ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺑﻴﺮﺟﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎ

(1)

ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ – ﻲﭘﺎﻴﭘ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ )

٣٥ ( – ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ٣

‐ ﺰﻴﻳﺎﭘ ١٣٨٨

ﺺﺻ ۱۳۴

‐ ۱۱۱

ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ

ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﺎﺑ

ﺪﻨﺟﺮﻴﺑ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﺣ ﻱﺪﻤﺣﺍ ﺐﻴﺒ ﻭ ∗

ﻲﻠﻋ ﻡﻼﺳﺍ ﺎﺿﺭ ∗∗

ﻩﻭﺮﮔ∗

ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺮﺘﮐﺩ ﻱﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ∗∗

ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ

ﺭ ﺎﺑ ،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﺮﮑﻳﻭ

ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ،ﻲﻤﮐ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ

ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ .

ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ،ﺶﻫﻭﮋـﭘ ﻱﺮـﻈﻧ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎـﭼ

ﻱﺭﺎـﻣﺁ ﻱ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻞﻴﮑﺸﺗ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻮﻟﺰﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺐﺗﺍﺮﻣ ﻪﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﺪﺗ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻦﻳﻭ

. ﻥﺍﺮﮐﻮﮐ ﻝﻮﻣﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ۴۰۰

ﻬﺷ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻔﻧ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮ

ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪـﺑ ﺪﻨﺟﺮﻴﺑ

ﺪﻨﭼ ﻱﺍ ﻪﺷﻮﺧ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ

ﻦﻴﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ،ﻱﺍ ۱۵

ﺎﺗ ۶۵ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼـﻣ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻝﺎﺳ

ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ . ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﺽﺮﻓ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻨﻴﻋ ـ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻴﻋ ـ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻲﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ . ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ،ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ

ﺎﺑ ﻪﹸﻧ ﺯﺍ ﮏﻳ ﺮﻫ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ

، ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ،

،ﺕﻼﻴﺼـﺤﺗ ﺢﻄـﺳ ﻪـﺒﺗﺮﻣ

ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ، ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻣ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ،ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ،

ﺬﭘ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ،ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻳ

ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻪﻧﺎـﺳﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ

،ﻲﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ /

ﻥﺭﺪﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻭ spss

ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻥﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔﺭ ﻭ

ﻩﺮـﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﮏـﻳ

ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ

،ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﮐ

. ﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ،ﻩﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣﺪﻨﭼ ﻥﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔﺭ ﻞﻴﻠ

ﺯﺍ ﻱﺪـﻨﻣ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ،ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﻪﺒﺗﺮﻣ ،ﻲﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ،ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ،ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﻢﻫ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ

۴۴ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ .

ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ،ﺪﻨﺟﺮﻴﺑ ،ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ ،ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ: ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻱ

ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ، .

A Survey on Socio-Economic Factors in Relation to Quality of Life in Birjand City

(2)

ﻲﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺪﻤﺣﺍ ﺐﻴﺒﺣ ﻡﻼﺳﺍ ﺎﺿﺭ

١١٢

H. Ahmadi^∗ and A. R. Eslam^∗∗

∗ Sociology Department, Shiraz University

∗∗ Ph.D student of sociology, Shiraz University

Abstract

This study has been performed by quantitative approach, survey method, and questionnaire technique.

The theoretical framework has been synthesized from Maslow's theory of hierarchical needs, and human ecological-systems theory. Based on the main concepts of the theories, and regarding the population characteristics, some indicators have been extracted. Data have been collected from 400 samples, calculated by Cochran' formulae, residing in Birjand city at the age of 15-65 years old with multistage cluster sampling method. Our basic assumption is that the intensity and direction of Quality of Life is subjective-objective and in turn, it is influenced and determined by subjective-objective factors. On this basis, by SPSS program and statistics such as analysis of variance and univariate regression, the relationships between Quality of Life and nine independent variables were analyzed. These variables include: social origin, employment position, level of education, occupational rating, level of income, benefitting from networks of social support, socialization manner in family, using mass media, and modern/traditional attitudes. The results show that all of these nine relationships have been significant and positive. Additionally, in multivariate regression the five variables –level of education, socialization manner in family, level of using mass media, level of benefitting from social support networks, and occupational rating— have been included in the equation, and they have collectively explained 44 percent of variances of dependent variable.

Keywords: Quality of Life, Well-being, Birjand, Basic Needs, Human Ecology.

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻭﺪﺑ ﺯﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺶﻳﺍﺪﻴﭘ

ﻱﺎـﻋﺩﺍ ،ﻥﻮﻨﮐﺎـﺗ ﺩﻮﺧ

ﻞﺣ ﻞﻳﺎﺴﻣ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ ﺩﻮـﺒﻬﺑ ﻪﻏﺪﻏﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺎﺴـﻧﺍ

ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻲﻟﻮﺤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ

ﺲﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪـﺳ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﻪـﻧﺎﻴﻣ

ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﮕﻨﺷﻭﺭ

ﻩﺎﮕﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺯﺎـﻏﺁ

ــﺷ ﻪــﻨﻴﻣﺯ ،ﺪ

ﻖــﻠﺧ ﻲــﻣﺩﺁ ﻮــﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻤﻟﺎــﻋ ﻮــﻧ ﻪــﺑ ﺩﻮــﺟﻭ

ﻣﺁ ﺪ Westby,1991: 2-5) (

. ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻩﺭﺎـﺑ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫ

ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲـﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﻂﻠﺴﺗ ﻁﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ؛ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ

ﻩﺎﮕﻧ ﻲﮑﻴﻧﺎﮑﻣ ﻭ

ﻳﺯﻮﭘ ﻲﺘﺴـﻳﻮﻴﺘ

ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺪﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ

ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﮐﺎـﺣ ﻪﮐ ﺯﺍ

ﻲﺸﻨﻴﺑ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ

ﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ .

ﺩ ﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺘﺳﺍﺭ ، ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ـ ﻢـﻋﺍ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ

ﻱﺩﺎﺼــﺘﻗﺍ ﺎــﻳ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨــﺷ ـــ

ﻒــﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌــﺳﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻮــﺧ

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ،ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﺮﻈﻧﺪﻳﺪﺠﺗ ﺎﻫ

ﻭ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺪـﻣ ﺍﺭ

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺍ

ﺯﺍ ﮏﻳ ﻮﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎﻨﻌﻣ

ﻲﻣﺎﻤﻀﻧﺍ

ﺭﺍﺩ ﻉﺎﺟﺭﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻧ

ﺪ Miles,1993:641) (

ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻪﻧ

ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻴﻟﻭﺍ

ﻪ ﻱﺎـﻫﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ، ﻲﻠـﺻﺍ

ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ـﻴﻧ ﺰ ﻪـﺑ

ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺪﻧﻭﺭ

)

،ﻦﺳ ۱۳۸۱ : ۲۵ .(

ﻪﻤﻫ ﺮﮔﺍ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪـﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻭ ﺎـﻫ

ﻲﻣﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎـﻫ

ﻪــﺻﻼﺧ ﺪــﺣﺍﻭ ﺪﻧﻮــﺷ

ﻦــﻳﺍ ، ﺖــﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﺎــﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﻡﻮــﻬﻔﻣ

ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﺳﺍ١

ﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺱﺎـﺳ ﻥﺁ ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺖـﻔﮔ

ﻲﻓﺪﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ

ﻱﺎﻫ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻲﻣ

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﺖـﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻪﺑ

ﻥﺁ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ

ﻩﺍﺭ ﻢــﻫ ﺩﻮــﺧ ﺎــﻫ ﻥﺪﻴــﺳﺭ

ﻪــﺑ ﻑﺪــﻫ ﻢــﻫ ﻭ ﻪﻌــﺳﻮﺗ ﻥﺁ

ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻲﻣ

ﺩﻮﺷ .

1. Quality of Life/Life Quality

(3)

ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ...

١١٣

ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻩﺎﮕﺘـﺳﺎﺧ ﺎـﻣﺍ ،ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻱﺪﻳﺪﺟ

ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ ﮏﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻱ

ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﻲـﺑﺮﻏ ﻊ

ﺎﮑﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ

ﻪﻫﺩ ۱۹۶۰ ﺯﺎﺑ ﻱﺩﻼﻴﻣ ﻲﻣ

ﺩﺩﺮـﮔ . ﺪـﻨﭼﺮﻫ

ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻪﻫﺩ ﻩﺪـﻤﻋ ﺪـﻌﺑ ﻪﻫﺩ

ﺮـﺑ ﺕﺎـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ

ﺺﺧﺎــﺷ ﻱﺎــﻫ

ﺰــﮐﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﻲــﻨﻴﻋ ﻪــﺟﻭ ﻭ ﺩﻮــﺑ

ﻪــﻌﻣﺎﺟﺮﻴﻏ

ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨــﺷ ) ﻲﮑــﺷﺰﭘ ﹰﺎــﺒﻟﺎﻏ (

ﺖــﺷﺍﺩ O'Boyle,2001: )

12628-29; Markides, 2000: 2299-301

( ﺭﺩ ،

ﻲﻃ ﻪﻫﺩ ۱۹۹۰ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻫ

ﺎ ﻥﺮﻗ ﻦﻳﺯﺎﻏﺁ ﻱ ﺖﺴﻴﺑ

ﻭ

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ،ﻢﮑﻳ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺩﺎـﻌﺑﺍ ﻭ ﻲـﻨﻫﺫ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ

ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺭﻮﺧﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﻴﻤﻫﺍ Land,2000: 2686-87)

.(

ﺕﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻲﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ

ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖـﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ

ﻥﻮــﻨﮐﺍ ﻑﺪــﻫ ﮏــﻳ ﺖــﺳﺎﻴﺳ

ﻱﺭﺍﺬــﮔ ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟﺍ

ﻭ

ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ ﺮﺑ

ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺮﻓ

ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻌﻤﺟ ﺍﺯﺁ ﻥﻮﭼ ﻱﺍ ﺖﻟﺍﺪـﻋ ،ﻱﺩ

ﻦﻴﻤﻀـﺗ ﻭ ﻂﻳﺍﺮـﺷ

ﻞﺴــﻧ ﻱﺍﺮــﺑ ﻲﮔﺪــﻧﺯ ﻱﺎــﻫ

ﻝﺎــﺣ ﻭ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺪــﻨﻳﺁ ﺰــﻴﻧ

ﻞﻣﺎــﺷ

ﺩﺩﺮﮔ Land,2000: 2686; Lauer,1998: 28) .(

ﻪﻤﻫ

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ،ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴـﮔ ﺭﺎﻴﺴـﺑ ﻲﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺰﻐﻟ ﻥﺁ

ـ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ

ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

‐

ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻉﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ

.

ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ،ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺯﺍ ،ﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﻪﺑ ﻦﻴـﻤﻫ ﻞـﻴﻟﺩ

ﻲﮔﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻭ

ﻲﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ،ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺱﺎﺴﺣ

ﻩﺪـﻨﻨﮐ ﻲـﻣ ﻝﺎﻴـﺳ ﻭ ١

ﻲـﻌﻄﻗ ﻪـﻧ ﻭ ﺪـﻨﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ

ﺖـﺑﺎﺛ Schalock et al,2002: )

458 .(

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ،ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﮏﻳ

ﻲـﻬﺟﻭ ﻮـﺳ ﻲـﻣ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻡﺎـﻋ

ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻪﻤﻫ

ﻕﺍﺪﺼﻣ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﻣﺩﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﮐﺮﺘﺸـﻣ

ﺯﺍ ﻭ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﻮﺳ

ﻲﻬﺟﻭ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻪﺸـﻳﺭ ﻪـﮐ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺹﺎﺧ

ﺵﺍ

ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻭ

ﺍ ﺵﺯﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲـﻣ

ﺪﻫﺩ .

1 . Sensitizing Concept

ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ

ﻪﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻣ ،ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩ

ﻲﻬﻳﺪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺮـﻫ ﺐﺴﺣﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ

ﮏـﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺡﻮﻄـﺳ

ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺘﻘﻣ ﺹﺎﺧ

ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺪـﺒﻠﻃ

. ﻲـﺣﺍﺮﻃ ،ﻦﻴـﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ

ﻱﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻱﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻔﻴﮐ

ﺖﻴ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﻡﺰﻠﺘﺴﻣ ،ﻥﻻﻭﺆﺴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﮑﺘﺑﺍ

ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ .

ﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ، ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻟﺎـﻤﺟﺍ

ﻲ

ﺪﻨﺟﺮﻴﺑ ﻦﻴﺘﺴﺨﻧ ﻱﺰﻴﭼ

ﻪﺘﺴـﺟﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻲـﻣ

ﺖﻴﻌـﺿﻭ ﺪـﻳﺎﻤﻧ

ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻗﺍ ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ ﻱ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﺘـﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺖـﺳﺍ

. ﻱﺮﻳﻮـﮐ ﻭ ﻥﺩﻮـﺑ

ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﻱﺍ ﻭﺩ ،ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺼﺘﺨﻣ

ﻱﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﮐ

ﺕﺎﻴﺣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻥﺁ

ﻩﺪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ، ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖـﺳﺍ

ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﺟﺮﻴﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ

ــ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ

ﻱ ﻲﻧﺍﺪـﻨﭼ

ﺪﺑﺎﻴﻧ . ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ ﺢﻄـﺳ ﻥﺩﻮـﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮـﺧﺮﺑ ،ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ

ﺯﺍ ﻡﺩﺮـﻣ

ﺕﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺍ ﻭ ﺖـﺤﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻫﺎـﻓﺭ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ

،

ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﻩﺎﮕﻧ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ .

ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺍﻮﺳ ، ﻞﻣﺎﻋ

ﻕﻮﻓ ـ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ

ﻭ

ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﺪﻧﺍ

ﻲﻣ ـ ﻴﺳﺮﭘ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﺪ

ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻪﭼ ﻪﮐ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ

ﻭ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺍ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻱ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ ﺪﻨﺟﺮﻴﺑ

ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ؟ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﻬﻇﻮﻧ

ــ ﺭﺩ ﺎـﻳ ﻪـﮐ ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ

ﻭﺩ ﻞـﻣﺎﻋ

ﻩﺪﺷﺩﺎﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻳ ، ﻞﮑﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ،ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺐﻴﮐﺮﺗ

ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺪـﮑﻳ

ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺪﻧﺍ

ﺢﻄـﺳ ﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻧﻮﮕﭼ ـ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ

ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ ﻡﺩﺮـﻣ

ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ

؟ﺪﻧﺍ

ﺯﺍ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺖﺳﺭﺩ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ

ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﮏﻳ ،ﺮﻇﺎﻧ

ﺢﻄﺳ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻥﺎﺘﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺎـﻳﺁ ﺎـﻣﺍ ،ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ

ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ؟ﺖﺳﺍ

ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﻱﺍ ،ﻥﺩﻮـﺑ

ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ

ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻬـﺷ ﺎـﺑ ﮒﺭﺰـﺑ

ﻪﭼ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﺎـﮑﻣﺍ ﺎﺴـﺑ

ﺐﻠـﺳ ﻥﺎـﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺴـﻳﺎﻘﻣ ،ﻩﺩﻮـﻤﻧ

ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻲﻧﻮﻨﮐ ﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻥﺎﺷﺮ ﻩﻮﻠﺟ

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ .

(4)

١١٤

ﺯﺍ ﻱﻮﺳ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ

ﻱﺍﻭﺰﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ

ﻱﺎﻘﺑﺍ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧﺭﺩ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ

ﻱﺎﻫ ﻝﺎﻤﮐ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﺏﻮـﻠﻄﻣ

ﻆﻔﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﺷ ﻊﺿﻭ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ

. ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎـﻤﻫ ،ﻩﻭﻼﻋ

ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ـﺯﺍﻮﺴﻴﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺩ

ﺍ ﺩ ﻭ ﺮﻨﻳ ﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻨﻳ ﺩﻮـﺧ

ﻱﺍﺮـﻘﻓ ﺯﺍ

ﻪﺘﮑﻠﮐ ﻱ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﻭﺪﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ

ﺍﺩ ﻩﺩ ﺪـﻧﺍ )١

Biswas-Diener

and Diener,2005: 7-8 (

ﻪﮑﺒـﺷ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﺪﻳﺎﺷ ، ﺎـﻫ

ﻭ

ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺯﺍ ،ﺪﻨﻣﻭﺮﻴﻧ

ﻉﺍﻮـﻧﺍ ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ

ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻱﺩﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻱﻮﻨﻌﻣ ﺖﺨﺳ

ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ،ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺮـﻘﻓ ﻩﺪﺷ

ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻭ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣﺎﻧ

ﻩﻮﻠﺟ ﺪﻨﮐ .

ﻦــﻳﺍ ﺶــﺳﺮﭘ ﺎــﻫ ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺭ ﺎــﻣ ،ﻲــﮕﻤﻫ ،ﺕﺎــﻈﺣﻼﻣ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻞﮑﺷ

ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ

ﻢﻴﻫﺎـﻔﻣ

ﻢﻴــﻨﮐ ﺡﺮــﻄﻣ ﻱﺮــﮕﻳﺩ .

ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻳﺎــﺟ ﺖــﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻪــﮐ ﻲﮔﺪــﻧﺯ

ﻲﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ

ـ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻴﻋ ﻲﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻪﮐ

ﺢﻄﺳ ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺎﻳ ٢

ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻥﺁ .

ﻦﻳﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ

، ﮏﻤﮐ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻢﻴﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ

ﻡﺩﺮـﻣ

ﻢﻴﻨﮐ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺟﻭ ﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﺟﺮﻴﺑ :

ﻪـﺟﻭ ،ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ﻲـﻨﻴﻋ

ﻭ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ

ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ

ﻱﺪـﻨﻣ

ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻴﺠﻨـﺳ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺩﺎﻣ

. ﺭﺩ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ،ﻪـﺟﻭ

ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺳﺍﻮﺧ ،ﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺎﻫ

ﻭ ﻲﺗﺍﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻪﮐ

ﻡﺎـﻋ

ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ

ﺩﺮﻴﮔ . ﻪﺟﻭ ،ﻡﻭﺩ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ

ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺮـﺑ ﻪﮐ

ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ

ﻭ ﻱﺩﻮﻨﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ

ﻥﺪﺷ

ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺪﻴﺠﻨﺳ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ .

ﺯﺍ ،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ

ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺟﻭ ﻲﻣ

ﻞﮑﺷ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﺪﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ

ﻥﺁ ﻭ ﺖﺴﻳﺮﮕﻧ ﺎﻫ

ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻥﺁ ﺐﺴﺣﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻴﻨﻫﺫ

ﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﺁ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺎـﻫ ﻲﺑﺎـﻳﺯﺭﺍ

ﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ .

.۱ ﺭ . ﮎ : ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﺶﺨﺑ .

2. Level of Living

ﻪﻟﺄﺴـﻣ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻱﺍ

ﻭﺭ ﻪـﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮـﺿﺎﺣ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻪﮐ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﺟﺮﻴﺑ

ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺪﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻪﺟﻭ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﻪﮐ

ﻲـﻨﻫﺫ ﻭ ﻲـﻨﻴﻋ ﻥﺁ ﺪـﻣ ﺍﺭ

ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ ،ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ

ﺩﺯﺎﺳ ﻥﺎـﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻪـﮐ ﺮـﮔ

ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .

ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ

ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻲﺗﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺐﻠﻏﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻱ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﺮﮔ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻳ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ،ﻪﺘﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻥﻮﻧﺎﮐ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ

٣ﺪﻧﺍ . ﻪﮐ ﻲﺗﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ

ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻡﻮﻤﻋ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﮏﻳ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺷ

. ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ،ﺮﻳﺯ ﺭﺩ

ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻢﻴﻨﮐ

.

ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻤﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺪﻤﺣﺍ ﺮﺠﻣ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺪﺨﻣ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻦﻴﻣ

ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ :

ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﻧﺍﺪﻧﺯ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ

ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺪﺨﻣ ۱۳۸۲

ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ،ﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ

ﻢﻋﺍ ـ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺪﺨﻣ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﻧﺍﺪﻧﺯ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ـ ﻥﺎﻴﭼ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺷﻭﺮﻓ ﻩﺩﺮﺧ ،ﻥﺍﺩﺎﺘﻌﻣ ﺯﺍ

۳ . ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﮐ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﹼﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ،ﻪﺘﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ،ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﻦﻴـﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎـﮕﻤﻫ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ،ﻲﺘﻟﻭﺩ ﻲﻫﺎﻓﺭ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ

ﻱﺪـﺣ ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﻫ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ،ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﻣ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﺒﺴﹼﻨﻟﺎﺑ .

