• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

" #$% & ' ( ) &amp

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Membagikan "" #$% & ' ( ) &amp "

Copied!
16
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

! "#

$ % $ &

' ( )# *+

) :

13 / 8 / 90 :

8 / 3 / 91 (

3 :

5 %6 7 8 9: ;# <= > = ' ?@ $ ; % : $ ' : = + A;B CD%E +D ;F; "G H B I = $ <=

> = J + ". 6 ;

, - : K; L" 3 # B K 9 .

' $ N +D B $ <= 7 O%#

$ F F : = ; K J $ ' "# P: Q + R= ; H: # ' B S< H: B H%E ;@

" SJ ; .

G 7D % K %A : = ' ; 8 K , B

J

&

% : $ ' S: ;= ;T ;B J

% ;U 6 B "G H B S&: ;V 3 A W .

H:

G

$N ;B 8

B B : : E #

' ;XB @ : ,V ;= $ # <= ' ;B Y .

K 8 $ F Z :

Q G ;R G

$ # <=

;= $ # <=

,V

; S: ;= @ :

* :

: 66409595 Email: [email protected]

' $ 8 V &: H:

G

# ; % H "J ;:' :

"

! " #$% & ' ( ) & "* % +) ,-

"

. / 0 3 . 0 39 1 2 0 88

"3 4 !

"56 7) :

"% 8% .6 2 " #$% " (! 8%

"

% +% ,4

"

. / 0 3 . 0 40 0 1 2 89 .

(2)

() (;+%6 <= 6 #) ) "& ( % > 7&

? (% ;#; 1 ' 2

. (% % @# A B C 0

% ! +7 (* ) +7D ! &#/

0 # < EF #2 #2 G H/

.#E 6 +7) 6 *)

&

0< 6 +% . I#*,; J G ) 6 .

0# G ! 1 2 +7D

( +H +/ ) 5

2 . #K ) J#F :

1 . L M) # N) F 0(@#/ -

.6 ' "% ) G J = O % @

2 . ( (@#/ - Q # (*) 4' ( RK

3 . 0 - B C S#*T) 6 +/

.6 ' J = O % @ 0

0 Q # ( / 4 #)

4 . E, +/

,) N #, B#

! 0 B 5UV 1 Q*% (7W B V R

#X ' " Q)

* #; Y &

.6 2 (% ) *4) Y 6

1 4 < 8%

(Social

Constructivism)

, Z

1 4 !

(Structural Realism)

<+/ (% EF # #K ) ) 5

+7& () (2 # - " M J#F .

2 = " J6[

!#*) - #\ 1 . #;

() #@ #$%+) (87!# (*G 7/ "H) F , Z ) / "& J . #; "& <= 1 ' +7!

!

() ( / 4 #) +% /

0 J $% # #\

3+% + &

(, 8% *4) "& <= 1 '

(English School)

"H) F ) H J $%

# ; () #$%

. ) 4

< !#*) - # *

S#*T) E/6 ! C7! #- - " M "H) F O 2 ! # +7& () " 4 "H) F () < T% ]7& G 6 .+/ (% EF > #F Q) +!

. " 2 - +\ " Q)

<= .+/ - " M J#F <+/ (% EF R2 ( !#*) - "D "& 2 1 2 Y "

2 . #& +R (* 7) ^ X ) 0

"

"% ; .#)6 "* < )6 2 > #F - " M "&

5

#@ G 1 (* 7) + +E 2 .

` ] - " " X# O 2 # " Q) O 2 #

() 0(2 2 6= "&

0 *@

- *@ aHX B#F E) ] b

2 .+/ - " M J#F <+/ (% EF R2 (@#/

.

.

#F ( ) # >

(W7) "R7F 2 <+/ (% EF Q*) (8*,

.

<+/ (% EF

"& "% ; < !

" )#2 (% % @ !6 % "

G ( ) ()

< 4) 0+7&

4/

# ; ( 7F *@ BU 4T

() E, b % +7&

.

= 6 ,) < ( % #8 "& C%

< +

" "F ) 5 R (% EF

#&

0 M

#F ( M) >

< ( % b % U) &

(% EF ! # % " ^ F < +

#& "Z . + R%

"& > 7& I ) # / " < #F

+ ( #8 ! 0 - " M

. #; " (; b B # L !

( 7F 2 . #& M

(Allum & Renate Siebert 2003,p.3) .

B % J

Elome & Renat) (

(3)

"& +%+Q*H) 6#) # > #F

"c d@ 7*) ( +%

: Y 6 0 2

%

$ < )6 2 "& (

() I#*,; e #W) .6 ' U) & +!

+*@

2 "% #;

3 ( ' Q) ,& #

% 7D

$ 1 " ! (

= 6 % E%

+7) Y Y #& ) M) +7*,!

. 7H) < + N@

"& 2 6=

Y #& ) >*, 2 "& 6

*G ! . #;

"* < )6 2

#@

()

" +!

2 ,& I#*,; < 4) E%=

0

# +) (* ' ! "4R/ I#*,; f #V 6 ()

! + .

"*R ( #; +*@ "& , % 7H) < +

#*

7

" @ >,

"* < )6 2 > #F I #-

, % 0

"4

! T&

b % ()

#) " , 2 6 # - g c2 +7%

> #F

" #C

+77&

.

"C *%

() # ; 0+/ # Y #& ) T& "D #! "& +77&

( ) # > #F

=

#* @ <

"D #! h45#

") & G 0+/

( ) # > #F

= / () # a HX <

ibid, pp9-10)

.(

) (*@

( ) # > #F 0 / () RM\

+R)

=

" > % ( % <

B \ ijT)

> ! k X . 2 .

