ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ – ﻲﭘﺎﻴﭘ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ )
۳۴ ( – ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ۲ – ﻥﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ ۱۳۸۸
ﺺﺻ ۱۷۴ - ۱۵۵
ﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ
ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ :
ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ
ﻘﺗ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻲ
ﻥﺎﻤﻳﺍ ﻭ ∗
ﺩﺍﺮﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻤﻠﮔ
∗∗ﻱ
هوﺮﮔ∗
ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﯽ
ﺷ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯿ
زاﺮ
ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد∗∗
ي ﮐد ﺮﺘ ي ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﯽ
ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺎﻳ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻠﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻭ ﻲﻣﺩﺁ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻭ .
ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻭ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻳﺎﭘ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ
ﺎﺑ ﺪﺷ . ﺑﺪ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﮏﺷ ﻥ ﻪﺑ
ﻨﻌﻣ ﻤﻫ ﻲ ﮕﻨﻫﺎ ﺟﺍ ﻲ ﺍﺰ ﻈﻧ ﻱ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﺎ ﻬﺟ ﻲ
ﻴﺘﺳﺩ ﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻲ ﻪﺑ
ﻳ ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﻑﺍﺪـﻫﺍ ـﮑ
ﻲ ﺯﺍ ﻴﺻﻮﺼـﺧ ﺕﺎ
ﻢـﻬﻣ
ﻳﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻩﺪ ﻣ ﻝﺁ ﺎﺑ ﻲ
ﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺪﺷ ﺍ ﻦ ﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺮﻣ ﺎﺣ ﻲ ﻣ ﻞﺻ ﺮﮔ ﻲ ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻱ
ﺟ ﺎﻣ ﻌ ﻴﮑﺸﺗ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪ ﺩ ﻞ
ﻩﺪﻨﻫ ﺟﺍ ﺍﺰ ﻈﻧ ﻱ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﺎ ﻲ
ﻇﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺧ ﻒ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮ ﻋ
ﻤ ﺎﻤﻧ ﻞ ﻳ ﺪﻨ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺪﺑ ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﺎﻋﻮﻨﻤﻫ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ .
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﺕﺭﻭﺮـﺿ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻭ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺐﻴﺳﺁ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻭ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ،ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ . ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺯﺍﺮﻴـﺷ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻭ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ . ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﻮﻳ ﻭ ﺮﻟﻭﻻ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﻴﻫﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ .
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﺩﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻭ ﺶﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ
. ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ۳۸۲
ﺮﻔﻧ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺑ
ﺖﻗﺩ ۴۰۰ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻔﻧ .
ﺭﺩ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ۶
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻞﻴﻤﮑﺗ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ .
ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻭ ﺥﺎـﺒﻧﻭﺮﮐﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻩﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ .
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ .
ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺎﺘـﺳﺍﺭ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻮـﻣﺯﺁ
ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻬﻧﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻭ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﺯﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﺿﺮﻓ .
ﻪﺑ ﻩﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻥﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻡﺎﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﮔ ﺵﻭﺭ .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ
: ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻩﺯﺎﺳ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪـﻬﻌﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﻲـﻠﻣ ﺖـﻳﻮﻫ ﻭ ﻲ
ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ۹۵
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ .
ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎـﺿﺭ ﻱﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎـﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪـﻬﻌﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ )
۴۶ / ۰
= (r
ﺖـﻳﻮﻫ ،
ﯼﺩﺍﺮﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻤﻠﮔ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻳﺍ ﯽﻘﺗ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ
١٥٦
ﻲﻠﻣ ) ۶۷ / ۰
= (r
ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ، )
۲۷ / ۰
= (r
ﺭﺩﺎﻣ ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻭ )
۳۱ / ۰
= (r
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ .
ﺪـﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻳﺎـﺿﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻣﺁ
ﻮﺘﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻂﺳ .
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ )
۴۶ / ۰ ( ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲـﻨﻌﻣ ﺢﻄـﺳ ﺎـﺑ )
۰۰۰ / ۰
= (P
،
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻒﻴﻌﺿ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ .
ﻪـﮐ ﺪـﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻧﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔﺭ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ۶
ﺖﻳﺎـﺿﺭ ﺮـﻴﻐﺘﻣ
ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟﺍ )
۳۹ / ۰
Beta=
( ﻲــﻠﻣ ﺖــﻳﻮﻫ ، )
۴۲ / ۰
Beta=
( ﺖﻴﻌــﺿﻭ ، ﻲﻠﻐــﺷ
) ۳۳ / ۰
Beta=
( ﻞــﻫﺎﺗ ﺖﻴﻌــﺿﻭ ، )
۲۶ / ۰
Beta=
( ﺕﻼﻴﺼــﺤﺗ ،
) ۲۱ / ۰
Beta=
( ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ، )
۱۷ / ۰
Beta=
( ﻦﺳ ﻭ ) ۱۳ / ۰
Beta=
(
ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻲﺘﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺪﻧﺍ
ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ۵۹
/ ۰ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﺯﺍ )
۵۹ / ۰
= .(R²
ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱ
: ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ،ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ،ﻲﻠﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ .
The Examination of the Relation between Social Satisfaction
and Identity with Social Commitment on Youths in the Shiraz City
M. T. Iman∗ and G. Moradi∗∗
∗ Sociology Department, Shiraz University
∗∗ Ph.D Student of sociology
Abstract
Aims: One of the main problems in social science, particularly in sociology and behavioral scientific is youth s social commitment and their involvement to the basic rules in society. Social order reflects integrity between social system elements to achieve social aims which is main characteristic of ideal society. This can be achieved when members of society recognize and operate their tasks properly. The main purpose of this study was The Survey on Relationship between Social Satisfaction and Identity with Social Commitment on Youths in the Shiraz City. This article is passed on a social exchange approach with particular emphasis on Lawler and yoon ’s theory.
Research method: This research conducted based on survey method and with questionnaire among 19-35 years age old in the Shiraz City. Sample contained 400 persons and selected through systematic random sampling. Face, criterion and construct validity have been used to verify the validity and alpha coefficients to assess the reliability of the measurement. To test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation coefficient and analysis of variance were employed. Multiple regression and path analysis were used to assess the research model.
