪـﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻖﺒﻃ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻭﺭ
ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﺠﻳﺎﺑﺭﺫﺁ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻤﻬﺳ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺮﻏ
40 ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺏﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎـﺸﻛ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺖﻬﺟ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻴﻣﺄـﺗ
ﺏﺁ ﺏﺮـﺷ 12
گﺭﺰﺑ ﻭ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﺮﻬﺷ ،1
ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﺏﺁ ًﻼـﻤﻋ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪـﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ
ﻱ ﻪـﻴﻣﻭﺭﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﻞﺼﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻭ ﻲـﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖـﺴﻳﺯ ﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﺟ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺻ ﻭ ﺪﺳﺮﺑ ﺮﻔﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺭﺎﺑ ﻢﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺪﻧﺰﺑ ﻢﻗﺭ ﺍﺭ ﻲ .2
ﻝﺎﺜﻣ
،ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻤﻫ
ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺖـﺴﻳﺯ ﺮﻳﺪـﭘﺎﻧ
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﻲـﻄﻴﺤﻣ
ﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﺕﺪـﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲ
ﻲﻣ ﺏﺁ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻱ
ﺮـﺿﺎﺣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ .
3 - ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺏﺁ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ـﻫﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺎـﺑ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺏﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻪـﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻞـﺜﻣ ﻪـﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ ﻱﺎ
ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺘﻌﻨـﺻ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ،ﻱﺮﻬﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ
، ﺍﺭ ﻲﺘﻴﺑﻮـﻠﻄﻣ ﻭ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ
ﺼﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻑﺮ ﻛ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻛ ﺪﻨ . ﺖـﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻝﺎـﺣ ﻦﻴﻋ ﺭﺩ
ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻲﻣ ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻪـﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪـﺧ ﻭ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺏﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻛ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻪﺑﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎ
ﻱ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺖﻴﻋﻮﺒﻄﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ3
ﺭﺩ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ
ﻱ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺟ ﻩ
ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺏﺁ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺗﺁ ﻱ ﺩﻮـﺷ
. ﺯﺍ
ﻩﻭﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺏﺁ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻌﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻱ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎـﺟ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺗﺁ ﺪﻧﻭﺭ
، ﻲﻣ ﺖﻴﻋﻮﺒﻄﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﻢﺘـﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻱﺍﻮﻫ
1 - ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ :
،ﻲﻤﻴﻠـﺳ ﺪﻴﻬـﺷ ﻙﺮﻬـﺷ ،ﺮﻬـﺷﻭﺮﺴﺧ ،ﺮﻬـﺷﺭﺫﺁ ،ﺮﻴـﺸﺒﺠﻋ ،ﺏﺎﻨﺑ ،ﻥﺎﻜﻠﻣ ،ﺏﺁﻭﺪﻧﺎﻴﻣ
ﺩﻭﺭﺩﺮﺳ ،ﻲﭽﺨﻠﻳﺍ 2 - ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺏﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻴﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﻗﺮﺷ ﻥﺎﺠﻳﺎﺑﺭﺫﺁ ﻱﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ .
3- Amenity.
ﺖـﻴﻋﻮﺒﻄﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺰﺒﺳﺮﺳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻭ ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ،ﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ،ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻢﺸﭼ ﻭ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺒﻳﺯ ﺮﻇﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺪـﺼﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻱﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﺏﺁ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ،ﺩﻭﺭ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ
ﻪﻛ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺁ ﻭ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺏﺁ ﻢـﺠﺣ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻕﻼﺗﺎﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺏﺍﺩﺮﻣ ،ﺏﻻﺎﺗ ،ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺭﺎـﺛ
ﺪﻧﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻦﺘﻓﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ،ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻭ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺍ
ﻩﺩﻮـﺗ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺭ ﻲﺘـﺴﻳﺯ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ
ﺖـﺴﻳﺯ ﻞـﺤﻣ ﻦﺘـﻓﺭ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺎـﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺧ ﺽﺮﻌﻣ ﺭﺩ ،ﻥﺎﻳﺰﺑﺁ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ،ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻄ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻥﺩﺎﺘﻓﺍ ﺮ
ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻦﺘﻓﺭ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﺎﻫ ﻲﻫﺎـﻣ ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻭ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ
ﻦﺘـﻓﺭ ﺖـﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺕﻼﻴـﺷ
ﻞﺜﻣ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻲﺤﻳﺮﻔﺗ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺎﻨﺷ
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ،ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻘﻳﺎﻗ ﻭ .
ﻱﺎـﻫﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪـﻛ ﻪـﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻞـﺜﻣ ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊـﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴـﺑ ﺖـﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ ﺐﺒﺳ
ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻦﺘﻓﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻱ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺟ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺗﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺩﻮﺷ
، ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
، ﺕﺎﻣﺪـﺻ
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﺟ ﻪﻳﺍﺭﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﻱ ﻲﻤﺘـﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪـﺧ
ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻲﺗﺁ ﺪﻨﻛ
. ﺮﺘﺳﺭﻮﻓ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ1
ﻱ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ
ﻱژﺮﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻢﻫ ﻪﻛ ، ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺖﻴﺑ
ﻨﻛ ﻭ ﺵﺮﺘـﺴﮔ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﺪ
ﻲﻣ ،ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﻱ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺏﺁ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ
ﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ .
ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺪـﻴﻗ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ
ﻮﺷ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻭ ﺩ ﻱ
ﻪـﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﻞﻴﻜـﺸﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺑﺎـﻳ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺪﻴﻗ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻱ
ﻝﺎـﻤﻋﺍ ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻨﻴﻬﺑ
ﺸﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪ . ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺏﺁ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻢﻴﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ W
، ﺖـﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻓﺮـﺼﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ
ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ C=C(W) ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ
. ﺯﺍ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺏﺁ ﺐﺒﺳ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻦﺘﻓﺭ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺪ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ
ﺪﻳﺁ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲـﻣ ،
ﻮـﺷ ﺩ .
ﺮـﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻢﻳﺮـﻴﮕﺑ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺭﺩr
،
ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺩﻮـﺑ ﺪـﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺏﺁ ﺖـﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻌﺑﺎﺗ
. ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺥﺮـﻧ ﺮـﮔﺍ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ r
ﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ r
،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻩﺩﺍ ﻫﺍﻮﺧ
ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻢﻴ :
) 1 ( f (W) f¢
r =f (W) >0 r =f (W)
ﺭﺩ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ r)
( r ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻌﺑﺎـﺗ )W
ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ
ﺏﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ (
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ .
ﺖﺤﺗ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺏﺁ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻪـﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺏﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺖـﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺮـﺑ ﻩﻭﻼـﻋ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻭﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻪﻧﻻﺎﺳ ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻱ
ﻭ ﺵﺭﺎـﺑ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺏﺁ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﺎـﻫ ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱ
ﺏﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﻪﻴﻔﺼﺗ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻲﺘﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ
ﻱ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺎﻫﺭ ﻭ ﺏﻼﺿﺎﻓ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ
1- Bruce A. Forester.
ﻥﺍﺮﺒﺟ ﺍﺭ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻪﻧﻻﺎﺳ ﻲﻣ
ﻛ ﻨ ﺪ . ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ
، ﺏﺁ ﺮﻴﺨﺒﺗ
ﺪﺸﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻳ
ﻛ ﻨ ﺪ . ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﺮﮔﺍ ﺺﻟﺎـﺧ
ﺏﺁ ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻪﺑ
ﺭﺍﺪـﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻢﻴـﻫﺩ ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ K
، ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺥﺮـﻧ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ
، ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻌﺑﺎﺗ :
) 2 g(K) g¢ (
r = (K) <0 r =g(K)
ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺥﺮﻧ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ r)
(r ﺖﺤﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﺺﻟﺎـﺧ ﺏﺁ ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻪـﺑ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻲﺗﺭﺎـﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻭ
ﺏﺁ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﻢﺘـﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺹﺎـﺼﺘﺧﺍ
) (K ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﺰـﻴﻧ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ .
ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ
، ﺮﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺪﺷﺭ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻛ
ﺪﻨ
، ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺥﺮـﻧ ﺎـﺑ ﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ
ﺖـﺤﺗd ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ
ﺩﻮﺒﻤﻛ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺩﻮﺑ
. ﺭﺎـﺛﺁ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ
ﻲـﻠﺒﻗ ﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺩﺎﻳﺩﺯﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
. ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻠﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﺖﺤﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺖﺷﻮﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
:
) 3 ( f (w) g(K)
r = - + dr
r =f (w)(w)-
ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺏﺁ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ
ﻱ ﺎـﺑ ﺮـﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ S
، ﻪـﻛ ﺮـﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻚـﻳ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺮﻴﺧﺫ ﻭ
ﺖﺤﺗ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻣ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺎﻫﺭ ﻭ ﻱﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺮﻳﺪـﭘﺎﻧ
ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
، ﺥﺮـﻧ
ﻪﻈﺤﻟ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻪﺑ
ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻳﺯ :
) 4 ( S= - -W K
S W K S W S W
ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ 1 ﺎﺗ 4 ﻱﺎﻳﻮﭘ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻭ r
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ S ﻲﻣ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺯﺍ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ
r . ﻭ ﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ S
ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺏﺁ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ
ﻱ ﺘﺴﻫ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺪﻨ
.
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ )
(،W ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻱﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺹﺎـﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﻭ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﻱﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺏﺁ )
(K ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ .
ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ
ﺍﺭ ﻊـﺒﻨﻣ ﺏﺁ ﻑﺮـﺼﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪـﺑ
ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻌﺑﺎـﺗ
ﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎ
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﺪـﺧ ﺎـﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﻢﻳﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻪﺑ
ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻲﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺩﻮﺷ
:
) 5
C (
CC
SU(t) U[C(W(t)), (W(t))] U , U U U C C
r rr
= r > <
¢ ¢¢
< < > <
0 0
0 0 0 0
ﺭﺩ ﻪــﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﻕﻮــﻓ ؛ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻩﺎــﻓﺭ ﺢﻄــﺳ SU
UC >0
CC ﻭ U <0
ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﻩﺪــﻨﻫﺩ ﻱ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﻲﻳﺎــﻬﻧ ﺖــﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ
،
؛ﻊــﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺏﺁ ﺖــﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻲــﻟﻭﺰﻧ ﻲــﻟﻭ Ur<0
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻱ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻨﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺎﻓ
ﻊ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ )
ﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ (
ﻭ
Urr<0 ﻥﺎﺸﻧ
ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻱ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﻲﺋﺎﻬﻧ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻱ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺩﺎﻳﺩﺯﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ
C¢ >0. C¢¢ <0 ﻭ
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻱ ﻑﺮـﺼﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺎﻛ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻟﻭ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺏﺁ .
ﺢﻳﺮﺼﺗ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺥﺮﻧ ﻱﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ
ﻪـﺑ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﺖـﻬﺟ ﺏﺁ ﺖـﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻌﺑﺎـﺗ
ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺎﻫﺭ ﻭ
ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻲﻣ ﺢﻳﺮﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﺷ
.