( ) # > #F

* ( * .+ +- Y < 75 " #8 (

- ( 4 #)

/ ( % "*, #8%

. ( 5 >A

%

" 6 m Rc%

(% 7& #/

0 .n " (2 2 kc2

(2 2 < #M <

0 .+7 b B \ " B 5 *F ( M) ! . #;

# # 2 6

O ,' G (87!# ! <

O#

+77& () . T7& 0"C *%

( (% EF " " 5 () 5

0 2 .+/ "*G 7/ "H) F (87!# ! ] 2# 1 o,) < 75 " "& <+/

B \ ()

;

# .

( 6 b&# +/

"4R/ 1 4/

R2 ! < )6 2 2 "*T; J#F <+/ .b #& )

.

j*% J#F (

B W*) 0 # #

p7!# N) F

!

"

.+/ .+% " / ' 2

& < 2 b % +) 7

(2 2 "H2 " ] 2

.

"4R/

!

"% 2 . / #*T (% EF

# ( #A

# "H2 . q

+%

+% .+/ +F (\ G < 4) < )6 6 ! ! .

%6 b F 1[+*2

) (* # A < #8 6 +7D #! "& +7& () T

6 & ' G &

. 2

0+%

( 2 6 *) Y #*T 4T)

0

# 6 +M) & ' F " E%=

0

'

&

= 6 +% . = 2 "

Rosenau1989 :p253)

.(

rUQ% B 5UV

! B V R

(% % @ # A (% % @ B C +/ .+77& E, (% EF ( ) >*, 2 "H2 +/

2 . . 6 (4

d) 6 2 B R5 - " M ( ) # > #F I#*,; [ #* E) - < % @

+' 1986

" 4

=

# <

C

"Qc7) +

6#) <

!

&#' "& ( G

= 0[ & 6

2 .+/ d <= " )#2 t j/

uk) . ac . exchange .

people . www 01/05/2010

.(

M)

- !6#)

< + "& 7H)

"* < )6 2 > #F +7& u W% r#A " +% () m#/ 6

.

< +Q

!6#) G

( 0

#& E, #) 2 .

.

>E) (% E; % ] b # #8 0

v Q2

>, % &

1989 .

, % & < -

\# >

#*; b ! #

"* < )6 2 > #F

( ) #

#& C . (* 1#*7& "& >, % & H RV (;+%6 " G +) [ kc2

(4)

#V 6 0 2 J #) w Z+ # "& (, - ]j RF B +@ f

0(cG #4W B $%

() +7&

"* < )6 2 > #F # "7 )6 3 O Q) x b

#& >! # .

<+/ (% EF 0

v R

(W #y < )

< )6 2 ! 2 . #& C ( 7F !

.

! T& 6 (G#

. #;

!

( 7F

< #R! Y #& ) B j*%

\ G ]j

(

# K M

G

. #@

+%

.

Conclusions of the Workshop on Globalization & Organized Crime, First World Conference ) of Penal Law 2007

"& <= "C *% (

F E 0<+/ (%

. #&# L " ^ #/ b % J#F a #H 2

# 6 (2 #& )

\#

B % 4) !

#*T

"* < )6 2 B 7F r 4 #

F " (

. =

2 .

.

7 #T - C N% ) v Q2

0

I#*,; R2

4 !

! (

"4R/

( ) ! "& 2 .+/

6 *) ,& C*,F 6

QV 7)

"& +7*,! ( "7 b!

Z - +

* @ M) + +F 6 (

+7/ () 6 #) .

B #K 01 #R *@

#!

(,&

Q ) " <+ 2 # b 8% ()# *@ !

B # L (, #; "C *%

() u j b8 F < 75 " J #) "& 2 (@UG (5 *F # +/ J6[ #; +77&

" <+ 2 6 z+!

() . W*2 (% % @# A ! . +77&

.

" J#F (! ; "& 2 $7)

+7& () 5 (5 *F S#M ) 5 < 75 .

M) 6 " )#2 B % #F 6 (4

"& 2 "*2 G % V " #K ) X Q C 2 ) "

#@ , # K M

Aguilar, Foltz, Jackson & others ) (2008 www.wfs.org,

.

#*T "H2 0

#*T J#F " #C7)

3 / ()

"H2 "& (% )6 t G "

@

*F –(5

*@

! .w

# $% ( +

(;+%6 #*E kc2 z# )– / a #H

1970, p 181) (Ray

.

I#*,; *@ ( \ [

6 +7 R5 ( ) # > #F :

1 . H2

"

+% () G .+ { - +% "

d .+77& Y #M (* '

,

. #*,;

+/

" #C7) "&

] b

^ @ F

#

>

#;

.

2 . b )= , "% ; " A # B @ < #& #|2 " .+7 b

3 . (5 *F >*, 2 " 5 e #*5 (H F (7) %

(*' (2 2 *@ –

( ! T&

() ] - " +' (2 2 w Z+ Y O 2 # b D " ! "&

.

"{%=

< 2= (2#*2 ( ) # J#C) ! . #;

< #*T) "

. Q 0

< % #@ ! 6

() d

3+7&

(5 *F . #*,; "4R/

g c2 ( ) 2 .

"*R ( ) # H

. #;

+7)6 % #*T ! k X

2 . J#F 6 <+/ ( ( ) 5

" # 1 Q*% "& 2

(5)

"4R/

() E, !

+7&

. H@ ) 1 }) # w

7) Y * - Z M

6 * # " # >E) !

- .n " (% % @# A (@#/

@ f 2 U2 ; 0

NR7) < 75 "

m D @ ![ &

0r#A 6 " B )+G Ey

. #;

! W C*,F "& (

& 6 + +F (TQ%

2 . #& E, +7*,! (

Ibid, p.181)

.(

< #)

Merton)

J % " G o (

"

C7! %

"

() k X T7& "% )#C) ! * "& +!

(

"& 2 ( #F ! T "

"H) F (*H7\

# # *@ Q ) ,& #

() M

+7&

Allum & Siebert2003, )

(p.9

.

