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/DE &' ( ) = F<G H I B " J K ) A # 7 ' 9 / <= % .! " /DE 30 ! "
. AL @ B .&' ( K M N )0
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! *( O # 7 ' 9
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A= &' ( 6% ZX' J <G 45 .)*X3G Y)U V ! " [ 23' F% 3' \ .
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/*' ] 1, 23' = )
/*' ] K)(
(
! " <= <= ! " !^' ( )0 /\ B Y)
. /X@ < "
^' ( <_
! " <= <= ! " ! 6 3- ) = 50 .)*U = AXU /*' ] 1, 23' Y)
! 1'
4 " 10 1, 23' 413? 1:' A= " = % U 413? 50N .
2 . &= $ /D `< % ! " # $% &' ( )*+ , - :
a, ( )*+ /G _
)0 , - T, L bcU A= ! " # $% &' ( .
&d' /' e &1B' % A8*
A= % )**
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;) I (
.<f `<
/ E
! " A - A= ! " # $% !^' ( &' ( * Y)
, - .
/'% /$ ?@ K g0 `< % <G 48@ <7 @ [ @ -
% /*' h i 9'
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) Rogers, 2002, P.61; Jourdain, 2010, (p.31
. <G # 7 ' 9 A30 < > ?@
I X `< % /' / <= /$ ?@ F G
U . AXUj_ ! + .i 9' K g0 `<
, -
! "
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9 1, 23' 413 k <U
5* % B0 W<Q'
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.)*XU , - T, L A= ! "
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)U . ' G):=
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! "
A= % ) B0 Y) 1, 23' 413? # 7 ' .)* K%<O' 6 3- " &' \
<_ W<Q' m10 `< 9 )
.
?= A+<_ .&1, 9 A=
R
<Xn1= 3c0 `< 1, 23' 413?
A <g0 ' . K% `< "
Y W<\ % F" <l
&@
413? A < 5H /0 '" " .aDXc' F G
)U AX < jl m10 K% `< 1, 23'
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.(
A=
<G V1X0 [ @ R TO=
m10 3c0 `< .)U = A+<G [ M(
/0)U .
3 . A U = L Y _<G . 4D3' Ap0N
! "
&' ( A= 3X*' Y)U V )
!^' ( (
! "
K )$ %
! "
Y) .
! "
Y)
%
! " &' (
% <G /X' <q ! m1' " % )*X3G AL @ [ 23'
A= A
! "
/' AX . U AX- <l ) = Y) U
.
% &' ( )*+ Y _<G 91*pMG
# $ A= ! "
, - F<f )*U = AXU
1, 23' 50 . 1'
! /' 413? 50N U
. ' r <l /DE
A= J <G ) = N s U 911: ) = A0 f+ Y)U V ! " !^' ( " J <G 45 A 30N 6% ZX' <= <= K ) <G 45 % )*U = 6 3- ! <BC [ 23' F% 3 s
K% `< %
45 /' bcn' F 1:' A+ = K ) <G A ! m1' <G A= "N Y _ N s U
% A0i (
B*C ! + F%)= Y _ /= " 9 % )* 911: J <G 45 . 30 A0 Z *' R
F G ' .
/, ( tC<' F " [<X* &= $ /' /D8U /_)1 5* A <
)*
)
% A30 < n !
1( DV' 1Df0 !
( 310 . Y < F%<1l /E - /?Q*' F *B' " aD8' Y _ .
" J <G 1, 23' ! m1'
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) ADMC "
! "
Y) ( 9 6 E 9 .)* 91:'
s 31+ *B' 4 . K g0 /=<q /$ ?@ F G )
/'% % i 9' -
/*' h ( Y A*1'" 9
&@
F G ' / % ZX
1, /\
% % Y)U Au F MX' ! R
]$
-<= &O' % AXU F<1fMn+ 6i O /
An )0 Y = aDXc' F G .
/ <= % A:, Q' A )0%
> ?@ Y _) " !N [ O /c
/?1BQ - )G - )1Z' % AC
= . Y)(
" F
»
<g0 R 1, 23' F% 3
« Y < F%<1l
% )0
= /]:
*B' <= 1, 23' 413?
Q= F R v1C< ! " # $% K ) <G <1Lw ! m1' % 1BB
Y )0 .
<f /-<=
» C F *B' <= 1, 23' 413?
R
<1 ?
« Y < W<Q' K V0 < % )0
/]:=
9 G n "
# 7 ' A ! m1' <G A= Y)U AXU j_ /7 $ 1X- A=
% A0i (
K ) <G 1, 23' .)0 )= A0 Z *' )* 91:'
.
5 .
<g0 " x <G H K^ > ?@
R Y)U F%<1l 1, 23' F% 3 .
6 " V' ! 0 $
aDXc' ' <g0 91MG m10 ! < /'^
) ' 338 - 334 A=
' Yy % z 365
>
. K . (.
AX < jl .
9 <X ' "
?X0 A <g0 9
<
<g0 % Y R Lw ! m1' F *B' <= 1, 23' 413?
<1
Y v1C< ! " # $% K ) <G
) .! "
1382 . { 498 .
| 234
.(
% R ]$
m10 ! < /
A*1'" 9 '
4V3*
10 3 . e^X- % # 7 ' /_ <X3_ A= AC =
> ?@ A / G<g0
% % ! <
R ]$
%)O' % C% /
A, ?' 9 .
A? # 7 ' / <= Y)0 f0
@ % /'^
( 7 ' > ? R
A, ?' A= ! <
A0 _ )C F j_ %
M0 Y
<7 @ A, ?' % .
)U )G - / <= /?1BQ > ?@ Y _) " x <E # 7 '
;
" A )U = rG%yl
F <= <7 @
U Y ZX ! < > ?@ 48@ } B*X .
6 . :, Q' = A, ?' 9 R
K g0 /?1BQ X <n1l /$ ?@ F G
R /*: ./=<q i 9' K g0
)
% 1Df0 8 <'
( /'% % - /*' h )
! M,N % A30 <
( An )0 [ O <1 / <= % /$ ?@ F G
% % R ]$
= /=<q F G n A )U )G - = L ./
C%
Y W<\
&@
.aDXc' F G
Y)1 AV1X0 9 A= 50 /M0 A )0
Y J ! K M A /D &@
A*1'"
G / AXU
< Au .)U = .
