:
) :
14 / 9 / 1386 - :
4 / 12 / 1386 (
:
!"# $ %& ' & () *+ , % + !"# - ./0 ( 12 3 &
4.*5 $6 5 3 78 9. + 2 ( 13 : ;+ !"# ( <=#
$ ( > ? $ ) + .
+ 4.*5 A + B A# (: ,%C 1' & , ( 3 1$ )
( + $ D E0 $ ) + 4.*5 $6 5 (F G + 2 ; 12 < H 3 &
& F 1I /+ (/ G # 13 2 F <H 1 J? <H 120 % K 2 ) 2 . > 2 .K $ 3 & $ ) AH
3 (A .# I ;# $
0 .D 9LF -
. 2+ 3 !%
.
< $ ) + 4.*5 $6 5 $ ).M;+
20 % K 3 $ AC (A+ K 3 9 N (F $H (= , .# 2+
8 2 (/ D& 1 //F 2+ , A# $ ) + $6 5
.
O 3 !F :
$ D 1$6 5 1$ ) + 4.*5
( + 2 PF 1 P JP? 120 % K 2 ; 12 < H 3 &
3 (A .# 12 .K $ 3 & $ ) AH 1I /+ (/ G # 13
.
! : 6276371 - [email protected] 0711
Email:
1 .
$ % &' ( )% *+,' -. / 01 -* 2 , 3! 2 45' 67 2'-. 89 01 :9 . 8 ;*!< /= >*+? @ *A
;B!
) C @ D 6 E 7 F
@ G, 89 H & . 2 , I
1378 JI 10
.(
8LM' N
>*+? - & O-P @ . ; ;1 2 *9 2 45' 67 ! 7' > ' Q*9 / @' R 4!
8 P :
1 - S +T ; . '- ' 2'
U;P >*+? $ % &' V*7@
)
@ *A $ % W M X
, ' '-5 (
;BP . 4P' Y
@
2 -
@ 8M X GZ. D [ &' ; \9 >*A
;9-\. ]9
)
^B,- I 1385 JI 62
.(
&-` . 7@ >*Ba+, 2
8 / 39 9'-,
@ - &' -* 2 , 3! 8 , U' 0B ! ;,
8 ' ' b ;\ @ X 2 , 8 ' ' &' ; U )47'
*A $ % c -6 I -7 . ,
8 /= &' ( )% @ 8M X
;P .
) 8L?) I 1385 JI 100
.(
' -. E > ' d + ;*! 2 45' 67 @ ;P ;B '- *A $ % J X *+,
;9 ' . - & De' 7 . 7 B 8Z7 C / -! ';*C @ G 9 > ' >4X 7 >P@ > ' f;,
8
;P . :
1 -
;P -*g. U;0S -. ' *A $ % &' ( )% @ >*+? Ic -6 ; . 8 ! h i P V - 3! 2 45'
2 - ' ( )%
;,' X \9 . 2 45' j= h I$ % 7 B c -6 @ *A $ % &
i P' 7' U;P N*kB + 5 ]BC -l % Im 7' > ' -.
.
c 6 d@ + 5
7' U;P 87 -. +1' . *A $ % &' ;64 .
2 45' j= 8X-. I d 7 GZ.
7' U;P n -3 *A $ % .
' 7 > ' . 7 C >4 \9 . Q*9 d 0h GZ.
i *! U;0S -. *A $ % &' ( )% * ! 7' 8. & ' : Q*9 8 09 GZ.
P 8 o' ' 8o , 0B3*C @ 4 -H D M U;P o' ' E &' .
2
1 .
;64 c 6 *A $ % 2'-.
7' U;P o' ' 2 45' / 4 .
&' c 6 > '
\B1
8 *A $ % pq. . ;64 2 ,
I;9-g9 : @ d 0) U . 8 +S r ' @ s +1'
' 1@ / 9' 45' >*. *A $ % .
t7 U;P o' ' c 6 ! 7' 8 % > '
$ % -k9 ; c 6 . D 5@' 8, H / 9' 45' 9'
' D- u /
2. N0 c -6 ;Bh - &
8 U @=
P .
8. *+! . O .- $ % I *A $ % IQ9 ! 4S' .
Rights to Scarcity)
b P @ U . (
d +
* 6 8 8 , 8 ' ' : :L+ @ /= d T9' d;S d T9' 6 1 '- ' ! P
8 '&=
;BP .
(Kaufman,2003,p.73)
.
' *A $ % I:*7v! / 9' 45' fvX-. Q9 !
8+9 w- U;P U ' @ >*6 8 / 39 @ ;B!
7' 86+1 GB! q *A $ % ! ;,
(Kaufman, 2003,p.94)
.
+% 8X-. d 0) . *A $ % I/ *a = U H; &' '- ' - 7 R Z49' b. ,
8 - 47' X fvX-. ! ;P .
;9 ' V. B &' U )47' . b + .
-k9 . r. E c -6 > '
$ % 8 ;L , c -6 xXe . @ / 9'
(Cole and Grossman,2001,p.7);P . .
8 6 1 *4X' 2 'Q.' ' *A $ % Q4 bAP '- ' . ! ;9'
D' k49' 8,
8 :+! Ib. 4
;B!
. ' 5 5 D' k49' > ' 8 / *. 6 1 : >B7 @ d 7 I>*9
;9 P
) 89 9 I 1380 JI 348
.(
Q4 -*\6 .
» . / & -l /;9 7 V)9 r% U;BB! / *. *A $ %
7' /'-g X ...
8 n - *A $ % ! 7' >P@ C '- ' 9 gh ! ;B!
8
;B9' B . ; . 8 ! h > '-. B. @ ;9 P -?4 V)4
* 6 &' -z. 8 ! h
! 8 ,
8 d T9' '- ' P b ;6 @ {vM' I;B,
«
) 89 9 I 1380 JI 716
.(
U-0. 2'-. '- ' $ % ' *A $ % } 9 X :L+ q ! V B &' 2;B
U-0.
U -! f- ' 09= ! 8 ;X @ ,e ! V B &' 2;B 8 c -6 I;9'
;B!
) 8B*6 I 1377 I J
56
.(
1 . (Property) *A
*A $ % I (Property rights)
~*A $ ~ % ~+S' @ (PR Enforcement)
N*, ~)
8 8 @ )4 7' U;P o' ' d';! -, &' Q*9 2 & c 6 @ ;BP . .
-~k9 ;~ ~*A $ ~ % c -6 @ d 0) + 5 > '
8 2 ' X N*, ) - 7 . >4X' -C &' @ 7' P
. 89 ~9 N*, ) > ' >*. >P@ Q + : )
1384 JI 287 ( U;~P U @=
7' .
2 .
>+7@-H @ ! (Cole and Grossman, 2001)
8 n -3 8 @ )4 c 6 D 5@' 8, H / 9' 45' 9 gh ! ;BB!
$ % . *A $ % &' 8 o' ' / 9'
8~ p~S . '-H'@ @ cL4Z c 6 > ' 9 gh AB ' @ ;B,
~. ~! ~P
b*Lq E U \4P' N0 . -TB @ U;P '@ +E 2 45' 2 , P
.
!
/ -1' U H; &' I
8 V. B &' U )47' '- ' $ % I *A $ %
;P .
(Norton,2000,p.322)
. ' 1@ *A $ % &' Q +4 d 0) @ 2@ U H; &' :
c ' (
2 45' *A $ %
Economic Property Right)
@ (
R (
$ % 89 9 5 *A
Legal )
Property Right
.(
$ % f- '- ' 8 9' I8 ' ' e ! : 2@ - 2 45' *A
8 c -6 /= \ r -` &' N* 4 -*[ ` . @ 8 ' ' D ;X e ! P
. 8 9' > '
r% @ '- ' - 7 . ' '-5 @ 8 ' ' : &' ; = ! r% I8 ' ' : &' U )47' r% b P . No' *A 49' 8 -g U@-H
;P . .
