ﺪﻠﺟ 5
، هرﺎﻤﺷ 2 ، مود لﺎﺴﻤﻴﻧ 1394
، ص 335 - 325
ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﺛا
كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ و ﺖﻋﺮﺳ يزرو
ﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻲ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻋرﺰﻣ
يا
نﺎﻣرآ
1ﻲﻟﻼﺟ -*
ﺮﻐﺻا يدﻮﻤﺤﻣ -2
ﻲﻔﻄﺼﻣ هداﺰﻴﻟو -3
جﺮﻳا يرﺪﻨﻜﺳا
4
ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
01 / 09 / 1392
شﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
28 / 10 / 1392
هﺪﻴﻜﭼ
كﺎﺧ نﺎﻣز ﻞﻤﻋ ﻚﻳ يزرو ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ و ﺮﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا تﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻋارز
ﻲ ﻲﻣ ناﻮﺗ و يژﺮـﻧا ،ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ فﺮـﺼﻣ رد ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﻓﺮﺻ نﺎﻣز دﻮﻤﻧ ﻲﻳﻮﺟ
. ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ي
ﻪﻓﺮﺻ نآ فﺮﺼﻣ رد ﻪﻛ هﺪﺷ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ يزروﺎﺸﻛ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﻲﻳﻮﺟ
دﻮﺷ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ لﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺎﺗ .
ﻪـﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
كﺎﺧ يﺎﻳاﺰﻣ كﺎﺧ تاودا يور ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ دﻮﺒﻤﻛ و ﻲﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ يزرو
ﻲﺗادراو ﻲﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ يزرو كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ و ﺖﻋﺮﺳ يﺎﻫرﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا و ﻞﺧاد ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ و
يزرو
كﺎﺧ عاﻮﻧا دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ تﻼﭘ ﺖﻴﻠﭙﺳا ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻣزآ حﺮﻃ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳا ،ﺎﻫزرو
) تﺮﻛ ﺎﻫ ي هﺪﺷ دﺮﺧ ( ﺮﺑ ﺎﭘ ﻪﻳ ي كﻮـﻠﺑ ﺎـﻫ
ﺪـﻳدﺮﮔ اﺮـﺟا ﻲﻓدﺎـﺼﺗ ﻞـﻣﺎﻛ ي .
كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ ﻲﻠﺻا رﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ يزرو
) ﺢﻄﺳ ود رد 10
و 20 ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺮﺘﻣ ( ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻲﻋﺮﻓ رﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ و كﺎﺧ
يزرو ) ﺢﻄـﺳ رﺎـﻬﭼ رد 6
، 8 ، 10 و 12 ﺖﻋﺎـﺳ ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮـﻠﻴﻛ
نﺎﺘﺴﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ياﺮﺑ و دﺎﺑآ
8 ، 10 ، 12 و 14 دوﺮﺘﺸﻫ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ (
كﺎﺧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ راﺮﻜﺗ رﺎﻬﭼ رد و ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺖﻣوﺮﮔآ ﺐﻛﺮﻣ زرو
ﺶﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ نﺎﻛﻮﺑ ﺖﺸﻛ هزﺎﺳ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ رد ﺮﺗ
ﺎﺑرذآ نﺎﺠﻳ ﻗﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ ،ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ جاور ﻲ
ﻲـﺴﻣ رﻮـﺘﻛاﺮﺗ هﺎﮕﺘـﺳد ود زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻦـﺳﻮﮔﺮﻓ
285 و 399 ﻪـﺑ رد ﺐـﻴﺗﺮﺗ
نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ نﺎﺘﺴﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧاد بﻮﺧ ،ﻲﻣﻮﻟ ﻪﺳﺎﻣ كﺎﺧ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ عﻮﻧ ﺎﺑ ،دوﺮﺘﺸﻫ و دﺎﺑآ
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا هﺪﺷ يﺪﻨﺑ .
نﺎﺘﺴﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ رد دوﺮﺘﺸﻫ و دﺎﺑآ
، ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﻫرﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﺮﺛا
كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ و ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺮﺛا و ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻨﺗ رد ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﺮﺑ يزرو
ﺪﺻرد ﻚﻳ لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺢﻄﺳ )
01 /
≤0 (p ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺪﺷ راد . ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﺎـﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
كﺎﺧ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ،يزرو
كﺎﺧ تﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﻳﺮﺳ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻞﻴﻟد
ﻢـﻫ و هدﺮـﻛ اﺪﻴﭘ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺪﺣاو رد ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ،ﺢﻄﺳ ﺪﺣاو يزرو ﻖـﻤﻋ ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﺎـﺑ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ
كﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ،يزرو رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ ناﻮﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و ﻲﺸﺸﻛ ﺖﻣوﺎﻘﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﻞﻴﻟد دﻮﻤﻧ اﺪﻴﭘ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ،ﺖﻣوﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﺒﻠﻏ ياﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ
. ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ اﺬﻟ
ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا يﺎﻫ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ
كﺎﺧ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ،يزرو
10 ﻲﻣ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ ددﺮﮔ
. ﻢﻫ ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﺎـﺑ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ
كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ،يزرو ﻲﻣ ﻪﻴﺻﻮﺗ اﺬﻟ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
كﺎﺧ زﺎﻴﻧ درﻮﻣ ﻖﻤﻋ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ددﺮﮔ دﺮﻳﺬﭘ ترﻮﺻ يزرو
.
هژاو يﺎﻫ يﺪﻴﻠﻛ : كﺎﺧ ،يژﺮﻧا كﺎﺧ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ،يزرو
ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ،ﻖﻤﻋ ،يزرو
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ 1
كﺎﺧ بﺬـﺟ ياﺮـﺑ ،كﺎـﺧ ﺐـﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻴﻌـﺿو ندﺮـﻛ ﺎﻴﻬﻣ ﺎﺑ يزرو
ﻪﻧاﻮﺟ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ يﺎﻣد و ﺖﺑﻮﻃر ﻢﻫ و رﺬﺑ ﺪﺷر و ﻲﻧز
ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ
ﺒﺳ كﺎﺧ ذﻮﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻣوﺎﻘﻣ نﺎﺳآ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺐ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺸﻳر ﺮﺗ ددﺮﮔ
. كﺎﺧ يزرو
نﺎﻣز ﻞﻤﻋ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ و ﺮﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
زا
تﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ
ﻲﻋارز ﻲﻣ ناﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻣز و يژﺮﻧا ،ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ رد ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ناﺰﻴﻣ
ﻪﻓﺮﺻ دﻮﻤﻧ ﻲﻳﻮﺟ .
كﺎـﺧ تﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ رد ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻣ يژﺮﻧا ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪـﺑ ،يزرو
نآ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ و كﺎﺧ عﻮﻧ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ )
ر
كﺎـﺧ ﺖـﻓﺎﺑ و ﺖﺑﻮﻃ (
ﻖـﻤﻋ ،
كﺎﺧ ﻲﮕﺘـﺴﺑ رﻮـﺘﻛاﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ تاودا لﺎﺼﺗا هﻮﺤﻧ و تﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ،يزرو
1 - ﺮﮔ ،نﻮﻴﺳاﺰﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ يﺮﺘﻛد يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻴﺑ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ هو
*) - لﻮﺌﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ :
Email: [email protected] (
2 - ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻴﺑ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ هوﺮﮔ رﺎﻴﺸﻧاد
3 - ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،يژﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗﻮﻴﺑ هوﺮﮔ دﺎﺘﺳا
4 - ﻫ ﻮﻀﻋ و رﺎﻳدﺎﺘﺳا ﺄﻴ
ﻣ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ت ﺆ رﻮﺸﻛ ﻢﻳد يزروﺎﺸﻛ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺴﺳ
دراد
Rouzbeh et al., 2003) .(
(Hernanz et al., 1995) رد
ﻂــﺳﻮﺗ ﻪــﺘﻓﺮﮔ مﺎــﺠﻧا ﻲــﺳرﺮﺑ
(Sirhan et al., 2002)
، ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺪﻴـﺳر
فﺮـﺼﻣ ناﺰـﻴﻣ ﻪـﻛ
كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ ،تاودا عﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ر ناﺰﻴﻣ و يزرو
ﻲﮕﺘـﺴﺑ كﺎﺧ ﺖﺑﻮﻃ
دراد . ﻢﻛ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﺖـﺑﻮﻃر ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ 55
/ 19 ﺪـﺻرد
ﺖــﺳا هدﻮــﺑ .