) 6 ( W K , , 0 1
r = a -b + dr 0< b £ a < d <
r = a -b +WW KK
ﺭﺩ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ
،β ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﺟ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺶﻴـﭘ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﮔ ﻴ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪـﻧﺍﺮ
ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺮﺗ
ﻱﻭﺎﺴﻣ ﺎﻳ ﺖـﺳﺍα
، ﺶﻴـﭘ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺪـﻗﺍ ﺖـﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺮـﺘﻬﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮـﻳﺯ ﮔ
ﻴ ﻪـﻧﺍﺮ
) ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺏﺁ ﺺﻴﺼﺨﺗ (
ـﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻲ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎـﺣ ﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮﮕﻠﺟ
ﺪﻨﻛ . ﻥﺎـﻴﺑ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ 3 ﻥﺁ ﺢﻳﺮـﺼﺗ ﻭ ﻪـﺑ
ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ 6 ،
ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻛ ﺪﻴﻗ ﻥﺩ ﻪـﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﺭﺩ ،ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻡﻮـﺳﺮﻣ ﻱﺯﺎـﺳ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ .
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻱ ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺮﻛ ﺩ :
T
Max
ò
0 U[C(W), (W)]dtr) 7 (
W K
S W K
( ) , (T) St.
S( ) S, S(T) W , K Kˆ
T Constant (Planning Horizon) r = a - b + dr
= - -
r = r r ³
= ³
³ £ £
=
0 0
0 0
0 0
r = aWW- b +KK S W K S W S W
ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻧﻮﺘﻠﻴﻣ ﻦﻴ ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ
ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺖﺳﺍ :
) 8 ( H=U[[C(W), (W)]r + l -1( W-K)+ l a2[ W- b + drK ]
ﺭﺩ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻕﻮﻓ ﻭS
ﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ρ
1ﺖ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ
ﻭ ﻱﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻭW
K
ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻲﻣ2
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ . ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺁ ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻥﺩﺭﻭ
ﻱ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﺗﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪـﻛ ﻲ
ﻲﻣ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪﺣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ﺖﺷﻮﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
:
) 9
C (
H U C (W) U (W) (W)
W r
¶ = ¢ + r¢ - l + l a + l dr¢ =
¶ 1 2 2 0
ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪﺣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻥﻮﺘﻠﻴﻣﺎﻫ
W H W
¶ £
¶ 0
H ﻭ K K
¶ £
¶ 0
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
1- State Variables.
2- Control Variables.
ﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
H ﻱﺭﺍ
W W
¶ £
¶ 0
، ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺟ ﻪﻛ W=0 ﻊـﺒﻨﻣ ﺏﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍ
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻣ
ﻲـﻣ ،ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﺍﺬـﻟ
W>0 ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﺪﻳﺎﺑ H W
¶ £
¶ 0
ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ
ﻱ 9
ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ .
ﻱﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ
H ﻱ K K
¶ £
¶ 0
، ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺟ ﻪﻛ K=0 ﻡﺪـﻋ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺹﺎـﺼﺘﺧﺍ
ﺏﺁ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ
ﺎﺑ ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺪـﻳﺎﭘ ﻭ ﻢﺘـﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻆـﻔﺣ
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
، ﺍﺬﻟ K>0 ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﺪﻳﺎﺑ H K
¶ £
¶ 0
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
) 10 H (
K
¶ = -l - l b
¶ 1 2
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ 11 ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻁﺮﺷ ﻱﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻳﺄﺗ ﻛ
ﻨ ﺪ .
) 11
CC C (
H U C (W) U C (W) U (W) U (W)
W
(W)
rr r
¶ = ¢¢ + ¢¢ + r¢¢ + r¢¢
¶
+ l dr¢¢ £ 2
2
2 0
ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺟ ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺎـﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﺖﺒـﺴﻧ ﻦﻴﻧﻮﺘﻠﻴﻣ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲـﻄﺧ K
، ﺮـﮔﺍ H
K
¶ <
¶ 0
ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
، ﺭﺩ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ
* ﺪﻳﺎﺑ K=0 ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
، ﻭ ﻲﻟ ﻥﻮﭼ ﻢﺘـﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺹﺎـﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺍﺪـﻘﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ )
ﻲﻨﻌﻳ K³0 ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺮﻫ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ K
(،
ﺭﺩ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ
H K
¶ >
¶ 0
ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ .
ﻲﻣ ﻲﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺖﺷﺍﺩ :
) 12 (
*
*
K K K
ì-l - l b < Þ =
ïí
ï-l -l b > Þ =
î
1 2
1 2
0 0
0
ﺯﺍ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ 9 ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ l1
ﺍﺭ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺩﺮﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ 12 ﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ .
) 13
C (
C
H U C (W) U (W) (W)
W
U C (W) U (W) (W) r
r
¶ = Þ ¢ + r¢ - l + l a + l dr¢ =
¶ Þ l = ¢ + r¢ + l a + l dr¢
1 2 2
1 2 2
0 0
ﺯﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﻢﻳﺭﺍﺩ
:
) 14 H (
Const S
l =¶ = Þ l =
1 ¶ 0 1
S
¶HHH
l =¶HH= Þ
1 ¶ 1
l = S = Þ
l = ¶
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ
1 ﻪﻛ l =1 0 l =1 0 ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ
1 Const ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺖـﺑﺎﺛ ﺩﺪـﻋ ﻚﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ l =
ﺖﺳﺍ . ) 15 H (
Ur 0 - Ur
l = ¶ = +dl + = Þ dl =
2 ¶r 2 2
¶H l = ¶H = +
2 ¶r 2
l = = + l = ¶r
ﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﺟ ﺬﮔ ﻱﺭﺍ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ 15 ﺭﺩ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ 13 ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﻮﺧ :
) 16
C (
C
U C (W) U (W) U (W)
U C (W)
r r
¢ ¢ ¢
l = + r + l a - r
Þ l = ¢ + l a
1 2
1 2
ﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﺟ ﺬﮔ ﻱﺭﺍ 16 ﺭﺩ 12 ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﻮﺧ :
) 17 (
* C
* C
U C (W) ( ) K ,
U C (W) ( ) K K
ì ¢ > - a + b l Þ =
ïïí
ï ¢ < - a + b l Þ =
ïî
2
2
0
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ
ﻱ ﻕﻮﻓ
، ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ
ﻱ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺏﺁ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺎﻫﺭ ﻱ
ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ l2
ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ .
ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ
ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﻱ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻭ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺏﺁ ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ
ﻱ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺏﺁ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺎﻫﺭ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻱ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺏﺍﻮﺟ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺎﻳ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ
ﻱﺯﺮﻣ ﺏﺍﻮﺟ ﺖﺳﺍ
. ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻤﻧ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺏﺍﻮﺟ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳﺩ ﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻱﺯﺮﻣ ﺏﺍﻮﺟ ﻪﺑ ًﺎﻤﺘﺣ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ .
ﺕﻻﺩﺎﻌﻣ
ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻗﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ 14
ﻭ 15 ﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻳﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﺮ .
ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺎﻫﺭ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺮﮔﺍ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﻱ
ﺭﺩ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺏﺍﻮﺟ ﻚﻳ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺕﺭﻮﺻ :
) 18 (
* C
* C
U C (W) ( ) K U C (W) ( ) K K
ì ¢ > - a + b l Þ =
ïí
ï ¢ < - a + b l Þ =
î
2 2
0
H 0
K
¶ = -l - l b = Þ l + l b =
¶ 1 2 0 1 2
ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ 14 ﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﺷ ﻪ
l1
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﺘﺑﺎـﺛ ﺭﺍﺪـﻘﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﺮـﺑﺍﺮﺑ
،
ﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﻄ ﻱ 18 ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
l2 ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﺘﺑﺎﺛ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ
، ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ
15 ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻪﻛ Ur
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ .
) 15' H (
Ur 0 - Ur
l = ¶ = +dl + = Þ dl =
2 ¶r 2 2
¶H l = ¶H= +
2 ¶r 2
l = = + l = ¶r
ﻪــﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻱ ﻥﺩﻮــﺑ ﻲــﻟﻭﺰﻧ ﺽﺮــﻓ ﺎــﺑ ﺩﺎــﻀﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﻛﺬــﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰــﻓﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺖــﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺢﻄــﺳ
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ Ur<0 ﺖﺳﺍ
، ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻚﻳ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺍﺬﻟ ﻲﻣ r
ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻲﺘﺑﺎﺛ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﻨﻛ ﺪ . ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ
ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﻱ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺏﺁ
*
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺏﺍﻮﺟ ﻚﻳ (K) ـﭘﺎﻧ
ﺬ ﻱﺮﻳ ( )r ﺰـﻴﻧ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ .
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻪﻛ ﻉﻭﺮﺷ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ
، ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻚﻳ ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ
ﻱ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺪـﻗﺍ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﻗ ( ( )r >0 0)
، ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺮﻔـﺻ ﻱﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ
r = r =0 ،ﺩﻮـﺷ
ﺪﻳﺎﺑ (T) ( ) r = r0 ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
. ﺭﺩ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻱﺩﺮـﮔﺍﺮﺗ ﻂﻳﺍﺮـﺷ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ
ﻱ ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻱﺰـﻳﺭ
([ ,T])0 ﻪﺑ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ :
) 19 ( (T) (T)
r l2 =0
ﺮﮔﺍ r(T)>0 ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
، ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ l2(T)=0 ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ
. ﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ًﻼﺒﻗ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺪـﺷ ﻪ
ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ l2 ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ .
ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻢﻫ
ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻥﺍﺪﺑ l2
ﺭﺍﺪـﻘﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﺮـﺑﺍﺮﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻔﺻ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ .
ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ l2
ﻂـﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻖﺒﻃ 16
ﻭ 12 ﺯﺍ ﻭ H W
¶ ﺖـﺷﺍﺩ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﻮـﺧ¶
U C(W)C =0 ،
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎـﻬﻧ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺽﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻱ
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
C ) U >0 (
ﺖﺳﺍ
، ﻲﻤﻧ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺪـﻘﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ
ﻱ ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺏﺁ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛ
*
ﺏﺍﻮﺟ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ (K) ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ
ﻱ ﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ .
ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻝﺮـﺘﻨﻛ ﻦﺘﻓﺮـﮔ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺎـﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪﺣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﻜﻫﺍﺭ ﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
، ﻲﻜﻳ ﻪﻛ
*
K=0 ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ )
ﺩﻮﺸﻧ ( ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﻦـﻳﺍ
ـﻛ ﻪ ـﺑ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺍﺪـﻘﻣ ﻪ
ﺪـﻧﺍ ﻩﺯﺍ ﻱ ﻦـﻜﻤﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪـﺣ
*
(K=K) ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . H ﺯﺍ W
¶ =
¶ 0
ﻲﻣ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ )
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ 16 :(
) 16' C (
U C(W)= l - al1 2
ﺎـﺑ ﻲـﺑﺁ ﻊـﺒﻨﻣ ﻚـﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺖـﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻕﻮﻓ ﻁﺮﺷ ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱ
C ﻥﺁ (U C(W)) ﺖـﺤﺗ ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ
ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ )
ﻪـﺑ ﺏﺁ ﺹﺎـﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﻡﺪـﻋ ﺎـﻳ ﻭ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺏﺁ ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪﺣ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ (
ﻪﻳﺎـﺳ ﺖـﻤﻴﻗ ﺎـﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻛﺬـﻣ ﻊـﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺍ
( )l1
ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻳﺎـﺳ ﺖـﻤﻴﻗ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺍ
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ) ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ -al2
( ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳﻭﺩ
ﻖﺒﻃ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ) 20 ( ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﻢﻫ ﺯﺍ :
) 20 (
*
*
if K if K K
ì l > -l a Þ =
ïí
ï l < -l a Þ =
î
1 2
1 2
0
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﺏﺁ ﺹﺎـﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﻡﺪـﻋ ﺖـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻱ
ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﺳ
ﺏﺁ ﻱﺍ ( )l1
ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻪﻳﺎـﺳ ﺖـﻤﻴﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﻱﺮﻳﺬــﭘﺎﻧ
(-al2) ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
، ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮـﻳﺯ ﻦــﻳﺍ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻱﺩﺎــﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺏﺁ ﺺﻴﺼﺨﺗ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻢﺘـﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ
، ﺎـﻣﺍ
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻡﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
ﻲﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﻪـﻛ ﻪﻳﺎـﺳ ﺖـﻤﻴﻗ ﺏﺁ ﻱﺍ
( )l1
ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ ﺖـﻤﻴﻗ ﺯﺍ ﺮـﺗ
ﻪﻳﺎﺳ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻱﺍ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
(-al2) ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻦـﻜﻤﻣ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪﺣ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺺﻴﺼﺨﺗ ﺏﺁ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻪﺑ )
ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺮﻔﺻ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ
(.