! 7' 84*A $ % I89 9 5 *A $ % '
8 +S' @ U;P 4X BP *+7 . @ t7 P
. 85 % I89 9 5 *A $ % V5'@
8 • ES' @ r -` &' ! 7' U-0. 2'-. 89 \*43C @ P
2 45' *A $ % &' 2;B
1 7'
(Vandenberg,1999,p.11)
.
; '-5 U )47' *A $ % &' ' - & c -6 I X r* q /' A+, @ €
U ' 8 ;*! /= ) ), -. ! ;9' P
:
»
*A $ %
Ownership)
f- r% b P (
Possess)
-7 r% I - ; r% IU )47' r% I(
r% @ '-1' * I 49' d@Q I2 '•H
8 ( )%
;P .
2«
.(Fedderke et al., 2001,p.115)
3 . ! "#
U;P ( )% *A $ % ! ;9; 46 / H;B 9 &' 2 * .
Secure Property Rights) (
9 ! &' 8 -j' 45' -. ;64 2 ,
;9 '•H .
&' 8X-.
>*+? *A $ % -*j< ID 6 E
-. U;P
* 6
@ B @ 8B - = ! 2 , b ' S P \9' I2 '•H -7 I2 45' ;P I2
I2 45' -7 C I81 X N* 4 2 '•H P \9' I89'-+A% @ 8 1 9' ID T I&';9'
7' 4 -H '-5 8.-T @ 2-k9 87 -. V. B &' ' ! U )47' @ 8S +41' -7 .
' '
45' j= > ' &' 8X-. O \ ` . + 5 > '
;P ;,' X U ' n*l *A $ % 2 .
1 . N* @ c -6 > '
& !; 9@ 7 7 2;B.
(Ronald Coase Institute) Q~*9 -~ & R ~4! >*~Bh N~, @
7' U;P o' ' @ 4 - •C :
- Barzel, Y (1997), Economic Analysis of Property Rights , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2 .
;1 8 '-H 09 45' 8 N, . t\ - ' 9 H';1 d 0) @ f- @ *A I;
;BP . . -g*4~7' ~. -43~*. 6 E 2'-.
(Steiger,2006) D q)M W M X
187 - 185
;*B! 61'- . Q4 4\ ' ) 1998 J 145 ( 8 '-H ~09 ~45' 7' ; 46
;P U P' Q*+ @ P bo 5 Q*+ {vEM' @ > ' >*. ! *9 5 ; ;1
~7' U \4P' Q*+ : 09= t7 U )
I Q4 ~ 1998 I
D q)M 196 - 194 .(
;*B! 61'- - & . -43*. 6 E 2'-.
.
- Demsetz, H (1998), " Property Rights", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economic and the Law III, 144-155 : London: Macmillan.
3 - 1 .
% & '(
)
*+ , - *( .( /* 0 1 (
*A d k9 / -! h zA V5'@ @ *A $ % 8+7 c -6 )
‚ X GZ. d [ '
8+7 GZ. / 9 5 &' (
8 T ' ! 2-*j< GP r -` &' I P \9' @ ;* pS . I;B!
-7 8 8A Q*
P .
&' ;B \S -*j< GP > '
) 8L?) I 1385 xM I 90 - 75
:(
1 - 8 ' ' 2 45' U . D ;5 >**6 I ,
2 - V+1 Id k9 : U;B!'-C D Sv`' 2 @=
3 - Id - / -! gZ7 C 4
- 8 ' ' / -! - •C l@ 6 I ,
5 -
@ d - 2;B. A\P 6
- +%
Dv 6 &' .
$ % >*+? @ c -6 8 > ' . -TB *A
8 ' ' ! P -7 . 89 7= . ,
8 U;P U P' GP ' 8L ;\ >*Bh ;B '- 7@ @ ;9 P b ;\ 8A Q*
;9' . 2@
8
; 9
:
» 8T ; \0. T*49 -*X' /-5 @ 8` R-[ -7 1 b. 5 G 'Q '
d k9 ' /' 'QH ! . ! 7' U . *A 2 , 8 ' ' U . D ;5 . ' U& 1' 2 45
2 ,
;* 8 -*[ C ;BP . 84*65 > '-. B. @ ;9-\. 8C / P . @ U -!
;* ;B9' 4. /=
;BB! >* 8 -k9 &' @ U -! rLX 8 l' «
) 8L?) I 1385 J I 93
.(
$ % >*+? @ c -6
8 pS . *A 8 ' ' . '- ' ! P
, X 2 ) 9 X ;B9 (
@ 2 45' d 0) : /' BS .
;9-gB. 8S +41' .
8 ' ' ! ;P ;,' X pS . 8P-g9 >*Bh
% &' ,
» U - @ A*. -7 «
.
» U;9& -7 «
;9 P b ;\
. 8 ' ' &' /' 4. AB ' 2'-.
l' 8P& ' 8A Q* 2 , ƒ& ' &' -
c -6 . & *9 I -! ;* 09= X : R h h /= &' ( )% @ *A $ % r*5
7' h zA d k9 .
M- &' U )47' 2'-.
8 ' ' &' 8 l' ƒ& ' T ' 01 1 2 , 8 Sv`' . & *9 I ,
7' 8 ' ' -, 8S +41' @ 2 45' 2 , 8HF @ U . .
\9 D 5@' 8, H @ r*5 9 c -6
$ % &' nl'@ @ 7 c -6 : U;B!'-C D Sv`' '- ' ! P 8 pS . *A
U .
9 H . I;BP . 4P' 8 ' ' : 8S +41' @ 2 45' 8HF @ / 9 5 &' ‚ X GZ. ! 2'
I
b ;\ U;9& @ ; -7 . 8 ' ' @ U;P @;q 8 ZP De \ . De \ 9
3 . '
$ % &' r*5 @ >P@ c -6 1@ D M > ' I h zA *A d k9 : T ' @ *A
8 '-5 m-47 89 7= . D Sv`' 8 84%' . '- ' @ -*H
M- ;B9'
' 1 2 ,
;BB! -7 ;* > '-. B. @ U -! 8. & ' .
2 , 4 b. d - / -! gZ7 C I8+7 *A d k9 2 , -! ! &' -g 8A
8 X
;P . .
\T d - I -*g9 D M *A $ % &' 89 9 5 ( )% ! 8 gB,
8 ' ' $ % &' +% 2'-. ;P ;B,' X 2@ 8Lq D \* - @ 8g +, t.'@ . X 2 ,
+, @ : 1 d' 5' t7 0B @ ;9 @=
4 -H 2;1 I ' '-5 f-` /' BS . X 2 ,
;9 P . . *A $ % >*+? @ c -6 2'-
d + '- ' ) d k9 d + d [ ' 8B6
*A 2 ,
8+7 *A / 9 5 : 3! 1
(
@;q D \* - &' '- ' ! ;P ;,' X pS .
NT B d k9 : bX' @ 4 8 , 8Lq 8S +41' @ 2 45' 2 , 4 2 gZ7 C -
;BP . X .
9 D M *A $ % &' 8+7 c -6 U H-, ;P . 4P';9 8 '-1' 9 +l @ 4 -g
)
;P . ƒ@;Z *A $ % U H-, -g D \S . (
*6l@ 0B I8 ' ' D M > ' I
8+9 @ 4 -H X . 8A Q*
-! Q*0T *!- IN* ' /= /' .
+9 > ' I:P /@;.