Ap0N <G .[ @ % # 7% K M / <= = U j_ /7 $ 1X- A= ) = A8D=
/' A0 Z *' % A0i ( A Y < 48@ .)0
. 6 3- ! <BC 1, 23' 1'
! " !^' ( !
)* 413?
. /' / <= TOB' ~*l # 7 ' 9 41*
. A= ! < > ?@
" F%<1l
?@
>
<g0 .K^
R Y)U AX < jl F% 3 .
Y)U <?' !N e^- 6 BL ! 8' A+<_
) K . 526
>
. K .
I ' /'^
1392
| .(
9 .A, ?' %)O' % , Q' 4V@ A= *( = XU 0
A= x <E
A, ?' .K^ % ! < > ?@ # 7 ' / <= % AX { X- /?1BQ > ?@
A0 _ )C F
G - K V0 )U )
.
:
K g0 1, 23' 413? F G 1:' " /8 A= 1, 23' 413? ./=<q F G n /$ ?@ F G
F% 3 1'
!
!^' (
! "
. /' } B*X G n 9 /$ ?@ ! X' / <= "
A U
1, 23' F% 3 1'
!
!^' ( /M )$ .! "
Y % 9 <
3' 413? 1:' 9 <
1, 2 A=
Yy %
?= A Y = i 9' K g0 R
/'<= F ^1' 4G)ZG !<$ <- % A= !N
<_
) Prosser, 1953,
p.9
.(
> ?@
<g0 |< jl " &B$ 8 <' R
» A3 ?' <1 ?
1F
« . /Q <U A
&' ( )*+
)*XU , - 6 3- # $%
% A=
)0 = [ 23' F% 3' \ .
F% 3 A= 6 3- 1'
50N !
/' 413?
(Dobbs, 2002,pp.1080,1081))U .
/M )$ m10 1Df0 > ?@
F <= 1:' 9 <
413?
Y = F% 3 . 1, 23'
) Prosser,1953, p.9;Chung, 1996,p.2 2(
[ % 1911
K A
1Df0 / ! 130 * ! 0 $
.)1 A= 3
{ -
• % /Xn % K
A=
%<'
<f A*1'"
. G C 1:' "
R ) <_ F%<1l <f F G 1:' % <1 ?
% 413?
1, 23'
! 1' /' 6 E F% 3 A= ! " !^' (
<_
Prosser, 1953, P.10)
.(
<7 @ [ @
> ?@
8 <'
{ -
F% 3 A= 1, 23' " *G ./Xn % K 1'
! " !^' ( !
/' 413?
.(Honoré, 1975, v.xI,p.124; Prosser, 1953, P.10) U
<g0 A30 < > ?@
R
e<\ 1, 23' F% 3 /?Q*' !N /-<= % F " !
413? F <= |% 9 <
/' 1, 23'
.(Quézel-Ambrunaz, 2010, p.653, n3629))*0
% R ]$
" A+<_ A30 < /
Y
&@
' . Y < F%<1l <f F G /Q <U
F *B' <= 1, 23' 413? ! 8' A
Y)U Au F G 1:' )
C R Q= <1 ? R
1BB ( 48@ 1, 23' F% 3 A= . )0 C%
/'
(Mazeaud, 1970, P.662, n31509) )*
. e <f )8 = <Z0 % A /7< 91*pMG
/' )**
.
% <G % )0 , - ! " % % % )0< ?' % <G /' ! " &MOX'
.)0 U
1. Comparative Negligence.
2 .
! _)*3 0 ?X( A=
. AXUj_ "
[ % F G 1911
K
{ -
Y _ /Xn % K F% 3 A= 48@ 1Df0 F G
Y < E 1, 23' )0
Chung, 1996,p.2) .(
3.The English Maritime Convention Act of 1911.
Y _ /' 48@ 1, 23' F% 3 A= A30 < F G
(Jourdain, 2010, p.31))**
r < > ?@
' €= Q' m10 z
1394
% /?Q*' F *B' <= 1, 23' 413? ! 8' A / E ./0)' ! 0 $
F% 3 A= 1, 23' .)U = AXU )0 C% /D?(
1' /' 413? ! " !^' ( !
) U
Mazeaud,
1970, P.545, n31454
.(
<g0 ./( 0 , )( [ M( % Y _ /_)1 , 5 &1, A=
R 4 )$ " 1, 23' F% 3' 413?
e<\
! *+ % AXU F " !
?= )U AXZ_ A R
A <g0 " r1= !N <f F G
. '
K 5Z' / *U =
» 1 ?
<
« A= !N |< jl % 6 C A= !)U &u $ % 1, 23' F *B' ! *(
A= .<1 ? aDXc' K g0 %<'
* 1:' 9 /=<q /$ ?@ F G XU j_
A )U .
= .9 C%
911: F G 1:' % /?Q*' % /D?( F *B' <= )0 X0 /7 $ A / E Y)U
. 1, 23' 413?
) M0 . )G)= 1, 23' F% 3 A= 48@ ) =
) Honoré, 1975, v.x I, P.122;Libby,2007,P.8
.(
:, Q' R Q= K 5Z' R
/' = L . <_ <$ 1, 23' 413? F *B' G):= A <1 ? % 1BB )*
<g0 A R /' 1, 23' F% 3
! *+ % )U = AXU /?Q*' % /D?( F *B' )0 )U AXZ_ A
.
Y _ m10 <7 @ [ @ A30 < F G
{ -
% ! " 50N F% <G A= A <Z0 % K
/' F%<1l |% 9 " . Y)U
Jourdain, 2010, p.31))**
.(
A= AC = A 30N 1:$ %
Q= A8*
R
&1DO % A mV % m= = A 310 F ' K 5Z' J 1BB !N ! X= F ' F G
6^8n' " !N 911: . < bcn'
% /0)' 1, 23'
" J <G <1Lw ! m1' 911:
!^' (
.! "
/( 7 ' A=
< U <' .
