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(Art.2 (a))) ((DARIO),UN Doc, A./64/10(2009),Article (1,
.
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(Advisory Opinion, (1979) ICJ Reports:179)« .
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(Ibid)
.
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u )EJ ! E ) ( #$. X)s I1 ! ( - | < m # :$ '
E ( $E5 WE*& \%E 'E IE* 7 0%E& 8"*K B 4 * S. R 9W ! ( -
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. . 5O ) ) ( Y9 " 9 s9 ' :
*M.Milanovic and T. Papic, "As Bad as it Gets": the European Court of Human Rights Behrami and Saramati Decision and General International Law" 2009 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 58, no. 2, pp.267-296.
*T.Dannenbaum, "Translating the Standard of Effective Control into a System of Effective Accountability : How Liability should be Apportioned for Violations of Human Rights by Member State Troop Contingents Deriving as United Nations Peacekeepers", 2010 Harvard International Law Journal 51,no.1, pp.113-192.
X)s ! ( - ' R `K 0%&
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% ), 8= 4 * S. R 8& ( - 1s ' P^ R
Ri ! ( - - "5 ' 9 - 8= E 4 * S. ( I 0% 8= 4 * S. R m9
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»
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< $"0%, , / ( R $5 ( o*9 RW*D I `K R , / 8& ( E- $E& 0E-
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(R. Wilde, 2005:401.)« .
B E 4 u E +K
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I 0%E
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) H. Stumer, op. cit:572
.(
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) J. Klabberss, 2009: 39-44
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8 '*9 8= 4 * S. C %0 PO ? N= I9 = 7 ]s5"
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- 0 ):
(DARIO, op. cit, Article 2, Commentary (8):46-47)
.
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A.)
MCBeth, 2009, p.1105
.(
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* Interpretation of the Agreement of 25 March 1951, between the WHO and Egypt, 1980 ICJ Reports, pp. 89-90, para.31.
* Legality of the Use by State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict, 1996, ICJ Reports, p.
19, para.15.
' 9 "05 8U `= 7 O7 t$K 9 O 9 9W ! & $= 4 N
n E< # :$E ( +4 PO 81+K M p4l 9
$& 0%O "0- (Klabbers, op. cit:288).
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R )6 7 9 ! ( - & Q1S0 ? +K s- 9 € r
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'*EE9 M EE • $EE" M $EEP5 EE9 tWEE1 EEP&e ~ EE- EE- 0%EE& ! EE. 8EE11+
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:89-90, Para. 370 (
"
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o& E9 `EK I* $E9 u )J ! ( - `K / $&
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1*E- 9 E- 8E 8E 1 ? T%E ! (
$& E.
) S. Narula,
2006:144
.(
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) !
8 ! ( - 8= 4 * S. ?l 0- !$. F7$S €K 9 `K R , / IE9 = ! $E"D .
8+& X)V $"&
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.(
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$""
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7
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:
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8E )p
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8+& P0*567
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) Stumer, op. cit:569
.(
!e @d*& $E9 ? T% ! ( - ? +K ? N= ! ( - `K R , / ):
, /EE EE+,
,$EE" e)
$EE", < EE < ! ( EE- R( EE- d*+ EE R
) )EE
R.
Higgins,1995:249
.(
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$E. $, < m9
'*E9 ( ! ( E- I 0%E 8= E 4 * S. @ . F7$S R$O s9 ! ( - ?l 0- ): 7
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(Stumer, op. cit:569)
. 8 €K 9 8 l< $ '*"D '*"‚+, {D R , / $& .
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$"E. 9 0E. $& 811+
c R , /E u E5s= )E (
8 _ Q 81J o & 9W R P& ( - $"+ $=
$""
568-569) (Ibid:
. R P j$0E- ~ - )9
9W )h @
`EK b)EJ 9 ! ( - _ `K * T% @$& 0K ! & $= 4
@! ( E-
'*9 B 4 - 0 )g& )= F) GH I1+
.
# :$ ' 1*- 9
B E 4 '+2& "5s=
'*9 ? - W*& I1+
1995 ): )= F) GH .