"& C%= 6 2 .+/ +M) b8 F ! r j*% # 2

3

# ' . E7 # 7

2 J#F .

> &

Cloward & Ohlim)

b % (

() 1[+*2 7&

7 ( 7F ! p7!# # 6 "& +

t G

"C *%

IU

*@ Q ) ,& # # () +

/ H@ ) "

(5 *F () > 4M ( jT) *@ –

#;

(ibid)

. "&

"* < )6 2 > #F .+ +- Y

0 *@ 2 (5 *F

") 6 7! "& 2 (}M .

)

Zygmunt Bauman) (

< 75 " .+ +- , 2 2

"

7/ "* % +)

"

Liquid Modernity)

~8) %(

() +7&

.

#& 1[+*2 2 .

> 7& () " #C 6 2 % J . #X ' 1 ' ) "&

. 6 2 % #

. 1 b %

= + &

<

. Y < 75 "

.+ { - B +@ . <= "& ( F

, % " "*, #8 3

( +7& () a \

J .

( %

# acH7) ! 2

\# 2 . )= (,& #!

*@ ! (7 %

+7& + .

"& / "F + :

1 . ( ![ & J#F #

[ kc2 ! B ) 6 "& +7& () ) (% % @ *@

2 .+% ) < ) .

+2 () < ;+77& z# ) 2 " >& @ "& 8 2 4 }) .

2 .

"T !

#F

"* < )6 2 >

" *) 2

2 (% % @# A *@ ! H "H .

(% EF B C ( -

0 2 2

*@ +H !

*G 2

< EF ! T&

2 J

f 2 (*, % & ! T& ~; BU4T) (5 %

#& C (5 *F > $5 & T) J+5

] b "% )#C) ! H 4 .

6 +j) ) B C

• 2 . # 2 ,

( Williams & Milani,1999 , p.5)

. 8D "& 2 # r G 1 }) Y ) #*2 % 6 &

%

"

< )6 2 > #F

"*

()

0 2 7) (2 2 *@ #/ +%

/ 4/

.

# 2 +7% )

C 1 4/

B 0 () ( 7F + +F 4 !

*@ ! .w @ +%

#; <

.

( % "*G 2 [ & + 1 - / () "*G 2 <= N 6 "4 /

.

< ) > #F b

"*,! < ;+77& z# )

" / ' < ;+77&+

0 ()

# (7*R) *@ >*, 2 Y <

#& C # # % 1UQ*2 .

7F < EF >*, 2 (

F ( .

. #; (R,% B #K < ) B W ! T& ( 7F !

b&#)

< ) # - ! T&

()

<

&#/ 2 B W < 75 " " T) f #V 6 k X (% % @ 6 !

(6)

) 2010 , Callahan suite . history - us - modern .

(www

..

> #F .6 ' Ey 1 ' .+ +-

F *@

: Y 6 2 ] b 6 *@ > #F "* < )6 2 > #F (% / | !

( \ *@ > #F < ) Q*) (8*, +/ #8 2 .

" ( 7F ! < )6 2 .6 #)

() &#' *@ > #F + +F ^ % 2 +77&

. b % + W2 > #F ) ( ! (% #8% "*R

F

, p.4) 2009 Calvani

.(

2 "* "H2 , ( ) ! 6 .

#T - J

!

74 #T - f #V 6 w

"\#5 2 .+/ 4 )

O 2 ! #

- " M

! 8 F (

"Qc7) kc2 # " # M7) 2 "*

. 6 +H [ < % @

+' - 2 . #& C 6 ( G 6 Y - " M

"&

] b .+77& E,

C !6#) < # 6 " . B C 2 . #& Y &

. +' 1 - u j +%

+/ 4

2 . .

? % K 0 87/ >*, 2 f #V 6 7& >*, 2

+ 2 J " ( G 6#) 1#*

3.

) ) 6 # A

+7 # h 8%

( - G < +% #E/ &#' "&

=

#& < 2 2 . .

# L

# + +F \# C R2

"* < )6 2 > #F ! . #; (% % @# A B#F E)

+/ ( 7F 2 .

. B# ,) #) .+)= F BU E, - " M

# \# NR7)

"* < )6 2 > #F (% % @# A B#F E)

. #& >! # 2

.

6 G *@ +H h-

2 . - " M J#F <+/ (% EF J Q) + ) ) 5 .

.

"* < )6 2 > #F (% % @ # A B#F E)

" M kc2 ( ) kc2

"

6 (4

# +F

BU4T) +R -

2 .+/

.

" B#F E) " ,) n

(% % @# A B \ " .

/ #8 BU4T) " #C7) +% () G :

1 . ( HF (;+7! 7- 2 G 4T) :

) ) @ M) Y 2 " J #) B 5

() H@ "& ( ' +7&

2 B W*) .

2 . ) "& () #) " (5 *F ! Y & "

. # 6 G #W2 m 2 4

0+7/

+77& (;+7! 7- H@ ) 5 +7% * "& + ) .

3 . +% .+/ ^ *F r~F +2 () #$% " "& # • #G 4T) .

4 .

#cG

*

"% )#C) 3 ! b f #V 6 G 6 ' " RC) < #F E) # 6

(% % @# A

% @ *@ < D +7*,!

2 ^ 7 ) E%= # (%

.

() @ ! @ < # ; Y ) &= (2 7/ J#F €' R)

%

! J#F ^

6 .

0 n% < ) v R < 4) #2 # €M Y (2 7/ J#F .6 ' J#F B 5UV

(7)

2 3

# ( jT) [ t G ) , % (7* # ~- ( 5 • ! (

F ^ X ) :

1 .

< % #@

"* < )6 2 > #F +7*,! " T) ! @ 6 () #) "T !

.

2 . v R z#\

"* < )6 2 > #F .+77& < # #K +% ()

) & H@ ) #

"& () @ . #;

"* < )6 2 ! . #;

<= 6

"*2 G#

+/ "*/ 2 .

3 . ) (G#

0

# ; "& (% #F E)

! "* < )6 2 > #F 0+7*,

( ! .w #- # ;

() +% /

"&

f #V 6 zU*Z

< ) 0< + *2 2 B #&

!

‚ 2 ! +%

( 7F

/ () #R! < T ) T&

.