Y
&@
Y)U Au A / G )*X3G /*H m10 .)0
%
•1G =
/M0 F 1:' A= !
a, bcU x^d' A < = L tQ$ \ 75
Y = <L‚' ! " # $% )E
I bcU %
25 )E . F<f &' ( .&M( A8D=
! pMG , )(
% e 0 %
<f
Ym1f0 % e )G 413? F *B' /( MXC % F X$ ./$^- F G
% AX <_ <$ 1, 23'
! *+ .)0<L‚' 1, 23' ! m1' 911:
4 @ /=<q F G n <g0 91MG m10 <7 @ [ @ A
Y _ /*: ;
! " !^' ( " J <G 1, 23' ! m1' e 0 % , )( F *B' <= G 91:'
/' )**
. 9 <=
ƒ . A= % A?1D [ M( " F<1_ DC F <=
n Yy % Y f C e 0 A / G
)0 K 8@ } B*X /M5' )
' n )*0 ' (
. A0i ( . 1, 23' F% 3 4 % 9 <
[ 8U 9 <
Y A= &@
/' <g0 )
.
: !
"
X' [% ) 413? F <= |% 9 <
K g0 1, 23' C F *B' <= 413? ./=<q /$ ?@ F G
R
e<\ 4G " *G A Y = <1 ? F " !
. Z_ ! X= ) U l
F% 3 A80N "
413? F <= A F 1:' 91,% .)U Y 50 * 1, 23' C .)U AX <_ <g0 1, 23'
R
= <1 ?
) . o Prosser,1953, PP,10.
.(
|% 9 .
C A ! m1' <G A=
R
<1 ?
! " !^' (
)U = < ) )U .
V ! " [ B$ F<Xn1= 1, 23' 6 3- " F<Xn1= ! m1' % )0 Y)U
V )** ! <BC ) = Y)U .
[ " 1Df0 > ?@ 1:' 9 1911
K
{ -
K
) <_ <?' /Xn %
) Prosser, 1953, p.10
[ % (
1945 K A
»
<1 ? W^E ! 0 $
o<Xn'
1« 1:' % )U
»
e 0 % , )(
« 413? F <=
C% . < <?' 1, 23'
413? /DE 1:' % AXU Y = 1, 23'
.
> ?@
<g0 W<\ = m10 8 <' R
»
<1 ?
A3 ?' F
2« 413? F <= |% 9
< jl 1, 23' )U AX
) Kikel, 1977,p.1269;Curran,1992,
p.317
.(
A= )*+<G C /= " %<'
R A= <1 ? A0 _ /' &M( F /= " A= 50 A )U
Q=
R /' 1BB )1' V0 /*: ;
" < ) )U
<L‚' ! " €?O % <Q- V <1 ? A /0 m1'
. = /' AB O' .(Dobbs, 2002, p.507; Libby,2007,p.8))U
1:' 9 m10 )*DG > ?@
Y)U AX < jl
(Honore', 1975, P.122)
.
A30 < > ?@
4G /0)' ! 0 $ A+<_
n 9 . )0 C% / 0 A*1'" 9
AXUj_ " '
% F G
{ -
C 1:' /Xn % K R
1, 23' 413? F <= <1 ?
Y)U AX < jl
= )
! 0 $ 15 A1u%h 1915 F):= 6 @^E % (
> ?@ " /-<= % )?X:' ! 0
) = 1:' 9 A )0 = A*1'" <f
G ' ; <_ [ M( m10
<Xn1=
> ?@
Y ! 0
<= 413? &@
v1C< K ) <G <1Lw ! m1' F *B' Y
))0
Marty et Raynaud, 1988, p.567; Mazeaud, 1970,
p.622, n31509
.(
% R ]$
<g0 m10 A30 < / R
413?
C F *B' <= 1, 23' R
<1 ?
= AX < jl
Mazeaud, 1970, p.546, n31455; Jourdain, 2011, p.31)
;(
A= )*+<G
%<' 413?
v1C< ! " V K ) <G <1Lw ! m1' F *B' <= 1, 23'
) Y
Mazeaud, 1970,
p.625, n31521
.(
?@
' a, )*= m10 ! < >
z 165
/ ! 0 $
R*1'"
! "
" /U 0 F G
A= A Y < F%<1l 1:' 9 " /Xn % K /' <g0
1Df0 / ! 0 $ " ! 0 $ 9 )
Y)U ƒ BX$
.
{ -
1U Y C /= " /f0 f+ % R
A <g0 <1 ? F G
' / % ZX C%
.
AG<=
" F
<g0 A ! '"
R C . = 4 @ <1 ? / cU R
bcU A /0 m1' F *B' <= <1 ?
1.Law Reform (contributory) Negligence Act 1945.
. .Comparative Negligence 2
911: = r0"< &= $ /'
C . = r0"< &= $ <Xn1= bcU A+<G /*: ;)U R
% <1 ?
< ) )U /' )U .
< J X " bcU A /0 m1' <G A= .<1 ? /( 0 K 5Z' |< jl = '
/' /Qc e :X'
<
.
< < ?'
= < ) )U % <1 ? %
;
&= $ / cU „ O, A= )*+<G
B0 r0"<
. e<\ <1- 1:' F<Xn1= !
) Fleming, 1971, p.220, 221; Honore', 1975,
p.123;Libby,p.7
.(
= ' C%
MG R
|^ 9 /: % G
5C 1:' [^?X
» C R
<1 ?
«
*
» Q=
R 1BB
« 911: K f*G A= . C ! m1'
R .<1 ? 6 ]$
Q= M A=
R 1BB
/' & MX' /' < ) )U F<1 ? Y _N - 0 % )0)U
<Q- V ! " V A )*X30
9 < N<Q- W^QE A= % < <L‚' !N # $%
= <
) . o Dobbs, 2002, p.506.
.(
#
!
"
413? 1:' <=
C F *B' <= 1, 23' R
F G < % G ?X0 <1 ?
< "
% Y)U :
A8* 3c0 Y 9
K M % 310 t' C .&@
6 E F G
<= /0)' 1, 23'
/M0
<1_
. 1, 23' A <7 @ [ @ < "
A0 f+ . AX |<X3_ 13= <1 ? !%)= F G
/' 45 911: F <= 1:' 9 " !
" J <G 1, 23'
!^' (
< Y ZX ! "
) Payne,
1955, p.344
.(
= F <
! < > ?@ [ d'
/ E
A
! "
Y)
! " &' (
! " # $% <U B'
Y)n0 8 <' F<1 ? A /7< . )U =
C F *B' <= F% 45 . R
911: &= $ <1 ?
310 .
!%m 9 <=
&' ( 1, 23' A /7< .