* *6l@ &' ' 8 ' ' : 2 45' 2 , 8HF @ ! 7' 8+7 *A U -! ';1 /= 8A Q
l@ 6 ' 8 ' ' @ 8 - •C
9 H . I;B!
L 6 -, . ! 2' P ^B, +, 2'
. 2 +9 >*Bh
8 pS . B*39 1 /' BS . @ U;P r 3 2 T Dv 6 ! P 8
8 ' ' 2'-. 6 2 ,
;B! b+S 8A Q*
) 8L?) I 1385 J I 85
.(
» I 4 -3*C 3! : 89 9 5 *A d k9 /';9@-0P ! 7' D ` \ ' U;*a*C A\P Q!-
8 Q0T ' 2 S
@ ;BB! '-5-. O \ ' 8M X GZ. . N, @ @ . N, ;B9' 4. ;B!
;9 @= 7 . ' 8 l' D ;X @ ,e ! > '-. B.
«
) 8L?) I 1385 J I 88 - 87
.(
c -6 V5'@
8 *A 8+7
\P . r -` ;Bh &' ' '- ' ;9' A
8 7 BP b. 5 2 T /' 'QH ! &' 2'
;B! b ;\ @ 2 - .
l@ 6 r -` &' ! > ' 8 ' ' / -! - •C
. / 7= 87-47 I ,
8 ' ' . 7 . O .- D Sv`' 8 ' ' . / A ' >*Ba+, @ / A @ ,
8 ' ' I , . ,
9 39 U-0. . *A @ , P 8 d T9' 2 ' -.
. pS . U;P T ' A\P 8 M >*Bh
*!- ! ;P ;,' X . 2 ,
ƒ& ' -7 V -7 P \9' @ 4 -H D M , 8 ' ' &' -
;B! :+!
. A\P >*Bh T ' LS -. Dv 6 &' +% . :P /@;. 2'
-H 8 .
&' U H-,
$ % I/'-H L 6 @ '- ' I P ( )% 89 9 5 bAP . *A '& . . ' X *A
' X 2e ! 9 @ -. ;B,' X .
8 / *. Q*9 } 9 8 pS . *A $ % 8B ' 9 ! ;B!
ƒ@ &' U gB. ! P . 8B 2 ,
;B! U )47' D; &' 2 , ' '-5 ; S . & *9 /@;. @ €;9' -7
) 8B*6 I 1377 J I 110
.(
> '
U gB. Q1 . , U gB. D M ,
;P ;B,' X :h ! I @ - ; +% q 2 .
> ' &'
8 } 9 D \S
&' 8P 9 *B ' @ *A $ % &' b ! ( )% ! -! O \B47' >*Bh /'
;P ;,' X -7 -43*. P \9' pS . /=
. /-5 / 4 Lg9' ' 2- ' >*Bh 8Z ;, P } 9
8 N,;),
$ % *B ' G 'Q ' / & /= ! ;9' 2 , '& . V -7 ƒ-4 H . -TB *A
;P 84 @ @ 8M X -7
) 8L?) I 1385 J I 217 - 216
.(
8 8L! ` . . ' ' c*5 @ U &' 8P 9 -EX U H-, ! -H T*49 >*Bh /'
8A Q* -7 8 M >*Bh I;P . & 8M X *A $ % /;P ƒ@;Z E7'@
'- %
Shy)
P' (
;P ;,' Z9 b ;\ U;9& -7 . @ 4 .
‚@-X / -1 I84*6l@ >*Bh
;,' X G, ! /= @ @ / -1 @ 4 G 'Q ' 3! &' -7 .
8 8)B -*j 89 9' -7 P \9' -. >*Ba+, *A $ % &' ( )% d;S '•H
.
' 89 9 5 ( )% \9 @ *A $ % /;P ƒ@;Z D M D M >*Ba+, @ I/= &
8+7 ƒ& = 2'-. l @ ƒ& = 8, & . I8+7 ! @ ! . 87-47 /;P @;q ;,' X G, ! .
ƒ& = % > ' ƒ& = . ' X 2 1 8+7 2 ,
8H ' 9 X 2 ,
;P ;,' X @;q I ! d T9' r -` &' 2-*H bAP . @ U ' .
j= - 7 U'-+, . ' > '
;P ;B,' X 89 9' -7 P \9' G, ! . -TB I *A $ % / . ƒ@;Z
(Heitger,2004,p.395)
.
8S +41' -7 P \9'
Social Capital)
` \ ' Q*9 *A $ % &' ( )% @ (
8 N* 4
;9 ' N, . .
8S +41' -7 P \9' @ *A $ % &' ( )% >*. E.' 87 -. 01
8 ( )% xX P @ m 7'-. /' )
b ! ( ';S @ *A $ % &' )
b ! (
*% 9 : I
9 H 0h -H -k9 - & D M . 6 1 2 TB, *6l@ 2'-. ' 2'
) I- ; 1385 I
xM 105 - 103
.(
@' *% 9 I
b ! ';S @ *A $ % &' b ! ( )%
) TB, „)%
( Y
d@ *% 9 I
$ % &' b ! ( )%
b ! …*6\ @ *A )
TB, -**u (
Y
d 7 *% 9 I
b ! …*6\ @ *A $ % &' ( )% d;S )
2Q*47 TB, (
Y
d 0h *% 9 I
b ! ';S @ *A $ % &' ( )% d;S )
2Q -H TB, (
Y
8 pS . , TB, / . 9e S / . Q* = …*6\ @ 4P' /= „)% . 4S' '- ' ! P
-TB 09=
8 > ' . 2 C 09= . U . /= -**u \9 . '- ' ! P
;BP \9 ;B.
. 8 + > '
D ';5' @ , 4 )
2 C 09= -**u . d';5' @ , TB, . 2;B.
( a9= @ 7' B Q, . U'-+,
B Q, > ' ! 8 >*6 ' ,
@ 8+7 >*9' 5 R h h ! 7' 84*A $ % I;B!
7 -*[
;P . U;P c -6 8+
. -7 b*A3 2'-. V5'@ @ , TB, -**u „)% 2'-.
8 *A $ % &' b ! ( )% . & *9 I & ;% 8S +41'
;P . . 8 > '-. B.
>*Bh /'
T*49 -, ! -! 2-*H
bA3 h Q*9 8S +41' -7 I P ƒ@;Z *A $ % ; h
b*A3 ;9@ @ U;P
;P ;,' X 8 @Q9 /=
.
"#
3 - 2 .
%
*3 4 567 ! 89
@ *A $ % b A @ q pq. I 67 87 *7 45' 87 7' p% \ &' 8A -7 -. /= -*j 2 '•H
)
84 @ @ 8M X GZ.
( 7' .
&' ( )% ! > ' &' -k9 f-M
7' 8M X GZ. @ U;0S -. *A $ % I1
8 -7 -. /= j= /' ' 2 '•H
-! b*Lq /v! @ -X nE7 @ .
8 / *. } 9 G, ! . , ' '-5 2'-1' @ *A $ % U;P 4 - •C 4X 7 ! ;B!
-7 UQ*g9' I/= b ! f•% @ / B*+`' d;S -*j< q ' U;9 P P \9' b ' S 2 '•H
8 '-5
;,
) 8A ' '&=
I 1378 J I 50
.(
>*. I P ( )% c*6l D M . *A $ % U H-,
-7 k49' 8, & . †-9 @ -7 8 09 ;*
;P ;,' X T ' f AP /' '•H .
> '-. B.
-7 k49' 8, & . ! 8 M / A 8 09 ;* . 84% I;P . D@ )4 /' '•H
†-9 ID@ )4 3! @ -7 -7
. ;,' Z9 / A 3! b! 2 '•H .
/ 9 7'
(Svensson,1998,P.1319-1325)
m A6 2 '•H-j' . @ U -. - L1 L%- : ' } 9 b*Lq
UQ*g9' -. 87 *7 8 \j 8.
-7 2 , X 7 - & 2 '•H
U P' @ t7 89 9 5 2 ,
8
;B!
. 45' 2 g ' : 5 2@
/ 39 87 *7 8. V ' 1 ! 7' U '
8\E5 @ D \j
8 '-1' 8)*6l D M . *A $ % AB ' . 1 . IU;P . €;9' b + @ I P
-7 X 7 - & 2 '•H ' 89 9 5 2 ,
. { E7 G, ! pS . X . 9 . Q*9 > '
-7 8 865'@ 8M X 2 '•H P
. -g D \S . I
8.
