• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

amp amp lt; 7< = > 3 ?@ > & A ?@ 12 B& % ( 1@2 C ( D "6 E ( F 1 28 E A 1 2G8 & "8 H 1@2 I( ( 2& J &C 1@2 K-G C 7< = L .<25) % ( / D "6 E ( F % 27<L ( L >< % M=

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Membagikan " amp amp lt; 7< = > 3 ?@ > & A ?@ 12 B& % ( 1@2 C ( D "6 E ( F 1 28 E A 1 2G8 & "8 H 1@2 I( ( 2& J &C 1@2 K-G C 7< = L .<25) % ( / D "6 E ( F % 27<L ( L >< % M="

Copied!
22
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

! " #$

1 2&3 1

1 4 , 56 4

% &' 7 8 7

) :

5 / 10 / 90 :

20 / 2 / 91 (

9 :

;< 7< = > 3 ?@ > & A ?@ 12 B& % ( 1@2 C ( D "6 E ( F 1

28 E "8 ( 23 A 1 2G8 & "8 H 1@2 I( ( 2& J &C 1@2 K-G C 7< = L .<25) % ( / D "6 E ( F % 27<L ( L ><

% M=

# ( . ( 1@2 ><;) 2& O ( H32 % # IP ( % 2< % E<

C ( 1@2 K G "M 7< = % M= 5 GQ L R C . I( E E&#

J &C .

L C ( P E< L E&'= 2M( F ( S E "8 2(

E&#

L ( ( 8 E 9 ;< ( T <2( 2R U 8 E< ( D 1 2( # ( ><;) 2& < 32#

L M= F 8 3 E< VR2 W ) 7< = 3 1@2 1 2( C # ( 1 X )

;< "8 C2( 1

.

2( ( -) . / ) # ( 3 %Y 2( Z8 ;A E<

L 8 3 E< ( , G T <2( 2R 1@2 2( % 2< 1@2 > & A ?@ 7< = L 2[( 3V .

1 3 % RL :

T <2(

% 2<

L R .

1@2 > & A ?@

> 3 ?@

D<L2(

8 E 9

* :

: 66409595 [email protected]

Email:

(2)

! " #$ %& ' ( )*+

& ,

#$ #- (./ 0

# !

# 1 0 "2 3 0 0

' ! + 4!5 ( ! 6 7 80 9 :

.

& , <

#4 = >4 0

' ! #+ " %& ' 4 + #?' @3 A 0

B ! #C 5 0

= ) A #4,#! 0 #:D E B ! F -+ ' G& H # D 3

'0 I

H .

J # ! H

0 B ! K L#MB 0

N O

! 0

& , 'D = 0

#C 0 #:D +5 #=# 0 "P<

?! F " H 1 0 3 3

.

8'= Q R + . S

3 3 B ! T 0

> )+ " UV W G& " V

#V !#V Q 83 ' ' ! #+

0 B ! %A L 0

E # & 0

V 6 $ /!

E = " ! 7 >43 ! 4= B ! 83 D X C 5 . 8O

3 3 Q 83 ' Y ) $ #$

!

)

" ! [& C 102:1385

.(

#! D 4 D a!5 .3#+ bO ' " 4= B ! 1 ) 0

&

F# " ' 0 #4,#! 0 ) A :! c#

Q A 2 3 B ! .' !# L '0

3 6#3 G0 ! A .

#! D d + U

D 0 0

0 0

W'D 2 3 " E #O 4!5 e - ! d Q A #C 0

(<H (

0

)

" ! D

299:1384

.(

B

» K « ( <:+ 0 #:D 6 ! e 1 C & V " 3 "( '. 5 '0

D 3 I '0

» ( ! > = «

3# 2 'H D 3

UV

»

PD 3 V

«

e 3 < 5 2001

5

" # ! c e 3

2005 8 D D : ' #'

- &5 3# L e 3 V #'=

2011 (<H :V 6#3# P<

! 4=

& V #$ + .

(3)

> )+ ! # B ! '

0 ) A E T 0 #:D 3

H ) A #4,#! & .3#+

F -+ F = " 0

6

#O B ! Y $

j@O V /!

"k 3 .! <!5 #H

(-! ( C #+

) 1 ) % #+ " #+

(

XC 8 B ! ' 8 D H H #=

V : #+ & , W0 D " ! 4= F -+ W G& = G !

''D 0

W'+ " # l#S$ , /C G! + " F ' " V " 3 3 0

B ! A " G = 0 3 3 .+ " B ! m3 ' 0

B ! 0

(Winstone, 2007,

(p.1

d * #0 n5 Q o+

V .

E K #!#D #MB /V K E+ 3 #MB /V e#*+

e 3 1989 + W-!

7 = 5 ' B ! K L#MB " ! 4= Q 83 ' ) A

3 H #$

. /! e - ! l#S$ " B ! ' #I 0 /

5 ' V

E #O

c#A " /! p#H ! L

n q'=

( M 3

e 3 1973

"

H N S

! .

3 ' ! Q H & : L .3#+ :

B ! + 0

E

3 . 8O V /!

( C 3 - 4= B ! 83 D 5 E 0

$#3 " 5 j " + B ! "q'3 e s = B ! 0

H #$ B ! "

B ! 3 43 " UL a+ 0

64

#$

H . 1 ) " V ''D

m3 ' A V /! D ! u+ G= G I %A B ! ' F " H 2 3 ( A /A 6#4/ " V ''D

"

' /< F -+

T .+ .+ -S' 4 B ! 6 3 " .3#+ + #H

5 5 #3 UV

! u+ B ! .' .

D H B ! ' X v 6#3 % F e C 0

3 UV W

3 7 3 " 3 L 0

V

C D

#

/! H 3 3 L #3 H

m83 B ! ' ! /' UV R +

)

" G : 1386 : 72 - 73

K x 0 (.

193 B ! ' F C e C 4= #:D

1 ) %A ! ! -

G& ! =#+ V ''D #+ V ''D '

B !

#= #C ( - .

(4)

H M 0 5 2 3 d3#+

"6# L W e 3 + B ! ! 4= F -+

2030

W 45 W G&

0 #$

&

+

" ' 5 0

# + K W !7 3 7

c# a 25 + 30

# + 7

3 UV 0 #+ W0 D 8 D 3 6 7

e 3 + " F -+ G W G& 0 #=#

2030 C 50

<: # /!

#+

!#'D !

.(Bp, 2009,p. 11)

-S' !#'D #+ : - D #H & F

! $

3 .