4 . +/

"* < )6 2 > #F ()

(;+ ƒ2 +ƒ7)6 % "ƒ& +ƒ/ #8 BU4T) "% T% +%

2

(Rees 2007,p101 )

.

f 2 U2 ; ! d ! p7F

=

! " (% R B#C!

" m#/ 6 < #F E)

"! 6 * & 2 (F G H F &# # L R2 "& r#A 90

0 2 .+/

)

() +%6 .

< #M 2 C " #C7) 6 & (72 +7% ) - " / ' ! 6 (

- +7! 7 +/ < ; .

1991 1999

(72 ! d 275000

7) #& C .+7! 7-

#C

# ( $5 T "

$% ( ! T&

# +/ < =

ibid)

[ H) < #F E) (

…bF ]j () #@ "H) F - ! +%# ;

.

. U5 "

(5 % N@ ) #*T

" "& ( ! . #; " 5 n% B d@

.+! T) @ V W*)

B

F +7*,! > Q) H F 6

(Bovenkerk, 2010, p.116)

@ "& ( U4T) 6 (4

E) F

() C B#

/ < #F E) HR J+5 )6#2 % @ 6

.+%# ~- 2

.

< #F E)

"

- " M

"H) F 6 +' 0

0 )U2 6

&

. #& + +E (5 *F . >*, 2

2

2007, p.48) Mitsilegas

.(

#Z <

Den Boer)

B Q QM (

( 4 0 R #) 7) 0

+7& () < (% % @# A B#F E) B+/

:

1 . (% #8% &#

(F G ( G (* 7) ! :

2 2 4T) Y < 75 " B#F E)

/ () "*, #8% ( G (F G .

2 . .+7 b V " (% % @# A B#F E)

< )6 2 > #F

"*

() +% -

) G

48 p , ibid (

\# " #$% . 2 1+) J#F !

2 "& (2 7/

, ! &

Cohen & Felson) (

R # 2 .+/ " )#

^ X )

@ "&

<+/ # ; Y, #*; b () @ !

"* < )6 2 > #F +%

2 2 7)

. o #$7) 6 0Y

! @

(5 *F H@ ) –

"T ! Z - *@

Q) +7*,! # ~- 2= "* < )6 2 > #F

Bovenkerk, op.cit, )

(p121

. 1990 0B#F E) < ]/ - # 6#) 1#*7& ) 87/ ") % Q )

(8)

>, #

< )6 2 > #F

"*

+/ . # & "

.

" T) #4 Y ") % Q ) )

d5 < ) (Qc7) ! b f #V 6 "& +/ .+! T) - " M

.6 R) #

#; B \ ( Q < / T& " < #F E) (% % @# A

59) . p , cit . op , Mitsilegas (

R@ #) (5 *F 7) + +E 16 7) i j "7 )6 #8 ^ X ) (4/b- !

2 .

. #;

6 )= *R,% 2 4 ) #F E) !

! ] b + 7

(% 8 ! "C *% +

+7! #@ + +E ) ( G H F

. U5 "

"& (% )6 < b ) H F !

) + +E

# ; #@

0 () g#c) b % (*G 7T% + +E (5 %

#;

. 1 2 1 }) # 2000

0 H F

(F G

* 2

%

< = H F 9

%

() 4T H F

% + . B#F E) ] b

/ () (*, % 2 % B 2 ,' " < 6 ) R2

459)

p , cit . op , Mitsilegas

.(

. ; #!

%

"% T + +F !

"* < )6 2 > #F () aT& < +) #E/ N) F

0 /

@ (G#

!

< 8 ! # A < #F E) () @

@ (G#

p7! !# A !

@

! - " M "

4T) NR7) < 75 0

() < T% G +7!

Lyman1996)

&

.(Potter

) 4'

( - !

"

.+7 b V

! @ v R # 4T) ! H)

() u j < #F E) +77&

. B#F E) 1#*7& # "* < b + &

F

# 0 *@ >

> #F

"* < )6 2 0

"4R/

( 7F ! (

6 F . 2 .

) ( - ! T&

< #F E) B 5 X ) ) f QM (;+ { - 0

@

! +7*,! B W*) J#F :

0< *, 8%

+7 !

% |2 " R,% #*T (T! n- ! & 1 }) # < = n

% . J C% Y

+

, 1997, pp224-225) Marshall

.(

]R7F ) .+7 b M% " b *2 "% 8 ! +M) €5

& # % ( C F ()

+) C% () B#F E) # + +/ 1#*7& " "& / .

#*T % |2

. #;

"% #* +) ' 2 x b !#E/ ‡ 2 2 "* < )6 2 > #F ! +%#Q*,)

. (;n

0. #; ! (;+ { - <+/6 "

! . #; 4 ! ] b ( G ! *G 2 !

( G +/ () . 1 }) # t G V " ) #;

(@#/ - ) 2 . ˆ > #F #

"& > / () "F *) > 7& (2 # % |2 4

/ 17

% 0< F G 2 . ˆ > #F &

6 / 8

% () # T& . ˆ > #F &

+%# ; .

(9)

5000 10000 15000

% 1 - # .+/ # 8*2 ! (% 4 1 2 #!

% |2 p4) 2005, (Jimenez

}) B # K B#F E) R

) 2 "*/ ~; F # - " M *G 2 (% # (W7)

)6

"W ) v R "& (%

() #@ (2 2 *@ !

3 # ; () (% EF > #F # +%

+%6 ) .

.

!"

< #M (Rc@ J $% v Q2

*@ (2 2 !

! T& 6 (G#

" RC)

(% E; %

" )#2 >*, 2 "

0

& " )#2 N 7) < < +

#& ( 2 . .

" %

. @ (@#/

- 0 +/ "*G 7/ #2 p7F (V "* < )6 2 > #F .

+%

. 2 2 ) !

A

# N) F acH7) ,%

"*

E%=

f @ ! 1#*7& M

= .