#
a)
6(
#$E e '*"D 9W "5s=
- :
» '*9 B 4 8 K #$K = 9 $& O7 I1+
E- `EK R , / !e O ! (
'*9 R P& ( - M $P5 ? T% @ `K )V S9
$& E. 8 1 811+
) 66-11 YB. Inst., Art.6(a),
p.445 (1995) (and) Grant, op. cit:1139 (
.
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# E )9 < )*%Q W*& I1+
61 E9 n E9) E E& o*EH
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) «
DARIO, op. cit, Art.61, Commentary (2):167
.(
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E9 !
8E )p& 9 ? N= I9 = 8 O m ! ( - ? +K ? N= ! ( - ! /0 `K b)J $E-
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7 #$E"" b) E † WE9 /E
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.
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'*9 B 4 xNV Y1= 811+
' $E9 7 E- 8= E 4 * ES. R IE1+
8 o < ! ? T% < ˆ q
)$. 9
International Law Reports, 1988:74
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R‰ ' E ): )E= $*U W*& ! *K 12 7 b "*0- # : .
)
@8& E ( 1384 : 148 -
147
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s ). 0N 8
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8 ! ( - & Q1S0 I+K ? T% `K / !
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E. R)*: E1O ! ( E- 8= 4 * S. C 24 R %&e
) J.Crawford, 15 March2007,
(para.30
.
& o*H d2"H oS9 O 9W
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t7 oS9 .
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- . 2"
! E+, @ `EK /E E9 IE+K C %E0& )9 d 4 $K =
X)V - , / 9 I+K C %0& 9 n 9) $K = 2001
'*9 B 4 ! *%*+
IE1+
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< )H d*, <
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0 .
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="
58 (
# 58
`EK / 9 8 J ! ( - & Q1S0 ? +K * T% @ & o*H
8 %0"
Ri / $&
Ri ! ( E- ?)E0" 7 $E, E9 m9 IE+K C Ea mE9
$. 9 0< )H & Q1S0
(DARIO, op.cit, Art.58)
.
$ xE )V ( ! ( - ?)0"
Mj k0E. E1<
8 x q ! ( - .
1. 8, :$ '*"D i S ( IN=
1*E- 9
! E @! *%E*+
? $E 8 EK
$"10-7 *`= W*& *U - X)s 8hq9 '*"D 2
) . . P^ *U - ? $ 8 5&
:
» 8+& - `K R , / _ (7 ( Ia/0 89)K 805"J ! ( - N )* K YO) a"
9 $&
7e 7 +s ! ( - 8= 4 * S. 7 ?l 0-
(D.W. Bowet, 2009: 526)« .
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1< $
$""
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! ( - $, 7 ?)0" ? +K | <
1*- 9 'E E d*. 9 0. O $ 9 _ `K
8 $, 7 ?)0"
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8& ( - ! E E ): )Ep&
1< $ !e o%*-\ 7$9 ( `K R , /
$". 9 0.
c )Eg M EJ 'E ) (
8 )p& 9 €NK ! ( - O I 0% 8= 4 * S. ( €q9
(Ibid:528)$E- .
' )9 E"9
# D):
58
? E+K ? EN= ! ( E- `EK /E ! )+. ? T% ! a & o*H
8 O ! ( - 8 X)s
$"
! ( - $, 7 ?)0" 9 `K / 8
( )H c 'E
9 ?)0"
$ IE9 = ! ( E- R EP0* 5 `EK /E / b)J 9 7 . M Nr X 6 9
%*& n N"0-
) Ibid:528
.(
'*9 B 4 ! *%*+
# E ( E< )*%EQ WE*& I1+
58 EP^
8 9
$
! ( E- R)E*: d*+ t K $" e) `K / / '*9 x9 Es
$EK =
! ( - $, 7 0- 9 ! ( - 1*- 9
Ri /E * T%E EO `K /
mE9
$. IU = W + @ -
) DARIO,op.cit, Art. 58, Commentary (2):161-162
.(
8 ! /& )V < ! *%*+
# E • $E" $E, 7 R)EN, 8E"5 $"
58 o*EH
& ( - * T% 9 n 9) &
7 R)N, R "5 ! +, )9 8"0N P n 9) $,
- P0 7 * T% X)V 9
(Ibid, Commentary .(1):161)
' )9 E"9
@ R E"5
»
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1 . 8 { W& ! ( - ] ^7 9 x )V ' $9 7 . 8 n 9) ! ( - * 5 Z 6 9 Mj k0.