! " JB <1 ? /X@ . /( 0 ! "
Y)
/' 6 3- ! <BC " % &' 1'%<O' C ' 310 A0i ( A U
) Payne, 1955, p.344
.(
K%
. :, Q' R
% % /$ ?@ ! X' R
]$
F%<1l 1:' 9 " A /C - F G n /
Y <
/' = L .)0 Y _ A )*
G
<Xn1=
' t$
911: F <=
C R Q= A= .<1 ? R
% 1BB
/' # C ! " V K ) <G &: <1Lw ! m1' /' < ) )U F<1 ? /*: ;)**
= A )*0
<Xn1= !N # $% <Q- ! " # $% [ MX@ .!N €?O
))U =
Fleming, 1971, p.p.220,221; Dobbs,
2002, pp. 546, 547
.(
9 <=
ƒ . 9 Y 1U
|% A=
» 413?
<G &: <1Lw F *B' <= 1, 23'
K ) « /' J m0 Q= |% * |% 9 [^?X A= )$<G % U
R . U <E 1BB
/M0 4G " = % !N !
A=
\ 30 )C <f )8 " &'
) Honore', 1975, p.123
;(
A=
Yy %
<_ A8*
1' Q= Y)U V ! " % bcU <1 ? ! R
1BB /M0 .)U = AXU )0 C%
A= !
!N &' ( % < *X <1 ? 30 [ 23'
. /M0 9 <= *=
Q= * 1:' 9 F <= ! R
)U &u $ [^?X 1BB
) . o Fagelson, 1979, p.663 .
;(
K K 5Z' .
»
<1 ? «
/ E
A
»
! " <1 ? Y)
«
* ! " I B " /8 ! *( A=
&' ( W<Q' ! " !^' (
)U =
= .
»
! " &' (<1 ? «
6% ZX' .
< "
{ -
! "
Y) . ' ' .| - <= <= % <1 ? " BOE A= B30 % <1 ? .! " &' (
Y" )0 1:' % . ! <f 6% ZX' % 9 b1cn % F<1_
) Dugdale,1999, p.288
.(
t$ %
!%m
= /M0 A )0)?X:' ! _)*3 0 <Xn1= A8* <
- <= <= bcU <1 ? " !
! " <1 ? [ B$ `< <= . Z_ 9c
<1 ? 1:' A Y)U AXZ_ . - A= B30 Y)
! "
/ cU 13= .K ( F *:' A= bcU <1 ? B30 A= . - A= B30 Y) <
.(Fagelson, 1979, p.653)
<f 6 B( A=
. /, @ K 5Z' .K ( F *:' A= ./0)' 1, 23' A
! " <1 ? . 4 @ <1 ? /( 0 AC !N / cU F *:' A= <Xn1= . - A= B30 Y)
;
! " <_ &1, 91MG A=
! " <1 ? " .)U = ! *V' o Y) AXZ_ 9c Y)
/M0 U . 9 <=
ƒ . F <= aDXc' 1:' % C% = .<1 ? # 0 % b1cn % /= "
3 ?' R a:7 % 6)U 911: % % !N )
! = JB % 91f*
( &8n' % !N .
K 5+
C " BOE /X$% A 3* .Y)U % 1:' 9 <= A / *B' % /X* < . R
/' <1 ? <0N 41G c= <_ . U
A=
\ 41* /= " &?X3' .
) = RC
!N ' A=
A /0 m1
r0"< &= $ bcU .
41* 91:'
;
<g0 Y - R
= <1 ? / cU A
= 1:' 4 <B
!N /( 0 .
/0)' 1, 23' " e)G A % [ 8U 9 .6 E 9 .
! <BC
6 3-
! "
Y) 6 " V' A0 .
&= $ <Xn1= ! " &' ( A ! m1' <G A= .! " &' (
)U = r0"<
. 3' )U = AXU F<Xn1= 1, 2 .
A=
<G [ @ . Y 9 <= % 6 <
C ' .&@
% F " F<f 1:' W<\
R ]$
1:' A Y)U 9 <X % /
» Q=
R 1BB « Y)1' 0
/' U .
$ :
% &
' $
) ) * + ,- .&/
(
Y 413? F <= A F<f &@
23' K g0 " /-<= 1, .Y)U W<Q' /=<q /$ ?@ F G
»
! " V &' ( " J <G <1Lw ! m1' F *B' <= 413?
« . Y 9 Ap0N
" &@
Y
&@
» C F *B' <= 413?
R
<1 ?
« AX- )C
%
/' , E !N A=
A= A 30N .)nc=
e<\ ?X(
m1' 911: F <= .A <g0 9 ! / <= ) = .! " !^' ( " J <G 1, 23' !
V ! " " ! m1' A+ A <
<f 6 B( A= ; &' ( &: A= 3X*' Y)U .
" J <G
!^' (
! <BC [ 23' % ! m1' ! MG A= . Y = <L‚' ! " V ! m1' <G A= ! "
6 3- .
9 <=
A U = L <_ ƒ 40
! " )E
&: A= 3X*' .Y)U V
! "
% Y)
60
&' ( &: A= 3X*' )E
; Y)U V ! " & <_
100 .)U = [ 40
A= 3X*' !N [
! "
Y) /' 5* % %
)0 60
" ' <q ! *( A= [
! " &' (
) M0 AB, Q' .
/M0 / % Z
C A )*
R
! " <1 ? Y)
< ) )U a1:7
&' ( <1 ? " <
)U = ! "
. Y)U AX < jl ! M,N > ?@ |% 9
) Mazeaud, 1970, p.544,
n31452;Honore',1975,p.121
.(
> ?@
! 0 4G A30 <
A=
AC |% 9 Y ! n0
!N %
<=
Y C &@
R Y v1C< <1 ?
))0
Mazeaud, 1970, p.622, n31509; Marty et Raynaud, 1988,
p.567
.(
% R ]$
A= m10 A30 < / Y 9 %<'
&@
Y) m_<=
! m1' 911: F <= ! + ' .
C A= &' ( <G <1Lw R
/' # C % <1 ? /' .)**
% Z_ !
R ]$
Y " A30 < /
&@
Q=
R Y <80 F%<1l &?X3' |% J ! *( A= 1BB
) Mazeaud, 1970, p.546, n31455 et
(p.538, n31444; le Tourneau,2007, p.496, n31866
C " /\ Dc' A8D= . R
C % <1 ? R
AX <_ <g0 <1Lw
) 2010,p.654. n3629 ,
Que'zel-Ambrunaz
.(
A0 f+ A8* { - ) =
. U 91:' Y)U V ! " &' ( " J <G <1Lw ! m1'
C% <g0 e^X- .