#2 p7F (% E; % < - 0

1 H J+5 . Y " q*7) (@#/ b&#) -

) 5#2 " +/

< 2 b #&

<+/ 6 0

f H .

+@ …UG 1 H J+5 4,) v Q2 (

"& #& C

"c2 "

<=

. #;

"* < )6 2 !

< E; % #CW7) +%+/

Rees,op.cit ,p.101)

.(

) 4' !

(\ G " f T r#A 2 6 + +F 6 2

@ 1#*7&

! 0

" )#2 r~F EF

(F G +%+/ G 6 ˆ#% ] b

.

*F B #K )

*@ < 2 b #R # N 2 (5

]j (% % " #C7) @ " @ #8 "& +/ (*72 N 7\ 4 H F 6 ( !

6 +% R% (% EF .

/ R2 *@ (2 2 Hc@ J+5

.6 R)

< )6 2 > #F

( ) # "*

"!

1990 +/

.

>& #

*@ % @ ^ 7 ( ) # B C

0 -

= 2

#& # ~- 2 .

65) p , cit . op , Mitsilegas .(

>*, 2 ,; D 6 26 !+% (V #W & +5 ! ,

+%+/

! b

(% % @ L D < T !

+/ # . 6 , 0 ! T&

" 2 # $%

/ !

0f 2

< )6 2 > #F

"*

< % +2 B +@ ,& # (*\# < 75 " ~; < 6

+% #& . W*2 .

I#*,;

"* < )6 2 > #F ! T&

(@#/ - # + +E

2 . 6= *@ Q )

.

" ,) 0

# G ) 6

= 6 (

#/

) . 2 6 (

>! 7&

(10)

*/ ~;

2 "

1999, p32) Findlay

.(

G "{j ( ) >*, 2 #!

G t .

Y

# ; +%

() 1 R% t G +7&

(Armao2003 , p30)

. # ; # +7 =# N@

(Learning

process)

1 #R 7*2 ) . ! "&

# # *,) c 5 2 . !

"

# ; # !

"+

"

6 )=+

"

. #& " 4 () < T% G ( G " J#F " o,) +%

. / " +!

"&

, Z . 8 F <=

() + !

/ .

\#

# . #;

( ) !

(% EF p7F < -

J

= +/ 6 A

= . 2 6 #Q*2 <

2 7) "7 )6 "&

"* < )6 2 > #F >! #

()

#&

Ibid ,p32)

.(

1 }) # )

* f #V 6 (M ,) B #& ) r b' 6 ' 0

# K

2 2 # 6 / ~; F #

.

" ) # (R2 7) \# p7F 6 h- <

H "\#5

#& >! # (% % @ ! .

(% EF kc2 0

0 #2 p7F G ()bF w Z+

@# A +M)

= F " ) # 4%

. .

"!

1970 ) 5

R2

(% E; % #T - . #;

! +/

:

1 . 6 # >*, 2 v Q2 0

5

/ + +F 6 ( ( ) ! 6 +/ €

% +

"&

0<= @ H*) Y% 6 ( 1 - "G#D

R*5 +/ • G ( " ) b&#) !

b8 F ( ! &#/ (\ G

= T; <

3

" @ a }& 1 - "& ( F (7H

G < #& .b7) .

2 . X Q > $5 ] b +j) )

0

< *,% L J 7* p7F "C *% < 75 "

H : ( F (7

*H) !6 #2 "&

0 - " J 2 < EF ! T& 6 m D @ " ^ #/ +% .+/

4 #)

+% #& / .

"C *%

0"H@

; C "4R/

, . #*

kc2

"&+/ C < EF z 4/

) @ < ) > $5 )

+ Q) +R 0

2 (%U&

() ( 7F ! "4R/ %

#&

&#/ 2 !

]j- ( ()

+/

.

p7F (5 *F *@ *G 2 v Q2

#R o%

>,

@ 0(% EF % >$%

(% EF p7!# f #V 6 (% % @ 1#*7& " #C7)

+/

(Findlay, op.cit ,p28)

. U5 " .

! % " < () 8

(%

( ) 5 < 75 " < !

+/ EF

, #8% ( ) # > #F .

O 2 - O 4 %

Nikos Passas)

< 75 " " ,) 6 (

(% 8 ! % !

() "% 2 7/ J#F +7&

.

! % 8 (%

"& +7*,! "% 2 7/ J#F EF 6 ! :

1 .

= +77& () Q + (% % @# A B )+G ![ & # X Q E%

.

2 .

= E%

#/

>! # ( ) # B 5 & T) EF t G < #8 6 # )

( +77&

.

3 .

=

4' ( % E%

)

!

*7& # H 1#

() ]! & (% % @# A ! +7!

2001, p23)

(Passas .

(11)

X Q "X#5 % @ (% % @# A 6

0 () 5 (% % @ 6 6 # + +/ (! ; +7&

.

X Q (% % @ # A [ &

0 R #) (5 %

0Y w Z+ ,,;

!6 % (% % @ (E%

)#2

"

2 - % .

7 M) (% 8 ! % ( $

0 2 <+/ ( 7F .+7! < T%

. (% EF

+ <+/

0 (87! ! % #2 Y !

2 . #& E, ( 7F .+ { - .

<+/ (% EF 0

< B #K B +@

) – 2 . #& Q E%= ! .

(% 8 ! % !

() B +@

+%

#}&

.6 ' a *j) 1 4/ " *@ (5 *F ! / ‰ M

Ibid, )

(.p34

< )6 2 > #F "*

,@

( !

"&

3 aHX

& 6#) fV 7) +7% )

"

(2#*2 F <= " (&+% # ~- (*72 #$% 6 *@ #$% 6

+E) ( 0(% % @

0 C7! %

2 Q 6 2+%

() ] % " G B +@

~;

.

#R!

( M) <

6

f #V 6 . W*2 G

0( M) B +@

m D @ 72 . "H2

+%

.