Results and discussion: The data analysis show that the structural relationship between Social Satisfaction and Identity with Social Commitment. According to the research findings, There is significant relation between the youth s social commitment and social satisfaction, social identity, education and mother education. Regression results show that the six variables: social satisfaction (Beta=0.39), national identity (Beta=0.42), employment status (Beta=0.33), marital statues (Beta=0.26), education (Beta=0.21), gender (Beta=0.17) and age (Beta=0.13) entered to regression model and explained 59 percent of dependent variable variance(R²=0.59).
Keywords: Social Commitment, Social Satisfaction, National Identity, Youths, Shiraz.
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤ
...
١٥٧
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻮﻀﻋ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﺖﻳﻮﻀﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻲﻟﻮﺻﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﺩﺮﻳﺬﭘ .
ﺶﻘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧ ١
. ﻲﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻳﺎﭘ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺍﺭ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧ ﻥﺎﺷ .
ﺮﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻪﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻒ ﺍ
ﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
ﺎﻫ ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﻱ ﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻲ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﺻﻮﺗ ﻴ ﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻒ ﻲ
ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻦﻴﻌﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻥﺩﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ
ﺭﺎﮐ ﻱ ﺭﺍﻮﺨﻤﻏ ،ﻦﺘﺴﺑ ﺪﻬﻋ ،ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻩﺪﻬﻋ ﻪﺑ ، ﻱ
ﺗ ﻭ ، ﻴ ﺭﺎﻤ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺩ )
ﻌﻣ ﻴ ﻦ
، ۱۳۵۳ : ۱۱۰۵ .(
ﺮﻬﻄﻣ ﻱ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ
ﻨﻌﻣ ﻲ ﺎﭘ ﻳ ﺪﻨﺒ ﻱ ﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻭ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲ
ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ
ﺎﭘ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻳ
ﺍﺪ ﺭ ﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻲ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﺩﺮﻓ
ﺴﮐ ﺪﻬﻌﺘﻣ ﻲ
ﭘ ﻭ ﺪﻬﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻴ
ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﺎﻓﻭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﺎﻤ
ﻓﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻲ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺍﺭ ﻱ
ﭘ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻴ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ ﻥﺎﻤ
ﺻ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻴ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺖﻧﺎ )
ﺮﺠﻨﺳ ﻱ ، ۱۳۷۵ : ۳۶ .(
ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻥﻼﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﺎﻬﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺷﺩﻮﺧ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻒﻴﺻﻮﺗ (Singh, 1997: 142)
. ﺮﻣﺮﻛ ﻭ ﺭﻮﻠﻓ
) ٢٠٠١ ( ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ . (Flores & Kremer, 2004: 204,
Pasquier & et al, 2004) .
ﻮﻠﻴﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻠﻴﻠﻴﮔ )
٢٠٠٢ ( ﺮﺑ
ﻡﻭﺍﺪﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﻴﻧ ﻭ ﺪﺼﻗ ﻚﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚﻳ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻨﻤﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺪﻨﻛ (Gilliand & Bello, 2002: 26) .
ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻦﻴﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ
ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻈﻋ
ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺭﺎﺸﻗﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻧﺍ (Lease, 1998. Mathieu, Zajae, 1990 &
Meyer & Allen, 1984) ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻘﻠﺗ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺎﻘﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ
ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﺪﺣ ﻪﭼ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﺷ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻧﺍﻮﺨﻤﻫ (Mowday, Porter & Steers,
1982:26) .
ﺮﻜﻴﺑ ) ١٩٦٠ ( ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ،
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺮﻴﺧﺫ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻥ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻥﺁ ﻙﺮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺧﻭﺪﻧﺍ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻛﺫ ،ﺪﻧﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﻭﺪﻧﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ (Lynn,
2000:429) .
ﺑﺪ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﮏﺷ ﻥ ﻪﺑ ﻲ
ﻨﻌﻣ ﻲ
ﻤﻫ ﮕﻨﻫﺎ ﺟﺍ ﻲ ﺍﺰ ﻈﻧ ﻱ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﺎ ﻬﺟ ﻲ
ﻴﺘﺳﺩ ﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻲ ﻪﺑ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ
ﻳ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﮑ ﻲ ﺯﺍ ﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﺕﺎ
ﻳﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻩﺪ
ﻣ ﻝﺁ ﺎﺑ ﻲ ﻭ ﺪﺷ
ﻳﺍ ﺍ ﻦ ﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺮﻣ ﺎﺣ ﻲ ﻣ ﻞﺻ ﺮﮔ ﻲ ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻱ
ﺟ ﺎﻣ ﻌ ﻪﺑ ﻪ
ﻴﮑﺸﺗ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺩ ﻞ
ﻩﺪﻨﻫ ﺟﺍ ﺍﺰ ﻈﻧ ﻱ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﺎ ﻇﻭ ﻲ
ﻳﺎ ﻒ
ﺧ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮ ﻋ
ﻤ ﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻞ ﺪﻨ .
ﯼﺩﺍﺮﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻤﻠﮔ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻳﺍ ﯽﻘﺗ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ
١٥٨
ﻱﺮﺗ ﮒﺎﻫ ﻭ ) ١
۱۹۶۹ ( ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ
ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻪﮐ
ﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻲ ﻤﮐ ﻲ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ
ﻮﻀﻋ ﻪﮐ ﻳ
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺖ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻳ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﻥﺎﺸ ﻲﻳ
ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ،ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ
ﺩ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﺍ ﻱ
ﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ
) Doosje.et.al, 1999: 87 .(
ﺍ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯ ﻲﻳ ﻪﮐ ﻴﻣ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﻴﻣ ﻥﺎ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺘﻣ ﻲ
ﺩﺪﻌ ﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻦ
ﺭ ﻭ ﺎﺑ ﻱ ﻳﺍ ﺑ ﻦ ﺳﺭﺮ ﻣ ﻲ ﻲ ﻮﺗ ﻳﺭ ﻥﺍ ﻪﺸ ﻫﺎ ﻱ ﺍ ﻳ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻭ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ
ﻴﭘ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﺗ ﺍﺪ
ﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺮﮐ ﻣ ﻂ
ﺒﺳﺎﻨ ﻲ ﺍﺭ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻱ ﻴﺑ ﺍ ﺖ ﺩﺍﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﻱ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺍﺟ ﺘ ﻋﺎﻤ ﺎﺑ ﻲ ﻴﻬﻣ ﻻ ﮐ ﺎ ﺩﺮ . ﺎﺠﻧﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻭ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺴﺴﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻦﺘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﮕﻧ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻩﺎ
ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺕﺄﺸﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻤﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻲﺘﻟﺎﺣ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺿﺮﻣ ﻲﺘﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
ﻲﻣ ﻝﺪﺒﻣ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ
(Franchi, 1995 & pasquier,
2004) . ﻩﺪﺷ ﮓﻧﺮﻤﻛ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻚﻳ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻱﻮﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺸﮔ ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻭ .
ﺰﻠﻴﻣ ﻝﻮﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻲﺿﺮﻣ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻢﻴﻛ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻝﻮﻗ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺍ ٢
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻭ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﺮﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻝﺪﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﮏﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺬﻟ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻂﺒﺗ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻚﻤﻛ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ
ﺩﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ (Parsons,
1959: 113) .
ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ
1- Hogg
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ (Mills, 1988: 123)
ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫﺎﻧ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﺖﻴﻨﻣﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻚﻤﻛ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺪﻨﻛ
(Festinger, 1959: 207) .
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻪﻛ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ . ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻱﺎﺿﺭﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ
ﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺩ (Durkheim, 1938: 129) .
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ
ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺸﮔ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﻣ )
Parsons, 1950: 113 (
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ،
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ )
Mills, 1988: 123 (
ﻥﺁ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ
ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﺖﻴﻨﻣﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ
ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫﺎﻧ )
،ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﺎﻴﭘﺎﺗ ١٣٨٠
: ٧٥ ( ﻭ
ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ )
Becker, 1960: 37 (
ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ
ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ .
ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﺿﺭﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ
) Aryee.et.al, 1991: 598 (
ﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ
ﺲﺣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳ
ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺎﻓﻭ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺜﻳﺍ ﻲﮔﺩﺎﻣﺁ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﺸﻳ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﮐﺍﺪﻓ )
Cushman,
1992: 6 & Katz, 1979 .(
ﻭ ﻉﺎﻓﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻪﮐﺮﺤﻣ ﺭﻮﺗﻮﻣ ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺮﻫ ﻥﺍﻮﺟ ﻞﺴﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ )
Stones.et.al,
1989: 573 .(
ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ،ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ٦٣٠٠٠٠٠
ﺭﺩ ﺮﻔﻧ
ﻪﺑ ﺏﻼﻘﻧﺍ ﻪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺁ ٩٤٠٠٠٠٠
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻔﻧ ١٣٦٥
ﻪﺑ ﻭ
ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ١٢٣٥٠٠٠٠ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻔﻧ
١٣٧٥ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ .
ﻝﺎﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ۱۳۸۵
ﻪﺑ
۳۰۰۰۰۰۰ ﺍ ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﺮﻔﻧ
ﺖﺳ ) ﻭ ﺱﻮﻔﻧ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ
،ﻦﮑﺴﻣ ۱۳۸۵ .(
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤ
...
١٥٩
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ،ﻲﮔﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ
ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻭ ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺭﻭﺮﭘ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ،ﻥﻻﺎﺴﻤﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻪﺻﻼﺧ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
ﻲﻨﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻬﻴﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ .
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ : -
،ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ
ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ
ﻥﺍﺯﺎﺳ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ .
- ﺪﻨﻣﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ
ﻭ ﺮﮔﺍ ﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃ ﺢﻴﺤﺻ
ﺯﺍ
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻢﻟﺎﺳ ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ
،ﺪﻨﻨﻜﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻢﻟﺎﺳﺎﻧ ﺐﺴﻛ
ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺻ ﻲﻧﻻﻮﻃ
ﺕﺪﻣ ﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺪﻨ ﺪﻳﺩ .
- ﻪﺑ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﺕﺮﺜﻛ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺷﻮﻧﺮﺳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ
ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ .
- ﻪﺑ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻭ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﻤﻫ
ﻉﻮﻧ ﻞﻳﺎﺴﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ . ﺲﭘ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ
ﺰﻴﻤﺗ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ
ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﺯﺍ ﺢﻴﺤﺻﺎﻧ ﺍﺭ
ﺩﺎﻳ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ .
- ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳﺩ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻥﺎﻛﺭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺘﺴﻫ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ
ﺭﺩ
ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﻭﺩ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻥﺎﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺯﺍ
ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ
.
ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺕﺮﺜﮐ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻲﺘﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺕﺎﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺎﺳ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺯ . ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻠﮐ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﺮﻬﺷ .
ﺎﺘﺳﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺰﺟ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ
ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻳﺫ ﺕﻻﺍﺆﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺮ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ :
- ﺎﺗ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ
؟ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺣ ﻪﭼ
- ﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖ
؟ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺣ ﻪﭼ ﺎﺗ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ
- ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻳﺁ
؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ
- ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻳﺁ
؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺎﻨﻌﻣ
- ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻬﻴﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻳﺁ
ﻨﻌﻣ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ
؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺎ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﻣ
ﻤﭼﺮﭘ ﻲ ﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻴﻘ
ﻲ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ
"
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻲ
ﻭ
ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ "
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻲ
ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ .
ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻭﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻥﻮﭼ ﻱ
ﺍﺮﮔﺩﺮﻓ ﻲﻳ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ، ﻲ ﺍﺮﮔ ،ﻥﺪﺷ ﻳ
ﺶ
ﻠﻣ ﻲ ﺳ ، ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺩ ، ﻳﻨ ﻲ ﺮﺤﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ، ﻣﻭ
ﻴ ﺒﺴﻧ ﺖ ﻲ ﺎﺳﻭ ، ﻳ ﻞ
ﻌﻤﺟ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻲ
ﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ، ﻳ
ﺎﺿﺭ ،ﻥﺍﺮﮕ ﻳ
ﺩﺎﻣ ،ﺖ ﻳ ﺍﺮﮕ ﻲﻳ ﻭ
ﻨﻣﺍ ﻴ ﻣﺄﺗ ﻭ ﺖ ﻴ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻦ ﻲ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲ
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ )
،ﻲﻤﭼﺮﭘ ۱۳۷۴
.(
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﻓﺎﻛﺮﻴﻣﺍ
"
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻲ
ﻭ
ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ "
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﺭﺩ .
ﻳ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﻱ
ﮐ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻣ ﻪ
ﻴ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻲ
ﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﻦ
ﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﻳ ﻣ ﻭ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺪﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎ ﻴ
ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﺑ ﻥﺍﺩﺮﻣ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺼﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﺯﺍ ﺶ ﻴ
ﺕﻼ
ﻐﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻴ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺮ ﻲ
ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ
ﺖﺳﺍ ) ،ﻲﻓﺎﻛﺮﻴﻣﺍ ۱۳۷۵
.(
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺯﻮﺘﻧﺎﺳ
"
،ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ
ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﺍ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻥﺎﻴﺑﺮﻣ "
ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﻮﻬﻤﺟ
ﻦﻜﻴﻨﻴﻣﺩ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ
ﻭ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ
ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ،ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ،ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ
ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ) Santos, 1998: 57 - 61 .(
ﯼﺩﺍﺮﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻤﻠﮔ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻳﺍ ﯽﻘﺗ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ
١٦٠
ﻲﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺭﺩ ﮓﻧﺍﻭ ﻭ ﻱﺎﺴﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
"
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ
ﻪﻠﺧﺍﺪﻣ ﮔ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﺮ
ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺍ
"
ﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺬ
ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺍ
ﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ .
ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ
(Tsai
& Wang, 2004: 179-189) .
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻤﺷﻮﮐ
"
ﺎﻬﻫﺍﺭ ﻒﺸﮐ ﻱ
ﻊﺿﻭ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺭﺎﮐ
ﻱ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﻣ "
ﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻴ
ﻦ
ﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻳ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻦ ﻱ
ﺎﻤﺗ ﻳ ﺍﺮﮔ ،ﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻞ ﻳ
ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺶ
ﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﻲ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻒﻳﺎﻇﻭ ﻭ ﻱ
ﻪﺘﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﺡﻼﺻﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ) Cushman, 1992: 5 .(
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺵﻼﺗ
ﺭﺩ ﻲﺗﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ
ﺪﻌﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺮﮐﺫ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻁﺎﺒ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻦﺷﻭﺭ ﺢﺿﺍﻭ .
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻤﺸﭼﺮﺳ ﻢﻴﻛﺭﻭﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﺒﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻗﻼﺧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺎﺜﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻛﺍﺪﻓ ﻪﻴﺣﻭﺭ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﻣ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻗﻼﺧﺍ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻚﻳ (Durkheim, 1938: 38)
.
ﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﮐ ﻢﻴﻛﺭﻭﺩ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺟ ﻥﺁ ﺯ
ﺶﻘﻧ ﻱﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻦﻴﻌﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻲﮔﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻒﻴﻟﺎﻜﺗ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻖﺣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺎﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺪﻧ .
ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺜﻳﺍ ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ،ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﺻ ﻪﺑ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ
ﻲﻌﻤﺟ ﺕﺭﻮ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ )
،ﻢﻴﻛﺭﻭﺩ ١٣٨١
: ٢٠٠ .(
ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻬﮕﻧ ﺯﺮﻣ ﻭ ﺪﺣ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺮﺴﻠﻤﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺰﻧﻮﺳﺭﺎﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻚﻳ ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺘﺣ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ،ﻱﺍ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺎﻳ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻚﻳ ﻲﺘﻗﻭ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺬﮔ )
ﺶﺨﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ( ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻚﻳ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻘﻠﺗ ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ
. ﻖﻓﺍﻮﻣ ﺖﻣﺪﺧ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭ
،ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻚﻳ ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳﺩ ﻭ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ
"
ﻱﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺕﺍﺪﻬﻌﺗ "
ﻣ ﺩﺎﻳ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲ ) Parsons &
Smelser, 1950: 113 .(
ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﺎﻬﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﻱﺪﻌﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺶﻘﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺰﻧﻮﺳﺭﺎﭘ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺴﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﻚﻳ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻘﻟﺍ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﻌﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ (Parsons, 1959:
.117) ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻭﺩ ﻖﻴﻔﻠﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﺰﻧﻮﺳﺭﺎﭘ ﺰﺟ ﻱﺰﻴﭼ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻭﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﻱﺎﻬﺸﻘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗﺍﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻳﺎﭘ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻤﻧ ،ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺷ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ .
ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺮﮑﻴﺑ ﻲ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﺒﺗ ﻴﻴ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻦ
ﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻭﺍﺪﻨﮐ
ﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻴ ﺯ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺮ ﻳ
ﻣ ﺮ ﻲ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ :
۱ - ﻧﺍ ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻈﺘ ﻲ
ﻡﺎﻋ : ﻫﺎﮔ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ
ﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻲ
ﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻲ
ﺯ ،ﺪﻧﺪﻬﻌﺘﻣ ﻳ
ﺍﺮ
ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻲ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻱ ﺎﻫ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻥﺁ ﮎﺮﺗ ﻲﻳ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺍﺬﻟ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱ
ﺍ ﻝﻮﻤﺸﻣ ﻪﮑﻧﺁ ﻳ
ﻦ
ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻴ
ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻲ
ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﺎﻔ ﻱ ﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ .
۲ - ﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﻱ
ﻏ ﻴ ﺼﺨﺷﺮ ﻲ : ﺩ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻳ ﺮﮕ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ
ﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻳ
ﻣ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻲ ﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ،ﺪﻨﮐ ﻱ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻳ
ﺎﻫ ﺖ ﻲﻳ ﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻴ
ﻭ ﻦ
ﻣ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻢﮐﺎﺣ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﻲ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ .
۳ - ﮕﻧﺮﻤﻫ ﻲ ﻳ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﺎ ﻱ
: ﻫﺎﮔ ﻲ ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱ
ﻞﻤﻋ
ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻴ
ﺎﻫ ﺖ ﻱ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱ
ﻣﺮﺑ ﻲ
ﺰﮔ ﻳ ﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻨ ﻲ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻥﺁ ﻪﮐ ﻱ
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ
ﻤﻧ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ .
۴ - ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ : ﺶﻨﮐ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﺮﮑﻴﺑ
ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﺍﺭ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻲ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻥﺪﻣﺁ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﻴ
ﺖ
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤ
...