Q= .! " &' ( " J <G <1Lw ! m1' 911: F <= /-<=
R 1BB
AC
$ / C !N F <= <1 ? )*0 MG % Y < F)*=
u Y)U &
)0 . AC AXB, Q= F)*=
R 1BB
> ?@ AC
! 0 Y <80 DC - A=
)
Honore', 1975, p.122
.(
K g0 " /-<=
F G
/$ ?@
.
> ?@ )*0 MG Q= /= " F <= .A30 <
R .! " &' ( &: <1Lw ! m1' 911: % 1BB
C .6 3- % ! " # $%
R Y < / <= % <1 ? .
91f* % <1 ? A ! m1' <G A=
<
% <1Lw .)U =
/' <Xn1= Y)U V ! "
Mazeaud, 1970, p.546, ets))*0 .(
9' K g0
A+<_ .i "
413?
Q= F *B' <= 1, 23' R
[ B?X 1BB Y)n0
|% 9 /-<= .
!N F <C ' .Y) )*3l AX3= %
AX30 !N A=
911: F <= /?Q*' % /D?( F *B' J A )0
)U = AXU C% .6 3- # $% ! " &' ( &: <1Lw ! m1'
) (Schwartz, 1991 pp.143, 149
.
AX80 TO= A F Q= 911:
R Ap0N A 30N . U AC ) = !N ! m1' /= " % 1BB
<1Lw ! m1' . 1, 23' ! m1' 911: 1:' Q= %
R 1BB 1'
! " &: !
! " % =
Q= A0 . Y)U V R
! " &: ! 1' 1BB L @ % =
R A=
z)0 %N C%
! "
.
! _)*3 0
A= i 9' /$ ?@
@ <E 9 A=
# 7 ' Y < Y U ) B0 A )0
1'
! " 1BB !
= 1
! " AL @ 1BB Y BXU =
) U
Schwartz, 1991, p.143, 149
.(
= F <
&1B' % Y _<G [ d'
)** e <f )8 = .
)*0 ' z )*1B= A')E % )U = AX3B0 /*M )*=<M &1B' % " /8
;
<M 9X3B0 A+<_
)0 F<1Lw •1G e V /*M )*=
.
<L‚' % A= ! " # $% '
<_ % Y)*0 /' )*=<M 3=
. /0 "
A=
% /M0 )1 A= F<XM ! " 4
F%
%
/' )U .
`< 9 .
e<E Y)*0 A8* " <g0 AX3B0 )*=<M A F
. , - AL @ # $%
AXU
" . /*M )*=<M 9X3B0 A= 3X*' Y)U V ! " A /0 m1' A= .<1-
/' AX % 6 3-
U
) . o Seatbelt Defense, 1989, p.925 .
.(
A /7< 91*pMG
1.Causation of Loss., Causation of casulty.
L @ /X, - A8* !%)= % F<f <1 ? <L bcU R
W%<V' )U = AXU /_)*0
/' U . ' % AV, :' ' - !
/G Y <
. /' 6 . 0 Z( |<X3_ <L )*
.
`< 9 .
AV, :' % /G A /0 m1' A=
%
<L‚' @ <C ) )n % 0 Z( |<X3_
Y = L % A= ) = A / 3- " . R
- <l %
<_
/' AX
) U
Dobbs,2002, p.510
.(
% &
$
'
413?
Q= F *B' <= 1, 23' R
A= % Y)*B < F<G H . 1BB A0 Z *' % A0i ( /U% <G H
/'
) ) M0
(Honore', 1975, p.122
. A /0 m1' A= <G A 9 " <X5= F 1:' A+ < "
<= A / ?X0 x <G H &1, 91MG A= s)U = [ 23' AXU , - ! " V
<g0 R 413?
C F *B' <=
R )0 C% |% 9 . = % <1 ? .
) B0 % <' <G H 9 '
)U Y)*B < <G H 9 O3' .
Y 9 / 6^8n' m10 &@
:
A8* 3c0 A8* A= AC = < " ; 9H % 4G% <= /*XB' % 45B' |% J |% 9
Q=
R ' <' J 1BB
!N F ' F G m= r '"N F *B' <= ! X= A 310 F A mV
. < 91:' % &1DO % 98M'<1q ! " V I B " J <G <1Lw ! m1' 911: &M(
.
A=
/D \
Q= 911: Z0
R BB 1 F &8n'
% rV*
1'
911: % B % !
C 911: % a:7 % 6)U
R A= .J <G <'
&8n' <
) (Baker, 1997,pp.187,187
.
/' A / % ]$ <d )@
AXU , - ! " V /D' ( N 41* / <= A 3* < !
* 911: ' ;<1- A8
9 <1Lw ! m1' A= Y = )?+ &' (
310 98M' /0 N
p.79) , Edelman, 2007
.(
&1, 91MG A=
. _)*3 0 /-<=
Y < ! (… i 9' ! F *B' <= A )0
Q=
R /' 1BB AXU , - ! " # $% F<' A b1cn 5* !
% <1-
A=
Y A= B 911: W^QE /' <V*' •1G AMG &@
1 U .
K%
6^8n' &1, A= . r1l
AXZ_
> ?@ .
# $% &' ( J <1Lw ! m1' rV* F <= ! 0
"
C A= ! R Y < # C <1 ? .
C ƒ <=
R
!N <1Lw ! m1' .!N /8B % /*1f* % <1 ?
Y < 911: ! " # $%
) )0
Mazeaud, 1970, p.544, n31452
.(
A /, @ 9
e<\
C F *B' <= 413? |% ! R
C 911: % rV* F <= m10 <1 ? R
! m1' A= <1 ?
<1Lw N /' # C ! " # $% !
))**
Fleming, 1971, p.220, 221; Schwartz, 1991,
1 .
*1'" 6 :, Q' |<X3_ = x <1- R
|^ ! _)*3 0 /-<= .> ?@ F X$ &1DO W^QE A= % > ?@ <= X$ <1Lw
Y <
' .F X$ &1DO F *B' <= .)0
&' ( " J <G 1, 23' ! m1 F <= F 1:' t$ % % )** 91:' ! " V
)* M0 Au K ) <G <1Lw ! m1' 911:
) . o Parisi, 2004, p.350 etc; Edelman, 2007, p.80etc. .(
pp.145,151
.(
Y 9 A / G n ! MG &1, 91MG A= 1
Y)U AXZ_ .Y)U AX < jl &@
.