Lithourgidis et al., 2006) (
، ﻪــﻛ ﺪــﻧداد نﺎــﺸﻧ
كﺎﺧ كﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يدﺎﻳز يﺎﻳاﺰﻣ ياراد ﻲﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ يزرو مﻮﺳﺮﻣ يزرو
ﺖﺳا ﺖﺴﻳز ﻂﻴﺤﻣ زا و و
ﺪـﻳﺮﺧ ﻪـﻨﻳﺰﻫ رد و هدﺮـﻛ ﺖـﻈﻓﺎﺤﻣ كﺎـﺧ
ﻦﻴﺷﺎﻣ
، فﺮﺼﻣ و تاﺮﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ
ـﻣ ﻲﻳﻮﺟ ﻲ ﺪـﻨﻛ (Sessiz et .
al., 2008)
،
كﺎـﺧ تﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻋ عﻮـﻧ رد ﺮﮔا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧراد هﺪﻴﻘﻋ ﺖـﻗد يزرو
دﻮﺷ
، ﻣ ﻲ ناﻮﺗ ﺎﺗ 80 ﺪﺻرد فﺮﺼﻣ رد و ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ
60 ﺪـﺻرد رد نﺎـﻣز
ار تﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﻓﺮﺻ
دﻮﻤﻧ ﻲﻳﻮﺟ (Filipovic et al., 2006).
، نﺎﺸﻧ
ﻧداد ﺪ كﺎﺧ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺘﻇﺎـﻔﺣ يزرو 5
/ 1 ﺎـﺗ 2
ﻢـﻛ ﺮـﺑاﺮﺑ ﺮـﺗ
كﺎـﺧ زا يزرو
ﻣ فﺮﺼﻣ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ مﻮﺳﺮﻣ ﻲ
ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ .
ﻦﻫآوﺎﮔ ﻴﭼ ﻪﻐﻴﺗ ﺎﺑ لﺰ يﺎﻫ ﻤﻠﻗ ﻲ ﻪﺑ ﻟد ﻞﻴ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﭘ يوﺮﺸﻴ و ضﺮـﻋ
رﺎﻛ ز ﺮﺗدﺎﻳ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻫآوﺎﮔ نادﺮﮔﺮﺑ راد ياﺮﺑ ﻠﻤﻋ تﺎﻴ ﻬﺗ ﻪﻴ ـﻣز ،ﻦﻴ ﻪـﺑ
نﺎﻣز ﻢﻛ ﺮﺗ ي ﻧ زﺎﻴ دراد . ﻢﻫ ﻨﭼ ﻦﻴ ﻦﻫآوﺎﮔ ﻤﻠﻗ ﻲ ﻪﺑ ﻟد ﻞﻴ نﺎـﻣز ﻓﺮـﺼﻣ ﻲ
ﻢﻛ ﺮﺗ رد ﺪﺣاو ﺢﻄﺳ و فﺮﺼﻣ اﻮﺗ ن ﺪﻨﺒﻟﺎﻣ ي
ًﺎﺘﺒـﺴﻧ ﺎـﭘ ﻦﻴﻳ ،ﺮـﺗ ژﺮـﻧا ي
ﻢﻛ ﺮﺗ ي ار ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻫآوﺎﮔ نادﺮﮔﺮﺑ راد ﺑ ﻪ رﺎﻛ ﻣ ﻲ دﺮﻴﮔ و اراد ي ﺖﺧﻮﺳ
ﻓﺮﺼﻣ ﻲ ﻢﻛ ﺮﺗ ي ﺖﺳا
Rouzbeh et al., 2003) .(
ﺪـﻣ لﺎﻤﻋا ﺎﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳ
كﺎﺧ زرو ي ﻗد ﻖﻴ ﺎﻳ كﺎﺧ زرو ي رد ﻐﺘﻣ ﻖﻤﻋ ﺮﻴ ﻣ ، ناﺰﻴ ﻓﺮـﺼﻣ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﻲ
ﻪــﺑ ﻣ ناﺰــﻴ 50 ﺪــﺻرد ﺶﻫﺎــﻛ ــﻣ ﻲ ﺪــﺑﺎﻳ
Fulton et al., 1996 ) (.
كﺎﺧ زرو ي ﺎﺑ ﻦﻫآوﺎﮔ ﻤﻠﻗ ﻲ رد ﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺴﻳ ﺎﺑ شور رد ،مﻮـﺳﺮﻣ دوﺪـﺣ
40
ﺪﺻرد ﻣ ناﺰﻴ ژﺮﻧا ي ﺖﺧﻮﺳ و نﺎﻣز ﻠﻤﻋ تﺎﻴ ﻞﺒﻗ زا ﺖـﺷﺎﻛ ار ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ
ــﻣ ﻲ ﺪــﻫد
Bonari et al., 1995) .(
تﺎــﻴﻠﻤﻋ رد ﺖﺧﻮــﺳ فﺮــﺼﻣ
دراد ار ﻪــﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻢﻬــﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ ،يزروﺎــﺸﻛ ﻪــﺘﻓﺎﻳ سﺎــﺳاﺮﺑ ﻪــﻛ
يﺎــﻫ
Lopes et al., 2003) (
ﻮـﺳ فﺮـﺼﻣ ناﺰـﻴﻣ ، ـﺘﻣ ﺖﺧ
ﺄ ﺖـﺳﻻﺎﺑ زا ﺮﺛ
خﺮﭼ ﻲـﻣ رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ يوﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ و ﻲﺸﺸﻛ يوﺮﻴﻧ ناﺰﻴﻣ ،ﺎﻫ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
. رد
مﻮﺳﺮﻣ شور ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ رد
اﺮﺷ ﻂﻳ ﻢﻛ كﺎﺧ زرو ي ﺎﺑ ، دﻮﺟو مﺪﻋ توﺎـﻔﺗ
رد ﻣ ناﺰﻴ نﺎﻣز ،لﻮﺼﺤﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا
فﺮﺼﻣ ،رﺎﻛ
ژﺮـﻧا ،ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ ي
و ﺰﻫ ﻪـﻨﻳ
درﻮﻣ ﻧ زﺎﻴ رد دوﺪﺣ 55 ﺪﺻرد ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻣ ﻲ ﺑﺎﻳ ﺪ
Michel et al., 1985 ) .(
ﻲﻃ ﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲ و ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ يور قﺮـﻃ
رد نآ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ
ﭘ ﻪﻋرﺰﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫدﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴ
ﺖـﺳا هﺪـﺷ شراﺰﮔ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ياﺮﺑ
Helsel, 2007) (
. ﻠﻤﻋ داﺪﻌﺗ ندﺮﻛ ﻢﻛ تﺎـﻴ
كﺎـﺧ ﺖـﺣار يزرو ﺮـﺗ
ﻦﻳ
ياﺮﺑ شور ﺶﻫﺎﻛ
ﻣ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﻲ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا نﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳا رد ﻪﻛ
ﺳ ﻢﺘﺴﻴ يﺎﻫ كﺎﺧ ﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ يزرو ﺮﻴ
ﺶﻴﺑ رد يﺮـﺗ
دراد ﻞـﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻦـﻳا .
رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ
يزروﺎﺸﻛ تاودا ﺎﺑ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﺑ
ﺖﺷاد ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ .
يزروﺎـﺸﻛ رﺎـﻛ زا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻚﻳ ياﺮﺑ ﺮﮔا لﺎﺜﻣ ياﺮﺑ
ﺖﻋﺮﺳ 4 ﺎﺗ 8 ار ﺮـﻈﻧ درﻮﻣ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ زﺎﻴﻧ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻣ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺘﺣار 8
ياﺮﺑ رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ ﻦﻳا ﺪﺸﻜﺑ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻣ ﻪﻠﻴﺳو نآ
ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﻲﺘﺨﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺲﻜﻋﺮﺑ ﺎﻳ و هدﻮﺑ گرﺰﺑ آ
ﺖﻋﺮـﺳ ﺎﺑ ار ن 4
ﺮـﺑ ﻞـﻳﺎﻣ
ﺖﻋﺎﺳ
،ﺪﻫد ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ياﺮﺑ رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ نآ
آ فﺮﺼﻣ و هدﻮﺑ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﻪﻠﻴﺳو ن
ﺶﻴﺑ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﺖﺷاد ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ار يﺮﺗ
. ﺖﻋﺮﺳ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎـﻫ
ي ﺶﻴـﺑ رد ﺮـﺗ
ﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﺑ رﺎﻛ تﺎﻴ ﺶﻴـﺑ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ
ﺪـﺷ ﺪـﻫاﻮﺧ ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ فﺮـﺼﻣ ﺮـﺗ .
ﻠﻤﻋ ﺐــﻴﻛﺮﺗ تﺎــﻴ
روﺎــﺸﻛ مأﻮــﺗ ﻢﺘــﺴﻴﺳ زا هدﺎﻔﺘــﺳا لﺎــﺜﻣ ياﺮــﺑ يز
كﺎﺧ
ﺪـﺷ ﺪـﻫاﻮﺧ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺖﺷﺎﻛ و يزرو .