. L

" - 'y 0

= c#' B ! % ' / 3 0

H #$ " "

$#3 # 'D 0

$#3

& 0

Q +#D B ! ' + X*

<

D 0 ! UL

'y 0 0 80

4= B ! 0 ! ' 5 0 +

D '0 #$ + .

" @

< 5 B ! Q @O

(EIA)

G ! e 3 2009 W L ' D # ! +

e 3 2030

! B ! c #! F -+

: 8 D W G& e#-.

0 #:D l# F -+ W G&

) A #4, #!

0 E

# 0 #$ I ' .

P< #u 35 #4,#! 0 ) A V /! ! 4= 1 ) & V n H H 4= B ! #C Q7#*+

4= /! F -+ D #O

F -+ "KL 3 5 b8O 3 & .3#+ 4= W 3 .3#+ e C

= ( & C /! ! 4 2010

+ 2020

H d3# #O ! 3

1 / 1

<: #

# 0 #$ #$

( opec, world Oil Outlook, 2009 )

.

< 5 Q @O #H $ J GV

NIC)

W L G ! (

' A D 'D 21

b . "

3 35 .

" I #4, "J GV 2 3

Q A '0

W L 8H 35 0

> A < 5 >0 #! A 5 *+

'H . Q 8R #{+ m=#

9$ H " .3#+ ' 8 l#S$ "% ' e 'D ) 0 # E0 Q A ' 0

e#& #. 2 3 0 3 # B ! e - ! 0 Q A

G | G 0

B ! V & 3 3 + (A C " B ! % ' 4!5 e 'D

- G = 0

" &

a'3 #+

)

/H #3#

"

1385

.(

VE

>:I / 0 35 B ! !

l 8+

8+

''D :

" ! 35 0

- K / 3 L

7 *

% ' H

D 0

! .

L /! } * -S' "%A

$~ +

! 4=

$ Y#)$

% ' V G !

#3 "

! 4= =

$~ (A C #$ ?!

Y ) $ #$

3 .

(5)

L #+ 1 <H #= "6 35 V /!

- 3 5 1 ) K / 3 L

C -S' D #O

2 / 10

#+ 4= /!

" 'D

D C

1 ) ''D 8 / 28

! 4=

H G ! V 1 ) #+ #

' >A m + + #DU bO

9 / 11 3 / 13 1 <H D 'H

b O 0

3 H L 2 & • $ E bO ' Q .

B ! = D 3 e #3 €3 L L F C - "j#& - =#+

0 #$ I 5 0 3 %! # 3 <H I P< V 0 #:D Q 83 '

• #

0

?! " #D#& P ! & D '

L 8SA 4= L < 5 L

! V GV 0 H D > 8 L € + %S- K ><C D D

" 6 + HUV 3 4 ! + Q A ‚@$ / 3 UV 3 'I +#D (<H Q7#*+ ' G& H 0 H F C A

Q A V

#4,#! 0

W' I a ! 6 ?! #! 0

-S' H (

# V

*+ PL D = >

35 *+ " - &5 *+ " L V "6 5 2#! A #C 35 j H 5

q! H 0

+

Q A V V

& V (<H P< #4,#! 0

#' . 6 D 0 D !

-S' " 0 -S' & C V

1@$ %A ! /4! #$ Q ~ V

6 ?! >0 ( -+ j H n s K B# #M V D 3 q'=

(

T .+

" ! D

V F C e C

'

< 0 bS' 2 3 0 (<H A –

& V

! .

V c#' > C 4= 'y 0

' < #u 0 #:D " 0

H S3 + !

#$ Y $ %& ' 1 0

#uC *+ 'I >0 #O

A d H C 'H H

3 .S- # #O ! L >0

< 0

! 6 V G ! V 0 .

K L#MB K #!#D #MB 6#4/ b&#+ 1 O

Q A

! #+ P< V = #4,#! 0 Q A H 2 3 + 0

' & C & < #$ ) A -S

! V W L .

B

» K « ( <:+ 0 #:D 6 ! e 1 C & V " 3 "( '. 5 '0

D 3 I '0

» ( ! > = «

3# 2 'H D 3

UV

»

PD 3 V

«

e 3 < 5 2001

5 e 3 " # ! c 2005

: ' #'

8 D D

e 3 V #'= - &5 3# L 2011

(<H :V 6#3# P<

(6)

! 4=

& V #$ + .

7 n H V D a!5 "PD 3 V -

a+ #$ ) A e 3 + C D ! #$ ( ! L " ''D

2018 ) A

< 5

#4,#! ) A 'D H GV C ! U 3 :L G ! D 'D

P< 3# L ( ! L

'H .

%A

V #+

5 D

#'

» V 5

« G !

" #H

D ! 3 3 Q : V ) A 0 H

43

= . 30 Y ) $ #$ G ! 4= C

V 'D L 'I 0 " !

-S' 3 K C 4! "P< V u ' 3

D k $

3 : 5 &@ M 0 .

J GV 2 3 11

( 5 2011 j '

#' P< V "e#L % #=

) A ƒ e 3 =

2012

'0 #$ 'y 0 #$ ) A H !

' ! #+ D

0 ?! 0

! #$ G ! 7 .

P< #u 3 2@= !

16 M B 2009 3 | #8' + < 4H

3 2@= 1@ M 3 H GV

e 0 2010 2011 ( m + + G !

! 5 >0 V I .

V P< #u 0 #:D 20

'0 0 6G ! < D ! #u G !

J@+

0

H ! 4= ) A = > 3 a

) A Q7#*+ ! = 0 !

- .' 0 #:D

2 3 D & #+

(<H <& ' D C

V V

#4, #! (<:+ K #'

#?'

W-!

6 ?! >D C !#'D >?! ! :D W I ' 5 8SA 'I ! ' &5 "(

3 3 ( A = #O

.

Q #+ (D J 8 !

5 :D

4= Q #+ (D J #

9 e 3

2001

@ 17 e 3

2010 W L 3 & -+ @ '

O #H 10

Q #+ (D J ' 5 e 3 5

W #:D

30 4= Q #+ (D J

) A . = V G m + + D #H ( H H 0 #$ ( 8+ 4=

.

T.F #$ H P< #u 0 #:D I e C

G ! 0

s 0 #:D - #:D •'L 5 % #+ <!5 = " ' 0

!

! 'D 4= ) A | G #:D #' I !# ! #O

! 5 ' 4 / 3 83 ' D " B ! .

-S' #C P< u #:D 3 D a!5

%A e H j H

H

! 3 3 E #O

-S' 0

4+

Y#)$

B ! #C

(7)

' 8 ' 0 UV R + -S' & #u #:D Q 83

E G ! P<

e 3 B ! #C

U " 3 D L : J V $ 0

H

! E H .

!

A 4= K E+ 3 B ! u :-! "„ D /= /V D 5 D

W 70

W /! $~

40 3 & GD + 4= . 8O V

)

" D 0 „ D

1383 : 193

S-! 4'+ "(

" #'= 35 " -/A GD 35 bO ' e )+

• $

G ! ! '0 A 8H O 8+ D 3 n 4= 2 &

H

> 3 6 D 0

> L #! 0 3 3 } * 0

' –

A =#+ # #:D = $ 3 3 .3#+

(Sajedi, 2009: 77-89) '0

.

#! " A ?! - D "j H #'= 35 e )+

> L #:D

" 0

" '

"

"

" B !

"

" .3#+

d8+

b O ' V

() 35 A H bO ' B ! ' " I P…3 '0 D L

#H

-S' ' 4 W %A D n# * ! 4= ' %8+

#H . l 8+

' D + #:D

"n s e H ' a ~5 "n s j

3 #:D l 8+ j H D L ! o& "e H ' D + #u #:D WH " 4= B ! 6 # " G$ b O e H 3 A GA

#' 2 & • $ < 0 #H D H X n#'= 4= B ! ' + 0

15 † . = " #:D 520

.A# 0 " /! # d8+ Y $ Q ! < 0

4= . = V D " H 6

> 'D 83 * /!

0 12 /!

1 ) B ! ''D

1 ) K !#'D d H 4=

H l 8+ S3 ''D

.

H C 5 K #!#D #MB K E+ 3 #MB "K L#MB = H 0 e#O 5 2 & • $ 1259

35 ( & C O 8+ (L #:D # D

3 $ 3 e 8 ! $ GD

(Patey, 2006: 4)

%A D #'

W D #H (C #3 A < …3 @< ! ?! # ' + 0 5 H 0

#:D #'=

T .+ ' 5 .A# G 0 '+ d + E #O 'D

)

"( D#+

2008 : 52 49

#:D 0 # - . G ! 0 / 5(.

! # #$ ! D

• $ e 'D 0 %A " #$ $ 2 &

'0 " j H 4 ' 0

& 0 #$ d + 3 C

)

" O 1377 : 33

= (L (.

"

:! ‡ Q . S 3

(8)

$ 3 - . G ! ! #&

O V /! > ? % ' H

F -+ D 0 #$ L < 5 n s : I 0 0 ' 5 e 3 'I

H 0 #$ : #:D 5 D 0 % '

)

"6 0 :! "( 6 ?! P! /'D

2009 ( .

:! 5 2 3 V /!

e 3 #! B 2010

/! H T:D $~ "

† 6 / 137

! 4= : $~ e . 8 -+ D 3 <:

3 /! (4I D H

C 3 /0 D ' 5

G ! G 3

C 3 4!5 : D 'H

! -S' j H

dH ' 0 n .

(Oil and Gas Journal, January 25, 2010) .

† G ! . 8O V $~

940 ˆ 8 -+ D #H + m.< Q#& # +

#$ 3 PL 3 ! 4= $~ G! H

1680 Q#& # +

8O V m.<

V m.< Q#& G0 WH 8 -+ D = 5 A 6 = " .

#+ 6 $ /! <: K e . B ! . 8O e . . 8O V $~ ' " 'D

155 K G! D 0 $~ a ! D 3 6 $ /! <:

290

+ 6 $ /! <:

6 = #.3 PL 2 3 0 D #H

V A ! 4=

) 0 ( .

UV R + #:D #$ J GV G ! < 5 B ! Q "2 3 0 ' 5

& . . 8O V

(US Energy Information Administration, 'D

2007)

e 3 D #'= 2 L V #C 1990

" H T:D 62

C 3

n5

• $ 0

H V 4 A 2 &

G ! SA 8 D

V H $ 'H $~ :0 e . #:D V $~ ! 3 p :

4= . 8O

%A 5

3 A H

28

#O 3 ! K 5 &

4 C ( D

H 5 >0 + e (C 8 D '3

! . +

† . 8O V !#'D $~ #H

436 /V H m.< Q#& # +

#H 325 +

# 0 #$ e#)C ( A ' 5 G ! 5 m.< Q#& #

(Oil & Gas .

Directory Middle East, 2011: p. 1075)

e 3 7 3 W UV 3

–2007

2008

#'= 2 L #C

H . 8O V .' ! >:I

# 0 #$

W L ' 5 #+ #H ' 5

7 (4I + ' 5 e 3 5 ! A 0 & D 5 l : #H

V Q # UV 3

( Dargin, 2008:4-5 )

.

(9)

-S' < G!

) A ! Q 83 ' P< V #C #:D 3

7 < 5 bO ' 5 #u 3 3 - &5 +

' ! #+

= -+ 3

& , #:D B ! ' 5 3

-S' 0

#H ! 4=

.

"# $

e 3 2 & • $ ! q'= L 1991

"

C 55

%

| G D H

< 5 " B ! 45

%

! … D b . G ! 0

! # L

. G! H D # C

e 3 . e 3 2007

"

35

%

= 0 8 B ! #C | G D H

b .+ P< V 6#3# ! 4= ) A

&

( Lederer, USS. Today, June 26, 2007 )

mSA #' P< V u %A

I 4= N S 0

3 #$ ' 5 8SA '

W-!

3 #$ ' + 4= : ( e@- 3 e@- 3 m D " ' &5

Us ' " # 7 0 #C ) A ! :D W I ) A ' #*

c#F# D = B ! A n s !#'D W-! W0 D 1 0 B ! ' 'y 0

( .+ Q F D + n s UL R + A P< #u 0 #:D B ! '

< 0 .3#+

'H .' 0

.

W L ' S * ! >:I '8 #H

OECD

e 3 2008 B ! 1 ) "

e 3 ( & C P< 0 #:D 0

2005 + 2030 + 72

% H 6 Q #

! V 0 V : ! "m3 ' 3 3 ~ + .' < ( C

V u

e 3 + 2030 + 46

% 0 #$ W G&

'

&

. (OECD Environmental Outlook, 2008)

F -+

B ! e 3 ( & C

0 2007 + 2030 + 40

%

& W G&

D

! $ C 35 .3#+ e C 0 #:

43

! >4

#$

# C

D 0 D 3

B ! >4 % ' #$ d + 0 'y 0

[/C

D '0 #$

Watson, 2010) (.