C% ! " V &' ( " J <G <1Lw ! m1' 911: F <= /, ?:' F *B' •1G A / E 48@ .)U = AXU )0 1, 23' F% 3 A=
Y /'
) U
Honore', 1975, p.122; Libby, 2007,p.8
.(
9 <= *=
.
|% [^?X <= A+<G
» Q=
R 1BB «
*
» C R
<1 ?
«
" = . U )1 w 9 "
A= 5C kB <' 4G
! *+ ;)0 A= % 9 [^?X A
TO= /0)' 1, 23' /D \ F G
C% F)C .
<=
9 ƒ . /M0 TO= # 7 ' 4 x^' 1:' % 9 !
J m0 <f )8 A= 13= |% % 9 A8D= . 30 <f )8 " &?X3' /' % )0
% !N !
30 /8 .
<g0 F 30 < ! _)*3 0 " /-<= &1, 9 A=
R 1, 23' ! m1' F *B' <= 413?
)
% <1Lw ! m1' ƒ <= A C
R /' 91:' <1 ? U
( Y < W<Q'
))0
Que'zel-Ambrunaz,
2010, p.654, n3629
.(
" /-<= 9 <= *=
<
/ G C F *B' <= 413? |% A R
<1 ?
Q= F *B' <= 413? |% <= F %)@ . C%
R BB 1 % m10 .
91MG ) U
<
G
<f F G 1:' Y)U C ' % 4 @ m10 <7 @ [ @ A U W<Q' F
< "
/' / <=
U .
12 : 3 " & & *
<
F G
|% <= % 413? F G
C F *B' <= 1, 23' R
Q= % <1 ? R
C ' . 1BB
B' <= Y _ .!N C ' A= A Y)U i 9' K g0 F<f |% W<\
% , )( F *
/' 413? 1, 23' .e 0 )*
. [ 1945 K
! 0 $ A= A )U /0 0 $ 1Df0
» o<Xn' <1 ? W^E «
e%<:' .2
413? |< jl 9M7 ! 0 $ 9 1, 23'
A /7<
! "
' " 3c0 )*= . <L‚' - A= ! " # $% Y) z
K ?' .!N 48
! 1=
413? 1:' Y)U <?' . 1, 23'
:
» ...
A / 3- )?'
! "
Y) /' AB, Q' )0
)*
.
! " n' „ O, = Y _ A /0 m1' A=
Y) /' A0 Z *' % A0i ( . 1, 23' .)0
/' AX U
1«.
A= <H 0 .Y ' 9X' % ! 0 $ ! *( A= AC = 48@ 9 A+<_
/Q <U
1 .
<g0 )5' A ! M,N > ?@
R 413?
Q= F *B'<= 1, 23' R
' 48@ 9 % 1BB z
254 ! M,N /0)' ! 0 $
r1l
% . Y)U /*1=
R ]$
C A= ! " V &' ( <G <1Lw ! m1' 911: F <= &M( / R
/' # C % <1 ?
% )*
% 6)U F *B' <=
/' 91:' !N <1Lw ! m1' .J <G <1 ? a:7 )*
; A=
A0 _ /' A F 413? 1:' Z_ ! . 1, 23'
C R <1 ? Mazeaud, 1970,pp.544,545, n31452)
.(
G )*+ A i 9' K g0 R
r1l
<g0 . R 413?
C F *B' <= 1, 23' R
" /-<= m10 ! * % = 4 @ <1 ? A*1'"
G . 4 @ " *G /Xn % K )*0 ' .
C )0 = )?X:' /$ ?@ ! _)*3 0 R
!N <1Lw ! m1' F *B' <= ) = <1 ? U 91:' ! " V
. A ! m1' <G A= /*:
< ) )U .)* <Xn1= ! " # $% [ MX@ % )U = < " <Q- bcU <1 ? )
Fleming, 1971,
(pp.220,221;Schwartz, 1991, pp.145,151 .
2.Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945.
/' U
1«.
A= <H 0 .Y ' 9X' % ! 0 $ ! *( A= AC = 48@ 9 A+<_
/Q <U A
! "
Y) Y <MG A=
&' U /,% . , - ! " V ! " &' ( '
/ ( 7
&' ( )*+ A
! " A= ! " % % Y)
/' m10 )0 , - U
.
i 9' ! _)*3 0 " /-<= ?X( A=
. I 3O' ) )C 48@ J /0 0 $ 48@ 9
/M0 9' K g0 e 0 Y f C A= AC = % U Y _ .i
/' G
% [ E F *B' <= )*0
! " A= ) = A /X' <q ! m1' e 0 )( $ [ @ % # 7% A= AC = . U - <l Y)
! "
)* M0 911: ! " &' ( % Y)
(Honore', 1975, p.124)
.
= G):= 48@ 9
» /0)' 1, 23' n' ! 0 $
2«
[
1978 K
- { /Q <U m10 )0 , - ! " # $% &' ( )*+ A
w )1
)U ) . o Dugdale, 1979, .
(p.182
. 910 $ 9 A1BU
<f n Y)U t7% m10 1, <X ADMC " /=<q F G
) Stuhmcke, 2007, p.66
.(
Y < |^ /$ ?@ ! _)*3 0 " /-<= A+<_
/ G 1:' )0
<$ 6 ]$ 1X- A0 Z *' % A0i ( 48@ .!N F *B' <= )*G
E M0
* ) . '
<Xn1=
! 0N /G <M_ % /M_ < 6 BC ' % 3= 6 ]$ ) B0 A )0)?X:' ! _)*3 0 4G <
%N
!N 1X- % /' A0 Z *' % A0i ( Ap0N 911: G
) = A8D= . < %)O' )*0
)U = "N Y _ AX <_ <g0 &' ( K M
.
% A0 Z *' 6 5C t1MC „ O, = Ap0N
/' A0i ( )* 91:' .)0
(Fleming, 1971, p.220; Rogers, 2002, p.261)
. AXZ_ &1, 91MG A=
Y)U C A= 5* - /= " ) B0 Y _ A
R
!N <1Lw ! m1' K ) <G <1 ?