ﺪﻳﺎﺷ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻱ ﺪﺣ ﻭ ﺐﻴﺠﻋ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﺪﺳﺮﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻱ
. ﻲﻟﻭ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻲـﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺮـﺑ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ
ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﻛ
ﺩ . ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﺩﺮﻛ
ﺖـﺴﻳﺯ ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﻻﺎﻛ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ،ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﺪﻳﺎﺒﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺪﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲ ﺁ
ﺎﺘﺳ ﻧ ﻪ ﻱ ﻥﺁ ﺎـﻫ ﻪـﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺕﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﺪﻧﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻥﺁ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺮﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
، ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﺎـﺑ
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓﻼﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﻊﻄﻗ ﻮﺷ ـﺑ ﻭ ﺩ ﻪ ﺪـﻧﺍ ﻩﺯﺍ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻪﻛ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻡﺯﻻ ﺏﺁ ﺕﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﺪﻧﻭﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻪـﺑ ،ﺪﺷ
ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﺪﺣ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ )
(K ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻩ
،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻱﺭﺍﺪـﻘﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪﺣ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﺕﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﺪﻧﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺪـﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺪـﻳﺎﭘ ﻭ ﺪﺷ
ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻛ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﺩﺎﻳﺩﺯﺍ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﺯﺍ .
ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺮﻛ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻥﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﺪـﻫﺩ .
ﻲﻣ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺕﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺪﺣ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺮﻛ
ﻭ ﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺪﻧ ﺥﺭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
، ﻲﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ
ﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﺕ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺮﻛ
ﺩ .
ﻩﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻱ
ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺍﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻲﺗﺎﻣﺪـﺧ ﻭ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ
ﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻊﺑﺎﻨ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺸﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﻋ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ
ﻛ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺪﻨ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﺪﻴﺷﻮﻛ . ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ
ﺭﺩ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻝﻻﺪﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻲﺗﺭﻮﺻ
ﻪﻛ ﺖـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺩﻮـﺸﻧ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻩﺯﺎﺟﺍ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ
ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ
، ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻱ
ﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺷ ﻞﺋﺎﻧ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﺪ . ﻪـﺑ ﺭﺎـﺒﻋ ﺮـﺑ ﻲﺗ
ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ 6 ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻢﻴﺘﺷﺍﺩ :
) 6' ( W K , , 0 1
r = a -b + dr 0< b £ a < d <
r = a -b +WW KK
r =0ﺮﮔﺍ r =0 ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
، ﻩﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻢﻴﺳﺭ
. ﻲﻃﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﻮﺧ
ﺖﺷﺍﺩ :
) 21 (
*
W K
W K
r = a - b =
= b a r = aWW- b =KK 0
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ
، ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺖﺷﺎﺒﻧﺍ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻱ ﺎـﻳ ﻞـﺒﻗ ﺯﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻲﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻱ ﻱﺭﺎﺟ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ r
ﺮـﺑ ﻖـﺒﻃ ﻥﺁ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺥﺮـﻧ
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲـﻣ ﺖـﺴﻳﺯ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴـﺴﺑ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺬـﮔ ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﻄﻴﺤﻣ
ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ
ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻥﺁ ﻪـﺑ ﻱﺪـﻌﺑ ﺶـﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻪ
ﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪـﺘﺧ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ
، ﺯﺍ ﻲﻤﺘـﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﺖﺳﺩ .
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻞـﺒﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﻡﺪـﻋ ﻞـﻴﻟﺩ ﻪـﺑ
ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ
ﻪﺑ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻬﻳﺪـﺑ ﻱﺮﻣﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ
ﺖﺳﺍ
، ﻩﺍﺭ ﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺭﺎ ﺵﺮﺘـﺴﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺶﻴـﺑ ﺮـﺗ
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻮﺷ
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺥﺮﻧ ﻲﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺩ ﺮﻔﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﺑ ﺪﺳﺮ .
ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﺮﻔـﺻ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﺰﻠﺘﺴﻣ ﺭﺎﻜﻫﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ
r ﻞﻗﺍﺪـﺣ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ r
، ﺯﺍ ﺖﻴﻌـﺿﻭ
ﻥﺁ ﻪﭼ ﺑ ﺖﺴﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺸﻧ ﺮﺗﺪ
. ﻡﺎﮔ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺪـﻌﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ
ﺖـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺎـﻫ ﻴﻣﺮﺗ ﻱ ﻭ ﻲـﻤ
ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻲﺣﻼﺻﺍ ﺮﻛ ﻡﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ
ﺩ .
5 - ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺺﻴﺼﺨﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ
ﻱ ﻲﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ،ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻠﺒﻗ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ
ﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪ . ﺭﻮﻛﺬـﻣ ﺚـﺤﺑ ﺶـﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ
ﻚﻳ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺩﺮﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺍ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ
.
ﻪﻨﻳﺭﺯ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﻭﺭ
) ﻮﺗﺎﻐﺟ ( ﻝﺎﻤﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﻭﺭ ﻡﺎﻧ ﻲﻗﺮـﺷ ﺏﻮـﻨﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻲﺑﺮﻏ
ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﺠﻳﺎﺑﺭﺫﺁ ﺏﺁﺮﭘ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺑﺮﻏ
ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﻪـﺿﻮﺣ ﻪـﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺰـﻳﺮﺑﺁ ﻱ ﻱ
ﻪـﻴﻣﻭﺭﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻝﻮﻃ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ 300
ﻛ ﻲﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﺠﻳﺎﺑﺭﺫﺁ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺑﺮﻏ
ﻪﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ
،ﻥﺎﻛﻮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﻫﺎﺷ
ﺏﺁﻭﺪﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻭ ژﺩ ﺭﻮـﺒﻋ
ﻲـﻣ ﺪـﻨﻛ ﺮـﺳ ﻭ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺖﻤـﺴﻗ ﺯﺍ
ﻲﻗﺮﺷ ﺏﻮﻨﺟ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ
ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻴﻣﻭﺭﺍ ﺩﺰﻳﺭ
. ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ گﺭﺰـﺑ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪـﺑ
ﺮـﺗ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻦﻳ
ﻪﺿﻮﺣ ﺰﻳﺮﺑﺁ ﻱ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻚـﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻪﻴﻣﻭﺭﺍ 40
ﻪـﺑ ﻱﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﺏﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﺻﺭﺩ ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ
ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺿﻮﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲـﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺄـﺗ
ﻛ ـﻨ ﺪ ) ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪـﻣ ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ ﻥﺎـﺠﻳﺎﺑﺭﺫﺁ ﺏﺁ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ
ﻲـﺑﺮﻏ ،
1390 .(