ﻖـﻤﻋ
ﺛﺄﺗ ﻢﺨﺷ ﺮﻴ ﺑ ﻪ ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﻪﻛ هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ دراد ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ رد ﻲﻳاﺰﺳ
ﻖﻤﻋ رد ﭻﻨﻳا ﺮﻫ كﺎﺧ
نادﺮﮔﺮﺑ ﻦﻫآوﺎﮔ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ يزرو راد
ﺐﺒﺳ ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا
15 / 0 ﻣ ﺮﻜﻳا ﺮﻫ ياﺮﺑ ﻦﻟﺎﮔ ﻲ
ددﺮﮔ .
ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻧا يﺎـﻫ
هﺪـﺷ مﺎـﺠ
، ياﺮـﺑ ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ فﺮـﺼﻣ
كﺎﺧ دوﺪـﺣ تﻼﻏ ﻪﻋرﺰﻣ رد مﻮﺳﺮﻣ يزرو –90
80 رﺎـﺘﻜﻫ ﺮـﺑ ﺮـﺘﻴﻟ
ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا راﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﻳا تﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ رد
يزروﺎﺸﻛ )
ﺖﺷادﺮﺑ و ﺖﺷاد ،ﺖﺷﺎﻛ (
ﻪﻛ دوﺪﺣ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ رد 35
ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺘﻴﻟ
رﺎﺘﻜﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻳﺮﺗ ﻦ رد ار يزروﺎـﺸﻛ تﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻋ رد ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ
ﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ دﺮﻴﮔ
Hernanz et al., 2002 ) (
.
ــﻤﻫ رد ﻦﻴ ﺎــﺘﻧ ﺎﺘــﺳار ﺞﻳ
ﺎــﻣزآ ﺶﻳ يﺎــﻫ مﺎــﺠﻧا ﻪــﺘﻓﺮﮔ ، ﻛﺎــﺣ ﻲ زا ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻮﺟ ﻲﻳ ژﺮﻧا رد ي ﺧذ و هﺮﻴ ﺑ ﺶﻴ ﺮﺗ شور رد نآ ﺎﻫ
ي ﻢﻛ كﺎﺧ زرو ي
كﺎﺧ نوﺪﺑ و زرو
ي
كﺎـﺧ شور ﻪـﺑ ﺖﺒـﺴﻧ زرو
ي
ـﻣ لواﺪـﺘﻣ ﻲ
ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ،
ﻪﺑ رﻮـﻃ ي
ژﺮـﻧا فﺮـﺼﻣ ﻪـﻛ ي
اﺮـﺑ ي
شور رد و تﻼـﻏ ﺖـﻋارز ﺎـﻫ
ي
ﻢﻛ كﺎﺧ زرو ي كﺎﺧ نوﺪﺑ و زرو
ي ﻪﺑ ﺗﺮﺗ ﺐﻴ ﻣ ﻪﺑ ناﺰﻴ 7 و 11 و ﺪـﺻرد
اﺮﺑ ي تﺎﺑﻮﺒﺣ ﺖﻋارز ،
شور ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﺎـﻫ
ي
ﻣ ﻪـﺑ رﻮﻛﺬـﻣ ناﺰـﻴ
10 و 15
ﻢــﻛ ﺪــﺻرد كﺎــﺧ شور زا ﺮــﺗ
زرو ي هﺪــﺷ شراﺰــﮔ لواﺪــﺘﻣ ﺖــﺳا
Hernanz et al., 2002) (
ﻘﺤﺗ تﺎﻘﻴ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ژﺮـﻧا ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻄﺑار رد ي
ﻓﺮﺼﻣ ﻲ شور رد ﺎﻫ ي كﺎـﺧ زرو ي داد نﺎـﺸﻧ
، ﺎـﻣز ن رﺎـﻛ ﺮﮔرﺎـﻛ ي و
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﺗﺮﺗ
ﺐﻴ 50 و 53 كﺎﺧ شور رد ﺪﺻرد زرو
ي راﻮﻧ ي و
ﻧ ﺰﻴ ﻪﺑ ﺗﺮﺗ ﻴ ﺐ 43 و 48 ﻢﻛ رد كﺎﺧ زرو ي كﺎـﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ زرو
ي مﻮـﺳﺮﻣ
ﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻲ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
Lithourgidis et al., 2009 ) .(
ﻪﺑ ياﺮـﺑ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ رﻮﻃ
كﺎﺧ مﻮﺳﺮﻣ يزرو 49
/ –17 06 / 2 كﺎﺧ ،رﺎﺘﻜﻫ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻴﻟ ﻲﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ يزرو
20 / –10 03 / 1 ﺑ و رﺎﺘﻜﻫ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻴﻟ ﻲ
كﺎﺧ يزرو ) ﻢﻴﻘﺘـﺴﻣ ﺖﺸﻛ (
02 / 4
- 03 / 1 ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻴﻟ رﺎﺘﻜﻫ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ
Stajnko et al., 2009 ) (.
ﻲﺑ ﻲﺗﺎﺒﺛ ﻪﺑ نآ ﻲﮔدﺮﺸﻓ و كﺎﺧ نﺎﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ رد هﺪﻣآ دﻮﺟو فﺮـﺼﻣ و
دﺎﻳز ،يژﺮﻧا زا ﺐﻳﺎﻌﻣ كﺎﺧ مﻮﺳﺮﻣ يزرو ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . يﺎـﻳاﺰﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
كﺎــﺧ تادراو و ﻲﺘﻇﺎــﻔﺣ يزرو كﺎــﺧ عاﻮــﻧا ﻞــﺧاد ﺪــﻴﻟﻮﺗ و
يﺎــﻫزرو
ﻢﻛ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ مﺎﺠﻧا و ﻲﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﺢﻄـﺳ رد تاودا ﻦـﻳا دﺮـﻜﻠﻤﻋ يور ﺮـﺗ
ﻪﺑ اﺬﻟ ،رﻮﺸﻛ كﺎﺧ شور تاﺮﺛا ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
و ﺖﻋﺮـﺳ ،ﻲﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ يزرو
كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ رد و ﻦﻳوﺪـﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﺑ يزرو
ﺮﺷ نﺎﺠﻳﺎﺑرذآ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻗ
ﺪﺷ اﺮﺟا ﻲ .
شور و داﻮﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳا نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ زا ﻪﻋرﺰﻣ ود رد ،
نﺎﺠﻳﺎﺑرذآ نﺎﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ﻲﻗﺮﺷ
ﺷ اﺮﺟا ﺪ . ا ﺖﺧﺎـﺳ ﻪﺧﺎـﺷ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺖﻣوﺮﮔآ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳ
نﺎﺘﺴﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ود رد نﺎﻛﻮﺑ ﺖﺸﻛ هزﺎﺳ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ دﺎﺑآ
) راﻮﻟآ يﺎﺘﺳور (
و
دوﺮﺘﺸﻫ ) قﻼﺸﻗ نﻮﻳﻮﻗ يﺎﺘﺳور (
ﻪـﺳﺎﻣ كﺎﺧ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ عﻮﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻋراﺰﻣ رد ،
ﻪﻧاد بﻮﺧ ﻲﻣﻮﻟ
،هﺪﺷ يﺪﻨﺑ ﻲﻋارز لﺎﺳ رد ﻪﻛ
91 - 90 ﻦﻴـﻋراز ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ
تﺮـﻛ يرﺎـﻣآ حﺮـﻃ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ،ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ مﺪﻨﮔ ﺖﺸﻛ ﺮﻳز يﺎـﻫ
هﺪـﺷ دﺮـﺧ
) ﺖﻴﻠﭙﺳا
1تﻼﭘ ( كﻮﻠﺑ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻪـﺑ راﺮـﻜﺗ رﺎﻬﭼ رد ،ﻲﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷاﺬﮔ اﺮﺟا ي .
كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ ﻲﻠﺻا رﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ يزرو
) ﺢﻄﺳ ود رد
10 و 20 ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺮﺘﻣ ( كﺎﺧ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻲﻋﺮﻓ رﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ و زرو
ﺢﻄﺳ رﺎﻬﭼ رد ي
) 6 ، 8 ، 10 و 12
نﺎﺘـﺴﺑ نﺎﺘـﺳﺮﻬﺷ رد ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ و دﺎـﺑآ
8 ، 10 ،
12 و 14 دوﺮﺘﺸﻫ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ رد ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ (
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو و هزاﺪﻧا ﻪﻋرﺰﻣ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ و ﻪـﻳﺰﺠﺗ درﻮـﻣ و يﺮﻴﮔ
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ .
ﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ ود زا ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳا رد ر
ﻦﺳﻮﮔﺮﻓ ﻲﺴﻣ 285
و 399 ﻪﺑ ، ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ
رﻮﺗﻮﻣ ناﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ 75
و 110 ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا رﺎﺨﺑ ﺐﺳا .