's #' 3

V H T:D M $~ #$ X C 4= #:D +

#+ V G " $ 3 G= E . 8O

#H $ 'H G ! e#)* ''D

0 #:D < 8 3 Y ) $ #$ 6 = G ! q' s H ?!

G ! 4= 6 $ /! $~ >4

! 4= $~ :0 D #O H

. /!

e 75 W L 2 3 A 3 <:

$~ " 3 'H D '

V T:D 8 D ' 0 :! T:D j H 8 3 j H E G ! /!

# 0 #$ ' G0 " -S' .A# =#+ 4!5 k 3 #:D ' 5 $~

.

(10)

"2 3 0 4= 5 3 #$ B ! #C L e@- 3 3

4 3 3 < L#MB 1 0

( Ickes, 2011) 'D

#$ ! 8+ I $ B ! F -+ "P< V 0 #:D

# B ! & ' 0 Y ) $

K E+ 3 n !

" 3 :V e 8 # = ' H ) A # 3 G ! 6 + u+ 4= <L

2 & • $ #C ! $ B ! Q #:D H D 5 E

Q # '+ D < 5 6 A e C D7 '+ b O

!#V 0 c#A

R C

# l#S$ .3#+ . 8O V /! 0 c#'+ <& ' I Q -

3 $ ! 3 'y 0 ' D + " A GA E ! 35 "

(Fillingham, 2009)

.

E #O

b& #+ #+

! 25

#< 7 -

<L

d$ = #?'

/! # e#O G0

D 4! #?' Q D U 'y 0 I n s # D

3 e 3 •'L D D H #:D € + B ! A 4

$ >s 1@ $

0 ?!

=

+ /! 4

A H 4! Q #

J

# d$ 7 # )<

I 8 3 j H n s 3 V 0

# 0 #$ A 3 "m + + H 0 #$ :D 68

!7 3 V m.<

Q I

30 W a ! D 'D e 3 50

I V 0 !

WH#L 0 #$

. "e C

> )+ ?' I B ! + -S' +

#C #:D 3

2 & • $ -S' E ! $ -S' " V /!

< 5 #uC 8 D H

<L =#+ # D 7 < 3 D a <L +@<: -S' 3 3 < 5 E s 0 #:D ~#/! 6 " H

3 4+ 0

)

" <

11:1386

.(

/ # #' 'y 0 I #:D q! a' H -S' > + 5 #C

! #$ #:D B ! #+

D #O 'D

14

$ /!

#+

H

W #

40 3 %A 5 G ! I q' s % '

.

2 3 A 4= B ! ''D + #:D 3 F C e C #:D W L '

+ 'H ! 4= #+ :0 e . D #:D V /! 1 ) 0

G& G! L ' 5 0

R 'y 0 #:D /! $~ D C W

! 0 #$

( Speigel, 2008)

.

(11)

"p#'3 ' I L "KL#' 3 6#3# I D H 3 F C e C W 98

% K G! 0 #:D H T:D 6 $ /! $~

89

%

& ,

#$ $ W 7 L

( Mihlmeste and Anderson, 2010, p.6) ! 0 I " - -C .

T:D & % ' $~ I V " '0 H

H ! " ' 0 #$

#+ a' $~ " !#'D )A + m + + #:D

21 11 '0 #$ 6 e 3

if not BRICs, then what? ,p.2) 5

"(

#$ !7 3 J GV 6# L W D #O

8$ ' 5 0 + '0 6 $ /! H Q 8R $~ (D & L e C

( BP, 3

2009 )

. G ! 3 '0 . 8O V H Q 8R $~ #3 +

e 3 2009 e . 25 / 37

V 6@ m.<

! C D D $~ " !#'D #+

35 5 e 3

(Oil & Gas journal Energy Database, 2009) #H .

F -+ a ! . = W G& " B ! Q ' G& H ! 0 :&

3 '0 " ) A ' G& H >4 ( 'D $

| G ) A 4I

D ( 8+ 4= ‡S3 B ! ''D 1 ) :H ''D #+ 0 "

= #O #! 0 3 H X = $ B ! % ' #:D H D

'H D H - H V /! ' 0 & L

" 3

W L '

' 5 B ! ' #C I = A #:D #H

(Mihlmeste and Anderson, op.cit., p.6) #H

.

e 3 7 ! 6 $ /! % ' T:D 2004

† 5 e )* 3 ( A $~ D

+ <: K W

#H

"

' D 0 % ' T:D + | G #+

e 3 '0 1985

W L e C G ! 5 #C B ! % ' !

A #! 0

0 W G& + #:D $ /! #+ D 0

Fesharaki, 2007:31-33 )

.(

:0 H V + '0 ) A

#$ : n H

W L 3 & V '

e 3 + #H 2015

5 2 3 !#'D 0 $ +

P! B5

#+ j /0 " B ! B ! (D ! W $#3

& ) + q' s $#3 '0

# S ! / D 8 D #H

#$ G !

e 3 + D D : ! H

2035 0 #$ W G& 3 .

3

+ V /! b O G ! '0 B ! ! ! A

W L #H

' e 3 + #H

2025

O #:D 0 ! #! D #O #H G !

Q b

#$ ! # /! /0 + )H F C e C D C " #H +

(12)

• $ -S' ! $ -S' 0 #:D E

! E 2 &

. 0

W L B ! ' #C 3 'H D 2 3 '

e 3 + 3 '0 ''D 2025

#3

#H e 8 4= B ! ''D

India’s Energy Dilemma, 2006) (.

V ! H 0 …0#D '0 A H e H bO ' : G ! '0 5 j 0

#D

A WH#L *+ * bO ' ! A 7 0 0

. %A '0

?!

+#D #! 0 3

0 o+ q' s / 3 ! ! # Q

(Chikkatur, Ananth, 2011 )

.

3 3 ~ + >s A #'= < 5 m A D G ! ( ' 8 0

B ! / 3 /! p#H PL E <: ! e#! + 4+ = UL a+ 0

0 d3 1970

e 3 . 8O V > ? $~ T:D "

/D #$ 3 $ 0

6 V #C

= 5 D 3 H 0

C 3 T:D #+

H H #:D 2 L d3#+ ! B #

( Luft, 2008 ) .

" /!

" L#+

5 2 3 D G !

/! <: :0 + •'L 0

HUV e 3 3 s < ! V G #' 3 = #$ 6 $

$ 'H

#H . 2 3 2# ! 3 5 #C G ! 8 ! " @

+

#$ 6 $ /! <: G! L " 0

Q # D 3 =

H UV 0 #$ 3 :L G ! L#+ C " & , Q 8R

( Brooks, Associated .

Press, Aug 23, 2009 )

V # = #u #' G ! #'= - &5 #:D . 8O V /! $~

#$ B ! #:D ! <I#D >43 "P<

D #O " Y ) $

- &5 B ! 0 ! D 5 >43 q' s 3 H X ! 5 a ! D #H ( H #'=

0 ! V 0 V 0 : ! W L W W G& ! #+

V D

H D

(Background of South Africa Energy, 2010, at: .

www.eia.gov/emeu/cabs /South_Africa/pdf.pdf)

e . < 'D P< #C 0 #:D "c# a 10

% 4= /! $~

Y ) $ #$

W m + + q' s . 8O V >A D !

25 40

''D 4'+ 3 H

B ! >4

V u

H .

?! #H " 3 'H D - /! E B ! !#'D % ' # D 3

' 5 . 8O V K G!

B ! #C E " H #$ = G = 0

0 B ! 'D 5 j "

W L 'I 0 " D #)+ ' G = '

e 3 #H

(13)

2014 e 3 - 2008

e . "P< 0 #:D #C B ! 9

/ 0

& 0 #$ H

( Mihlmeste and Anderson, op.cit., p.6 ) .

e 3 + " 0 5 2 3 2020

e . 15

! 4= B ! 1 )

! #+

0 UL a+ 0 B ! = " & s H "

(Watson, op.cit)

.

e 3 G ! < 5 ' #H 2009

6#3# H GV

"

! 4= 0 <

e 3 2025 : H #V V 4=

"

# 0 #$ 8SA 'I ' 5 4= D 3 D +

0 #:D D #O

= I e#s < 5 'D '0

) A 0

:V '0 #$ e 8

"e C 0 ' G& H 0 H G ! ( 3

) A '0 #$

(Smith, 2011 ) # .

W I Q &@ $ 'I 0

>:I P< u G ! 0 5 D #$

= 0 ! ! #+

Q &@ $ " ' I 07 D A Q Y#)$

! I C " - &5 A A #! 0 <L ' 0

0 <H#

H 3 I d 1@ $ 'y 0 D L

# ! .

Rupakjyoti, 2011 )

$ >s e C (

'0 0 < 0 < #'D + "Q &@

3 # >D C P< V J ! #' A PC #= -S'

(Aparajit, 2011 ) .

# !

= A 3 'y 0 ( " '0 " I E ) A #4, #! 0 #:D - ! 4= B ! % ' ! s5 .3#+ e C & .3#+ 0 #:D

D

5 ) A H 'D ' D 0 's % ' #$ !

-S' #C C

3 D L : 0

.( Patey, op.cit., p.4)

0

0 #:D l 8+ J V "2 3

H 4+ ! 0 # G ! P< #C

(IRNA news agency, 21 April 2011)

B ! $~ V ! + | G #' " 3 "

) V /!

(

)*' B ! C > 3 K ( <:+ " 4= 5 | G V ''D #+ 'y 0

&

< 0 ! D : B ! E+ 3 ! ! 4=

-S' 0

m=# P< V n#I 4I 'y 0 KL " 4 ! H 3 = ! 3

< 0 W G&

!#'D >?! ! :D W I C 4= ‡S3 p : 0

#H

>:I '3 #:D D 5 l : + D :-! E " ' 5 #$ !

(14)

1389

< 0 #?' #:D H Q - ‚ u 3 0

UV

e 3 3 0

'! = L < e 8A Q 4.+ " 3 ' 5

)

" & (V 8 3 1388

(

< 0

e C 3 8! = 0

3 L 3 7 % ' '

$ 3 #8! < >0 ! 4= B ! mSA ? ! C V /!

(<H #+ %! # 9A #!

< 0 0

' = p : 0

3

B ! e - ! k 3 UV

'y 0 W-!

0 ' &5

D 0 : B ! .

B ! Q ' .' #+ J V G ! 2 Q - $ 8

D '! B ! ! 4= 0 )*! 8H #uC #$ %& ' 1@$

.A

) A 0

A 0 4! ( - (

! # 0 'I " )

!

< 0 ‡S3 W G& "KH Q ' " 0

0 ) A H ' ! #+

1 O 5 >0 &

.

% ' E GD 35 : #43 ~#/! e " 3 G ! ( - -S' & ! K #uC 5 B !

=

d J V < 5

Q A ! :D W I #< D 5 F 3 ' ! ?! ) A

! 4+ Q G ! ! $ 'H

.

D & #+ #:D B ! $~ '3 : 0 ! " 'y 0

ˆ + 3 B ! 1 )

/! A : <!5 e C # L 0 #:D

# 35 j H j H n#'= "n#'= 0 #:D "

4+ ! 'I 0 " !

@ ! #+

0 #:D

#DU

#3 H G ! L

.

< 0 J V %! # <

0

e 3 3 B !

0

> *+ #= " $ 0

3 UV

D H V /! % ' = $ 0 H

.

D 3 H m=#

< 0

D H 0

# m s ! 1 O 3 V /! | G 0

0 :& *+ !5 #H Q D U Q . S 6 a! * ( D "

3 UV

'H W V 0

.

D H

3 0

"

( p#

"

"

0 K3 #!

"

#$ ! p# G !

' 0 e .& j -S' < G! 6 $ /! <: † & , D H

" 0

" /! 2

"

" /!E V 5 /! > ? >4 :-! G !

-S'

/ :

(Groot, 2010: pp.87-88, 70, 48 ) ''D .

(15)

B ! Y#)$ A 'D -S' 0 3 3 I A 0

4 & " < 5 L *+ D 0 W

>0 & W L

" 5

q! H L + ?! #u 4': L 2 3 0

Š I 3 d3#+ 0

m S H

)

" ! [& C

1387 ( .

'y 0

< 0 3 3 :!

q! H 0 e 3 0

2006 N O "

4': L

#$

< 0 (<H 0

= 3 u B !

4! , ! #u #' #$ 0 3 ' D + < " A GA

-S' D D N S D 0 % ' 's 0 #:D #'

G ! u e 8- 3

H D

q! H 3 , ! >M u ! #+

'0 " I E 0

1 ) V G #' D L

‡S3 C 35 B ! V ''D /!

'D V

. (Tishehyar, 2011)

4+ D + # ' 3

4 ! H

!# … "

#' #! 0 'y 0 u #' #< <L ! #+ !

#-+ B ! % ' 3 3 , ! #u

(Shenna, 2010: pp.13-15) !

.

!

#:D D V X G ! V /! Q I Q ' H

B ! Q# $ Q C 'D B ! d K E+ 3 0 ! " GD 35 -S' '. #$

$ #C 0 #:D

• H H 4+ E 2 &

) 4 #/ > C

"

1389 ( .