Y)U V ! "
1:7% ADMC " <f &' ( ) = A8D= .)* ZX
! "
% ! " &' ( Y)
<1f= <g0 m10 /( MXC % F X$ 6 g@^'
) Clarke, 2010, p.2
.(
A /7< /X@
! "
Y) 98M' .)0 , - ! " # $% % <G ! " &' ( %
! "
Y) A=
\
<O' 6 3- " &' K%
*
Rogers, 2002, p.261) )
; Payne, 1955, p.347
.(
)0%<l z
» 1M A1D( &
3« [ A 2003
K p=<3l . Y)U W<Q' R
Y A,
= A-<+% = F
/' e /D1B'
)*
.
= C%
C F *B' <= ! *U A8*
R Q= % <1 ? R
. 1BB
A-<+%
75 L @ # $% )E
! " A
<L‚' = AX30
)0 1:7% &1, A= Y _ .
% o A % { -
% m M@
Y = ! m1' A= 5* % . 50
6 3- " )E
K%<O' Y <
Clarke,2010,p.2)
.(
A=
<G [ @ .
&= $ . 1, 23' ! m1' 911: Y _ /= "
/, ( Y _ F " [<X*
)
! 1( DV' 1Df0
(
% [ MX@
= Y _ F†
1.But the damages recoverable in respect there of shall be reduced to such extent as the court think just and equitable having regard to the claimant's share in the responsibility for damages.(section I (I) of Law reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945).
2. The Civil Liability (contribution) Act 1978.
3.Russell v. Smith(Clarke, zolo,P.2).
[i)X 9X <f0 <g0 A=
&' ( /-<=
/ <=
# 7 '
<_ ‡?0 .
(Rogers,2002,p.258)
.1
)0%<l z [ A F<f 2005
K F <= .&' ( K M 9X <_ <g0 <= . Y)U W<Q'
Y)U )1 w . A0 Z *' % A0i ( A /X' <q ! m1' 911:
(Clarke, 2010, p.11)
.
3 " & & *
413?
/' A0 Z *' % A0i ( Y _ Ap0N F *B' <= 1, 23' [ 8U .)0
F G
|%
<f F G
/' F%<1l /E - 1:' " x '%m, Y _ A )0 . <
. K g0 |% 9 &1, 91MG A=
F G
A= /=<q /$ ?@
Yy % AX F " |<X3_ i 9'
; F %)@ A 5C 9 " %
/' b1cn A0 Z *' % A0i ( Ap0N " = /7 $ )1u &= $ .)* <C )G
. AXB,
K g0 5* |% 9 [ M( / G
/0)U , )( % e 0 F *B' <= 48@ %)E ! 8' A
)U = AXU C%
. 0 |% 9 % # 7 ' b1cn F " r?0 e 0 A i 9' K g
% 6% Z /M = |% 9 A ) 41G - % AX F " |<X3_ . 48@
R
]$
Y)U AX < jl m10 A30 < /
; 6 3- ! m1' 911: /7 $ V0N A 6% Z 9 =
€DQ' 1X- .
4 5 : 67 8 9:% ;<&
/-<=
)0 % = 9 <=
413? z 1U ) = A % % U j_ Y _ 1X- 1, 23'
<80 X <_ /?Q*' )( $ , $ .
A <g0 9 F *B' <=
. 1:' % |% " A )0 /' m, Y _
413? F <= /E -
= )G - /0 0 $ 48@ .Y _ b1cn % )* F%<1l 1, 23' .
9 AXB,
6 <?' % 910 $ I + + Y _ 1X- % F "N .
) = /7 $ F† A / V0N"
/M0 ' .)* A1C - F† ) = % .)U = )*X3' % [)X3'
" ! r1l
|% % F <=
E - z)( $ /
< 911:
. e<\ A30 < > ?@ |% 9 /, @ ; F<Xn1= !
A
l r1
<
= W<Q' 9 <X |% 9
(Honore', 1975, p.124)
.
% x <1- R
]$
m10 A30 < /
Y)U & MX' M 9 A=
.(Jourdain, 2010,p.31, n365)
! _)*3 0 <7 @ [ @
% % F 30 <
R ]$
U j_ " = 6 3- ! m1' 911: /7 $ ) = A )0)?X:' /
<_ <g0 = 9X
RMG C 0
" J <G 45 .
!^' ( )* 911: ! "
) Que'zel-Ambrunaz,
1.Badger V.MOD[2005]EWHG2941(QB), 2006:
Once contributory negligence has been established the court must take into account both the extent of the Claimant's responsibility for his injury and damage and the blameworthiness of his coduct as opposed to that of Defendant in deciding on the reduction in damage that is just and equitable. The decision as to the appropriate reduction in the Claimant's damages is to be dealt with in a broad, jury like and common sense way (Clarke, 2010,p.11).
2010,p.655, n3629; Jourdain, 2011,p.31
.(
A= |% 9 A+<_ m10 i 9' K g0
! 1= @ <E
Y)n0 .
/' } B*X |% 9 A= & M /$ ?@ ! X' " /-<= " /,%
U . /G%<_
"
> ?@
)0)?X:' ! 0 A0 Z *' % A0i ( Ap0N<G U AXU j_ " = /7 $ ) = A
/' )*l .
&M(
) M0 413? !N F *B' <= % )( $ I + + % ) B0 % )* 1, 23'
< O' /$ ?@ Jn-
(Rogers, 2002, p.261 Fleming, 1971, pp.220, 221)
.
= > & ;<&
A= % -<= K 5+ |% 6 " 1X' " |% 9 /' <g0
/8 |% % <G A )
)*U = J m0 4G A= 13= 4
)0 .
% , )( F *B' <= 413? |% .)U AXZ_ A80 *+
F%<1l /E - 1:' " ) = "N e 0 % , )( b1cn /7 $ A8* .e 0 _) % .)*
/, @ ; C% i 9' K g0 Y 1:' % Y)( $ t7% A= )?X:' /-<= A
Y)( .)*X3G /7 $ / M*G F <=
F )0 % = 9 <=
)( $ I + + /7 $ ) B0 A
g@^' = "N Y _ A8D= . < %)O' /7 % /?Q*' Jn- R
RMG 48@ . 0 C
b1cn A0 Z *' % A0i ( Y
. 413? !N F *B' <=
) M0 1, 23'
) Fleming, 1971, p. 221;
Rogers, 2002, p.261
.(
9 <=
ƒ . /'
! m1' 911: Y _ "N /= " |% Z_ !