ﻪﺑ ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا مﺪـﻋ ﻞﻴﻟد
1- Split plot
زا ﺶﻴﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ 12
رﻮـﺘﻛاﺮﺗ ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ
MF285
رد
نﺎﺘﺴﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺶﻴﺑ ناﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ زا ،دﺎﺑآ
دوﺮﺘـﺸﻫ نﺎﺘـﺳﺮﻬﺷ رد ﺮﺗ
نﺎﺘـﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﻋﺮـﺳ ﺢﻄـﺳ ﻦﻳﺮـﺧآ زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎـﺑ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا نﺎﺘﺴﺑ دﺎﺑآ نﺎﻜﻣا ددﺮﮔ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺮﺛا ﺎﺗ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ .
هزاﺪﻧا ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رد هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ و ﻲﺣاﺮﻃ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﺮﻴﮔ
ﻦﻴﺷﺎﻣ هوﺮﮔ ،ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ يزروﺎﺸﻛ يﺎﻫ
Hasshemi, 2011) (
مﺎـﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ ،
ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻪﻛ ،ﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا حﺮﻃ ﻦﻳا
ﻞﻴﻜـﺸﺗ يﺎـﻫ هﺪـﻨﻫد
ﻪـﻣادا رد نآ ي
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻳآ ) ﻞﻜﺷ 1 .(
ﻞﻜﺷ 1 - هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﺞﻨﺳ
Fig.1. Fuel consumer
) 1 (
،ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻓ رﻮﺴﻨﺳ )
2 ( ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻲﻜﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟا يﺎﻫ :
،هﺪﻧزادﺮﭘ
ﻢﻴﺳ ،ﺮﮕﺸﻳﺎﻤﻧ ،ﻲﺟرﺎﺧ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﺶﻴـﻓ ،رﻮـﺴﻨﺳ ﻪـﺑ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد لﺎﺼﺗا يﺎﻫ
،هﺎﮕﺘـﺳد يﺎﻫﺪﻴﻠﻛ ،ﻪﻳﺬﻐﺗ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ لﺎﺼﺗا )
3 ( ﮓﻨﻠﻴـﺷ تﻻﺎـﺼﺗا و ﺎـﻫ
ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻪﺑ رﻮﺴﻨﺳ لﺎﺼﺗا ياﺮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ رﻮﺗﻮﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺳر
.
ﺐﺼﻧ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ور ﺞﻨﺳ ي رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ MF285
ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻪﺑ رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ ﻦﻳا رد ﻲﻧﺎﺳر
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ ﻪﻛ ،ﺖﺳا يا
شﻮـﮔ ﻪـﺳ ﭗـﻤﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻓﺎﺻ ﺶﻴﭘ ﺮﺘﻠﻴﻓ زا رﻮﺒﻋ و كﺎﺑ زا جوﺮﺧ زا ﺲﭘ ) ﺮﺑﻻﺎﺑ ﭗﻤﭘ (
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺳر . شﻮﮔ ﻪﺳ ﭗﻤﭘ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ )
ﺮﺑﻻﺎﺑ ( ﺮـﺘﻠﻴﻓ ﻪـﺑ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ
ﻳا ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا و رﻮﺘﻛﮋﻧا ﭗﻤﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺠﻧآ زا و ﺖﺧﻮﺳ يﺎـﻫرﻮﺘﻛﮋﻧا ﻪﺑ ،ﭗﻤﭘ ﻦ
ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳاﺪﻫ رﺪﻨﻠﻴﺳ ﺮﻫ ددﺮﮔ
. ﻪﻟﻮﻟ رﻮﺘﻛﮋﻧا ﭗﻤﭘ زا ،ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﻲﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ
ياﺮـﺑ اﺬـﻟ ،ﺪﻨﻠـﺼﺘﻣ ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ ﺮـﺘﻠﻴﻓ ﻪـﺑ ،ﺎﻫرﻮﺘﻛﮋﻧا ﻲﻳﺎﻬﺘﻧا ﺖﻤﺴﻗ زا و ﻪﺑ ﻪﻈﺤﻟ ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻣ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ راﺪﻘﻣ ندروآ ﺖﺳد رﻮـﺴﻨﺳ نداد راﺮـﻗ ﺎـﺑ يا
شﻮﮔ ﻪﺳ ﭗﻤﭘ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻓ )
ﺮﺑﻻﺎـﺑ ( ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ فﺮـﺼﻣ ناﺰـﻴﻣ ،ﺮـﺘﻠﻴﻓ و
ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ )
ﻞﻜﺷ 2 .(
ﺐﺼﻧ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ور ﺞﻨﺳ ي رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ MF399
ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻦﺳﻮﮔﺮﻓ ﻲﺴﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺳر
399 ﻦـﺳﻮﮔﺮﻓ ﻲﺴﻣ زا 285
ﻲﻣ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ ﻪـﻴﻟوا ﺮـﺘﻠﻴﻓ ﻪـﺑ كﺎـﺑ كﺮـﺗ زا ﺲـﭘ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﻲﻣ
شﻮﮔ ﻪﺳ ﭗﻤﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺠﻧآ زا ،ﺪﺳر )
ﺮﺑﻻﺎﺑ ( ﻪـﺑ ،ﭗـﻤﭘ ﻦـﻳا ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا و
ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ود ﺮﺘﻠﻴﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ يا
ﺳ ترﻮﺻ و هﺪﻴـﺳر ،ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ﻢﻫ ﻪﺑ يﺮ
ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳاﺪﻫ ﺎﻫرﻮﺘﻛﮋﻧا فﺮﻃ ﻪﺑ و رﻮﺘﻛﮋﻧا ﭗﻤﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺠﻧآ زا ددﺮﮔ
.
ﻞﻜﺷ 2 - ﺮﮕﺴﺣ ﺳ ﻴ ﻢﺘﺴ هزاﺪﻧا ﮔ ﻴ ﺮ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ
Fig.2. Fuel consumer sensor
رد ﻲـﺗاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻪـﺑ زﺎـﻴﻧ ،ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻦﻳا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ياﺮﺑ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻦﻳا رد ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ دﻮﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺳر
. ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻴﻟوا يﺎﻫ يور ﻪـﻛ ،ﺪـﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ ﻪـﻛ دراد دﻮﺟو ﻲﺟوﺮﺧ ياﺮﺠﻣ دﺪﻋ ود ،يﺮﺳ مود ﺮﺘﻠﻴﻓ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺗ كﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ار ﻲﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻲﻓﺎﺿا
ﺪﻫد . ﻪﻤﭼﺎـﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻦﻳا
ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ دوﺪﺴﻣ .
ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ رﻮـﺴﻨﺳ ﭗـﻤﭘ زا ﺪـﻌﺑ و ﺎـﻫﺮﺘﻠﻴﻓ زا ﻞـﺒﻗ ﺞﻨـﺳ
ﻪﺳ شﻮﮔ ) ﺮﺑﻻﺎﺑ ﭗﻤﭘ (
ﻦـﻳا زا ﺪـﻌﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺘـﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ ﺎﺗ ﺪﺷ ﺐﺼﻧ
ﻘﺘﻧا رﻮﺴﻨﺳ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ لﺎ
) ﻞﻜﺷ 3 .(
ﻞﻜﺷ 3 ﻞﺤﻣ- ﺐﺼﻧ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﺮﮕﺴﺣ ﺞﻨﺳ
Fig.3. Fuel consumer sensor position
ﭻﻴـﻫ ،تﻻﺎـﺼﺗا ﻲﻣﺎـﻤﺗ رد رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ ود ﺮﻫ رد دﻮـﺟو ﻲﺘـﺸﻧ ﻪـﻧﻮﮔ
ﺖﺷاﺪﻧ .
ﺖﻛﻮـﺳ ،رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ يور ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﺤﻣ رد هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﺐﺼﻧ زا ﺲﭘ رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ يﺮﻃﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻴﺳ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ و ﻞﺻو رﻮﺴﻨﺳ لﺎﺼﺗا ﻞﺼﺘﻣ
ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ . ﺪﻴﻠﻛ
ON/OFF
عوﺮـﺷ ﺮﮕﺸﻳﺎﻤﻧ و ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻦﺷور ﺖﻟﺎﺣ رد
ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ رﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﺗﻻ ﻪﻤﻠﻛ و ﺪﻨﻛ ﻪﺑTEST
نآ ﻞـﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد هرﺎﻤﺷ ﻚﻳ هاﺮﻤﻫ
ﻲﻣ هداد ﺶﻳﺎﻤﻧ نﺎـﺸﻧ ار اﺮـﺟا لﺎﺣ رد نﻮﻣزآ هرﺎﻤﺷ ﻢﻗر ﻦﻳا ﻪﻛ دﻮﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻫد .
ﻪـﺑ هدﺎـﻣآ ﺖﻣﻼﻋ ،نز ﻚﻤﺸﭼ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﺸﻧ ار هﺎﮕﺘـﺳد ندﻮـﺑ رﺎـﻛ
ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻫد . ﺖﺧﻮﺳ نﻮﻣزآ عوﺮﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻲﺠﻨﺳ
START
ود تﺪـﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﺑ عوﺮﺷ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺪﻌﺑ ،دﻮﺷ هداد رﺎﺸﻓ ﻪﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﻲﻳﻻﺎـﺑ ﺮﻄـﺳ رد ،هدﺮـﻛ رﺎﻛ
ﻪﻈﺤﻟ فﺮﺼﻣ راﺪﻘﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ فﺮﺼﻣ راﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﻄﺳ رد و ﺖﺧﻮﺳ يا
ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻘﻴﻗد ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻴﻟ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ ار ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﺪﻫد
.
هداد ﻦﻳا
ﻮـﺴﭘ ﺎـﺑ ﻲﻠﻳﺎـﻓ رد ﻪـﻈﻓﺎﺣ ترﺎﻛ رد ﺎﻫ
TXTﺪﻧ هﺮـﻴﺧذ ،
ﻲﻣ
ﻲـﻣ نﻮﺘـﺳ ﻪـﺳ يوﺎﺣ ﻪﻛ دﻮﺷ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
: دﺮﻛرﺎـﻛ ﻪـﻴﻧﺎﺛ ،لوا نﻮﺘـﺳ
ﻪﻈﺤﻟ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ،مود نﻮﺘﺳ ،هﺎﮕﺘﺳد فﺮـﺼﻣ ،مﻮـﺳ نﻮﺘﺳ و يا
ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ .
كﺎﺧ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺖﻣوﺮﮔآ ﻲﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ زرو
كﺎﺧ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد زا ﻲﻜﻳ ،ﺖﻣوﺮﮔآ ﻲﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﺐﻛﺮﻣ زرو
ﭘ ﻪﺘﻓﺮـﺸﻴ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ
ژﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ي ﺎﭘورا زور يﺎﻫ ﻣ
ﻲ ﺎﺑ زا ﺲﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ لﺎﺳ
ﺎﻫ ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ و ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ
رد و ﻲــﮔﮋﻳ و ﻲــﻤﻴﻠﻗا ﻂﻳاﺮــﺷ ﺎــﺑ نداد ﻖﺑﺎــﻄﺗ و نآ صﻮــﺼﺨﻣ يﺎــﻫ
كﺎﺧ ﺎﻫ ﺰـﻛﺮﻣ ﻲﻫاﻮـﮔ ﺬـﺧا و ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ و نﻮﻣزآ زا ﺪﻌﺑ ،ناﺮﻳا رﻮﺸﻛ ي
نﻮﻣزآ ﻦﻴﺷﺎﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ناﺮﻳا رد ،يزروﺎﺸﻛ يﺎﻫ دﻮﺷ
. ترﺪﻗ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ
ياﺮﺑ ،رﻮﺸﻛ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ ﺎـﻫرﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ
ي 4 رﺪﻨﻠﻴـﺳ 75 ﺐـﺳا
كﺎﺧ ،رﺎﺨﺑ ﺖﻣوﺮﮔآ ﻲﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﺐﻛﺮﻣ زرو
5 رﺎﻛ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ 9
/ 1 ﺮﺘﻣ ،
ﺣاﺮﻃ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ و ﻲ ددﺮﮔ
) ﻞﻜﺷ 4 (.
كﺎﺧ
ﻢـﻛ ﻲـﻨﻌﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺘﻇﺎـﻔﺣ ﺐـﻛﺮﻣ زرو كﺎـﺧ
ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎـﺟ ،يزرو
ﻦﻫآوﺎﮔ ﺎﻫ ي نادﺮﮔﺮﺑ راد ﺮﻟﻮﻟ و ﻚﺴﻳد ، ﻣ
ﻲ تﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺳ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ و ددﺮﮔ
هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﻚﻳ ار رﻮﻛﺬﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻧ و هﺪﻴﻧﺎﺳر مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ ﺎﺟ
دﺪـﺠﻣ ددﺮـﺗ ﻪـﺑ زﺎﻴ
هﺎﮕﺘـﺳد و ﺎﻫرﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ
دراﺪـﻧ ﻪـﻋرﺰﻣ رد ﺎـﻫ .
كﺎـﺧ ﻖـﻤﻋ ﻞﻗاﺪـﺣ يزرو
رد هﺎﮕﺘﺳد كﺎﺧ
ﺎﻫ ،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ و 10
ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ نآ ﺮﺜﻛاﺪـﺣ و ﺮـﺘﻣ 20
ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺮﺘﻣ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
ﻞﻜﺷ 4 ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺖﻣوﺮﮔآ ﻲﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ زرﻮﻛﺎﺧ-
Fig.4. Conservation tillage implement Agromet 5
ﻪﻋرﺰﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ رﻮﺻ ﻞﻜﺷ ت 5 تﺮﻛ ﺑ ﺪﻧﺪـﺷ يﺪﻨ .
،تﺮـﻛ ﺮـﻫ ضﺮـﻋ
5 / 2 ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﻣ 30
ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ تﺮـﻛ لﻮﻃ و ﻦﻴﻓﺮﻃ زا ﺮﺘﻣ 75
ﻪـﻛ ،ﺮـﺘﻣ
15
كﺎـﺧ ﺖﻋﺮـﺳ و ﻖـﻤﻋ يراﺪﻳﺎﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻴﻟوا ﺮﺘﻣ
ﺪﻧﺪـﺷ اﺪـﺟ يزرو .
هرﺎﻤﺷ يﺎﻫﺮﻴﺴﻣ 1
و 10 ﻖﻤﻋ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ياﺮﺑ هداد صﺎـﺼﺘﺧا يرﺎﻛ يﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧﺪــﺷ . هرﺎﻤــﺷ يﺎﻫﺮﻴــﺴﻣ ي
2
، 4
، 6 و 8 يرﺎــﻛ ﻖــﻤﻋ ياﺮــﺑ 10
ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ هرﺎﻤـﺷ يﺎﻫﺮﻴﺴﻣ و ﺮﺘﻣ ي
3
، 5
، 7 و 9 يرﺎـﻛ ﻖـﻤﻋ ياﺮـﺑ 20
ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ مﺎﻧ ﺮﺘﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﺸﮔ يراﺬﮔ )
ﺶﻠﻓ ﺎـﺑ ﺖـﻛﺮﺣ ﺮﻴـﺴﻣ ﻪـﻓﺮﻃ ﻚـﻳ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﻋﺮﺳ
ﻲـﻣ نﺎـﺸﻧ ار ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺪـﻨﻫد
( فوﺮـﺣ و A)
B ، C ، Dو (
ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ار ﺖﻋﺮﺳ حﻮﻄﺳ ﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ
) ﻞﻜﺷ 5 .(
ﺖﻋﺮﺳ حﻮﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ 6 ، 8 ، 10 و 12 ﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ ياﺮـﺑ ﺖﻋ
تﺮﻛ
A يﺎﻫ
B ، C ، D و ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ .
هرﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ رد ي
2 ياﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻛ
كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ يزرو
10 ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺖﻋﺮـﺳ ﺎـﺑ دﻮـﺑ هﺪـﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺮﺘﻣ 6
تﺮـﻛ رد و ﺪﺷ عوﺮﺷ تﺎﺸﻳﺎﻣزآ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ زا ﺪـﻌﺑA
25 ﺮـﺘﻣ
كﺎـﺧ ﻖـﻤﻋ و ﺖﻋﺮـﺳ يراﺪـﻳﺎﭘ و لدﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ نﺪﻴﺳر ياﺮﺑ لوا و يزرو
هداد ،ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ دﺮﺑ
رد و مﺎﺠﻧا تﺮﻛ يﺎﻬﺘﻧا ﺎﺗ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ يرا
ﺪـﻳدﺮﮔ هﺮﻴﺧذ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ترﺎﻛ .
تﺮـﻛ يﺎـﻬﺘﻧا رد تﺮـﻛ ياﺪـﺘﺑا وA
،B
ﻪﻐﻴﺗ يﻮﻠﺟ رد هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﺎﺒﻧا ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ يﺎﻳﺎﻘﺑ ﺖﻋﺮـﺳ و ﺪـﺷ ﻪﺘﺷادﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ
8
زا ﺪـﻌﺑ و ﺖـﻓﺮﮔ راﺮـﻗ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا درﻮﻣ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ 25
،ﻪـﻴﻟوا ﺮـﺘﻣ
هداد
ﻧا تﺮـﻛ يﺎـﻬﺘﻧا ﺎـﺗ ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ يرادﺮﺑ
ﺖـﻓﺮﮔ مﺎـﺠ .