" " ,)

#K ( G x & Y) #W =

(Alfred MC cogs)

.+/ ijT) #! B C )

2 . () @ ^ 7 (! ; (R!~)

x b !+' 0

<+/ t G " #C7)

"* < )6 2 > #F

() / .

@ a j) ) 4'

b&#) ! "

( \ ) 5 < 75

< )6 2 > #F

"*

#&u

.+/

+%

,op.cit, p104) Bovenkerk

.(

. #;

IU "& +7*,! f ) (% )6 #}& ! < T !

– # @ )

"& # ; B \ ( ! ( Q*% " '#)

() #2 "

3+%#

"& #D

" ! T&

;

"%

0B RK >4M*,) (2 #& ) T& Y "&

M (@ Q' J $%

0 2 B $%

+% F 1#*7&

. ! ' 2= #$% 6 ~; 1 B 7F 1 R@ # ~-

# M7) HX "* < )6 2 +% # "

. T& Y ( Q*% HX ( & V "

0

+7D Y Y

6 z \ 2 :

1 . (* ! *G 2 +C) #Q*2 (/ - #

2 .

*@ # +) ( 7 # 6 1 \ (2 2 B # L 3 .

I6 1 \ +C) a #H

( !

# (7*R) "H) F

4 .

• G < EF # ; EF #8%6 (2 2 J $% (/ - # 6 h- F ) (5 *F

6 26 6 R@

2 #Q*2 ! *G

0+ +F (*

(5 *F 1#*7& 1 5 " @ () 5 ! E%

0 .6 +% "

R@ > w (

*, % +7 .

(;n

!

<

6 +7 R5

# 2 0+ ( b%

0J ˆ#% J 0 4 +/

B ) E

b8 F < +Q + +F *@

0^ #T) *@ !

"

n 6 h- B#* . .

- # ( +@ >*, 2 (/

+ +F *@ >*, 2 #& & . 6 R@

.

"& 2 4T)

() 6 !6#) (*@

+% /

^ #T) (% ; 6 H Y 4W / # 1#*7&

4T) ^ #T) % () #

#;

. () .6 F ! . #; " .+/ = N F " )#2 "& +!

(12)

]j

(\ G *@ !

+77& + #G ( 6 % ( G ! @ " .+/

.

"& ( '

• ! # ( #*7& "% ; # 8 -

+% F " )#2 N 7) .

6 . #;

4* 7F !

< )6 2 ]j Y ) G "*

() *@ ! () 5 ]j " f H*) 6 R@ "& +77

*@ # # f #V 6 . 0

E%=

() o,) 6 +77& 1#*7& (2 2 +% +7%

+% .#WV #W &

p58) 2001, Barak

.(

"

6 "*2 *@ aHX "7 )6 ( & V ) 5

R2 " u F "H

/ () "* < )6 2 > #F I#*,;

% +7 R5 "& + 6

:

a ( ) 5

"H :

# $% ( ) 5 Q # \# < +Q

0(;+%6 kc2 (,7F Š HR

0() @ Q

# 0

% TG 6 #

= 0 6 0#T m Q' ŠQ% 6 # (5 *F ! *G 2 v Q2

p7F d ) / (c M) #/ # 2

.

r ( . #; # r~F R2 "& #@ ( ) 5 Q) () ( ) # > #F " !

#;

% + .

< 75 " "& ) 5 ) 5

u F () ( 2 7/ "

/

%

! +% *2 RE # $% ( ) 5 +

0(;+%6 W &

0" 5 BU M " #*E (2#*2

#* & Š HR

= 6 0

@ +' B ) b

0 # m Q' ! +% *2

\#

0#*E ( L/ ! Q

X

; & #

# 0< 6 Q X #

0 C (,7F B )+G

# [ m Q'

=

#*T +) +7*,!

.

ijT) -

$% d #

( ) # > #F "7) # > Q*,) # K "& () - " M

0 2 "*/

p7F U2 ; ! .

1 2 ! 1991 - 2001 p7F U2 ; &

#;

Europol2006)

.(

p7F ! G p7F . # ! U2 ; ( G

( 1997

=

< *2 <

!

€5 "& +% (

= 0(/ %

+%+/ *@ #Q J#F

. CH

=

"& , %

0 U2 ;

# ; ! T& < 75 " < *2 L (% R =

"* < )6 2 > #F

!

"

.+/ "*G 7/ # G

% B#F E) ( < )6 2 +

) IOM International Organization for

Migration

.(

#

= 2 . #&

1 2 #! "&

120000

< 4 f #V 6 S & <6

@ m D

() /

% + .

"% T% • ! p7F 6 R@

/ +% F fV 7) m D @ 6

Ibid)

.(

…UG

p7F / v Q2 2 .+/ C (@UG

0 ! 0(% % @ ! *G 2 +)= &# A ! E%

2 .+/ (@#/ - , ( UV # 5 R2 .

# $

. ˆ 1 4 B # L

- . @

"$'U) @ # K

#

< )6 2 > #F "*

6#) # 2 "*/

. 6 +7 R5 B # L :

- " M C - H " & "Qc7) ! 6 2 6= I#*,;

(13)

/ < - L / v Q2 - 3

" (@#/ - ! T& &#' -

6 *@ 2

3

( / 4 #) ( #A - " #F E) # +H +/ - 3

(4% . F 1 Q*% B V R # w 74 # K - 3

- .6 #) d*) >! ! "R7F 6 (G# "& 1 M

+%

0 () .+! T)

> 7&

.

! T& " ! .6 +% Y " +7*, % +7% ! 1 M . +%

+%

. 0 2 Y 6 ]Q%

~; &

< )6 2 b&#) 2 "* ] b !

. #*T (8*G 7/ % 1 M

E/ < )

#

% ) 2 < +%

"

2 !

) "

< +% #E/ <

2 . #& C .

, % 2 "&

+ +E

"* < )6 2 > #F 6 (/ %

+E a

+ !

> ! #@ () $%

.

!+ +E

#\ H) (*72 6 (R &#

< +) +7*,!