87 *7 8 \j
!@& 7 r -` &'
-*j I *A $ % *)*!
2 -7 -. m A6 ' 8M X 2 '•H
. 2-k9 ] 49 > '
U ' . / 9 7' 6 E
@;% 2 3! >*. 2 , 100
7' U;P ;* 3!
.
A7e@ @ b9 . 67 % 2 , 3! *A $ % c*6l d k9 O \ '
-7 r -` &' ' 2 '•H U -! n -3 +, 2 , U@-H 4
;9' .
>*Bh 09= 4S' .
;9 ' €-43 87-47 -g 2 , U@-H 8LX' -7 P \9' . +, 2 , U@-H I8E '-P 8 > '-. B. @ -7 U-+j 84%' . ;B9'
;B, J 4X' X . ' '- ' 8LX' 2 '•H .
> '
8 pS . bo d k9 ! P
-7 '- ' I-4+! ( )% . *A 4P' -4+! 2 '•H
;BP .
(Tornell and Velasco,1992,P.1210)
.
-7 . O .- D +*+ @ *A $ % >*. \‡ O \ ' 87 -. 01 2 '•H
&' ;B \S ! ' 1@ U H; 7 -X nE7
(Besley,1995,P.906) : .
1 - I84B7 -k9 2
-
@ -k9
*j @ I 3 -
*A $ % \ &' 8P 9 2 , 7 U H;
.
P 8 U ' n*l ' ' , -k9 > ' &' 2' MvX .
1 . + 5 > '
;P ;,' X 87 -. >*+, d 0h .
1 -
* :% ;(
)
<! = ;(
(
-~B! ;~B9 2-g '- ' t7 z7 @ {-E / *a = @ Q4 t7 ';4.' IU H; > ' 7' U;P U ' t . .
H-, IU H; > ' m 7'-.
-~7 ~M- ~! 89' 'QH ~! U 2 '•~H
8, & . J 4X' &' ;B9' 49 I;9 ' *4X' -7 2 ,
2 '•H I;BB! bM % / B*+`' X 2 ,
;P ;B,' X 1' 5-7 f@-6 . D M > ' .
-~7 U-~+j U H-,
~. -~ 2 '•~H
@-~. D ~[ . /'-g t7 *A $ % &' c*6l +% E7'@
2-~4+! UQ~*g9' -~ I
-7 2'-.
-7 -g Id k9 > ' c*6? D M @ 4P' 2 '•H -! ;,' Z9 2 '•H
.
( )% *A $ % R *[ ! 7' > ' 8, H; >*Bh . t\ - @ N0 : -7 8, & . J 4X' 9 P G 'Q ' 2'-. - IU;P '@ G X 2 \5 . I X . 2 '•H
9 8 f- ' 86. B @ U;P ;1 @ s'Q
;B!
. 8, & . ! @-. > ' k49' U H-, 2 ,
-7 -7 &' 8P 9 2 '•H 2 '•H
84% - D M > ' I;P . - & I - /v! 2 ,
-! ;,' X f-M Q*9 ' 2-43*. V. B .
B Q, > ' X@ & 2 ,
Conflict Costs)
G, ! pS . (
G 'Q ' I - U -7 &' 8P 9 k49' x X 8, & . G, ! I8, / &
@ 2 '•H
-7 -4+! *.'•1 09
;P ;,' X 2 '•H .
*A $ % \9 D M ! 7' > ' pq. > ' 8L! T*49 I
8, & . x X 2 ,
-7 &' 8P 9 k49' 2 '•H
> '-. B. @ -7 /'Q*
;,' X G, ! 2 '•H
[Besley,1995,P.906; Konrad,2002, P.1521-1522]
.
*\P /v! nE7 U H; > '
» -k9
-H D [ @ «
3*C B } 9 2 0
) 8A ' '&=
I 1387 J I 33
7' (
.
2 -
" ;(
)
! ' + ! > 7 (
8 Q*9 ' -k9 > ' -! b*Lq /v! @ -X U H; @ &' /'
. 8 /v! U H; &' j= /'
-7 /'Q* -. *A $ % &' ( )%
@ ~\4S' '& ~. r~ -` &' ' 8M X GZ. 2 '•H
-7 8 >*
-! b*Lq /' '•H .
d'@ >*+? 2 , 'Q.' @ b 7@ ƒ-4 H pS . *A $ % &' U -4 H 89 9 5 ( )%
,
)
*j@
( 8 ' ' s' 9' @ @ / A ' G 'Q ' I 2 , '& . . ,
@ b ;\ / A ' G 'Q ' >*Ba+, @ 8
8 ' ' &' U )47'
* 6 2'-. -7 /' BS . 8 ZP 2 , / A ' 09 @ 2 45' 2 ,
-7 V*+T {-` :h ! 2 ,
8 ˆ Q. 2 , P
) I89 9 1384 xM I 304 - 302
.(
8A
! 7' > ' 67 % 2 , 3! 8 2 , '& . 2 , 8HF @ &' 45'
8 R !-7 U; ;C . '& . > ' , 3! > '
Financial Repression)
7' 1' (
.
>*Bh
U; ;C
;P . 4P';9 2-**u 4 / & 7 8+7 2 , '& . U-0. †-9 ! ;P ;,' X pS . 2' .
"$
2 , '& . U-0. †-9 ! ;P ;,' X > ' *A $ % &' U -4 H ( )% -*j % +7 -*[
;BA9 2-**u 4 / & 7 @ 8+7 '& . @ 4 G, ! 4 *9 / & 7 8 .
> '-. B.
d;S @ : G, ! . U'-+, @ 4 G, ! U-0. †-9 I8 2 , '& . /;P h zA -. U@vS -7 I/ B*+`' ;,' X G 'Q ' 8M X GZ. b! 2 '•H
.
s' 9' @ @ / A ' G 'Q ' >4 -H -k9 . 8 ' '
-, -7 l-S I8 2 , '& . . ,
-7 2'-. d'@ b. 5 U 1@ @ 4 G 'Q ' '& . @
;,' X G 'Q ' 2 '•H .
> '
-7 G 'Q ' / A ' I *A $ % &' U -4 H ( )% G 'Q ' . ID M -43*. 2 '•H
;P ;,' X
) I89 9 1384 xM I 304 - 302 @ I 2;+M I 1377 xM I 283 - 281 @ 136 - 132
.(
. O .- D +*+ -. *A $ % &' ( )% G 'Q ' -*j I -X U H; &' -7 8 ' - 2 '•H 8 >* V. B r -` &' /'
) 89@-*. @ 8LX' (
-! *1 .
- I *A $ % / . ƒ@;Z D M
) U gB.
:h ! 2 , (
&' 8 >* . \T
V. B d'@ . -4+! 87-47 @ 7' 8LX' P' ;,' X 8A9 . 2 ,
. 'QH ! D M > '
M- b ! Q &' U )47' . 5 2 45' -7 2 ,
;P ;,' Z9 U;P T ' 2 '•H .
'
*A $ % *6l@ D M
) /= &' -43*. ( )%
( 8LX' V. B -. U@vS - I
B &' U )47' . 5 -7 @ d'@ b. 5 U 1@ 2'-. l @ U;P Q*9 89@-*. V.
' 2 '•H
-7 09 @ U ' G 'Q ' ' ;,' X G 'Q ' ' G X ;T 2 '•H
.
8L . D 6 E I2-k9 p% \ > ' &' 8.-T +%
(Besley,1995)
/' A+, @ z I
(LaPorta et al.,1997,1998)
/' A+, @ / 9 1 I
(Johanson et al., 2002)
/' A+, @ 8. ! 1 I
(Jacoby et al.,2002)
A ' @ ! @
(Cull and Xu, 2005)
7' 4 -H D M .