١٦١
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺶﻨﮐ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﺗ
ﻣ ﻲ ﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻴ
ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦ ﻣ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ
ﻲ
ﺩﺩﺮﮔ . ۵ - ﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻲ
: ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻩﺩﺮﺧ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻱ
،
ﻣﻮﻗ ﻲ ﻠﻐﺷ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ، ﻲ
ﻠﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲ ﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲ
ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ
ﻣ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ) Becker, 1960: 36 .(
ﻣﻴ ﻠﺻﺍ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﺰﻠ ﻲ
ﺶﻘﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻱ ﺳﻮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻴ
ﻪﻠ
ﺗﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻴ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺐ ﻲ
ﻌﺗ ﻴﻴ ﻣ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻦ ﻲ
ﺪﻣﺎﻧ . ﻭﺍ
ﺑ ﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺚﺤ ﻴ
ﺛﺄﺗ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺯﺎ ﻴ
ﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺮ
ﭘﻴ ﺍﺪ ﻳ ﻣ ﺯﺎﻏﺁ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﺶ ﻲ
ﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻴ
ﻥﺎ
ﻣ ﻲ ﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻴ
ﺎﻫﺯﺎ ﻱ ﻣ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲ
ﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻳ
ﻥﺍﺮﮕ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻲ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻱ
ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﻮﻀﻋ ﻳ ﺎﻬﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﺭﺩ ﺖ ﻱ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﺎﻋﺭ ﻭ ﻳ ﺖ
ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻱ
ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ) ﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﺎ ( ﺑﻴ ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻦ ﻱ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻱ
ﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻱ ﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲ
ﺎﻬﺸﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ ﻱ
ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻱ
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺗﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻴ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺐ ﻲ
ﺑ ﺪﺘﺳ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻩﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻦ
ﺎﻬﺸﻘﻧ ﻱ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﻈﻨﺗ ﻴ ﻢ ﻳ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ،ﺪﺷ ﻩﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﺎ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺘﻗﻭ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻭﺍ ﻲ
ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻴ
ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻴ
ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺎﻬﺘ
ﺩﻳ
،ﺪﻧﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕ ﻳ
ﻨﻌ ﻲ ﭼ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺰ ﻲﻳ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ
ﺩﻳ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﺮﻈﻨﻓﺮﺻ ﻥﺍﺮﮕ ﻳ
ﭼ ﺎ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺰ ﻲﻳ ﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻳ ،ﺪﻧﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﮕ
ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺎﮕﻧﺁ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺍ
ﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻳ ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﺮﮕ ﻱ
ﻧ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻴ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺪﺑ ﻒﻇﻮﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺰ
ﺁﻳ ﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻩﺪﻨ ﻳ
ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻔ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺕﺍ
ﺎﻤﻧ ﻳ
،ﺪﻨ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ ﺑ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻴ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻦ )
Mills,
1959: 122 .(
ﻝﻮﻣﺮﻓ ﺶﻧﺍﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺖﻟﻮﺑﺯﻭﺭ )]
ﺎﺟ ﻳ ﺰﮕ ﻳ ﺎﻬﻨ -
ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻳ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻪ ﻱ + ( ﺎﺿﺭ ﻳ ﺖ = ﺪﻬﻌﺗ [ ﻣ ﻪﻳﺍﺭﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲ
ﺎﻤﻧ ﻳ ﻭ ﺪﻨ
ﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻴ
ﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻲ
ﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﺎﺿﺭ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻳ
ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺖ
ﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻴ
ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻳ
ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻪ ﻳ ﺸ ﻥﺎ ) ﺰﻫ ﻝﻮﺒﻗ ﻳ
ﺎﻫ ﻪﻨ ( ﻭ
ﺎﻬﻫﺍﺭ ﻱ ﻨﮑﻤﻣ ﻲ ﭘ ﻪﮐ ﻴ ﻭﺭ ﺶ ﻳ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﺸ )
ﻥﺎﻤﻫ : ﻪﺑ
ﺯﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ Rusbult.et.al, 1982: 1230-1242 .(
ﻧ ﺰﺘﻟﻮﻫ ﻥﺯﻭﺭ
ﻴ ﺎﺿﺭ ﺰ ﻳ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺍﺭ ﺖ ﻱ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺶ
ﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻲ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﮐ ) ﻥﺎﻤﻫ : ﺯﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ Rosenholtz,
1989: 357 .(
ﺭﺩ ﺩ ﻳ ﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻩﺎﮔﺪ ﻲ
ﺕﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻭ ﻳ
ﺑﺎﻣ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻴ
ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻦ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ .
ﻠﺤﺗ ﻴ ﺳﻼﮐ ﻞ ﻴ ﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺰﻨﻣﻮﻫ ﮏ ﻳ
ﺎﭘ ﻦ ﻳ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪ
ﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺯ ﺕﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻴ
ﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻨ ﻲ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ
ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺵﺭﻭﺮﭘ
ﺭﺩ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻳ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﮏ .
ﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﻱ ﻧ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻴ
ﺰ )
،ﻭﻼﺑ ۱۹۷۷ ،ﻥﻮﺳﺮﻣﺍ ؛
۱۹۸۱ ( ﺍﺮﮔ ﻳ ﻨﭼ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﺖﻟﺎﺧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺶ ﻴ
ﺍﺮﺷ ﻦ ﻳﻄ ﻲ ﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ .
ﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻥﻮﺳﺮﻣﺍ ﻲ
ﺑ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻴ
ﻣﺯ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﮐ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﻨ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻒﻃﺍﻮﻋ ﻲ
ﺎﻤﺣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﻳ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖ ﻲ
ﻭ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻖﻠﻌﺗ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻲ
ﻘﻠﺗ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺎﻤﻧ ﻳ ﺪ ) Lawler
& yoon, 1993: 466 .(
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﻪﭽﻧﺁ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ
ﺮﺑ
،ﻩﺪﺷ ﺎﻨﺑ ﻥﺁ
ﺖﻓﺎﻴﻫﺭ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ
ﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺹﺎﺧ ﺪﻴﻛ
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﻟﻭﻻ
ﻥﻮﻳﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺮﻈﻧ ﻳ ﺎﻋﺭ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻥﺍﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪ ﻳ
ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﺖ
ﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻲ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱ ﻣ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ،ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻧ . ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻳ ﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻳ
ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﻮﺘﺳﺍ ﺽﺮﻓ ﻦ
ﺎﻬﻓﺪﻫ ﻭ ﺎﻫﻭﺯﺭﺁ ﻱ
ﺼﺨﺷ ﻲ ﻨﺷﻭﺭ ﻲ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ .
ﺮﻫ
ﭼ ﻪﺑ ﺲﮐ ﻴ
ﺎﻫﺰ ﻲﻳ ﻧ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻴ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻣﺯﺎ ﻱ
ﻤﻫ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪ
ﺍﻳ ﻧ ﻦ ﻴ ﻤﻧ ﮎﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺎﻫﺯﺎ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ .
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻦ ﻳ ﻣ ﺽﺮﻓ ﻪ ﻲ
ﻑﺪﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘﺳﺍﻮﺧ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺼﺨﺷ ﻲ ﮕﻧﺍ ،ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻴ
ﺎﻫ ﻩﺰ ﻱ
ﻪﻧﺎﻫﺍﻮﺧﺩﻮﺧ ﺍ
ﻱ ﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﭘ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻴ
ﺍﺪ ﻳ ﺶ
ﮕﻧﺍ ﻴ ﺘﺳﺩ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺰ ﻴﺑﺎ
ﻲ ﺎﺿﺭ ﻭ ﺕﺬﻟ ،ﺎﻫﻻﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻳ
ﺖ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ . ﺍﻳ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻦ ﻳ ﺩ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﻪ ﻳ
ﺍﺭ ﻪﻧﺎﻫﺍﻮﺧﺮﮕ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﺎﺿﺭ ﻳ ﻮﻨﻌﻣ ﺖ ﻱ ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻳ
ﺿﻮﺗ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﻦ ﻴ
ﻣ ﺢ ﻲ ﺪﻫﺩ .
ﺮﻈﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻳ
ﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻝﺩﺎﺒﺗ ﻪ ﻳ
ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﻮﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺻﺍ ﻦ
ﻟﺩﺎﺒﺗ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﻌﺑﺎﻨﻣ ،ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲ
ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻳ ﺪﮑ ﻳ ﻣ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺮﮕ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﯼﺩﺍﺮﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻤﻠﮔ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻳﺍ ﯽﻘﺗ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ
١٦٢
ﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﮐ ﻳ ﭘ ﻭ ﺞ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎ ﻱ ﺍ ﺪﻨﻤﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻳ
ﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻦ ﻲ
ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻟﻮﭘ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻲ
ﺳﺎﻨﺟﺍ ، ﻲ ﻭ ﻳ ﻝﺎﺤﺷﻮﺧ ﺱﻮﻤﻠﻣﺎﻧ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺎ
ﻮﻘﺗ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻳ
ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻑﺮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖ
ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﮐ ﻳ ﻟﺩﺎﺒﺗ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺞ ﻲ
ﻪﺑ
ﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻲ
ﺎﺿﺭ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻳ
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﺗ ﻭ ﺖ
ﻟﺩﺎﺒﺗ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﻏ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻴ
ﺍ ﺮ ﻳ ﻟﺩﺎﺒﺗ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺮﮔﺍ ،ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻦ ﻲ
ﻔﻨﻣ ﻲ
ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻧﺍ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺍ
ﻱ ﺎﺿﺭﺎﻧ ﻭ ﻳﺘ
ﻲ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ
ﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺷ ) Molm, 1992: 428-429 .(
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺩ ﻦ ﻳ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ،ﻩﺎﮔﺪ ﻲ
ﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻲ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺮﺑ
ﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﻟﺩﺎﺒﺗ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲ
ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﮐ ،
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﺟ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻳ
ﺰﮕ ﻳ
ﮓﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻦ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺎﺟ ﻥﺎﮑﻣﺍ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻳ
ﺰﮕ ﻳ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﻦ ﻱ
ﻭ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺭﻮﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺑ ﺯﺍ ،ﺏﺎ
ﻴ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻦ
ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺍ ﻱ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ .
ﺩ ﻑﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻳ
ﺍ ﺮﮕ ﻳ ﻨﺘﺒﻣ ،ﻝﺩﺎﺒﺗ ﻦ ﻲ
ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﺰﻫ ﻳ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻳ ﻣ ﻲ ﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻴ
ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻪﺠ ﻱ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ
ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﻣ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺎ ﻲ
ﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻳ
ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻩﺪﻨ
ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻭ ﺮﻟﻭﻻ ﻳ ﻟﺩ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻥﻮ ﻴ
ﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﻞ ﻳﮑ ﻲ ﺯ ﻳ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺮ ﻱ ﺛﺄﺗ ﻴ ﺮ
ﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﮑﺗ ﻞﮑﺷ
ﮔﻴ ﺮ ﻱ ﺑ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻴ ﻣ ﻥﺎ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ :
۱ - ﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﮐ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﮑﺗ ﻴ
ﭘ ﺖ ﻴ ﺑ ﺶ ﻴﻨ ﻲ
ﺩ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻳ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕ ﻳ
ﻣ ﺶ ﻲ ﺪﺑ ،ﺪﻫﺩ ﻳ
ﻟﺩ ﻦ ﻴ ﻠﮑﺗﻼﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻞ ﻴﻔ
ﻲ
ﻣ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﮐ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲ
ﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲ
ﺻﺎﺧ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ،ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲ
ﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﺎﺟ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻥﺎ ﻳ
ﺰﮕ ﻳ ﺎﻫ ﻦ ﻱ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ
ﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﻳ ﺪﻨﻨ .
۲ - ﺎﺑ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﮑﺗ ﻣ ﺚﻋ
ﻲ ﺗﻻﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲ
ﻭﺭ ﻪﮐ ﻱ ﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﮎﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﻢﻫ ﻳ
ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺮﮕ
ﺎﺟ ﻳ ﺰﮕ ﻳ ﺑ ﻦ ﻴ ﻣ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ،ﺪﻨﮐ .
۳ - ﮔ ﻞﮑﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﮑﺗ ﻴﺮ
ﻱ ﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻭ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻲ
ﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ .
۴ - ﻮﻘﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﮑﺗ ﻳﺘ
ﻲ ﻭ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ
ﺎﺿﺭ ﻳ ﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺖ ﻲ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﮕﺸﻨﮐ ﻭ ﺪ ﺍ ﻥﺍﺮ
ﻳ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻦ ﺎﺿﺭ
ﻳ ﻣ ﺖ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ . ﻻﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻳ
ﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻕﻮﻓ ﻞ ﻲ
ﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﮑﺗ ﻳ
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻱ
ﻭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻧﺍ ﻳ
ﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺶ ﻲ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﮐ . ﻭ ﺮﻟﻭﻻ ﻳ
ﺍ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﻥﻮ ﻱ
ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺗﺍ ﺯﺍ
ﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺘﻗﻭ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ ﻲ
ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ
ﻲ ﮔ ﻴ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺮ
ﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻴ
ﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻲﻳ
ﺮﻫ ﻳ ﺎﻋﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﮐ ﺯﺍ ﮏ ﻳ
ﺖ
ﺍﺮﺷ ﻳ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻂ ﻱ
) ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ( ﻣ ﻭ ﻴ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻳ
،ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﮏ
ﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻲ ) ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻳ ﻔﻨﻣ ﺎ ﻲ ( ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻪﻓﺮﻃﻭﺩ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ
ﻣ ﻲ ﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ ﻲ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲ
ﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻴ
ﺮ
ﺎﺿﺭ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻳ
ﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺖ ﻴ
ﺮﻗ ﺮ ﺭﺍ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲ
ﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﻭ ﺏﻮﺧ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﮐ ﻲ
ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ
ﻟﺩﺎﺒﺗ ﻲ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻱ
ﺑ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻴ
ﻦ
ﻣ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲ
ﺩﻮﺷ ) Lawler&
yoon, 1998: 871-881 .(
ﻭ ﺮﻟﻭﻻ ﻳ
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻥﻮ ﻲ
ﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱ
ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﺘﻧ ﻦ ﻴ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺠ ﻳ
ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎ
ﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﮐ ﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺮﮑﻣ ﺭﻮﻀ
ﻱ ﻟﺩﺎﺒﺗ ﻲ ﻭ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ،
ﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻲ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻱ
ﭘ ﻴ ﺑ ﺶ ﻴﻨ ﻲ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻱ ﺩ ﻳ
ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﮕ
ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻳ
ﺮﻃ ﻦ ﻳ ﺴﻣ ،ﻖ ﻴ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺮ ﻱ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﺗ ﻳ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺎ
ﻣ ﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ . ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻦ ﻲ
ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ
ﺮﺟ ﻳ ﻣ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻥﺎ ﻲ
ﺁ ﻳ ﺯﺭﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺪ ﻳﺑﺎ
ﻲ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻳ ﻔﻨﻣ ﺎ ﻲ
ﺎﺘﻧ ﻳ ﻤﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺞ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻖﺑﺍﻮﺳ ﮏ
ﺍ ﻱ ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ ﻳ ﺮﺟ ﻦ ﻳ ﻥﺎ
ﻣ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻲ
ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻳ
ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻊﻄﻘﻨﻣ ﺎ
ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﺍ ﻱ ﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲ
ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻭ ﺮﻟﻭﻻ ﻳ
ﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﺷﺮﻈﻧ ﻥﻮ ﻳ
ﻦ
ﻧﺎﻣﺯ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲ
ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺭﺮﮑﻣ ﻱ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ
ﺯﺎﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻳ
ﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﺮﮕ ﻲ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ
ﺍﻳ ﺮﺟ ﻦ ﻳ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺎ ﻱ ﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﮐ ﻣ ﻢ
ﻲ ﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲ
ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻭﺭ ﻱ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻡﺍﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ )
Lawler&
yoon, 1993: 466-469 .(
ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺻﻼﺧ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻳ
ﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻪ ﻳ
ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﺖ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻱ
ﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﻳ
ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﺮﮕ ﻱ
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤ
...
١٦٣
ﻣﺎﻧ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ،ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻴ
ﻣ ﻩﺪ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻳﮑ ﻲ ﺯﺍ
ﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲ
ﺍ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻳ ﺗ ﻦ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻬﻌ ﻳ
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ،ﺪﻫﺩ ﺶ ﻱ
ﺯ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﮐ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻳ
ﺍ ﺍﺮ ﻳ ﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺮﺘﺸ ﻳ ﻦ
ﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻲ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻳ
ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺶ ﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ
ﻲ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪ ﻳ
ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻦ
ﺍ ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻳ
ﻣ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻲ
ﺎﻤﻧ ﻳﺪ .
ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻗ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺐﻟ
. ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻝﺪﻣ- ١ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ
ﻖــﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦــﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪــﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘــﺳﺍ ﺕﺎﻴــﺿﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺮــﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ :
۱ - ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ .
٢ - ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ .
٣ - ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﺘﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻱﺎﻬﻴﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻦﻴﺑ )
،ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ
،ﺖﻴﻣﻮﻗ ،ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ،ﺲﻨﺟ ،ﻦﺳ ،ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ،ﻞﻫﺎﺗ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ
ﻦﮑﺴﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ (
ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ . ﺎﻨﺷ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺳ
ﻲ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺶﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ .
ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦﻴﻨﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ
۱۹ ﺎﺗ
۳۵ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻝﺎﺳ
۱۳۷۵ ﻲﻨﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻞﻛ ،ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ۲۵۲۳۵۰
ﺮﻔﻧ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ . ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ
ﻚﻴﺗﺎﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
. ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ
ﻴﻟ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻦ
ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ (Lin, 1974)
. ﺭﺩ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻩﺯﺎﺳ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﮎﻼﻣ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ )
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ (
ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ،
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺥﺎﺒﻧﻭﺮﮐ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ .
ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ
ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ١٧
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ٧١
./
ﻲﻠﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ٨٢ / ٠ ﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺪﻌ
١٠ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ٧٠ / ٠
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻪﺠﻨﺳ ،ﻒﻴﻃ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﮎﻼﻣ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻝﺍﻮﺳ ﻥﺁ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺎﺘﻓﺍ ﺎﺟ ﻭ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﮐ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻒﻴﻃ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﻊﻤﺟ ﺎﺑ
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ٣٥
/ ٠ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﻣ ٦٣
/ ٠ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ٥١
/ ٠ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ
ﺪﻣﺁ .
ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﺖﻬﺟ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﻞﻳﺫ :
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ :
ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ
ﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﺸﻘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ .
ﺭﺩ
ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺳ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ
ﺮﻃ ﻳ ﺎﭘ ﻖ ﻳ ﺪﻨﺒ ﻱ ﺎﭘ ،ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻳ
ﺪﻨﺒ ﻱ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ )
ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﯼﺩﺍﺮﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻤﻠﮔ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻳﺍ ﯽﻘﺗ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ
١٦٤
ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻱ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ ﻱ
ﻣ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺵﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻲ
ﺩﻭﺭ (
ﺎﭘ ﻭ ﻳ ﺪﻨﺒ ﻱ ﺠﻨﺳ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻴ
ﻣ ﻩﺪ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺷ .
ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ۱۷
ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﮐﺬﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ .
ﺭﻮﮐﺬﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺳ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻪﺘﻔﻬﻧ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ .
ﺎﺿﺭ ﻳ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖ ﻲ
:
ﺎﺿﺭ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻳﺘ
ﻲ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺮـﻓ ﺮـﻫ ﻪﮐ
ﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻲ
ﺩ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻳ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮـﮕ .
ﻪـﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﺎﺿﺭ ﻳ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖ ﻲ
ﺕﺮـﮑﻴﻟ ﺱﺎـﻴﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺗﻻﺍﻮـﺳ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ
ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ .
ﻲﻠﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ :
ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻖﻠﻌﺗ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ
ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ) ﺩﺎﻓﻭ ﻱﺭﺍ ( ﻡﺎﻋ ﻱﺎﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻠﻣ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ
ﺖﺳﺍ )
،ﻲﺒﻠﭼ ١٣٧٨ : ٣١ .(
ﻪﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ
ﻲﻌﻤﺟ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻕﺎﻓﻭ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻭ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﺪﺟﻮﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﻜﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻥﺍﺪﻴﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻲﻠﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﺎﺠﻨﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ
ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻩﺪﻴﺠﻨﺳ ﺕﺮﻜﻴﻟ ﻒﻴﻃ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ .
ﻦﻤﺿ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺯﺎﺳ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﺖﻬﺟ
ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
.
ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ١
ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺲﻳﺮﺗﺎﻣ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻫﺩ
.
ﺮﻳﺯ ﺕﻻﺍﻮﺳ
ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﻱﺎﻫX
ﺪﻧﺍ .
ﻣ ﻣﺎﺟ ﺕﻼﮑﺸ ﻪﻌ
ﺯ ﺎﻣ ﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﺎ ﻳ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺩﻮﺧ ﺪ
ﻥﺪﺷ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻊﺿﻭ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻨﮑﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﮐ ﻴ
ﻢ ) .(X1
ﻢﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻌﺳ
ﺁ ﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻢﺘﺴﻫ ﺖﻓﺎﻈﻧ ﺐﻗﺍﺮﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺭﺩ ﻪﮐﺭﻮﻄﻧ ﻴ
ﻪﻧﺎﺧ ﺯﺍ ﻥﻭﺮ
ﻧﻴ ﺰ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺖﻓﺎﻈﻧ ﺐﻗﺍﺮﻣ ﻢﺷﺎﺑ
) .(X2 ﺎﺑﻳ
ﺪﻨﭼ ﻑﺮﻇ ﺪ
ﺭﺩ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻭ ﻱﻮﺷ ﺭﺍﺪﻟﻮﭘ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻳ
ﺩ ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﮏ ﻳ
ﺖﺣﺍﺭ ﺮﮕ
ﻲﻨﮐ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ )
.(X3 ﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻴ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﺑ ﻢﮐﺎﺣ ﻱﺎﻬﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻦ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻡﺮﺘﺤﻣ ﻲﻠﻴﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻝﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ )
.(X4 ﺏﺍﺩﺁ
ﻲﻣ ﺵﺯﺭﺍﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﻴﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻡﻮﺳﺭ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
) .(X5
ﺭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﺍﺮﺷ ﻳ
ﮏﻤﮐ ﻢﻧﺎﺘﺳﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻌﺳ ﻲﻄ
ﻢﻨﮐ ) .(X6 ﺖﻗﻭ ﺮﻫ ﻢﺘﺳﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻝﻮﻗ ﻮﻗ ﻪﺑ ﹰﺎﻤﺘﺣ ،ﻡﺍ
ﻢﻟ
ﺩﺮﮐ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻡﺍ ﻩ
) .(X7 ﻤﻫ ﻦﻣ ﻴ ﻪﺸ ﻡﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﺩﺎﻋ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ
ﻦﻴﺑ
ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻢﻧﺎﺘﺳﻭﺩ ﻡﺩﻮﺣ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ
ﻢﻨﮐ ﻞﺣ ) .(X8 ﻡﺩﻮﺧ ﻦﻣ
ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺍﻭ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺘﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻢﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ) .(X9 ﻥﺍﺪﺟﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻛ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻡﺩﺁ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻛ )
.(X10 ﺮﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺸﻴﻤﻫ ﻦﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻡﺍﺮﺘﺣﺍ ﻡﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻡﺭﺍﺬﮔ
) .(X11 ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻣ
ﺮﺗ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍﺎﺑ ﻢﻳﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﺩﻮﺧ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻡﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻱﺭﺎﻛ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ) .(X12 ﺎﺗ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺖﻏﺍﺮﻓ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺍ ﺪﺣ ﻪﭼ
ﻲﻧﺍﺭﺬﮔ ﻲﻣ )
.(X13
ﺎﺑ ﺪﺣ ﻪﭼ ﺎﺗ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺕﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﻞﺣ ﺭﺩ
ﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﻳ ﺖﻨ ﺕﺭﻮﺸﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻨﮐ ) .(X14 ﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺪﻘﭼ ﻩﺩ
ﺩﻮﺧ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟﺩ ﻳ
ﺪ ) .(X15 ﺪﺣ ﻪﭼ ﺎﺗ ﭘ ﻪﺑ
ﺭﺩﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺭﺪ ﺕ
ﺭﺩ
ﺎﻫﺭﺎﮐ ﻳ ﻥﺎﺸ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴ ) .(X16 ﺪﺣ ﻪﭼ ﺎﺗ ﺎﻤﺷ ﻞﺣ ﺭﺩ
ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺕﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﻥﺎﺗﺩﻮﺧ
ﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ ﺵﻼﺗ ﺪﻴ
) .(X17
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻢـﻫ ﺎـﺑ ﺎـﻫ
ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ
ﺩﺭﺍﺪـﻧ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻲﺒـﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻥﺍﺪﻨﭼ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ .
ﻖـﻴﻗﺩ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ
ﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻲﮕﺘ
ﻪـﻳﻮﮔ ،ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﻫ
ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﻢﻫ ﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻪﺷﻮﺧ
،ﺪﻧﺍ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺷﻮﺧ ﺩﻮـﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺷﻮﺧ ﺭﺩ .
ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺭﺩ KMO
ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺲﻳﺮﺗﺎﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ۷۰
/ ۰ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ۷۴ / ۰ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺍﺬﻟ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ
ﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻑﺬﺣ
ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻲـﻤﻧ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠ .
ﻥﻮـﻣﺯﺁ
ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻠﺗﺭﺎﺑ ﺖﻳﻭﺮﻛ ۹۵
ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻥﺎـﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ .