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.
2 . I 7e 1975
! E"K Eq R #$, 5 @) 89)K R P+O 7 )s= @R 5- ! 0%9)K @89)K #$q0 M @
» E "0
89)K 805"J ! ( - *-\
«
$& ) $ 5"
.
`EK E 7 PD Y " '* \ PO 8 p& Y "J 5- ! ( - ' b$,
9 .
$ ): 2 `K R , / ! :$" +& ( Ia/0 N )* K 0*+ { ! ( - ' # R )9 .
!$E" E ! ( E- 'E
$ ): ) 0%
22 1978 9 R )=
»
$"10- 7 R( - )0H 81, ).
« _ `E 0 )/*H R ,)0H 81, < - R )9
+&
.
# ~ - )9 13
8 )= R )O )*%Q 9 YO M l0< @ )= ' B E R 7 7 F( E- $EK = xNV % 9
'*9 8& : ( 9
. I 7 I4 811+
.
*U E- /E ! & E= WE*& )E= )E9 d E4 ! & E=
$E. zS/E .
E 5& E= 50
) 7 I*U )- ! * $ Š+ R , "0 )
8 1979 ( E O E9 E $E& ) tlEK ! ( - `K )g / -
$. $, < I*a/ % 0*+ 7 $& # ! H ! ( - .
805"EJ ! ( E- *1K $"10-7 b)V ( K R = 9 )2" ) '
K
$. !e _ `K 7 C) ) .
"* ( ' . 9 • :
| @'*/*H @d- = $*- @8& ( 149
(.
( - : { )q & 7 8 *1+K Z & ( 85= 7 R)N, )E
R E"5 E9 ?)E0" #‹ 7 Ea* 4 !
8 & Q1S0 0 )9 m1%
(UN Doc/A/56/10(2001), Article17, commentary7) $. 9 .
EO E9
x*` ] )5 9 9W
! ( - ?)0" 7 $, ! :‹ 7 ( 1*- 9
m )E. Eq @ `EK /
8+& R K
%& ! ( - )9 $, 7 ?)0" M $= R `K / ! .
q R ,
`K R , / / $, 7 ?)0" (7)9 ! a 8 p&
- ( ! ( - )9 .
8 | < ' )E # . x9 - R7l%: 9 8 +. {*0&l e ! ( - 1+4 9 !
$E e 7 8 $J W*& '*D / & S Q- 9 1+4 ' .
Mj E /E ! E ( !e
/ ! "K 9 a ) e #$q0 "0 '*D 9 & `K
E )f < )H | < R E9
$ 5" / !e
Gazzini,(2001): 424-425) )
(T. . 8 1s ' W" 9 $&
Mj E )= R
7 E. 8E 1 E& )9 / !e $, 7 ?)0" )9 8"N a ) #$q0 8E 7W ED E&):
9W ! ( 7 )6 ( M %< ! )NO 9 t $= 0- < < M J 9 `K /
$"
.
# " 0 .
) (1 ; ! % * " 7 89
"%, !
# 59 '*9 & Q1S0 ? +K * T% @ & o*H ENO )Er E ! ( - 811+
!e 1*- 9 8E `K / #$PK)9 @ 0 ) GH M J `K /
$E&
(DARIO, op.cit,Art.59)
.
/ b)J 7 NO ! * $ 9 W*& ' ! ( - R)*: d*+ $" e) `K /
$. {*aQ 9 IU =
(Ibid, Art.59,Commentary (2):163)
. $ N& ! ( - 7 `K / ! * n N
$. 9 ! ( - 9 N%& `K / NO tW10%
c
! ( E- NO ) ( 1*E- 9
E9 `EK /E
- ` ! ( - 8= 4 * S. ?l 0-
(Stumer, op. cit:561)
.
R E0= /E ? +K
8 ! ( - 9 ) 8 1 NO 8K & !
. '*E"D E E- X)EV IE9 = 8 J ' 0N
d*1%E 7 $E. 9 0E. $& R)g C S0& x4 ! ( - $. 9 <)9 8 $= ! "D ( R / . `K / 0- <
(Jean D' Aspremont, , 2007:100)
.
! "K 9
$E $P *" R . 7 I1 ! ( - @ a ) e #$q0 Mj 86) & +&
? +K t$K M J $"
&j - *+P- @! ) 8 l- R P+O *1K # )0%: R , d )q
8+& < `K ( )H
. )p&$E R , /E ? E+K E )H a* EJ @Œ)E '
B 4 I*N= ( ! $&7)P. B 4 LE & Gf 7 80 l- x4 | < 9 7 R 0= 7 8K +0O
. c
#$E ( 7 E= ! ( - 9 < `K &j - *+P- < )H ( P" & #$q0 Mj
$EEE. $EEE, < 8EEE 1 ? T%EEE WEEE*& ! ( EEE- EEE& Q1S0 IEEE+K EEE9 9 ( EEEa19
) UN
(Doc.3/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/33 (21 June 2001)
.
# ! 0 .
* " 7 89 A%-BC "
(a)# ) 1 ( 61 8 ) & o*H :
"
! ( E- & Q1S0 I+K ? N= `K /
Ri I+K * T% 9W / - ? T% 8 J ) G[9 m9
"
DARIO, op. cit,)
Art.61
.(
4 ( 0 ):)9 # ' • $" * T%
'*9 B 8 8 )K 811+
)0/E*H $. 9
E- #$E. ' 7$E EP0 7 * T% X)V
.(UN Doc/A/56/10(2001), op. cit, Art.1)
'E
`EK )E9 8"0N u )J 7 - ! ( - `K / 8"+6 w )J 6 2*0& * T%
%*& ! ( - m9) i / .
]10S ? a. 9 $& 8 9W 6 t(j 7 ) GH M J
. t 2& )p&$ ! ( - "- C D D u 7W %*&
.(D’ Aspremont, op.cit:98)
E 7 8E l0< )E0+ ! ( E- E& Q1S0 I+K ? N= `K / * T% ( Z & '
€q9 c - 8E ! ( E- E& Q1S0 I+K * T% @ `K / < ) ( ) GEH
) DARIO,
op.cit, Art.61, Commentary (6):168-169)
.(
! ( E- * T% F) GH @d*" # . $ 9
1*- 9 ! ( E- * T%E F) GH 9 `K / 1*E- 9
$"E- ! ( E- _ `EK ( 8E<)9
- M7 Q0 *-\
. '*E9 R P& ( E- * T% ! *%*+ )*%Q '+E6 8E11+
M7 Q ' 9 # . 8 R '*"D P& ( - *-\ $"- #$ e '*"D
* T%E $E&
8E"*9 o*EH _ `EK ( 8`59
$E"
(DARIO, op. cit, Art.61, Commentary (12):170-171)
.(
(
)g R -
@
* T% F) GH 1*- 9
! ( E- E& Q1S0 IE+K Z =7 ( $59 )0/*9 `K /
I9 = -
"D ): a* 4
$. 9 #$ e *-\ $"- 80* T% '*
c ( IN= Z 6 '
- #$. 8"*9 o*H & Q1S0 I+K (7)9 .
- 9 - 9 B N% 6 )*< Y= 7
# Œ) )
61 ( - #$. tlK & Q1S0 I+K ( $59 `K / 6 .
# " 45(
. 9 D 8
, .
!
"
& E (F) )" *
! = # G9 !
'*9 R P& ( - * T% 9 n 9) & o*H 8E"*9 o*EH 8 4 7 Z 67 @811+
) 1+K a ) `K / !e - # 8
'*9 & Q1S0 IE+K ' - #$. 811+
Ri ! ( - ? +K 9 n N m9
- .
+K ' `K 7
)E ( E ( 8Ea x )V ( ?
8 t 2&
$, .
0 . .) H / I ,
# 57 8 ) & o*H :
» '*9 )p& ( `K / a* J ? T% 811+
8 8 1 '*9 ! ( - 9 . '*9 & Q1S0 I+K C a 811+
R Ea+, 7 {E+ @811+
$"
. a+, ' 8V)/9 $E. 9 Z 6 ? 4 7 Z 67 9 8, :e 7 d1K 9 # )+, {+ 7 R
8 J 7
1*- 9 t 2& W*& `K / 7
8 1 & Q1S0 .
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(Ibid, Art.57)
. - #$ e '*"D ! *%*+ )*%Q :
» EPO )p&$E {+ 7 R a+, ! W*
9 # ' 9 r$q0% *567 9 s
$ 9 d*+ E $E" e) `EK / / ( )0/*
$. 9 ! ( - R)*:
) (DARIO, op. cit, Art.57, (Commentary (2):160)
.
7 {+ @! *%*+
9 D D `K / 0 )*r\ q 9W R a+, ! ( - R
8 ! ( - Mj k0. *, 7 _ `K $5 ! ‚+, 81 K 0- ' 7 $&
89 ( dP
8
$"
(Ibid)
.
@ & +& ! "K 9
8 J
z S R ! ( -
,
$E. 9 dEP 8
{E E
R a+, 7 {+ ! ( - !e 9 $& 0& 8: %9 `K / 8+& @$"
7 {E+ ( 804 9 !
7e ! * 9 NqJ ! ( - 9 `K / R a+, .
/E R Ea+, E M E=7 8, :
( - `K $K = ( 8<)9 K 7 - { ( !
'*9 B 4 8 o*H Π5 I1+
'E 7 $ e
8 4
$O O7 •*, 9 ! ( - 9 R a+, u ), ^ - E*& `EK / * T%
% .
'*9 ! ( - { `K / @? h ! "K 9 @8Eg",) B E 4 B h* b)V ! W+, s9 811+
- 8K +0O 7 R 0=
. ):
R( -$- #‹7)H YQ& 9 9W / 1*- 9
ENh R‰ ! ( -
8K +0O 7 R 0= @8g",) B 4 L & €K 9 9W $- < - 7 $,$9 E.
c /E E e
v - ? T% `K
# 57 - #$/& X)s 8hq9 @| < ' & o*H
'*"D - #$. P"/*H ! *%*+ )*%Q
‰ 8
8 J
Ri M ) x9 s mE9
8E 8E 1 R Ea+, 7 {E+ @$E. 9 ! ( E-
) E.
DARIO, (op. cit, Art. 57, Commentary
(2):160
.(
# ) X)s # :$ ' ! & $= 4 ( 8<)9 {+ ~ - )9 `K / * T% $&
`K / P&e - 8 P0*567 #$&)*:)9 ! ( - 9 R a+, 7 R‰ 8+*+ YQ& 9
& Q1S0 I+K C a @d*+ !e 2*0& # 1*- 9
E- ! ( E-
) D' Asprement, op. cit:
98
.(
8+& & Q1S0 81+K ! R‰ I+K b)J ! & $= 4 ( )g 8a E9 EO 9 $"&
!e @!e ( 1J 4 2*0& ! 9 & Q1S0 Q1S0 I+K &7 5 8K &
'*9 &
8E 8E11+
$E&
.
E s" R( - 805"J #‹7)H 8 N0K '* 8 , / ! / )p& 9
») (Singruali
«
$", 1*- 9
# Nh R‰ 8& P4 {& 9
$&
c 7 8Eg",) @8K E+0O B E 4 LE & E9 EO 9
8E E9W s" )/9 B 4 L & ? T% @ 9W s" ! " - R 0=
9
$"E.
) D. Clark,
(2002:213
.
8 ?j$0- 7 0 ) ) W*& ' ( )g 8& $= 4 `EK /E /E ): $"
9 @ . C %q 85= 7 ?)0" @! ( - R( - d*+ $" e)
$
9 `K /
! W+, M J
E. 8E 1 ? T%E ! ( E- d*+ E ? N= 8" ` 7
(D' Asprement, op. cit:98)
. E )p&
! $= 4 9W
E- # ) I< $ R a+, 7 {+ Z 6 9 ! ( - $, 7 ?)0" €q9 .
8 Ž W*& I+K \% '
$, .
# 57
$E"D), E E& o*H C E24 B)E< ! Ea
9 `K / '0%& ? T% 7 ! ( - 8= 4 * S.
! ( E- 9 o a+, 7 {+ I*
l 0%& 'a+
`EK /E R a+, 7 {+ ! W* o2"- PO 8 , *5 7 •
& Q1S0 I+K C a 1*- 9
- # $& U ! ( - .
8 | < ' ~ E*= E9 ! E
R E, •lE @ EP0 7 * T%E X)V 9 5O ) 7 P0 7 * T% 9 , ! ( - * T% ! * 7e -$9 89 <
.
# 16
*%*+ X)V 8 ) P0 7 * T% !
": R / /
R )g
'*9 & Q1S0 I+K C a 8E R 7 {+ 811+
R$E4 E $E, NE- F E0 E
Ri IE+K ? T%E @#$. )*< 7 I+K C a mE9
E-
".
# E E9 EO E9 16
X)EV
# 7 P0 7 * T% ! *%*+
57
& o*H - P& ( - * T% 9 n 9)
- X)V I9 = )p&$ R a+, 7 {+ R )9 8- - n).
:
?7 . 9
$ ( #$E"" {E+ /E
'*EE9 EE& Q1S0 IEE+K !e EE 8 EE4 7 Z EE67
$EE. 9 YEE1s EE0 C EEa 8EE11+
) UN
Doc/A/56/10(2001), op. cit, Commentary) (3)
.(
t7 . 9
$ R a+, 7 {+
$. 9 #$. t 2& & Q1S0 I+K C a I*P% $ = 9
(Ibid)
.
t - . 9
$ ): 804 I+K 1*- 9
8 1 & Q1S0 @ . t 2& #$"" {+ /
(Ibid) . .
# ! *%*+ )*%Q 16
? h X)s 8 , )
- # . Ml*P%E & , :e ulh
'*9 ! ( - R )9 t(j . *P 811+
8 E '* \E E& Q1S0 0 a"
) E.
Ibid:Art.16,
(Commentary (1) .
# " 0 . .%J
!
* ) +,
# 60 8E )E P& ( E- * T%E E9 n 9) & o*H :
»
`EK /E
Fl - ? T% 8 J
( E*0 ( R$E" #)EP9 xE )V ( o < M $P5 ( 8a $"
& K ! ( - 80*4lJ a
""
$ c
& Q1S0 I+K C a 9 ! ( - M J ' 9 { )q
I+K !e ): $"
1*- 9 8 t 2& `K /
@$.
8 8 1 $P5 L &
.
$
«.
s& +,
R)E: E1*4 E9 n 9) # ' - #$ e 9W # )*%Q 1*E- 9
t$EK `EK /E
$P5 K
R '*9 - 811+
(DARIO, op. cit, Art. 60, Commentary (1):163)
.
$ = ! *%*+
R): 1*4 1*- 9
1 EK `K / 8
8E R7 * T%E EPO dEP *%E9
$E&
. 'E
8`0 = 9 $P50 `K / @| <
Due Diligence /
9 7 - 0- '
$ ( E*0 (
E9 ! ( E- *4lEJ )E Ep"
& # Q0E- * T%E ( a
$E"
) DARIO, op. cit, Art. 60,
Commentary (2), (1): 164-166)
.(
R )9
&
'*0%S R$E"N H t$EK H )9 `K / * T% 9
'0%E& ? T%E E P& 7 ! ( E- E9 o < *4lJ ? 0& x )V ( o < M $P5 9 @! ( - 1*- 9
*`= )/9 B 4 8 H7 !
$E" ) E*1K ~7)E ~ E9
) Bosphorus V.
Ireland
$. X)s ( (2005- VI; 41 EHRP 1)
. ! 9W `EK R , /E ? E5 ( 8<)9 @
%& P&e * T% 7 )/9 B 4 8 H7 ! *%& " L & €K 9 .
E 8 E+K & +& ! "K 9
7 E9 #$E. t E2& H7 q M +*+ R )O R 0- E9 D D ( • E<
M +*+ E
9 `K * T% @$"0. )= q . # )+,
.
# :$E ' i S I*
1*E- 9 ! E
8EQS q d*+ R %&e < $"& 0& `K R , / 9 ' 9W
$E""
E9 7
$"" "0- !e d*+ 7 q *4lJ 9 8K &
.
# ! 0 . K HF
* ) +,
! 4 L
9
# O
) b
61(
& o*H :
» E& Q1S0 IE+K ? EN= 8 EJ `K /
8 8 1 ? T% ! ( - F E< * T% 9 )`0 / .
)
`EK /E (
E+",
) .
DARIO, op.cit, Art.61
.(
8 E: L= E" Y" IJ ( * T% Z & '
) (Estopple
M\/E&
8 / . 8 1 ' R )9 81* `K 7 0 - ? +K I9 = 8 O 7 )*:
- ? T% `K .
I+K R & : 9 `K / Y= 7 )
€ r # )E
!e E- #
9 M %< 7 7 ( $59 7 - ? T% R7 I9 € r 9 M %< 7 7 M J / 8+& € r
* T% t$K R K @o < * 7 0 bl<)9 $&
$"
. )E: @ E& +& ! E"K E9
M %E< ! )NO PO 8=7$"J $= ! ( - $" `K / 0 9 O 9 € r
!e `K / @R7 9 M %< (7)9 M J 7 - € r ( 8 ! )NO
8 @$"
E9 $&
"0- 1s '
$"
) Amerasinghe,1991:280
.(
# 61 d2"H I • $" ) - $"&
#$K = )9 8 "h0- @ & o*H E- ! ( E- ? E+K ? EN= `EK * T%E t$EK R
.
d*E" x*`E )*%EQ P&e $ 9 I ' ! 9 _ "h0- 9 O 9 ' )9 "9 .
d*& E09 $ E.
g9 & g"
Z & ' d*
E6 8K E& EO7 I* 9 ! ( - `K / * T% (
* T%E E9 @F E< 0 7 ? +K 9 O 9 IN= ( "5 ' 9 $. 9 `K / ',i - # P& ! ): € r I9 <
.
G 89 • $" s ( '
8 0. &
G< I i ; 0& ! )
:
] . / uj J '*9 R P& ( - & Q1S0 ? +K ? N= `K R ,
`EK P&e 811+
0%,
$& 80* T% @$"
&
$ . E9 N%E& E, ! ( E- 8= E 4 * ES. ?l 0E- @)E 'E I*
- `K R , /
.
C .
9 `K / * T%
)E ( %E*& ? EN= IE9 = ! ( E- o0 `K b)J I*
?l 0- ! 0 )s< 9 €K 9 8 ! ( - I 0% 8= 4 * S. 7
. .
• . R , /E 7$Eq * T%E PO 8 ` @! *%*+ & o*H d2"H oS9
2 ! ( - & Q1S0 ? +K ? N= ! ( - `K )E
E- # . E9 M U "h0E- 'E Ea*
8 ? +K I9 = @$& . )*%Q x*` M J
$". 9 .
. 8& ( 7( -
€ r / @ /& <)9 t(j *19 = ( ! ( - 8 gS- H
dE 7 )E004 *%E9 IE4 # 'E ) ( 9 $, < ! ( - _ `K * T% 9 "0- ? N& 9 8 )p& 9 ) " W,
$- .
E, . 8 ! /& )V < ! H oES9 @$Eq0 IE1 ! ( E- | < .
29
! *%E& "
1946 8 ) I1 ! ( - R W 7 P0*&
:
» 7 I4 R , 7( - I1 ! ( -
E*P $"0%E, EP&e b)EV !e M E ! ( - < R7 K M l0< 8`0 I $, <
)
«.
! "K 9 Ri R , 7( - • $ ! ( - ): t K #$K = {
= m9
$E"
c
R , / 81< d q - 'a+
8. H d/D ! ( - *& ( `K
$""
) C. Ryngart,
(2010:124
.
M 0 BNO
P -
!) R
1 . dE- = $*- @8& ( .)
1384 (
@ 0446% " ' < &#
: QR& * % 12R& * QR5 .
! )EP :
%E- M /E0&
o& )P. 8= 4 R P/,7•H 7 M 5 s .
7 - 1) N
1- (UN Doc. A/CN.4/532(2003).
2-2005- VI; 41 EHRP 1.
3-A.MCBeth. 2009,"A Right by Any other Name: The Evasive Engagement of International Financial Institution with Human Rights." George Washington International Law Review 40.
4-A.Stumer. 2007: "Liability of Member States for Acts of International Organizations:
Reconsidering the Policy Objections". Harvard International Law Journal 48,no.2.
5-Amerasinghe. 1991, ": Liability to Third Parties of Member States of International Organization: Practice, Principle and Juridical Precedent". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 85.
6-C. Ryngart. 2010,"Immunity of International Organizations before Domestic Courts".
Recent Developments', International Organizations Law Review6.
7-D. Clark. 2002,"The World Bank and Human Rights: The Need for Greater Accountability". Harvard Human Rights Journal 15.
8-D.W. Bowet. 2009, Bowett's Law of International Institutions. Sweet & Maxwell Publications.
9-DARIO, Article 2, Commentary (8).
10-Draft Articles on Responsibility of State for International Wrongful Acts. (UN Doc/A/56/10(2001)).
11-Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations, (2009), (DARIO) UN Doc, A. /64/10, Article 1, Commentary (5), p.40.
12-Institut de Droit International. (1995) , "The Legal Consequences for Member States of the Non- Fulfillment by International Organizations of Their Obligations Toward Third Parties". 66-11 YB. Inst., Art.6(a).
13- International Law Reports, 1988.
14-Interpretation of the Agreement of 25 March 1951, 1980 ,between the WHO and Egypt, ICJ Reports.
15-J. Klabberss. 2009, An Introduction to International Institutional Law.Cambridge University Press.
16-J.Crawford.(15March2007),"Holding International Organizations and Their Members to Account". Fifth steinkraucohen International Law Lecture, School of Oriental and African Studies .
17-Jean D' Aspremont."The Abuse of the Legal Personality of International Organizations and the Responsibility of Member- States". 2007 International Organization Law Review 4.
18- Legality of the Use by State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict, 1996, ICJ Reports.
19-Letter of 3 February 2004 by the UN Legal Council to the Director of Codification Division (UN Doc .A/CN. 4/545).
20-R. Higgins. (1995) ,"Report on the Legal Consequences for Member States of the Non- Fulfillment by International Organization of Their Obligations Toward Third Parties". 66- 1 Y.B.Inst. Int'l law.
21-R. Wilde. 2005,":Enhancing Accountability at the International Level: The Tension Between International Organization and the Underlying Issues at Stake". ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law 12.
22-Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations , (1979), Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports.
23-S. Narula. 2006,"The Right to Food: Holding Global Actors Accountable Under International Law". Colombia Journal of Transnational Law (44).
24-T. Gazzini. 2001,"NATO Coercive Military Activities in the Yugoslav Crisis(1992- 1992). European Journal of International Law 12.
25-T. Grant. 2009, "International Responsibility and the Admission of States to the United Nations". Michigan Journal of International Law, no.30.
26-UN Sub Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, (21 June 2001), Working Paper Prepared by Mr. marc Bossuyt, UN Doc.3/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/33.