G! F C e C K

45

%

Q # ! $ I 6 $ /! Q

V

"e C 3 #.3 PL I /! | G ''D

D : = >4 :-! / @ 3 A " 3 I '& K D

# D G0 3 # d$ N O R#

/! " I A GA G$ /! 0

0 $ # l#S$ #C C 3 0 #:D C #$ V

0 e - ! P…3

• $ (C #3 n#'= 0

! 'D 2 &

$ #:D + = W-! ' ! #+ C 5 >0 & GD 35 !

(Akhlaghi, 2009) .

e 3 2006

J /! D H p#'3 D H A G !

16

Q #?' 7

3 / 1 e m.<

. .

.3#+ 0 0 =

e 3 A 'y 0 5 /!

2007 J

6 / 2

D H 7

= 5 C 3 .3#+ /! Q KL#' 3 ' I

H

! .

(16)

#! B O 'y 0 I /! D H 2009

V 5 /! .3#+ A

/! D H

8 D ! 3 u

3 A

UV 7 / 4 7

e $ D U #'= 2 L > ? #C 0 & <

. . H #+ =

G& 5 G ! 5 4I &

.

3 D U

G$ B ! % ' UV

n5

7 G 3 W J 0

Y#)$ # G !

H

www.petronews.ir) ! .(

'y 0 e 3

2008 H '0 /! | G ''D F

&

3 ?!

"G ! UV D H

" 0 . .

= .

" 3

"

"

5 . .

" 3

"

' (

"

"

3

$~ .3#+ #?' 7 3 UV

e C 3 & p# V

# # /V

! .

)

" ! H GV 8$

22 / 3 / 1388

b& #+ 'y 0 '0 (

! (4I J

D u 7

Q D 3

25

$ e 3 5

/ 7 e + # .

.

=

u+

! . 1 O < 'y 0 '0

# d$ 6#3# V # d$ D U 0

e#O ‡ 2775

#'= 2 L V " # D H

.

D 3 .A 8 '0 B ! 1 ) #+ ! 3

' 5 K G!

G 'y 0 #H a - 1 <H #:D . 8O V 6 $ /! #+ 1 )

# 0 H G ! 5 0 #H #'D + D

H 6 + 3 I ! #:D >

& Q 1 <H #$ ) A

e 0 0

. .

! 8= = .

" '0 K L#MB A 'y 0 V /! 's % ' H (

#:D { S B ! K H K H ( 8+ & , .

-S' & #u #' G ! (

#C #$ Q 83 ' P<

#$ B !

C H

0 ! #:D 0 G G !

0 B ! #C 1 O < 0 ' : L 8 D H 1990

V . e 3

2003

(C #3 C 3 /! 1 : D bC /! D H G !

• $

S 2 L D H 2 &

(New York Times, July 7, 2004) # ! .

/! /C 1 : D Q #?' #$ 6 ! b& #+ 'y 0 2 L

D u G$

(Associated Press, July 14, 2004)

. 'y 0 (

e 3 0 /+ H 2010

= :! H C -

15

! D u 4+

J # 5 '& e - ! "k 3 "1 : D Q < 0 D H 6 7 0

0

D 0 % ' #+ 'y 0 B ! /! W 3#! 1 0

! D D +

Iran daily, May 22, 2010) (

.

(17)

#' G ! #'= - &5 ) A

< F C e C #u + =

.3#+

&

H - &5 A ) A + .

#C E #:D

V d B !

e 3 PL 0 A

1995

# = !

& V #$

!

(Tehran Times, January 30, 2008). .

+ † 6# ! q'3 e )* 3 ( A $~ #'= - &5 #H

354

H ' ! 4= $~ e . D H #$ + G0

"

n# * V /! = V ''D #:D e C

> 3 #H

W 7 L

E #$ B ! ! ? W #$ $ 3 A /!

0 #:D . (C #.3 0 #:D 6 $ /! #C

7# !5 a ! 4= G ! q' s >4 V ''D 1 ) 'I 0 " !

#O D H

e . #'= - &5 e v 40

% e 3 #$ 6 $ /! Q

2006

#'= G ! #$ d D < 5 Q@$ >s D + +

3 #$ - &5 #:D

Iran Daily, January 20, 2009)

( .

e 3 M B 2009

H L D H G ! e#3 3 D H D D 6@

V ! V G #'= - &5 b .

N O #:D 0

H L 0

D :

( Shana News, June 9, 2009 ) !

.

< P< u 0 '0 3 " I # = Q 83 '

0 e 8A V

#4, " 35 ) A | G Q A ' G& F -+

3

d (-

' " 3 H #-+ B ! % ' 5 Q A D (

#C >4 D H + 3 5 #= G ! 4+

) A B !

(Patey,op.cit:4) : ! 8 D

4=

j H : ( + 4+ = $ 3 3 V

! # 0 '0 I " 3 0 #:D E 3 nU= ' ! #+

: 0

D H 6# 3 'D ( <:+ b O B ! #C

.3#+ 'y 0 3 /! 0

Q 83 ' #-+ 0 0

-S' 5 >0 & l 8+

a !

! v'$ G ! 0 > *+ /' Q R + ! #+

.

?!

/ 3 #?' 3

#$

#$ 3 ' = / .+ M

4,#! .' 0 #:D 0 ! =#+ ! 4= .' 0 #:D n s

#

' " ' 5 E B ! ) A e 8A n s p : b& #+ # 0

/ # 4+ D + " G I 0 80 ~ + '8 'H 3 3 " 3 3 0

+ ! : I s 3 3 ~ + " 3 3 3 L ) A ' Q7#*

(18)

-S' 3 $ 3 V 0 D U 3 3 L " ! 4=

= $ 0

$ % '

Q@ .+ #:D UV R + ' '! #+

W G&

0 .

1 ) B ! ' #$ ' %& ' !# L %A

V ''D

| G 6 V #$ ' %& ' + 4= ! #+ " B !

) C " :0

" + )!

1389:124 - 95 ( .

»

&# e V «

' 2 'H D 'H ! 4= ' ( *+ :0 EL 3#

>0 D H <! G ! B !

+ B ! 4= T 0 #:D #'D

#:D /! % ' < 5 D C ' 0 k *

V | G $~ #'

0 .= & PL E $#3 c#! 3 A 1 0 4= . 8O e 3

$#3 1 ) W0 D Q ?C@ 3 L B $

# 5 0 0 ''D

L :

D 0 #$

.