3 - ' > *& ( ?1 : @ 9 )
A ( (
-~7 -. *A $ % *6l@ \0. -*j< I8L\5 + 5 @ f;~, >~ ' ~. 2 '•~H
! ;P 87 -.
; ~5 @ ';9 /'-g . X *A $ % 49' @ \ 2'-. 8+*+ -
M- &' U )47' 2@
-7 2 ,
~7' /= &' ( )% &' 8P 9 U . 2 '•H .
8~ ~ '
&' /' ~
-7 . d';5' @ 1 U-0. Q*9 *A $ % \ &' 8P 9 V B -! 2 '•H
.
4 . b e . '- ' 85 % 2 , 8 ;64
49' > '-. B. @ ;P . 49' b. 5 84Z7 . ;9'
& 7 1' bA3 . ' 8 ' ' \ @ .
8 ' b e > ' &' 8X-.
B Q, / . & . /'
' \ 9 /= / . 8+7 -*[ / . ƒ@;Z @ *A $ % +S' 8M X .
>*Bh
'& . '@ ' G X 8 ' ' - 8 M @ ;P ;,' X 8 ZP U )47' . \T @ U -A9
G X *A $ % V B &' B*0. U )47' / A ' > '-. B.
)
% r% &' U )47' V B
/= \ &' 8P 9 V B @ \ d;S (
P' ;,' Z9 '
) I89 9 1384 xMI 302 - 298
.(
@;q U H-, P V *A $ % \ &' 8P 9 2 ,
)
@ c -6 2 B6 . !
8 *A $ % b ! >*+?
;P . ( M- G 'Q ' / A ' I
\ 2 , 8 9' G 'Q ' @ 2'
UQ*g9' 09 @ 4P' 1@ V B > ' &' U )47' '- ' -7 2 ,
G 'Q ' ' '- ' 2 '•H
' ;,' X .
8 ' 2- ' >*Bh b*
B Q, G, ! . /' 7 @ ' 2 ,
( )% D M ;4
' \ 9 *A $ % &' b !
) I89 9 1384 xMI 299 - 298 Besley,1995,P.910-12 Y
.(
3 - 3 . BC
*3 4 567 D > (
N3h U @ f- ;* ' . 2 1 f- &' 8P C 8 = 2 ,
) C
&';9' (
~ V B .
'@ . / B*+`' /'Q* @ 8 = k49' ' 8g4 . 86 B >*Bh 865
. D ~[ ~+4%' U H-,
8 ' ' c~ -6 ~\9 ~ @ ~*A $ % &' 89 9 5 b ! ( )% \9 E7'@ . Wv‡ - 2 ,
>P@ @ nl'@
C / B*+`' /'Q* I;. G 'Q ' I/= &' U-~0. &' U;~BB! &';~9'
8~ = V ~B 2;~B
C 2 1 f- @ ;,' X G, ! G X &';9' C @ G 'Q ' ' G X
G, ~! ' &';9'
' ;,' X .
U @ >*. 2 g ' : m 7'-. % 8 I2'
1 . U;BB! f- : 2 4 2 g ' /'
-! n -3 ' *A $ % &' ( )% *6l@ . .
: . U;BB! f- ! ;*B! w-
N*+
U @ @ 2-*H
;P . 1' 2' .
N*+ 2@ @' U @ 8
; = 9 gh ! -*H
C @ 2 1 f- >*. ' X
;B! N* &';9' .
f- U . d@ U @ 2@ N*+ '
. ;,' X 2 ! ƒv /'Q* R Z49' @ .
8 w- U @;q : - 2 ! ƒv ! P
8M X ) /'Q* -‡!';% : @ b5';% : >*.
(
;P . .
> '-. B.
I d@ U @ - f-
. C &' 8P 9 x X 9 8, & . @ ! &' 8P 9 ; = m 7'-
;P ;,' X @' U @ 2@ &';9' .
1 . @;q ID q*l > ' . 8 ' U;BB! f- 2'
P 9 - & D M . /' :
@' U @ S :
C Y = 1+
d@ U @ L :
t W S R
C2 =( ) +( )
/= ! IY
C1
C2 I
S I
L @ Id@ U @ f- I @' U @ f- I; = * - .
C 8 - 2 ! ƒv @ &';9'
;P .
W. I Q+47 †-9 D [ k49' †-9
tI D * †-9
> '-. B. @ ! 2@-*9 ; = -.
(W-t)L
8 d@ U @ ! 2@-*9 x X ; =
;P . .
"
b ! D M . *A $ % U H-, @ 8 ' ' D [ k49' †-9 @ P ( )%
C 8, & . D M > ' I;P . -)M ' ' 8 ' &';9'
D M . /' /= ! P 9 R.S
C 8, & . †-9 R
&';9' ) 865'@ U-0. †-9 l . : 6 (1+r
7' . 4! We +6
+, . D M > ' @ P 8 4 -H -k9 w- > ' 87
;*7 N*,' X t.'@ / .
N, '
} 9 A9 Bh
) 1378 J I 16
-! U P' Q*9 (
7' U C 8, & . †-9 I
$ % 4X 7 . ,&';9'
' 8g4 . *A .
U *P . *A $ % *6l@ ! 8 M D [ +4%' ! ;P . 2'
C 8, & . D M > ' I;P . 4P' 1@
8 ' &';9' D M . /'
(R-G)S
! P 9
/=
8 D [ k49' †-9
;P . . D [ k49' †-9 V5'@
7' 2-4 ' C( )
C 4 @ *A $ % *6l@ >*. O \ ' ! 8 t. N, . ' &';9'
;, . . †-9 > '
C &' bM % 8 = V B . O .- / B*+`' /'Q*
7' 4 .'@ 2 1 &';9' .
>*Bh
8 bM % 3! 2 09 4X 7 @ 87 *7 *6l@ &' Q*9 89 B*+`' P
. 8.
@ 87 *7 8 \j
U-` Z pS . *A $ % /;P ƒ@;Z @ 8S +41' C /;P Q* =
8, & . @ ,&';9' 2 ,
8 /= k49' P
.
;P . - & D M . U;BB! f- *. LE V. ;*B! w- :
L C C L C C
U( 1, 2, )= 1+ 2 µ
! /=
@ 89 & n*1- †-9 l . :
@ ['- >*. . j 8B*39 1 8 09 †-9 µ
7' d@ U @ f- .
@;q . 1 . ' G X *. LE V. U;BB! f- U H-,
1 . C D +*+ I;B! -‡!';% U;P U ' n*l 2' w- . 2@ ! l-S @ 2&';9'
>0
@ L
>0
8 - & D M . S 1; =
.
<
>
=
R
R R
C Y S
0
1
<
>
=
µ
µ µ
t W L
W t
W L
L
Min Max
1 . 8L . . 8l D \j' k%v 2'-.
(Besley,1995) D q)M
910 - 908
;*B! 61'- .
~ :~ V~5'@ ~ > '
B*0.
8 ;* 2& 7 C \‡ - -. O@-3 ! ;P .
7' U;P b% 2&';9' .
8~+9 -~ ~! 7' U;P w- w-~5 ;~9'
'@ ;Bh-, I -*g.
-! ;,' Z9 T ' pq. T*49 2-**u w- > ' / -!
.
8 k%v e . t.'@ &' C U . U;BB! f- N*+ ! P
C d;S &';9'
&';9' I .
D [ x X †-9 )
C k49' x X 8, & . †-9
&';9' (R-
89 & n*1- †-9 @
( )
. ' 8g4 .
C &' 8P 9 k49' x X 8, & . †-9 U H-, n*1- †-9 &' G*. &';9'
C >A+ '; -‡!';% D M > ' I;P . 89 &
- •C ;,' X ' &';9' .
> ' -*[
C WvM' D M -! ;,' Z9 &';9'
) 8A ' '&=
I 1378 JI 16 (HajiIbrahim,1996, p.1-9 @ Y
.