.

>! 6 "C *%

() #$% "

+2 "&

1[+*2

() • G < Q "F 6 f QM . #& +M) ) t G o Y @ +7&

. 1 \

G WG Q) #T 6 ' # +7% () <+/ (% EF & ' +% / q ,

.

k X EF , [

> #F # <+/ (% EF !

! . *2 fRV F

[ #* E) " Q) R5

+7 6 :

1 . B C <+/ (% EF 0

w 74

0

Q% '

0 0B V R 0( ) >*, 2 B 5UV

\#

( 7F BU 4T # + +F ! EF

# 6#) # B 5 () >!

&

7 + .

2 . 6 (4 n

(;

f W 2 H F . #*,; &#' <+/ (% EF ! ] - &#'

<+ T&

2 < 6 h-

"*2 G (c M) (*2 & () @ ! d 6 "&

RE ! HX

*@

()#

# ; .

3 . ( ) >*, 2 () "& ( * C ! 1 - O 2 # .+7 b V " (

+%

/ S - " R) ( ) ! b f #V 6 . #& &#' 5#2

# K M

2 "* #; #@

.

\# <+/ (% EF "& (% )6

< )6 2 # ( !

! () >! # ( 7F 0+7&

( % R +7&

< )6 2 #D "&

! t G () &#' t G B + 6 2 "

( ) 'U\ +77&

.n ) )6#2 6 # # G

+7*,! 1 H .

" 2 #X " ,) S #

> 7& &#' #G kc2 2 .

< ) ) 5

= 6 +7 R5 +7*,! #* E) "& ( E%

:

1 . r ~F N 7) ! 6 :

"& ( #D # Y

# ; ( 7F BU 4T (G#

H ) ! T& r~F ( ) # !

< b ( - () 3+% /

@ X Q "& 2

"$'U) #

E%= B )+G B + F

. 1 }) #

< %6 6 6 +H

> Q)

S#*T) Q*,) ! T&

N 7 0

* #

( #A - "

b )# 6 1 -

b #*E

(14)

. i jT +%

. R) "& (*@

@ < #; ! .+/ .+ 6

m#/ " ( #A -

0+% / () m D @ - m#/

[ X Q "& 2 ( M)

# ] # F .

2 . B W*) ! 2 :

6 #*E

E7 "%

.+77& z# ) X Q "& 2 ( F [

+/

0

@ "& 2 ( F "4 +/ [ >! !

.

*) ( ) ! 6 b *) ! 2 W

B

)

&

.+77

< )6 2 # .b 8%

2 6 <+/ EF ( 7F !

. (G#

0 )

T& " T& Y 6 @ . #*,; ^ 7 "& 2 (% % @ # A ![ & 4T) #8 . ( ) 2 2 " "T ! / () + +T " ,)

.

3 .

B W*) B #Q) % @

: 0+/ a HX #F #$% 6 ,2 *R,% B #Q) "& ( F

]j 0 +4% " ) # $% ( ' ! Y " }) "

< )6 2 # ") 7 5 EF ( 7F !

}*2 2 " &#' () (Q <=

+% / . , M) - (% 7& ( ) < #M

() >! # ( 7F BU 4T +/ # (R2 7) +7&

.

4 . cG

# B W*) B :

< ) b B C

!

"% (% % @# A E7

"R7F 2 2 <= (% 2 0

#cG "4 # ~-

( ) # "* < )6 2 > #F

@ B ) +@

% (*) 4' (%

b % () +/

.

2 [ , Y, B C

.

B C .

6 B #cG Q) ' # (% % @ !

7 f #V 2 " B $ .

" - ! T& #}& " (5 *F B )+G B+/

5 .+/

() 5 ( ) # > #F 2 " "*2 G % +77&

.

#* E) ) 5

J#F <+/ (% EF #K ) - " M

6 +7 R5 :

6=

6 2

*@

6=

0 6=

0(2 2

*@ aHX B#F E) ] b

. . #;

> #F # ; !

6#) # +H*,)

0 % TG 0(% % @ *@ d'

H

"2 0#*T T&

4 !

. #; # 2 0( 7F !

0u W%

0 , 6 w 74 6 . W*2 "R% F +7D ! H

() +7/

.

%& ' ()*

:

. , :

1 . 0 +H2 ,' + 2 0 ) 1386 ( 0

=

; % : $ ' S: ; 0

< #E :

< b ) #T%

.

2 . 0 #\

#R& ( 5 0 ) 1386 ( 0 : =

+j) ) 0( ( G

0

< #E : +72#G #T%

.

3 . 0< 6 0 ) 1378 ( 0

; G ] ;J 0 #R! B H c) .+4T! n- " F#

0

< #E : B H c) .+4T! n- B T*%

#R!

.

4 .

; 0b%+

(% *%=

0 ) 1378 ( 0

^6 V V

0

< Q ) #\ % " F#

0

< #E : (% #T%

.

(15)

. , ) :

1. Aas, Katja Franko ,Helene Oppen Gundhus ,Heidi Mork Lomell, Technologies of Insecurity(The Survilance of Evry Day Life) ,London , Taylor & Francis Group ,2009 . 2. Allum, Felia & Renate Siebert ,Organized Crime & the Challenge to Democracy

(London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2003)

3. Bernburg, John Gunnar, Anomie, Social Change & Crime (London :The Center for Crime

& Justice Studies ,2002)

4. Biscope, Sven & Joel Andersson, The EU & European Security Strategy (Forging A Global Europe) , London FTaylor & Francis Group , 2008

5. Feldman, Philip, The Psychology of Crime, London, Canbridge University Press, 1993 6. Findlay, Mark, The Globalization of Crime (London: Cambridge University Press, 1999) 7. Findlay, Mark, Governing Trough Globalised Crime:Futurs for International

Criminal Justice(London :Mathieu Deflem's Publications , 2008)

8. Gottschalk, Petter, Policing Organizd Crime: Intelligence Strategy Immplemenation (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010)