ﺲﭙـﺳ
ﻪﺑ تﺮﻛ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ
C يﺎﻫ
D و ﻲﺘﻋﺮـﺳ حﻮﻄـﺳ ﺎـﺑ 10
و 12 ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮـﻠﻴﻛ
كﺎﺧ درﻮﻣ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ
هداد و ﺪـﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮـﻗ يزرو يرادﺮـﺑ
ﻪـﺑ طﻮـﺑﺮﻣ يﺎـﻫ
ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ .
هرﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ مﺎﻤﺗا زا ﺪﻌﺑ ي
2 ﻪـﺑ ، رد ﺐـﻴﺗﺮﺗ
هرﺎﻤﺷ يﺎﻫﺮﻴﺴﻣ 4
، 6 و 8 كﺎـﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ يزرو
10 ﻲﺘﻧﺎـﺳ ﺮـﺘﻣ
داد صﺎــﺼﺘﺧا ﺪــﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ مﺎــﺠﻧا ﺎــﻫراﺮﻜﺗ ،ﺪــﻧدﻮﺑ هﺪــﺷ ه
. مﺎــﻤﺗا زا ﺪــﻌﺑ
نﻮﻣزآ كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺢﻄﺳ يزرو
10 ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺮﻴـﺴﻣ رد ،ﺮـﺘﻣ
هرﺎﻤﺷ ي 10 كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ ، ﻪﺑ يزرو
20 ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ يﺎﻫﺮﻴﺴﻣ رد و ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺮﺘﻣ
هرﺎﻤﺷ ي 3 ، 5 ، 7 و 9 نﻮﻣزآ ﻪﻋرﺰﻣ يﺎﻫ نﻮﻣزآ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ يا
ﻖـﻤﻋ يﺎـﻫ
كﺎﺧ يزرو 10 ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻓﺎﻳ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺮﺘﻣ هداد و ﺖ
فﺮـﺼﻣ ﻪـﺑ طﻮـﺑﺮﻣ يﺎـﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد
.
ﻪﺑ ،دوﺮﺘﺸﻫ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ رد ﺖﻋﺮـﺳ ﻲﺑﺎـﻳزرا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
14 ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮـﻠﻴﻛ
ﺶﻴﺑ ناﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ زا ،ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ حﻮﻄﺳ و ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺮﺗ
ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ 8 ،
10 ، 12 و 14 ﻪﺑ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ تﺮـﻛ ياﺮﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ
يﺎـﻫ
،A ،B
وC
ﺖــﻓﺎﻳ ﺮــﻴﻴﻐﺗD
. نﺎﺘــﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻦــﻳا رد نﺎﺘــﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻖﺑﺎــﻄﻣ نﻮــﻣزآ ﻢــﻫ
نﺎﺘﺴﺑ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا دﺎﺑآ .
هداد زا ،ﺪـﻧدﻮﺑ ﻪـﻘﻴﻗد ﺮـﺑ ﺮـﺘﻴﻟ ﺐـﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻄﺑار ي ) 1 ( ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ رﺎﺘﻜﻫ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻴﻟ ترﻮﺻ .
) 1 (
ﻞﻜﺷ
5 حﺮﻃ- هراو و ﺎﻫﺮﻴﺴﻣ ي تﺮﻛ
ﺎﻫ ي ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا
Fig.5. Schematic of the paths and plots of evaluation
نآ رد ﻪﻛ :
:FC
ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ
:V
يوﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ )
ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ (
:W
رﺎﻛ ضﺮﻋ )
ﺮﺘﻣ (
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﺻا رﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ يﺎﻄﺧ ندﻮﺒﻧ راد
) كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ يزرو
(
ﻲـﻋﺮﻓ رﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ يﺎﻄﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ )
كﺎـﺧ ﺖﻋﺮـﺳ يزرو
( يرﺎـﻣآ ﻪـﻳﺰﺠﺗ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻖﻤﻋ و ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻞﻳرﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ يرادﺮﺑ
رﻮﺘﻛﺎـﻓ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﺳ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد مﻮ .
هداد ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ ﻪـﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ رد ﻦـﻜﻧاد شور ﺎـﺑ ﺎـﻫ
ﺢﻄﺳ لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺪﺻرد ﺞﻨﭘ ) 01 /
p ≤0 ( ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا .
هداد هدﺎـﺳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﻢـﺳر و ﺐـﻛﺮﻣ ﺲﻧﺎـﻳراو ﻪـﻳﺰﺠﺗ ،ﺎـﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫرادﻮﻤﻧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ
مﺮـﻧ ﺎـﻫراﺰﻓا
SPSS 16.0ي
Excel و
مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﮔ .
ﺚﺤﺑ و ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
وﺪﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ل
1 ، رﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ود ﺮﻫ ﺮﺛا كﺎـﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ و ﺖﻋﺮﺳ
يزرو
S)
Dو ( ﻪﺑ
ﻞـﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺮـﺛا و ﻲﻳﺎـﻬﻨﺗ ﺎـﻬﻧآ
S × D ) ( رد نﺎﺘـﺳﺮﻬﺷ يﺎـﻫ
نﺎﺘﺴﺑ دﺎﺑآ دوﺮﺘﺸﻫ و لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺢﻄﺳ رد ، ﺪﺻرد ﻚﻳ
) 01 /
p≤0 ( ﻲﻨﻌﻣ راد
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . رادﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ رد ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﻖﻤﻋ و
يﺎﻫ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ
كﺎﺧ يزرو ﻞﻜﺷ رد ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺮﺛا و يﺎﻫ
6 ، 7 و 8 هﺪـﺷ هداد نﺎـﺸﻧ ﺖﺳا
. ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ كﺎﺧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ راﺪﻘﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ،يزرو
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا
كﺎـﺧ ﺖﻋﺮـﺳ ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﺎـﺑ و ﺖـﺷاد دﻮـﺟو يراد ،يزرو
ﺪـﻳدﺮﮔ هﺪﻫﺎـﺸﻣ ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ فﺮـﺼﻣ رد ﺶﻫﺎﻛ .
فﺮـﺼﻣ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﺖـﻠﻋ
كﺎﺧ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﺪـﺣاو رد تﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﻳﺮـﺳ مﺎـﺠﻧا يزرو
ﻲﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ رد نﻮﭼ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ نﺎـﻳﺎﭘ ﻪـﺑ تﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻫﺎـﺗﻮﻛ نﺎـﻣز تﺪـﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻣ فﺮﺼﻣ يﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ اﺬﻟ ﺪﺳر ددﺮﮔ
. ﺶﻴﺑ فﺮـﺼﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
راﺪﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ 37
/ 11 ﺖﻋﺮﺳ رد رﺎﺘﻜﻫ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻴﻟ 6
و ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ
ﻢﻛ راﺪـﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ 37
/ 9 رد رﺎـﺘﻜﻫ ﺮـﺑ ﺮـﺘﻴﻟ
ﺖﻋﺮﺳ 12 نﺎﺘﺴﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ رد ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ ﺮﻳدﺎﻘﻣ و دﺎﺑآ
68 / 15
و 14 / 12 ﻪﺑ رﺎﺘﻜﻫ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻴﻟ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ
ﻢﻛ و ﻦﻳﺮﺗ فﺮـﺼﻣ ناﺰـﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ دوﺮﺘﺸﻫ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ رد ﺖﺧﻮﺳ )
ﻞﻜﺷ 4 و لوﺪـﺟ 2 .(
صﻮـﺼﺧرد
ﻖﻤﻋ كﺎﺧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺶﻴﺑ ،يزرو
ﺎـﺑ ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ فﺮـﺼﻣ ناﺰـﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ
ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ 7
ﺮﻳدﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ ، 60
/ 12 و 06 / 16 ﻖـﻤﻋ رد ،رﺎـﺘﻜﻫ ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺘﻴﻟ
كﺎﺧ يزرو 20 ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﻣ
نﺎﺘـﺳﺮﻬﺷ رد ﺐـﻴﺗﺮﺗ
نﺎﺘـﺴﺑ يﺎـﻫ و دﺎـﺑآ
ﻪﺑ دوﺮﺘﺸﻫ كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺎﺑ و ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد
ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﺰـﻴﻧ يزرو
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ )
لوﺪﺟ 3 .(
لوﺪﺟ 1 - ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺰﺠﺗ ﻳ ﻪ راو ﻳ ﺲﻧﺎ ﺮﺛا ﺖﻋﺮﺳ كﺎﺧ يزرو S) ( كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ و يزرو
D) ( ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﺑ
Table 1- Variance analyses of effect of tillage forward speed and depth on fuel consume
ﺎﻫرﺎﻤﻴﺗ Treatments
يدازآ ﻪﺟرد Freedom degree
ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ Fuelconsume
نﺎﺘﺴﺑ دﺎﺑآ Bostan-Abad
دوﺮﺘﺸﻫ Hashtrood
ﺖﻋﺮﺳ S) (
Forward speed 3
5.738**
**
19.034
كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ يزرو D) (
Tillage depth 1
175.666**
**
121.572
S × D
** 3 32.405
**
6.706
ﺎﻄﺧ Error 24
0.885 1.124
تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ (%)
- C.V.