-, -X nE7 ;Bh 6 E
$ % &' ( )% >*. O \ ' ! ';9 1@ 8.-T 2'
C 4 @ *A 2 , 3! @ /v! nE7 D 6 E ' I;B! 87 -. ' - 2&';9'
6 E ;B9 67 % N*,'-.' 81 %
HajiIbrahim, 1996)
$ % \9 >*. 8)B -*j &' (
C @ U;P ( )% *A ,&';9'
7' U;P +%
.
3 - 4 .
* ! F ?7 : > ! F @ %
@ D@ )4 2 09 2 , 4X 7 r -` &' 6 1 V. B x* Z ! ;9 ' 4S' / '-H 09 8 D M cL4Z 87 *7 t.'@ W M X -*H
. V. ~B -43~*. ! ;9 ' 4S' / 9' 45' > '
67 % 2 , 3!
@ ~7' 8~7 *7 ~M B 2' ' '- ' @ 8Lq / g\Z9 *4X'
x* ~Z ;~B '- 8~7 *7 D ;~5 2' ' '-~ ' @ 8Lq / g\Z9 >*. U;+S 89 \ : L[' 8 pS . ! ' 1@ V. B
;~P . ~09= -4B! q V. B x* Z P .
I8 ?~ >*~Bh
~( )% @ ~*A $ % &' >P@ @ nl'@ c -6 : \9
~! ;~P ;~,' X p~S . /= &'
-*H D M 87 *7 D ;5 2' ' '- ' V)9 . V. B x* Z .
&' ( )% @ *A $ % &' >P@ @ nl'@ c -6 ! 7' ; 46 & ! I 7 -g &'
* 6 8 ' ! 2'-. /=
8 d&e 2 45' 2 ,
;P . .
&' 8P 9 '& . D '-q9' 2@ 4S' .
8 ' 81 X w ' S
@ , ' '-5 2'-1' @ r*5 - ; Ib ! D Sv`' . 2 *9 /'
B Q, -! f-`-. *A $ % nl'@ c -6 . I>* C \ 2 , .
BC 47' > '
. -TB /= x5 9 c -6 *A $ % &' nl'@ @ >P@ c -6 \9 ! ' 4S' )47' -. > '-. B. @ U;P '& . AP 8 • 7 -j' /= - ; @ V. B &' U
'•H . -+ @ @ -A
) 1999 ( Q*9 4S'
;9 ' . 2 45' V. B &' ' ! U )47' !
-j *A $ %
' & *9 1
Prasad,2003,p.744-745;Veeman and Politylo,2003,P.322-325; Luterbacher,2001,p.3;Tiffin) (2006), p. 4-6;
@ A ' '&=
8 I 1378 I J 191
.(
1 .
>~ ' &' b~M % D'-~+j V~ & @ ƒ& ' ~. V. ~B x* Z I2 45' / - ! ! 7' 8B6 > ;. -j *A $ % 8 -4B! ' x* Z
;BB!
. -4B! $ % . 8B6 N, ' -j *A $ % '- ' &' 8X-.
(Control rights) 8
;B9' .
"!
3 - 5 . ( !
) ( 01 (
* -
* 6 9' 2 , 8~ p~S . @ ;~9 ' 2 & U;B 'Q 8, & . We +6 8 1
>~ ' ~! ;9 ~P
* 6
* 6 - 7 . \ 9 ,
; 2 , I
-43*. *.'•1 2
;BP . 4P' .
*A $ % U H-,
M > ' I 39 ( )% @ U;39 c -6 R X . 1 / A ' D
9'-~7 X @ 2 ' '-~*[ 8 1
bAP > '-. B. @ 2 45' $ % @ V. B
* 6 2-*H 9' 2 ,
~P' ;~,' X 1@ I 9 1 .
* 6 >*Bh > ' U;~S ~ ' I ' ;~,' X G, ! ' 6 1 U Ib! 8 ,
U;~S @ V~)4B 2' 2'
8 -?4 -g
;9 P .
* 6 > ' >*6)4B . ; -*[ 2 ,
2'-~. ' -43~*. V. ~B ~ & +4%'
bAP
* 6 > ' *\‡ @ 2-*H -! ;B,' X f-M ,
.
~ 49' &' 2-*H ~L1 2'-. Q*9 > -?4
8~ G, ~! ~6 1 U b! > '-. B. @ -! ;B,' X f-M ' 8u \ IV. B 9'-7 X
;~.
.
UQ*g9' ! ;P . 8LAP . *A $ % *6l@ U H-, . d&e 2 ,
* 6 d T9' 2'-
;~ 2 ,
' ;,' X G 'Q ' ' U D M > ' I;, G 'Q ' ' )
I2-?X 1384 x~MI 88 - 82 Morphy et Y
al.,1993,p.409 Prasad,2003,P.755-756 I
Sylwester,2001,p.169,175 Y Cheikbossian,2003,p. 272 I
I
Tornell (1997), p. 222-223; Quigging,1988, p.1077
.(
3 - 6 . % &!
S +T 45'
&' d';~! -~, ~! ~7' ;~64 D +*+ ~ ~. 2 , U gB. @ , ' 9 X &' 2'
8 \ 2 & ';6 b P 09= D +*+
;P . . -, 4 . ;47@ ' X Q*9 \
$ % &' 2'
7' *A .
> '-. B.
I 8 ' 45' NLS 6 E NLS /'
4 ~. ;4~7 @ ' U q9
$ ~ % 2 ~,
9' *A .
~%' @ /'& ' IV -~7 ~ \ Q~1 2Q~*h 2 ~45' 6~7 D M > '
4 . . ;,' Z9 *A $ % 2 ,
) 89 9 I 1384 JI , Clombatto,2006, p.244; (Waters, 1987, 168
p.99-103; and Sanogo,2003, p.40-45
.(
NLS ' 45' NLS I/ *a =
8 *A $ % 6 E
;9' . 8 2@
; 9
:
» O .- ' 7 -,
+*5 .
8 *A $ % ' 7 I2 '•H
;P . ...
+*5 >**6 d k9 *A $ % 1 d k9
8 T ' ' R *+! V. B x* Z \ 2'-.
;B!
(Waters,1987, p.103) « .
8 pS . *A $ % &' ( )% @ c -6 - ' ! P
2 , 8 ' ' 2 ';0g9 . '
s B4 . IcL4Z : 2& 7
89 & t\ - 2 ,
Time-related Risks)
O .- R B41' b. 5-*[ (
8 ' ' .
;9&' -z. , .
&' 8+o' ;T 8. & ' . '- ' ! ;P ;,' X pS . 2 45' D'-**u
8 ' '
;9&' -z. X 2 , .
8 > ' . -TB D'-**u > '
. ! P
@ ;9-\. 7 '- ' &' 8X-
;BB! -l -g 8X-.
. B Q, @ *A 2 g ' > ' 8 >**6 ! 7' /= 2 ,
2Q*h h ;B!
;P ;,' X @= 7 @ U . >A+
. 8 pS . ! 7' 8 ' ' *A >*Ba+, 2'-. '- ' P
8. b+S ] 49
* X 84!-%
;BP . - •C .
! 84 AP 2 - ‰*,
† 45'
8 8+9 4X BP I;, P
. : ! 8 ,Q*h -.'-. 09= ' 2'-. xZ3 $ % U . / P
8 I;9 ' /= &' U )47'
;BP . .
! 7' > ' 2 45' ;P 87 7' \B1 : ! T9= &'
* 8 b P ' '- ' 2- •C
>*Bh ! 7' *A $ % >*+? @ c -6 I P
* -! ;,' X T ' ' 2- •C .
7' @-.@ / B*+`' d;S . 09= f- @ ,e ! f- 2'-. '- ' 8 9' .