# a " &# - .+ -S' B ! K L#MB ' 5 0 A

'D .+ = :-! D 3 < W! * < 5 ! D '0 #$

Luft, 2011)

.(

! Q ' L B ! ' Q

B ! 0 D #H ( C ! #+

3 3 s -

) A 0 ' '+ #{+ | G 0 Q A " - -C !#H #*

.' Q ' .3#+ ' + ! U 'D 3 3 1 0 3 #?'

3 6 7 u& a B ! ! 4=

V >0 & m3 ' UV

)

" G 1386 : 87 - 88 ( .

'y 0

#u #' + ( + KL , ! #u #' 3

Q 8R KL D = 5 H #$ #$ Q 83 ' B ! #C 3

.+ :-! /! 4

! 3 #$ ''D

G ! 4+ = ! #+

-S' .

! #-+ B ! #C .

G ! ( # $ e C

V Q 83 ' #-+ ''D 4+ '! #+

1 <H " UL a+ B ! % ' / 3 J V = 5 D !#H - + P<

0 '0 I C 3 I " 3 $

#-+

H H 0 #:D ($ m A 0 !

.

D H 0 A c#!

j#: M 6 G = $ 0

: 0

D H " /! 0 I $ # 7 " . 8O V $ 1 ) W G& " 0

# 3 G ! 6 G B ! .' '& Q@<: $ 3 3 0 W'+ 0 5

B ! Q 83 ' = %! # = 4+ 0 c#F# l 8+ E 3 nU=

UV ‡S3 W 7 L & , W G& = = $ : 0

(19)

H #+

@3 #4 = "Q@<: >s 'I 0 " ! 3 nU=

0

-&# W = $ 3 H G ! #$ 0

.

?!

3

= #O ! 4= B ! K L#MB < 'D >4 c#F#

( #*+ (-! ( C 0 B ! W .3#+ ! D ' 0 UV R +

B !

'H

M ! #+ B ! >4 GD & o= Q a

= : (-! ( C 0

UL ! B ! #C 0 A

3 H ( 8+ 2 & • $ -S' GD 35

! 4= B ! 0 ! #+

! / G ! + C :-!

" ! 9) 0 ! 0 ! 3

< V D

3 3 8v ! #

! " ) A 0

V ‡ * G

< 0 J 0

-S'

•':+ #?'

?! >4 Y#)$

& , '3

0 : G ! j ' D #O 0 #H

#u s #:D e#L

( <:+ 4= + ) A V #3 D A P< V

(Walker, '0

2010)

e 3 " #:D 0 :& >s 2010

nU= #:D :H 8+

3

& V A = $ UV

(Tehran Times, January 3, 2011) 3 .

" B ! 1 0 3 #?' 3 F G ! $ .

3

> )+ 0

#C 3

W

3 = $ 3 3 l# 0

(<H

‡ * 4 E b&# B ! 3 … K V

28 p :

H H #= ‡ * ( .+ 0 0 #:D

.

% H 8SA 'I 3 n s d + *+ e > L o+ e C ! 4= ) A

3 5#! #+ "1 ) GD %A

0 ) A $ )*! #O

Q A ! ! A s

A ) A #4,#! 0

P< V E T 0

''D D C Y $ #O

.

' G& #O D P< 1@ M #u 0 #:D mSA

#+ 0 % ' 1 )

3 V nU= @ " ! H e 8 D 0

$ 3 ! J@+ " 0 0

'I 0 " ! 5 ( C #$ ?! B ! ' #-+ #?' B ! e 3 e 3 D #= e C H T:D + % ' =#+ +5 0

(

#' 'y 0 G ! 3 8 #H e 8 B ! ''D C #+ K #:D

(20)

B ! ''D #+ K + % ' T:D L ! 0 #$ A

5 0 #$ G ! .

' 5 + D 3 8 F -+ F ' B ! .F ' W L ( A

& 0 #$ W G& 'y 0 B ! F -+

. B ! V ''D 1 ) vD "

B ! % ' + e 8! " I '0 = 35 j H n#'= 0 #:D E 4=

' 0 Q ' #$ { S .

u GD H %A B ! K L#MB

#$ ! B ! K E+ 3

A ! 4= 6 = #:D D D 0 > ? % ' 4 ( " 0

s s # ! %/+ 'y 0 5 %& ' +

1 ) B ! ' 0

| G V ''D

?' D H P< V E B !

-S' B ! '

! 4=

& )*' H

.

• $ ( & C O 8+ (L

#' G$ 2 &

# 3 H X " 5 ?! >D G! + .A# 0 ! 4= B ! 6 e 0

" #H a ><* !# L #:D K #!#D #MB K L#MB ' &5 W-! X

L < 35 d-& ! B ! Q7 . 4+ : :& e !#V 0 V

#4,#! 0 #:D /' W'D 4! = H & V ! #?' = $

H 0 #$ L P< V E ) A

.

7 = "

' E+ 3 5 0 V /! Y#) B !

I 5 H ! 4= B !

W0 D b O B ! ' D 3 >

‹+ D 0 $~ >4 bO ' $ 1UC Y $ -S' K

! H 3# L >0 B ! %A #H .

H #:D ) A ' ! #+ ( # 4 V /! > ? % '

!

D D # ! #-+ 5 " '0 I '! ) A | G D H ' G& #uC ! #+

8 O G ! K L#MB -+ #?' B ! e .& 3 … 8 .

, #! 0 #:D " #$ ) A H 6 + #?' ! #$ & G ! ) A #4

'H #$ <+ ( A { S B ! K E+ 3 D H &

.

- C B ! #+ %A ' " D A k $ 4= !# L >4 0

B ! e .& 3 … ' ! #+

3 vD C %& ' #$

B !

! I Q A D 5 F 5 o 4+

Q A G ! #:D ! 0

6 ?! UV R + -+ (

: .

B ! d ‡S3 ) ! 8

P< #u 0 #:D -S' #:D 3 E

.A #$

D > #H

(21)

& , & 3

6 V .A 0

H & O #3 R# 0

#H H #=# %! # .

&'( # ) :

+, . ./0 1 :

1 .

#= " O )

1377 (

"

% 2< = C > & A ?@

" /3 Q : ! "

4+

.

2 .

2 "( D#+

) 1387 (

"

% 2< < = > & A ?@

:

% &'=2R ) % &'P HP L 4+ " = $ 3 3 :! "

.

3 . [& C

" !

* F )

1387 (

"

"

b @

< L#MB 35

GD

&

Œ0

" W ŒL

"

' )Œ&

K L#MB

"

H 4 .

4 . [& C

" !