ﻪـﮐ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻞـﻴﻟﺩ ﻦﻴـﻤﻫ ﻪـﺑ

ﻪﻟﺄﺴـﻣ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻩﻭﺮـﮔ ﺮﺑ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻳﻼﺘﺒﻣ ،ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ،ﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ ،ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ،ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ،ﻥﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﮐ ﻥﻮﭼ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎ

ﻪﻠﻴـﺳﻭ ﻦﻳﺪـﺑ ﻪـﮐ ﺪـﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺮـﮐ ﺰـﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎﺜﻣﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺩﺎﺘﻌﻣ ،ﻥﺎﻃﺮﺳ ﻭ ﺯﺪﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ،ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺝﺭﺎـﺧ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﹰﺎﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺪﻳﺍﻮﻓ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﮏﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻲﮑﺷﺰﭘ ﹰﻼﺜﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻪﺑ .

ﻥﺎـﻨﭼ ﻪـﮐ ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ

ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺖﻳﺮﺜﮐﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﻄﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻱ

ﺯﺍ ﺖـﻠﻔﻏ ﻭ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻩﻭﺮـﮔ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،ﺪﻧﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻴﻣﻭﺮﺤﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺟﻮﻣﺎﻧ ﻱﺮﻣﺍ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻡﻮﻤﻋ .

(5)

١١٥

ﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻧﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺖ

ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ .

ﻣﺮﺠﻣ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻧﺯ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺎ

ﻥ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺮﻣﺍ

،ﻥﺍﺩﺮﻣ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺮﻴﮕﺘﺳﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺵﺎﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺵﺎﻌﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻞﮑﺸﻣ

ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .

،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ

ﻥﺎﻴﻧﺍﺪﻧﺯ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ،ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺎﺸﻳﻮﺧ ،ﻥﺎﺘﺳﻭﺩ ﺎﺑ

ﻭ ،ﻥﺎﮕﻳﺎﺴﻤﻫ ...

ﻪﻛ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺕﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺍﻭﺰﻧﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﺯﺮﻓ

.

ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ

ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻧﺯ

ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺍﻭﺰﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳ ﻥﺎﮑﻣ ﻞﻘﻧ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ،ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﺖﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ ﻒﻴﻌﻀﺗ ﻲﻠﮐ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺑ

ﻡﺎﻨﻤﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻠﺤﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ

ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ

ﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺏﺎﮑﺗﺭﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﺯﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺍﺭﺎﮑﻫﺰﺑ ﺭ

ﺮﺗ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ

ﺖﺳﺍ .

،ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﺯﺮﻓ ،ﺭﺪﭘ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻧﺯ ﺎﺑ

ﻪﻧﺎﺧ ﺯﺍ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺖﻏﺍﺮﻓ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺍ ﻭ

ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ

ﻝﺎﺴﻤﻫ ـ ﺭﺎﮑﻫﺰﺑ ﻝﺎﺴﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺗ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻢﻫ ﻥﺁ ـ

ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻱﺮﭙﺳ .

ﺭﺪﭘ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻲﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﺖﺒﻴﻏ ،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ

ﺯﺮﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺮﻓﺎﻧ ،ﻥﺍﺪﻧ

ﺭﺩ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺕﻼﮑﺸﻣ ،ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺳﺭﺪﻣ .

ﻕﻮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ،ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ :

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﮕﻨﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﻧﺍﺪﻧﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺖﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳ ﺖﻴﻣﻮﮑﺤﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻥﺎﺷ

ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ

،ﺪﻨ

ﻣﺮﺠﻣ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﺎ

ﺩﻮﺧ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺭﺪﺨﻣ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻥ

ﺖﺳﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ )

ﻭ ﻱﺪﻤﺣﺍ

،ﻥﺎﻤﻳﺍ ۱۳۸۵ : ۱۷ ـ ۱۵ .(

ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻖﻧﻭﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻔﻏ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ

ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ۱۳۸۵

،ﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ

ﺭﺩ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ

ﺪﻨﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺱﻭﻭﺎﮐ ﺪﺒﻨﮔ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﻠﺤﻣ ﻪﺳ .

ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ

ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ

.

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻭ ﺶﻘﻧ ،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ

ﺹﺎﺧ ﺖﻠﺼﺧ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻝﺎﮑﺷﺍ ﻭ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺖﻠﺼﺧ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻥﻭﺮﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ

ﻪﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱ ﻪﻠﺤﻣ ؛

ﻱﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ

ﻪﮐ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻭ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣﺍ ،

ﻪﻠﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺮﺗ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺲﮑﻋﺮﺑ ﻭ

ﻪﻠﺤﻣ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

،ﻪﻧﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺮﺗ ﻢﮐ

ﺖﺳﺍ )

،ﻖﻧﻭﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻔﻏ ۱۳۸۵

: ۱۵۹ ﻭ ۱۹۷ .(

ﺯﺍﻮﺴﻴﺑ ﺩ ـ ﺍ ﺩ ﻭ ﺮﻨﻳ ﺍ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻨﻳ

ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺸﺨﺑ :

ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻏﺍﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺪﻨﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ

ﻥﺁ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ ﻭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ،ﻪﺘﮑﻠﮐ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ۸۳

ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﮑﻠﮐ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﺸﻧ ﻪﻏﺍﺯ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻔﻧ

ﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﻭﺪﻨﻫ ﺪﻧﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳ

. ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ

ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ،ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ

ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ

ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ

. ﻦﻳﺍ

ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ،ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ؛ﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻪﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ،ﻥﺎﻨﻴﺸﻧ ﻪﻏﺍﺯ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻩﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﻩﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻴﭙﺳﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﻩﺮﻤﻧ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﺷﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ .

ﹰﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ،ﻥﺎﺷﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ

ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻢﻫ )

ﺩ ﻭ ﻦﮑﺴﻣ ﺪﻣﺁﺭ

( ﺭﺩ ،ﻦﺳ ﻢﻫ ﻭ

(6)

١١٦

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻩﺮﻤﻧ .

ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺭﺩ

ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦﻴﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﮑﻠﮐ ﻱﺍﺮﻘﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻝﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺯﺍ ،ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ

ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ .

ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻣ ،ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ

ﻳﺰﻬﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﻢﻬﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ ﻲﺘﺴ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ .

ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻱﻮﻗ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﹰﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻲﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺘﮑﻠﮐ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻲﮔﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺖﺨﺳ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﮐ .

ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻤﻧ ﹰﺎﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﮐ ﻞﻠﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮑﻳ ﹰﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ،ﺪﻧﺮﺒﺑ ﺐﻴﺼﻧ ﺎﻧ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﺖﺴﻫ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﺘﻳﺎﺿﺭ .

ﺮﻘﻓ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻧﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ،ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ

،ﺩﺯﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﻣ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ Biswas-)

Diener and Diener,2005: 7-8 .(

ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ ﺭﺩ ﮎﺭﻼﮐ ﺖﻨﺟ ﻭ ﮎﺭﻼﮐ ﻝﺎﮐ ﺎﺑ

ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺣﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻝ

ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،

ﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ۱۰۵

ﺭﻮﺸﮐ

ﺪﻨﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ .

ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ،

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﻫ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺳ

ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺍ ﻪﭼﺮﻫ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ؛ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﮑﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻱ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ

،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻢﻫ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ

ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ

.

ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺮﻫ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﻪﺳ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻱ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺐﻟﺎﺟ ﻭ

ﮐ ﻥﺁ ﻪ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ

ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ،

ﺎﺘﺣ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ

ﺢﻄﺳ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،

ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺍ ﻱ ﻭ ﻱﻮﻗ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻮﺻ ﻱﺍ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺯﺍ ،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺕﺭ

ﻪﮐ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

ﹰﺎﻓﺮﺻ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺐﺴﺣﺮﺑ

ﻲﻠﻣ ﺺﻟﺎﺧﺎﻧ ﻱ ﻪﻧﺍﺮﺳ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ،ﺩﺮﮐ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ

ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ

ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ـ

ﺽﻭﺮﻔﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ـ ﺍﺭ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ .

ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ،ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ

ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ

ﻩﺪﻧﺍﺭ

؛ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻀﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻪﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﮐ

ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻥﺍﺩﺮﮔﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ

ﺪﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ ﻒﻴﻌﻀﺗ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﻪﺑ .

،ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻩﺪﻴﻘﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻤﻬﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ

ﻲ ﺭﺩ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﻭ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻥﺍﺩﺮﮔﺮﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ؛

ﺶﻴﺑ ﺪﻴﮐﺄﺗ ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺗ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺩﺩﺮﮔ Clark and )

Clark,2004: 452-466 .(

۳ ‐ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ

ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﻲ ﻪﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ

ﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻮﻟﺰﻣ ﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺐﺗﺍﺮﻣ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺭ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻥﺁ ﻭﺮﻤﻠﻗ .

ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻭ ﻮﻟﺰﻣ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ،ﺎﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻨﻳﺰﮔ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻥﺁ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻢﻴﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻡﺎﻏﺩﺍ ﺎﺑ ،ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻟﺪﻣ

ﻲ ﻢﻬﺳ ﻪﮐ ﻢﻴﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﻫ١

ﺮ

ﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﮏﻳ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﮔﺪ

.

ﻱﺍﺮﮔ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﺷ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ،ﻮﻟﺰﻣ ﺪﻟﻭﺮﻫ ﻡﺎﻫﺍﺮﺑﺁ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ،ﻲﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻣﺁ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ .

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺭﺁ ،ﻱﻭ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ

1. contribution

(7)

١١٧

ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺒﺗﺍﺮﻣ ﻪﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻧﺍ : ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ

، ١

ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻲﻨﻤﻳﺍ

، ٢

ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻠﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻖ

٣ﻖﺸﻋ

، ﻡﺍﺮﺘﺣﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ

،٤

ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻓﻮﮑﺷﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ

٥

)

،ﻮﻟﺰﻣ ۱۳۷۲ : ۷۱ .(

ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ،ﻮﻟﺰﻣ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻘﻠﺗ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ـ ﻲﺷﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﻱﺍ

ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻪﮐ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻁﺮﺷ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻭ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﺘ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ،ﻮﻟﺰﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺮﺷ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

ﻳ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂ

ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻥﺪﺸﻧ ﺎﻳ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ،ﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﺟﻮﻣ ،ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑﻮﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

ﺩﺩﺮﮔ . ﺎﻳ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ،ﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻂﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﻘﻠﺣ ،ﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻥﺪﺸﻧ .

ﺩﻮﺧ ﻮﻟﺰﻣ ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

:

» ﺮﺸﺑ ﻲﻳﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ

ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﺮﺸﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﺎﺿﺭﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ )

،ﻮﻟﺰﻣ ۱۳۸۱ : ۴۵۲ .(

ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻮﻟﺰﻣ ﻱ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺍﺰﻣ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ :

ﺯﺍ

،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﻧ ﻪﻳﺮﻈ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ

ﺪﻨﻜﺑ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ .

ﺞﻨﭘ

ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻲﺒﺗﺍﺮﻣ ﻪﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻮﻟﺰﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺯﺎﻴﻧ

ﻲﻣ ،ﺪﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻭ ﺡﺮﺟ ﺎﺑ ،ﻥﺍﻮﺗ

ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ،ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺎﻫ

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻭ ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ

: ﻒﻟﺍ ( ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ

ﺏ ،ﻲﺘﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ ـ ﻲﺘﻣﻼﺳ (

ﺝ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ (

ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ

1. Phisiological needs

2. safty needs

3. belongingness and love needs 4. esteem needs

5. need for self-actualization

ﻨﻣﺍ ﺩ ،ﻲﺘﻴ ( ـﻫ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ (

ـ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ

ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ . ﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻇﺎﻨﺘﻣ ،ﻪﻄﻴﺣ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﻮﻟﺰﻣ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ .

ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ،ﻮﻟﺰﻣ ﻱ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻢﻬﻣ ﮏﻤﻛ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ

ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺎﻳ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ .

ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ،ﻮﻟﺰﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻳﺎﺟ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ

ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻥﺪﺸﻧ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﻨﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ،ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻳﺁ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﻠﻋ .

ﺯﺍ ،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻣ

ﻡﻮﻬﻔ

ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻮﻟﺰﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ

ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ

ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ،

،ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ

ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﺯﺍ

ﻲﺘﻨﺳ / ﻥﺭﺪﻣ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ

ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺝﺍﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ .

ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺖﺳﺍ٦

. ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ،ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ

،ﻲﮑﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻢﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ،ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲﻋﺎ

ﺍﺭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻭ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ،ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﻭ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ .

ﺶﻳﻮﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ

ﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﺕﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ،ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ

ﺍﻭ ﻢﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ

ﺯﺍ ﺍﺪﺟ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﺑ ـ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻞﮐ Rettig and )

Leichtentritt,2005: 2 .(

ﺎﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ،ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺏﻮﺧ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ

6. Human Ecological-Systems Theory

(8)

١١٨

ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﺖﻴﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ .

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ ﻪﮐ ﻲﺗﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ

ﻝﻮﺣ ﹰﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻱﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ

١

ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺘﻣ .

ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﮐ ،ﻲﻨﻴﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ

ﻱﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺏﻮﺧ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﮏﻳ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ

ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﮒﺭﺰﺑ .

ﹰﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺭﺩ

ﻲﮑﻳﺰﻴﻓ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ،ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺳ ﻪﺑ /

ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ،ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ Rettig and )

Leichtentritt,2005: 2 .(

ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ،ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻪﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺠﻨﺳ ﻲﻣ ﺍ

. ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﺖﻬﺟ ﹰﺎﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻭ ﺭﺎﮐ ،ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻥﻮﭼ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ...

ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ .

ﺐﻠﻏﺍ

،ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ ﻲﺗﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺿﺭ ﻱﺎﺿﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺗ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺖﻳﺎ

ﻲﻣ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

Rettig and Leichtentritt) ,2005:

2-3 .(

ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ،ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ،ﻲﮑﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﮑﺸﺗ

ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻭ ،ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺯ .

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ

ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻱﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻪﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ،ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻠﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲ .

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ

ﻱﻭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ .

1. perceptual

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻪﮐ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ،ﺎﻣﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺰﺟ ﻪﺑ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ،ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﻭ ﻲﮑﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻲ

ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﮐ .

ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺮﮔﺍ ،ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ

ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ،ﻢﻴﻨﮐ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻲﮑﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻞﻳﺫ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺀﺰﺟ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺩﺍﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ

ﺩﺮﮐ . ﻭ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ،ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻢﻬﺳ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ .

ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ،ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ

ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻪﺳ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﻱﺎﺘﺳﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻥﺎﮑﻣﺍ :

۱ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ـ ۲

ـ ﻲﮑﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ـ

ﻭ ،ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ۳

ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ـ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ . ﺭﺩ ،ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻪﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ

ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ،ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ﻱ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ ﻪﺳ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﻲﺘﻴﻨﻣﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻭ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ،ﻲﺘﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ ـ ﻲﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻧﺎﺠﻨﮔ .

ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﮏﻤﮐ ،ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ

ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻮﺤﻧ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻠﮐ

ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺍﺭ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻭﺩ ﺰﺟ

ﻲﻳ ﺮﺗ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﮐ ـ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ

ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺎﮐﻭﺮﻓ ﮏﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺎﮔ

ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ

ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﺝﺍﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﻮﻤﻧ

. ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ

، ﻪﺳ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ،ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ

ﻪﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ

ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﮐ

ـ ﻭﺩ ﻭ ،ﻲﻠﻐﺷ

ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ

ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺯﺍ

ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺍ ﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭ ﻲ ﺝﺍﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ

ﺪﻧﺍ .

ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ

۱ ﻝﺪﻣ ، ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺶﻳﺎﻤﻧ

ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻩﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ

ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ

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ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ

ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ

ﺪﻧﺍ :

ﻱ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ۱

: ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻝﺪﻣ

ﺿﺮﻓ ﻪﻴ ۱ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ ﻦﻴﺑ ـ .

ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ۲ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻭ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻦﻴﺑ ـ .

ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ۳ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻭ ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ـ .

ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ۴ ﻪﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ـ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﻱ

.

ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ۵ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ـ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻭ

.

ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ۶ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ـ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ

ﻱﺪﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

.

ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ۷ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ـ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ .

ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ۸ ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ـ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ .

ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ۹ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ ـ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ

/ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﻭ ﻥﺭﺪﻣ .

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ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺵﻭﺭ

١

‐ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﻭﺁﺩﺮﮔ

ﻱ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ

ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻤﻛ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺶﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ ﻚﻴﻨﻜﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ .

ﻊﻤﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ

ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ

، ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻱﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ

ﻥﺁ ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﻦﺗ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺄﺗ

ﻣ ﻦﻴ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻭ

ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳﺩ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ

ﻥﺁ ﺐﻳﺍﺮﺿ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺥﺎﺒﻧﻭﺮﻛ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ

، ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺪﺻ ﺮﻔﻧ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺶﻴﭘ

ﻪ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺲﭘ ﺯﺍ

ﻞﻴﻤﮑﺗ ﻭ ﻦﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ

،ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﺩﺮﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ

ﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺯ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ SPSS

ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ

ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺮﻬﺷ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺎﺳ ﻪﻴﻠﮐ ،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻥﺎﺘﺳ

ﺪﻨﺟﺮﻴﺑ

ﻲﻨﺳ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ۱۵

ﺎﺗ ۶۵ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻭ١

ﻖﺒﻃ

ﻝﺎﺳ ﻦﻜﺴﻣ ﻭ ﺱﻮﻔﻧ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ ۱۳۸۵

ﺮﺑ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ

۱۴۲۸۱۰ ﺮﻔﻧ

ﺪﻧﺍ ) ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ

،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ۱۳۸۶ : ۲۲ ؛ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ

ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ، ۱۳۸۲ .(

ﻱﺍ ﻪﺷﻮﺧ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ،ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ

ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣﺪﻨﭼ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ

ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﺮﮐﻮﮐ ﻝﻮﻣﺮﻓ

۴۰۰ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺮﻔﻧ .

ﻝﺎﺳ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ

۱۳۸۶ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺘﺳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺪﻨﺟﺮﻴﺑ .

١ . ﻒﻘﺳ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻲﹼﻨﺳ

۶۵ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺖﹼﻠﻋ ﺲﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ

ﺺﹼﺨﺸﻣ ﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺺﻗﺎﻧ ،ﻦﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺯﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﺩﺮﮔ ﺭﺩ ،ﻭﺭ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻒﻘﺳ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﺎﺗ ،ﺎﻫ

ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﹼﻨﺳ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺖﺳﺍ .

٢

‐ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺍﻭ

ﻪﺘﺴﺑ

ﺎﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻱﺩﺎﻣ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣﺍ ﺯﺍ ،ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﺶﻣﺍﺭﺁ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺮﺑ

ﻲﻣ ﮔ ﺩﺮﻴ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻭ

ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﻋ )

ﻱﺭﻮﺼﺗ ( ﺭﺩ ﻱﻭ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺍ

ﺩﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ .

ﺞﻨﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﮐ ،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ ﺮﻫ ﻭ ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺍﺪﺟ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ

؛ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣﺮﻳﺯ ﻭ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ :

ﻒﻟﺍ ( ﻲﺘﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ ـ ﻲﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ :

۱ ﻱﺍﺬﻏ ﻭ ﺏﺁ ـ

ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻓﺎﮐ ۲

ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﺖﺣﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺏﺍﻮﺧ ـ ۳

ـ

ﺎﻫ ﻩﺎﮕﻧﺎﻣﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻥﺎﮑﺷﺰﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺳﺁ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳﺩ ۴

ـ

ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﺘﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ ﺖﺒﻗﺍﺮﻣ ۵

ﻥﺎﻤﻳﺍﺯ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ ـ

ﻲﺘﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ ۶

ﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻔﻃﺍ ﺮﻴﻣ ﻭ ﮒﺮﻣ ـ ﻩﺩﺍ

۷ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ـ

ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ۸

ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ـ ﻲﺘﻣﻼﺳ

ﻲﺘﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ ﻭ .

ﺏ ( ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ :

۱ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ـ ﺪﻳﺮﺧ ) ﻲﻓﺎﮐ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ

ﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ (

۲ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﮐ ﻭ ﻞﻳﺎﺳﻭ ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺩ ـ

ﻝﺰﻨﻣ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﺿ ۳

ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻞﻐﺷ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ـ ۴

ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺩ ـ

ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻞﻐﺷ ﺮﺑ ﻂﻠﺴﺗ ۵

ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ـ

ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ .

ﺝ ( ﻲﺘﻴﻨﻣﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ :

۱ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻳﺎﻨﺟ ﻭ ﻡﺮﺟ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ـ

ﺮﻬﺷ ﻭ ﻪﻠﺤﻣ ۲

ﺯﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺴﺟ ﺖﻴﻨﻣﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ـ

ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻠﺤﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ۳

ﺭﺩ ﺖﻧﻮﺸﺧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ـ

ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺍ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ۴

ﻲﻣﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﻱﺎﻫﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ـ