9. Marshall, Ineke Haen, Minorities, Migrants & Crime"Diversity & Similarity Across Europe & the United States"(USA: Sage Publitions, 1997)

10. Mitsilegas, Valsmis, Jorge Moner Wyn Rees, The European Union & Internal Security (Guardian of the People?), (Britain: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003)

11. Glaser, Charles L, Realism, in Alan Collins Contameporary Security Studies (London:

Oxford University Press, 2010)

12. Lopez-Ray, Manuel, Crime: anAnalyticalApprisal (London: Routledge, 1970) 13. Reckless, Walter, The Crime Problem(New Jersey :Prentice-Hall.inc , 1973)

14. Reddy ,D.Narasimha, Crime,Corruption&Development (NewDelhi :Deep & Deep Publitions, 2001)

- /0123

1. Barak, Gregg, Crime & Crime Control in Age of Globalization:A Theoretical :

Dissection ,Critical Criminology ,No10 ,10 JULY 2001,pp57 – 72

2. Benson, Michael, Criminal Investigation: Organized Crime (New Yourk : InfoBase Publishing ,2008)

3. Edwards, Adam & Michael Levi, Researching the Organization Serious Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice , Vol8 ,No4 ,pp363 – 388

4. Harfeild ,Clive ,"The Organization of Organized Crime Policing & It's International Contex",Criminology & Criminal Justice ,Vol8 ,No4 ,pp483 – 507

5. Laoder, Lan,"Policing, Securization &Democratization in Europe", Criminology &

Criminal Justic, Vol2, No2, pp125 -153

6. Lyudmila, Zaitseva and Kevin ,Hand , Nuclear Smuggling Chains: Supplier, Intermediates, and Endx-Users ,American Behavioral Scientist, Vol 46,No6 , february 2003

7. Passas, Nikos, Global Anomie, Dynomie, & Economic Crime: Hiddden Consequence of Neoliberalism & Globalization in Russia & Around the World, Social Justic, Vol3, No1, summer 2000

8. Spencer, John & Bill Hwebenton , Crime & Insecurity in the New Europe : Some Observations from Poland ,The British Criminology ,Vol2 ,No2 ,March 1999

- /1;<=>?

1. A Fair Globalization:Creating Opportunities for All ,World Commission on The Social :

Dimention of Globalization ,ILO Publication ,February 2004

2.A Grassroot Approach to Combating Organised Crime & Building Peace in South Eastern Europe: Opportunities for The Kosovo Police Service ,Kosovo Police Service School,2003

3. Amphetamine – Type Stimulants in the European Union, Europol Contribution to the Expert Consulation for the UNGASS Assessment, Hague, July 2007

4. An Overview of Forgery Money, Europol, 2009

5. An Overview of Motor Vehicle Crime from European Perspective, Europol January 2006 6. An Overview of the Counter Terrorism, Unit Activities, Europol, January 2006

(16)

7. Antonio Saccone(Head of the Crime Analyse Unit of Europe), Combating International Crime in n Enlarging European Union :What is the Role of Europe ?,lecture in the International Seminar for Exports Organised by the Cicero Foundation in the Series

"Great Debate", Paris, 14&15 December 2006

8. Conclusions of the Workshop on Globalization & Organized Crime, First World Conference of Penal Law , Guadalajara, Mexico ,18-23November 2007

9. Crime Against Person Unit Trafficking of Women & Children for Sexual Exploitation in the EU: The Involvement of Wesrern Balkans OC, Public Version ,Europol, 2009.

10. EMCDDA- Europol Cooperation, Joint Publications on Illicit Drugs, 2009.

11. Sandro Calvani, New Trends in International Crime, UNICRI-UNRIC Briefing, Brussels, 11 February 2009

-

@ABCADE=

1. Gunde, Richard, The Dark Side of Globalization:Trafficking & Transborder Crime to, :

Through,& From Eastern Europe ,UCLA International Institute, 5/26/2004, www.international.ucla.edu

2. International Crime Threat Assessment, 02/05/2010, www.clinton.nara.gov/wh/eop/

nsc/html

3. Jakcson, John, Amy Oberg, The Globalization of Crime, November 2008, www.wfs.org 4. Judicial Coopration in Criminal Matters: Provisional Judicial Coopration Unit

01/05/2010 , www.europa.eu/legislation_summaries/other/133132_en.htm

5. Louise, Shelly, The Globalization of Crime & Terrorism, 1 February 2006, www.americanca.gov

6. Methamphetamine; A European Union Prespective in the Global Context, Hague, 2009, www.emcdda.europa.eu

7. Olson, Parmy, European's Crime Capitals ,July 2008, www.forbes.com/2008/07/

15europa-capital-crime-forbes/life

8. Organized Crime: European Crime Prevention Network, 01/05/2010, www.europa.eu/

legislation_summaries/Justic_freedom_security/fightagainstcrime

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

Brussels is also the administrative center of the European Union, which has earned the city the title `the capital of Europe´.. The business sector in Brussels is booming

As the only international instrument addressing human trafficking as a crime, the Protocol is the world’s premier tool for preventing and combating human trafficking, protecting

2 Bulletin of Monetary, Economics and Banking, July 2010 by countries which experienced the crisis in Europe such as the austerity program, the help of European Union EU and the

Kaelberer, Matthias, “The Euro and European Identity: Symbols, Power and the Politics of European Monetary Union”, Review of International Studies, Vol.. “From Modern Power to a

The second group of the study of the effectiveness of the integrated affective instructional model for enhancing democratic behaviors comprised of 50 first year students of

History of Europe as well as the introduction course on the European Union, are annually offered to undergraduate students at the faculty.. However, courses which cover on key issue

Lesson learned for Indonesia There are several points that Indonesia can learn from the European Union in combating porn deepfake threats as well as analyzing Indonesia’s weaknesses

 Evolution of the International Monetary System  Current Exchange Rate Arrangements  European Monetary System  Euro and the European Monetary Union  The Mexican Peso Crisis 