@ 8 9' > '
8 • ES' 2@ . 89 9 5 D ;5 : L*7@ . @ 8S +41' 2 , TB, r -` &' ID ;5 P
.
/ B*+`' d;S > ' G, ! 2'-. > '-. B.
89 9 5 09 : I , )
% ;B9
-j *A $
(
& *9
7' . ] 49 49' @ ; ;1 D@-j T ' 2'-. 2 45' >* 6 UQ*g9' -. 2 '•H-*j< . 09 > '
ƒv b 9 . X 2 , 8 pS . I '- ' -k9; 8 = 2 ,
9-. 89 & r ' P - & '- ' 2Q
9-. @ : ƒ- •C 2'-. @ U;P /= 2Q
) C 2-g ;*L! ! 7' 2 45' -3*
(
;BP . 4P' 8H =
Waters,1987,p.107-110; Prasad,2003,p.750-753; Colombatto,2006,) p.243-245; Lin and Nugent,1995 ;p.2342-2347; Angjellari- Dajci,2005,p.7-11; Dincer,2004, p.1-7;
Colombatto,2004, p 251-269; and Cross,2002, p.1739-1764 (
4 . I.
> J :
L*3 4 567
7 1960
; 9@ I
*A $ % &' ( )% B*0. -\,' ! ' 7 > ' {-` . & !
pq. I *h ,
8 pq. > ' N, & B, ! Z*g9'-. ' / 9' 45' >*. Q* = T ' ' ,
' . k9 @ 8L! ` . I;P % / 4 U;P o' ' 47' > ' -
7' : 1 ( -k9
Nk9
8M X 8,
Private-ordering View)
@ (
2 ( 89 9 5 8 'QHQ!-+ -k9
Legal- centralist )
(View
. Nk9 -k9 r\`
b. 4 V B / @= 7 . 2'-. 2 45' / - ! I8M X 8,
A $ % I @ G 9 . s 1 ' /@;. I \ &' 8P 9 8 ( )% /= &' @ c -6 ' *
;BB!
.
Nk9 -k9 fvX-. 89 9 5 8 '-HQ!-+ -k9 '
! 7' > ' -. 4S' I8M X 8,
;B! >*+? @ c -6 @ ; . ' *A $ % .
$ % ! ;9 ' 4S' -k9 > ' /' '; -`
9-. 89 9 5 /@;. *A
>4 -H -k9 /@;. @ 2Q 8+9 @ 2 q9'
;9'
;P . 4P' 1@
.
i *! U;0S -. *A $ % &' ( )% * ! ' 7 > ' . 7 C '
' 1@ @;q D 6 E
. / 9 7'
(Svensson,1998, p.1317-1318)
/ 39 8 g ' 5
@ ! 7' U ' 8. V ' 1 ,
U;P 8\E5 @ 87 *7 -k9 &' D \j
Polarized and Politically )
Instable Societies
UQ*g9' *A $ % &' b ! +% 01 89 9 5 D %vM' d T9' 2'-. I(
"
;9 ';9 8 ! .
X 7- & @ 86 ' 1 >*Bh -7 89 9 5 2 ,
;% &' -4+! 2 '•H
' ;,' X d T9' B*0.
. :B! @ -)*! >*Ba+,
(Keefer andKnack,2002,p.147)
8 / *.
! ;BB!
E5 7 *7 ' U;+S D'-**u I8S +41' 2;B.
7 *7 L+1 &' 8L6 2 , . O .- 2 ,
8 T ' , ' '-5 @ *A $ % &' ( )%
;B!
.
> ' &' /'-H G,@FC > ' 8.-T 6 E
7' U -! +% -k9 .
D 6 E &' 8X-. 8.-T ] 49 -g
* - ! 7' U ' / 39 D \
>*39 1 I , ' '-5 @ *A $ % 2'-1' 8M X
* 2 , 89 9 5 2 , 09 2'-. Q* =
(Cross,2002,p.1751) *9
.
'- ;B. @ / 7 ;9' t7 U;P U ' t . 2-k9 2 g ' ] 49
(Anderson and Bandiera,
(2005
@ ! 7' U ' / 39 '-H 7 2 ,
Utilitarian States)
'-1' . ! (
* . 8M X 2
8 n*1- I;B4 , 1' ;B+9' G, ! ' *A $ % &' ( )% X G 9 ! ;B,
;B, .
@ '
UQ*g9' I$ % c*6l 2'-1' . 1' 2 , +% \ 9 G 'Q ' 2'-. 2'
;9 ' .
(Prasad,2003,p.758) 7'-C Šs 9 > ' ! 7' ; 46
-AL+S ! *9 *A $ %
' 8 >**6 ' 2 45 8 >**6 ! 7' 2 45' d k9 AL. I;B!
&' 8M Z. s 9 h ;B!
P T ' *A $ % .
> '-. B.
I
$ % B*0. s 9 I 6 1 -. N! % 2 45' d k9 4X 7
-! ;,' X >P@ ' *A $ % &' ( )% T*49 @ *A .
LP @ - *LH
*
(Glaeser and Shleifer,2003) -) . @ 2-k9 2 g ' : 5
8M X 8,' X ' 2 09 D \* - )
Nk9
8M X 8,
( 84 @ D' - N*kB I )
8 '-HQ!-+
89 9 5 ( ' U;*7 T*49 > ' . @ -, \9 @ -, &' 8\*!- I
;9 2'-1' -\,' B*0. R Z49' !
*7= . I/ 9 5 3! / 9 5 2'-1' 2- •C
7' 4 .'@ ;B+ ;5 2 , U@-H t7 .
> '-. B.
. ;,' X 7 B 8M X t '-P q 2 09 -, .
5 . 9 M ( :N C
&' ~( )% ~! ;~P xZ3~ I ~*A $ % &' ;64 c 6 o' ' >+l > ' -7 P \9' pS . *A $ % ';~9' ~C G 'Q~ ' I8S ~+41' @ 89 ~9' I8~A Q* 2 ,
I&
@ 8M ~X 8 ~1 9' 2 , * 6 G, ! IV. B B*0. x* Z I2 45' 8 ' ! G 'Q ' 2 ~45' -~AL+S ~\0. dv~! :~ @ 2 45' 67 @ ;P V - 09 @ 84 @
P 8 . N~k9 ~ -k9 @ Q~*9 *A $ % &' ( )% * U .
@ 8M ~X 8~,
5 8 '-HQ!-+
;P o' ' 89 9 .
Nk9 -k9 r\`
~. 2'-~. 2 ~45' / ~ - ! I8M ~X 8,
' ~*A $ ~ % I ~ @ G~ 9 ~. s ~1 ' /@;~. I \ &' 8P 9 b. 4 V B / @= 7
8 ( )% /= &' @ c -6
;BB!
. N~k9 ~ -k9 fvX-~. 89 9 5 8 '-HQ!-+ -k9 ' 8~,
~ % ~! ~7' > ' -. 4S' I8M X
;~B! >*+?~ @ c~ -6 ~ @ ;~ . ' ~*A $ .
9-. 89 9 5 /@;. *A $ % ! ;9 ' 4S' -k9 > ' /' '; -`
/@;. @ 2Q
q9' >4 -H -k9 8+9 @ 2
;P . 4P' 1@ ;9' .
~ -H ' ~T*49 > ' /' 8 b!
~+41' @ 2 45' *6l@ @ 6 1 2 45' d k9 !
~ U;~BB! >*~*6 /= 8~7 *7 @ 8S
( )%
*A $ % &'
;P . 8 .
~1@ ~. ! 7' > ' 6 E > ' J X 0B3*C > '-. B.
p~q. ~. -43~*. 1 3! 8o ?5 >* I *A $ % &' ( )% 2 45' /'@'- j=
( )% * &' 2' B*0. *!- . @ 4P' *A $ % &' ( )%
;B. *. 7 .
84 ?7 : -
*%! 1
1 . l- v[ I8A ' '&=
) 1378 ( I
3 R # 2 . >
/'-0 I89 -39 I} 9 mvH' c* I .
2 . /@; - I8L?) )
1385 ( I ( + ) ( + 2+ TH.+ U V 3 .
2+ $; 3 & K W .>
( I
I 7@ @;9 9-, c*
/'-0 I89 -39 .
3 .
;+q I2-?X )
1384 ( I 2:.K $ /'-0 I 3! 2Q 9-. @ - ; / & 7 I .
4 .
> q I89 9 )
1384 (
3 9 N 2: F 3 I .+ 2 W I
) d@ ‹ ~h ( I
/'-0 I 3! 2Q 9-. @ - ; / & 7 .
5 . q I89 9 >
) 1380 (
$ ) + 4.*5 3 .M# - 3. ( I U +P I8S +41' >* BL IQ4 ; @-, c* I
10 .
6 .
>* % 8LS I2;+M )
1377 ( I (A .# X 5 3 & . F X.?
8A9 ~. @ 8 C U;A3,@FC I € H '-. 7 c* I
/'-0 I/'- ' 8 v7' 2 0+1 2Q!- :9 . .
7 . -0h B I^B,- )
1385 ( I
T Y
:
( + D 2 ; .%F 3 <H
3
~7 I/ @' AB c* I
9-. @ - ; 83,@FC @ 8P& = 8 S /'-0 I2Q
.
8 . l ;+q I8B*6 )
1377 ( I 3 !%0 3 Y Z# 1 &
I 1 . @ 9-. / & 7 I} 9 mvH' c* I
/'-0 .
9 .
6 E 7
89 H & . 2 03,@FC @ D )
1378 ( /'-0 I89 01 :9 . c* I q % / 01 @ G 9 I .
10 . 4 & I- ; ) 1385 ( I P 8 3 P 3 & + ? 20 % K ( + Y[."# 2 I ~45' 2-~4! ~7 I
/ 0)M' I/ 0)M' U g39' 45' @ 2 ' ' d LS U;A39' .
O -
*-! 4
1. Anderson, J. E., and O. Bandiera (2005), "Private enforcement and social efficiency", Journal of Development Economics, 77:341-366.
2. Angjellari-Dajci, F. (2005), "Output performance, institutions and structural policy reforms for transition economies", Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Kansas State University, P.1-110.
3. Bardhan, P. (2005), "Law and economics in the tropics: Some reflections ", International Review of Law and Economic, 25: 65-74.
4. Basely, T. (1995), " Property rights and investment incentives: theory and evidence from Ghana", The Journal of Political Economy, 103 (5): 903- 937.
$##
5. Brooks, R., S. Davidson, and R. Faff (2003)," Sudden change in property rights: The case of Australian native title ", Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 52:427- 442
6. Carruthers, B. G., and L. Ariovich (2004), The Sociology of property rights, Annual Review of Sociology, 30: 23-46.
7. Cheikbossian, G. (2003), "Property rights, rent- seeking and aggregate outcomes in transition economies", Economic Systems, 27: 271-288.
8. Cole, D. H., and, P. Z. Grossman (2001), "The meaning of property rights: Law vs.
Economics?" www.google.com, 1-6.
9. Colombatto, E. (2004), "Are property rights relevant for development economics? On the dangers of western constructivism", In Colombatto, E. (Ed), The Elgar Companion to the Economics of Property Rights, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004, P.62-76.
10. Colombatto, E. (2006), "On economic growth and development", Review of Austrian Economics, 19: 243-260.
11. Cross, E. B. (2002), "Law and economic growth ", Texas Law Review, 80 (7): 1736- 1775.
12. Cull, L., and L. C. Xu (2005), " Institutions, ownership, and finance: the determinants of profit reinvestment among Chinese firms ", Journal of Financial Economics, 77:117-146.
13. Dincer, O. C. (2004), "Three essays on the effects of institutional quality on economic growth and development", Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Oregon, 1-80.
14. Fedderke, J.W., R. H. J. de Kadt, and J. M. Luiz (2001), "Indicators of political liberty, property rights and political instability in South Africa: 1935-97 ", International Review of Law and Economic, 21: 103-139.
15. Grossman, H. I., and M. Kim(1996), "Predation and accumulation", Journal of Economic Growth, 1: 333-350.
16. Grossman, H. J. (2001), "The creation of effective property rights", AEA Papers and Proceedings, 91 (2): 347-352.
17. Haji Ibrahim, M. (1996), "Property rights security and savings behavior in developing countries ", Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Washington University,1-60.
18. Heitger, B. (2004), "Property rights and the wealth of nations: A cross-country study
", Cato Journal, 23:381-402.
19. Jacoby, H., G. Li , and S. Roselle (2002) , " Hazards of expropriation : tenure insecurity and investment in rural China " , American Economic Review , 92(5):1420-1447.
20. Johnson, S., J. McMillan, and C. Woodruff (2002), "Property rights and finance", The American Economic Review, 92(5):1335-1356.
21. Kaufman, B. E. (2003)," The organization of economic activity: insights from the institutional theory of John. R. Commons", Journal of Economic Behavior &
Organization, 52: 71-96.
22. Keefer, P., and S. Knack (2002), "Polarization, politics and property rights and growth ", Public Choice, 111: 127-154.
23. Konrad, K. A. (2002), "Investment in the absence of property rights: the role of incumbency advantages", European Economic Review, 46: 1521-1537.
24. La Porta , R. , López-de-Silane , F. , Shleifer , A. , and Vishny (1997) , "Legal determinants of external finance ", Journal of Finance , P.85-96.
25. La Porta , R. , López-de-Silane , F. , Shleifer , A. , and Vishny (1998) , "Law and finance " , Journal of Political Economy , 106(6):1113-1155.
26. Luterbacher, U. (2001),"Property rights, state structures, and international cooperation", Peace Economic, Peace Science and Public Policy, 7 (3): Article 1,PP.1-24.
27. Murphy, K. M., A. Shleifer, and R. W. Vishny (1993), "Why is rent- seeking so costly to growth?", The American Economic Review, 83 (2): 409-414.
28. Norton, S. W. (2000), "The Cost of diversity: Endogenous property rights and growth " , Constitutional Political Economy, 11(4):319-337.
29. Norton, S. W. (2003), "Economic institutions and human well- being: A cross- national analysis ", Eastern Economic Journal, 29 (1): 23-40.
30. Prasad, B. C. (2003)," Institutional economics and economic development: The theory of property rights, economic development, good governance and the environment", International Journal of Social Economic, 30 (6): 741-726.
31. Quiggin, J. (1988), "Private and common property rights in the economics of the environment", Journal of Economic Issues, 22(4): 1071-1087.
32. Sanogo, R. (2003), "The effects of insecure property rights on investment and economic growth in Sub-Saharan-African countries", Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, pp.50-116.
33. Shavell, S. (2003b), "Foundations of Economic Analysis of Law", Harvard university Press, PP. 1-80.
34. Svensson, J. (1998)," Investment, property rights and political instability: theory and evidence", European Economic Review, 42: 1317-1341.
35. Sylwester, K. (2001), "A Model of institutional formation within a rent seeking environment ", Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 44: 169-176.
36. Tiffin, A. (2006)," Ukraine: The cost of weak Institutions", IMF working paper, No.
06/167, pp.1-20.
37. Tornell , A. , and A. Velasco (1992) ," The Tragedy of commons and economic growth : why does capital flow from poor to rich countries ?", Journal of Political Economy, 100(6):1208-1231.
38. Tornell, A. (1997), "Economic growth and decline with endogenous property rights", Journal of Economic Growth, 2: 219-250.
39. Vandenberg, P. (1999), "North institutionalism and problem of combining theoretical approaches", Department of Economics, University of London,PP.1-29.
40. Waters, A. R. (1987)," Economic growth and the property rights regime" Cato Journal , 7(1):99-115.