413? |% = 6 3-
`< 1, 23' A0 Z *' % A0i ( F "N
Ap0N b1cn /7 $
/' A0 Z *' % A0i ( )0
. /8 .
<7 @ [ @ .
4 @ |%
<Xn1=
K g0 /$ ?@ F G
1Df0 ADMC " /=<q )
i 9' K g0 /DE )5' ! *( A=
( A30 < % )
K g0 9 < " = ! *( A=
/'%
- /*' h (
" J <G 1, 23' ! m1' 911: Y _ "N /= " |%
! " !^' (
.
4 ; 1 . G n > ?@ % i 9' K g0 /'% F
- V &' ( )*+ A /7< ./*' h
413? F <= /E - 1:' •1G AXUj_ .)*XU , - ! "
K M % U )0 C% 1, 23'
A= I B )0 = 6 3- ! <BC [ 23' F% 3
. A= ! _)*3 0 A+<_
A*1'" 9 @ <E
Y < ZX 9 A= 5* % Y <80 <g0 5H
!N A )0 Y
413? F <= |% 9 <
1, 23'
' .)*0 )=
41 f0 <_
! = 98M' 0
" J <G €1$ 45 911:
! " !^' (
*B' Y = . A=
<g0
/' A ) B0 413? F <= [ ?:' % €1$ 1:' 1, 23'
!N F *B' AX <_ <$
. 9
> ?@ LN " DQ'
<-wX' ! 0 } B*X &= $
. N < "
! = 98M'<1q ! = &8n' A= 50
1, 23' ! m1' 911:
!^' ( Y < Y U ! "
))0
Brito and Hartley, 1996, p.456
.( 1
2 .
<g0 !)U 4 @ = R
A= <1 ? ) = A )U W<Q' A <g0 9 ./0)' 1, 23' F *B' ! *(
C F *B' <=
R
" J <G 1, 23' ! m1' .<1 ?
!^' ( ! "
< 911:
.
" qN 911: F <=
C R /M0 AC ! " V !N <1Lw ! m1' A= <1 ? X e <O0 ! m1' A+<G % )U
Y)U I 3O' < ) )U % <1 ? . = <Xn1= e :X' < X " bcU .
<Xn1= % 1, 23'
= . A= ' C 911: F <= %<' R
<1 ? ! = 9 < N<Q- ! m1' A= <1 ? V !N <1Lw %
)U AC ! "
.
3 . Y W<\ C ' .|% 9 <= % 6 ?X0 413? &@
<1Lw ! m1' F *B' <= 1, 23'
) <_ ! M,N ADMC " /=<q F G n " /-<= ! " V &' ( <G .
A30 < > ?@
4G /$ ?@ ! _)*3 0 |% 9
W<Q' )0 <
. ' 911: F <= ' bcU <G <1Lw ! m1
! " V .
45' /' AX <_ <g0 /= " F <= A /D' ( 9 <
a:7 % 6)U % AC .)U
= <1 ? .
9 )=
/' V &\ = % J ! Y % )U
413? &@
Q= F *B' <= 1, 23' R
Y A= . 1BB C &@
R /'<= <1 ? 8(<= % n_
.
4 . 6^8n' Y)U
A )U T( =
% R ]$
9 <X % /
" qN . Y F% 3 /(< &@
Y ! MG A= Y =% % )* M0 W<Q' 1, 23' )0 <_<= /M )$ &@
.
= /7< A ! 1= 9
413? F <= /?Q*' % /D?( F *B' •1G A F% 3 A= 6 3- .)U = AXU )0 C% 1, 23'
1'
! U 413? ! " !^' ( .
5 .
% K V0 <
R
$ ]
! 0 $ G n /-<= % 9 <X % / )0)1 AV1X0 9 A= . j_
/M0 A Y •1G ! 413? F <= bcn' 1:' % /D &@
A= xi E % . < Au 1, 23'
O' /$ ?@ % /?Q*' Jn- )( $ I + + Y _ A 310 4G OD ' U
A8D= .
0i ( Ap0N )U = "N ) = /7 $ /' A0 Z *' % A
! m1' .!N F *B' <= % )* 48@ .)0
91:' ! " !^' ( " J <G 1, 23' U
.
|% 9 .
C k? A0 Y _ R
x 0 1@ % <1 ?
" J <G <1Lw ! m1'
!^' (
% < 1 cU ADMC " .A1]$ [ @ % # 7% K M A8D= .! "
0 /( MXC % F X$ 6 g@^' m10 /' <g
<1_
.
6 . / <= " Ap0N K V0 F G
= Y)U A /' K g0 A 9 .) N /=<q /$ ?@ F G
Q= 4G R
J 1BB
# 7 '
% A mV % /7 % /MD( )( $ F *B' <= A 310 F ' x <E
9 <= ; F '<1q <' J A8D= .)U = 41 < % 911: &= $ F ' &1DO ƒ
. /7<
A
1.It is extremely difficult to find a theoretically ideal Liability sharing rule. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to predict the effect of most sharing rules on equilibrium care(Brito, 1996, p.546).
BB A= } =<' )( $ F *B' <= Ap0N .)0 , - ! " # $% &' ( )*+
1 /' } B*X !
Y = <L‚' ! " V &' ( )*+ 9 A 9 . <
)?+ ! 0N <1Lw ! m1' A8* ' .)0
Y = .
&1DO % A mV % /?Q*' % /7 )( $ F *B' <=
911: F ' x <E F G )U
/0
/' 91:' , )( % e 0 )( $ % /$^- 6 g@^' F *B' <= A8D= . 310
<' 9 % U
Y _ F m=
, )( F <C F <= G .
9 = aE%
. /' 9U% # 7 ' 9 U
! MG " K^ > ?@ <+ A
" qN Y 48@ 1, 23' F% 3 A= A?
! 0 $ % )0
^ 6 " V' 48@ ƒ ! MG <= m10 ! < /'
Y % <g0 9 <= 9 <X ?X0 % Y)U
F%<1l
! <80
% R ]$
|% 9 " / .
310 A0 Z *'% [ ?:' .
# 7 ' 9 /D1 Z / <=
/' ! < > ?@ % /'^ A?
, ?' # 7 ' )0 R
A:, Q' A0 _ )C ) = A )U = F<f
U .
?
@<A
&
B ( 6! <
-
6 :D &
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