9.72 6.79
،**
و * ﻪﺑns ﺗﺮﺗ ﺐﻴ ﺑ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴ ﻨﻌﻣ ﻲ راد ي لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺢﻄﺳ رد ﻚﻳ
ﻏ و ﺪﺻرد ﺞﻨﭘ ،ﺪﺻرد ﺮﻴ
ﻨﻌﻣ ﻲ ﻣ راد ﻲ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ .
*, ** and ns indicate significance respectively at the level of one percent, five percent and not statistically significant.
ﺖــﺑﺎﺛ ﻖــﻤﻋ رد ،ﺖﺧﻮــﺳ فﺮــﺼﻣ ﺮــﺑ ﻞــﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺮــﺛا ﺎــﺑ ﻪــﻄﺑار رد كﺎﺧ يزرو 20 ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ كﺎﺧ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ،ﺮﺘﻣ فﺮﺼﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ يزرو
كﺎـﺧ ﻖـﻤﻋ رد و ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ يزرو
10 ﻲﺘﻧﺎـﺳ ًﺎـﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ،ﺮـﺘﻣ
ﺶﻫﺎﻛ و ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا و هدﻮﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﻲـﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ و ﺮﺘﻤﻛ
رد راد
نﺎﺘـﺴﺑ رد حﻮﻄـﺳ ﻦﻴـﺑ
ﺖـﺳا ﻪﺘـﺷاد ،دوﺮﺘـﺸﻫ و دﺎــﺑآ .
نﺎﺘــﺳﺮﻬﺷ رد
نﺎﺘﺴﺑ دﺎﺑآ ) ﻞﻜﺷ 8 ( راﺪـﻘﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻛ 288
/ 7
رﺎﻤﻴﺗ رد ،رﺎﺘﻜﻫ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻴﻟ
S1D1
ﺶﻴﺑ و ﺎـﺑ ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ فﺮـﺼﻣ ناﺰـﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
راﺪﻘﻣ 45 / 16 رﺎﻤﻴﺗ رد رﺎﺘﻜﻫ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻴﻟ
S1D2
ﻢﻫ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ثدﺎﺣ
،ﻦﻴﻨﭼ
ﻪﺑ ﺶﻴﺑ و ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ نﺎﺘـﺳﺮﻬﺷ رد ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ فﺮـﺼﻣ ناﺰـﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
وﺮﺘــﺸﻫ د ) ﻞﻜــﺷ 9 ( ﺮﻳدﺎــﻘﻣ ﺎــﺑ 81
/ 10 و 84 / 18 رد رﺎــﺘﻜﻫ ﺮــﺑ ﺮــﺘﻴﻟ
يﺎﻫرﺎﻤﻴﺗ
S4D1
S1D2و ﻪﺑ ﺖـﺳا هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد .
فﺮـﺼﻣ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﺖـﻠﻋ
كﺎﺧ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﺪـﺣاو رد تﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﻳﺮـﺳ مﺎـﺠﻧا يزرو
ﻲﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﺮﺳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ كﺎﺧ ﺖﻋ
تﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ،يزرو
كﺎﺧ ﻊﻳﺮﺳ يزرو ﺪﺣاو رد ﺮﺘﻤﻛ يﺪﻨﺒﻟﺎﻣ ناﻮﺗ فﺮﺼﻣ و ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺮﺗ
ﺢﻄـﺳ ﺪـﺣاو رد ﺮـﺘﻤﻛ ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ و يژﺮﻧا ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ نﺎﻣز و ﺢﻄﺳ ﻲﻣ ددﺮﮔ .
كﺎـﺧ ﻖـﻤﻋ ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﺎﺑ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﻞﻴﻟد ،يزرو
ﻲﻣ ،ﻲﺸﺸﻛ ﺖﻣوﺎﻘﻣ رد ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
. ﻖﻤﻋ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ترﻮﺻ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ
كﺎﺧ
،يزرو ﻪﺑﺎﺟ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ كﺎﺧ دﺎﻳز راﺪﻘﻣ راﺪـﻘﻣ ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ رد ﻪـﻛ ددﺮـﮔ ﺎـﺟ
كﺎﺧ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ياﺮﺑ ﺶﺸﻛ و مزﻻ يوﺮﻴﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا زرو
ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ رد ،ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
ﺶﻴﺑ ناﻮﺗ فﺮﺼﻣ ﻪﺑ زﺎﻴﻧ ،ﺖﻣوﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﺒﻠﻏ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ يﺮﺗ
ﻪـﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺰﻴﻧ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
.
ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﺲﻧﺎـﻳراو ﻲﻧﺎـﺴﻜﻳ ي ﻌﻣ ﺎـﻫ
ﻲـﻨ دﻮـﺑ راد
) ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﺪﻧدﻮﺒﻧ ﻦﮕﻤﻫ ﺎﻫ (
ﺖﻓﺮﮕﻧ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺐﻛﺮﻣ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ، .
لوﺪﺟ
2 - ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ رد ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ كﺎﺧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
يزرو
Table 2- Average of fuel consume in different tillage forward speed
كﺎﺧ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ يزرو
Tillage forward speed 6
ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ 6 km h-1 8
ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ 8 km h-1 10
ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ 10 km h-1 12
ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ 12 km h-1 14
ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ 14 km h-1
نﺎﺘﺴﺑ دﺎﺑآ Bostan-Abad 11.37 a
10.40 b 9.90 bc
9.37 c ----
دوﺮﺘﺸﻫ Hashtrood ---
15.68 a 14.91 a
13.71 b 12.14 c
فوﺮﺣ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ اد ير رد ﺢﻄﺳ ﺪﺻرد ﻚﻳ ار نﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻫد .
Different letters indicate significant at theone percent level.
ﻞﻜﺷ 6 كﺎﺧ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺮﺛا- رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﺮﺑ يزرو
Fig.6. Effect of tillage forward speed on fuel consume
لوﺪﺟ 3 - ﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻖﻤﻋ رد ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼ
كﺎﺧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ يزرو
Table 3- Average of fuel consume in different tillage depth كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ يزرو
Tillage depth
10 ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺮﺘﻣ
10 cm 20
ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺮﺘﻣ
20 cm
نﺎﺘﺴﺑ دﺎﺑآ Bostan-Abad 7.90 b
12.60 a
دوﺮﺘﺸﻫ Hashtrood 12.16 b
16.06 a
توﺎﻔﺘﻣ فوﺮﺣ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ
يراد ﺢﻄﺳ رد 1 % ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ار ﺪﺻرد ﺪﻨﻫد
.
Different letters significant in one percent
ﻞﻜﺷ 7 - كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ ﺮﺛا رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﺮﺑ يزرو
Fig.7. Effect of tillage forward speed on fuel consume Bostan-Abad
ﻞﻜﺷ 8 - ﺮﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ و ﺖﻋﺮﺳ يرﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﺐﻴﻛ
يزرو نﺎﺘﺴﺑ– دﺎﺑآ
Fig.8. Average value of effect of tillage forward speed and depth on fuel consume Bostan-Abad
ﻞﻜﺷ 9 - كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ و ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ رﻮﺘﻛاﺮﺗ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ يزرو
- دوﺮﺘﺸﻫ
Fig.9. Average value of effect of tillage forward speed and depth on fuel consume-Hashtrood
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ يﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ي
نآ فﺮـﺼﻣ رد ﻪـﻛ هﺪﺷ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ يزروﺎﺸﻛ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ
ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻲﻳﻮﺟ دﻮﺷ
ﺪـﺑﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ لﻮـﺼﺤﻣ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺎﺗ .
ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﺎـﺑ
كﺎﺧ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺪﺣاو رد ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ،يزرو
ﺎﺑ ﻲﻟو ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ
كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا اﺰﻓا ،يزرو
ﺖـﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻳ .
زا هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا ﺎـﺑ رﻮـﺘﻛاﺮﺗ
ﺶﻴﺑ ناﻮﺗ ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ فﺮـﺼﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ،ﺚﻋﺎﺑ زﺎﻴﻧ درﻮﻣ راﺪﻘﻣ زا ﺮﺗ
ﻲﻣ ددﺮﮔ .