F *

) 1385 (

"

a / b 8 .

> & A ?@

:! "

4+ " L L .

5 . GV 8$

" ! H 22 / 3 / 1388 .

6 .

> C

#/

"

* 3 4

4 "

) 1389 (

"

"

K L#MB B Œ!

Œ Œ ' B Œ!

j ŒH - ŒI Œ'0

"-

"

"

8 ;A 1 2B=

" ' e 3

"6 H 6 .

7 . F " 8 3 (V

* " &

) 1388 (

"

"

&

0 p : 3

K L#MB

• B ! .F .&

>:I

" !

"

S < 2G8 H "

19 .

8 .

#. 3 " /H #3#

) 1385 (

Œ4+ " Œ Œ ' B ! 3 3 = "

:

"K E+ Œ3 Q Œ- -*+ GŒD c 8

-) "

.

9 . D /= "„

D 0 ) 1383 (

"

1 2B=

><;) 2&

C

= + "

Œ3 Œ4 ' ŒC

" Œ Œ =

"e :Œ!

<:0 EL Q . S 80 .

10 .

" :0 C

" + )!

F C

) 1389 (

"

"

' B ! .A#

B ! #MB

"

"

> & A ?@

"

e 3

">:H H

"6 + .

11 .

* " G )

1386 (

"

"

<3 K " B ! '

:

B Œ! ŒF -+ ' F '

"

"

Q Œ. S c&P

1@2 H "6 4I e 3 "

13 9 "

: 72 - 73 .

2 . .30 ' :

1.__________, (2004), “Brazilian Energy Giant Petrobras to Invest in Oil Exploration in Iran,” Associated Press.

2._________, (2006), "India’s Energy Dilemma", (Center for Strategic and International Studies, CSIS, Number 98).

3._________, "if not BRICs, then what? Comparing BRICs and G6 nations in fossil fuels", p.2. access at:deloitte.com/oilandgas

4._________, (2004), “Iran Petrobras to Drill in Caspian,” New York Times.

5._________, (2009), “Turkey, South Africa to have part in Iran petrochemical projects,”

Shana News.

6. Akhlaghi, Reza, (2009), an Iranian freelance writer based in Toronto, Canada-, "Iran:

Geopolitical Conundrum", access at: http://globalbrief.ca/blog/2009/12/08/iran- geopolitical-conundrum/)

7. Aparajita Biswas (2011), "Foreign Relations of India: BRICS and India, BRICS in Africa", International Affairs.

8. "Background of South Africa Energy", (March 2010), access at:

http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cabs/South_Africa/pdf.pdf

9. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, (2009) (London,UK), p 6-24. At: www.bp.com.

10. Bhadrakumar, Amb (2010). M.K, "Pipeline Geopolitics: Major Turnaround. Russia, China, Iran Redraw Energy Map", Asia Times, January 08.

(22)

11. Brooks, Bradley, (2009), "Alternative Energy Powerhouse Brazil Finds Big Oil", Associated Press.

12. Chikkatur, Ananth, (2011), "Energy Challenges – India", (Conference of "BRICS in 2020", the University of Chicago).

13. Dargin, Justin, (2008), “The Dolphin Project: The Development of a Gulf Gas Initiative”, (Oxford Institute for Energy Studies).

14. Fesharaki, Fereidun, (2007), "Energy and Security Issues: Perspectives on Iran, India, and China".

15. Fillingham, Zachary, (2009), “BRIC countries: energy security report”, at:

http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/bric-countries-energy-security-report-2680

16. Groot, Koen (2010), "The Geopolitical Impact of the Increasing Trade and Investment Relations between the National Oil Companies of China, Iran and Russia" , July 19th.

17. Ickes, Barry, (2011), "Russia and BRICS in 2020", (Conference at the University of Chicago.

18. Iran daily, May 22, 2010.

19. Iran Daily, “S. Africa Trade Growing", January 20, 2009.

20. IRNA news agency, 21 April 2011.

21. Lederer, Edith, (2007), "Study: 'BRICs' overtake U.S. in energy", USS. Today.

22. Luft, Gal (2011), " The Pipeline Paradow, Why is the United States helping Iran sell natural gas?", Foreign Policy.

23. Luft, Gal, (2008), "Iran and Brazil Can Do It. So Can We", Washington post.

24. Mihlmeste Philip and Anderson Donald, (2010), "BRIC’d Up Energy Efficiency: Energy and Climate Policies in Brazil, Russia, India, and China", (ICF International USA).

25. OECD Environmental Outlook, 2008 26. Oil & Gas Directory Middle East, 2011.

27. Oil & Gas journal Energy Database, except as noted for the United States 1,2009.

28. Oil and Gas Journal, January 25, 2010.

29. opec, world Oil Outlook, 2009.

30. Patey, Luke, "Iran and the new geopolitics of oil", (Danish Institute for International Studies-DIIS- Working Paper, No: 2006/24).

31. www.petronews.ir.

32. Ragerz, Paul, Iran and the International System, ( University of Durham, June 7, 2009).

33. Rupakjyoti, Borah, (2011), “BRICS: The New Great Game”, at:

http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/brics-the-new-great-game-4398.

34. Sajedi, Amir (1388), " Geopolitics of the Persian Gulf security: Iran and the US", IPRI Journal IX, No.2, pp. 77-89.

35. Shenna, John (2010), “ The Case Against the Case Against Iran: Regionalism as the West’s Last Frontier”, Middle East Journal, Volume 64, No. 3, summer.

36. Smith, Jack, (2011), "BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard", Foreign Policy Journal.

37. Speigel, Ian, "China securing access to Middle East oil", May 16, 2008. access at:

http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/china-securing-access-to-middle-east-oil-695 38. Tehran Times, (2011), "Iran ranks 6th in attracting foreign investments".

39. Tehran Times, January 30, 2008.

40. Tishehyar, Mandana (2011), "Iran-Russia Energy Relations", at:

http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/Iran_Russia_ Energy_ Relations.htm.

41. US Energy Information Administration, Country Analysis Briefs: Iran, Washington DC., October 2007.

42. Walker, Martin (2010), "The coming of 'The TEN' Non BRICS Economies", Bangkok Post, February 2.

43. Watson, Jim, (2010), "What can we learn from the BRIC countries?", (University of Sussex Energy Group).

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

- World Energy CouncilWEC 2008 “Energy Efficiency Policies around the World: Review and Evaluation Executive Summary”, a Report by the Word Energy Council, London, United Kingdom,

These policies can be classified into three general ways, which are strengthening management through introducing entry certification system, increasing energy efficiency by improving