ﻪـﻋرﺰﻣ هدزﺎـﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ و ﺖﺧﻮـﺳ فﺮـﺼﻣ ظﺎﺤﻟ زا ،يا
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ كﺎﺧ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ يزرو
10 ﻲﻣ ﻪﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ ،ددﺮﮔ
كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ ﻲﻟو
ـﺨﺘﻧا ﺖـﺷﺎﻛ ﻖـﻤﻋ ﺎـﺑ ﺐـﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ يزرو ددﺮـﮔ بﺎ
. كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا زا يزرو
10 ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﺮﺘﻣ 20 ﻲﺘﻧﺎـﺳ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ،ﺮـﺘﻣ
ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا 28
ﺖـﺳا هﺪـﺷ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ رد يﺪﺻرد .
ﺮـﺛا ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ
ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ ﺎـﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳا رد ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ يور ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﺑ ﻪ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ زا هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد
دراد ﺖـﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺮـﻳز يﺎﻫ
Rouzbeh et al., ) .
(2003
ﺮﺑ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﻃ ،
كﺎﺧ يژﺮﻧا ﺪـﻧدﻮﺑ هﺪﻴﺳر ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ،يزرو
كﺎﺧ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ يزرو
فﺮﺼﻣ تﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ نﺎﻣز ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻞﻴﻟد
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺖﺧﻮﺳ (Darabi, 2012) .
كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ ﺮﺛا ، ار يزرو
ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ هﺪﻴﺳر ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ و هدﻮﻤﻧ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ يژﺮﻧا فﺮﺼﻣ ﺮﺑ كﺎﺧ ﻖﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ يزرو
ﻮـﺳ فﺮـﺼﻣ ،ﺶـﺸﻛ ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﻞﻴﻟد ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﺖﺧ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ . ﻢﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﺑ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ (Helsel, 2007) يﺎﻫ
،
يزروﺎـﺸﻛ تﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ رد ﺖﺧﻮﺳ فﺮﺼﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ تاﺮﺛا ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ يور ﺮﺑ كﺎﺧ و
و يزرو (Hayes and Young, 1982) يژﺮﻧا ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ،
كﺎﺧ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ يزرو دراد ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ،ﺪﻧا
.
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
1. Bonari, E., M. Mazzoncici, and A. Peruzzi, 1995. Effect of conservation and minimum tillage on winter oilseed rape in a sand soil. Soil and Tillage 33: 90-108.
2. Darabi, Sh. 2012. Tractor fuel consuming plane for diffirent depth and gears by digital fuel consumer.
New methods in agriculture conference. (In Farsi).
3. Filipovic, D., S. Kosutic, Z. Gospodaric, R. Zimmer, and D. Banaj. 2006. The possibilities of fuel saving and the reduction of CO2 emissions in the soil tillage in Croatia Agriculture. Ecosystems an Environment 115 (290): 1-4.
4. Fulton, J. P., L. G. Wells, S. A. Shearer, and R. I. Barnhisel. 1996. Spatial variantion of soil physical properties: A precursor to precision tllage. ASAE, 96, 1012.
5. Hasshemi, A. 2011. Desing and evaluatiuon monitoring of fuel consumer in agriculture operation.
Tabriz University. (In Farsi).
6. Hayes, W. A., and H. M. Young. 1982. Minimum Tillage Farming. No-Till Farmer.
7. Helsel, Z. R. 2007. Fuel requirements and energy saving tips for field operation. N.J Agriculture Experiment Station.
8. Hernanz, J. L., R. Lopez, L. Navarrete, and V. Sanchez-Giron. 2002. Long-term effects of tillage systems and rotations on soil structure stability and organic carbon stratification in semiarid central Spain. Soil and Tilage 66: 129-141.
9. Lithourgidis, A. S., K. V. Dhima, C. A. Damalas, I. B. Vasilakoglou, and I. G. Eleftherohorinos. 2006.
Tillage effects on wheat emergence and yield at varying seeding rates, and on labor and fuel consumption. Crop Science Society of America 46 (3): 1187-1192.
10. Lithourgidis, A. S., C. A. Damalas, and I. G. Eleftherohorinos. 2009. Conservation tillage: A promising prespective for sustainable agriculture i Greece. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 33 (1): 85-95.
11. Lopes, A., K. P. Lanças, C. E. A. Furlani, A. K. Nagaoka, P. Castro Neto, and D. C. C. Grotta. 2003.
Consumption of a tractor on the type of tire, ballasting and working speed fuel. Brazilian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Campina Grande 7 (2): 382-386.
12. Michel, J. R., K. J. Formstorm, and J. Borrelli. 1985. Energy requirement of two tillage system for irrigated suger beets, drybeens and cor. ASAe, 28, 1731-1735.
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The effect of conservation tillage forward speed and depth on farm fuel consumption
A. Jalali1*- A. Mahmoudi2- M. Valizadeh3- I. Skandari4 Received: 22-11-2013
Accepted: 18-01-2014
Introduction: In recent years, production techniques and equipment have been developed for conservation tillage systems that have been adopted by many farmers. With proper management, overall yield averages for conventional and reduced tillage systems are nearly identical. Sometimes, field operations can be combined by connecting two or more implements. Much research has focused on either reducing or eliminating tillage operations to develop sustainable crop production methods. The greatest costs in farm operations are associated with tillage due to greater specific energy requirement in tillage and the high fuel costs. Combined operations reduce both fuel consumption and time and labor requirements by eliminating at least one individual trip over the field. Light tillage, spraying, or fertilizing operations can be combined with eitherprimary or secondary tillage or planting operations. The amount of fuel saved depends on the combined operations. Generally, light tillage, spraying, and fertilizing operations consume between 0.25 and 0.50 gallons of diesel fuel per acre. Fuel savings of 0.12 to 0.33 gallons per acre can usually be expected from combining operations. Eliminating one primary tillage operation and combining one light tillage, spraying, or fertilizing operation with another tillage or planting operation can usually save at least a gallon of diesel fuel per acre. Combining operations has the added benefit of reducing wheel traffic and compaction. To improve the tillage energy efficiency, implementing effective and agronomic strategies should be improved. Different tillage systems should be tested to determine the most energy efficient ones. Tillage helps seed growth and germination through providing appropriate conditions for soil to absorb sufficient temperature and humidity. Tillage is a time consuming and expensive procedure. With the application of agricultural operations, we can save considerable amounts of fuel, time and energyconsumption. Mankind has been tilling agricultural soils for thousands of years to loosen them, to improve their tilth for water use and plant growth and to cover pests. Tillage is a process of creating a desired final soil condition for seeds from some undesirable initial soil conditions through manipulation of soil with the purpose of increasing crop yield.The aim of conservation tillage is to improve soil structure. Considering the advantages of conservation tillage and less scientific research works on imported conservation tillage devices and those which are made inside the country, and considering the importance of tillage depth and speed in different tiller performance, this investigation was carried out.
Materials and methods: This investigation was carried out based on random blocks in the form of split plot experimental design. The main factor, tillage depth, (was 10 and 20cm at both levels) and the second factor istillage forward speed, (was 6, 8, 10, 12 km h-1 in four levels for Bostan-Abad and 8, 10, 12, 14 km h-1 for Hashtrood) with 4 repetitions. It was carried out by using complex tillager made in the Sazeh Keshte Bukan Company, which is mostly used in Eastern Azerbaijan and using Massey Ferguson 285 and 399tractors and its fuel consumptionwas studied.
Results and Discussion: In this study, the effect of both factors on the feature of fuel consumption was examined.
Regarding tillage speed effect for studies characteristic in Bostan-Abad at 1% probability level (p<0.01) fuel consumption was effective. The effect of tillage depth has significance at 5% probability level (p<0.05) on fuel consumption. The interaction effect of tillage speed and depth on fuel consumption was significant at probability level of 1% (p<0.01). In Hashtrood, the effect of tillage speed was significant on fuel consumption at probability level of 1%
(p<0.01), and also tillage depth effect was significant on fuel consumption amount at probability of 1% (p<0.01). The interaction effect of tillage speed and depth on fuel consumption was significant at 1% level of probability (p<0.01).
Conclusions: In this study, the effect of both factors on fuel consumptionwas examined. In Bostan-Abad and Hashtroud on the whole, the results indicated that with the increase in the speed of tillage, fuel consumption, was reduced per hectar.The speed of 10 kilometers per hour was the best for this implemented work. Also, with an increasing depth of tillage, the fuel consumption increased.Through an increase in tillage speed, fuel consumption mass reduced at unit
1- PhD Student, Department of Biosystem Engineering, University of Tabriz 2- Associate Professor, Department of Biosystem Engineering, University of Tabriz 3- Professor, Department of Agronomy and plant Breeding, University of Tabriz 4- Faculty member, Dry land Agriculture Research Institute, Maragheh
(*- Corresponding Author Email: [email protected])
level. Moreover, the optimum speed was concluded to be 10km per hour. The best tillage depth using this machine is 10cm.
Keywords: Conservation tillage, Depth, Fuel consumption, Soil, Speed
