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Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with tea gardens in north of Iran

Habib Abbasipour â , Abdolhossein Taghavi â , Fahimeh Rast egar â

& Edward A. Ueckermann ^b

a Facult y of Agricult ural Sciences, Depart ment of Plant Prot ect ion, Shahed Universit y, Tehran, Iran

b ARC-Plant Prot ect ion Research Inst it ut e, Queenswood, Pret oria, Sout h Af rica

Available online: 10 Apr 2012

To cite this article: Habib Abbasipour, Abdolhossein Taghavi, Fahimeh Rast egar & Edward A.

Ueckermann (2012): Phyt oseiid mit es (Acari: Mesost igmat a) associat ed wit h t ea gardens in nort h of Iran, Archives Of Phyt opat hology And Plant Prot ect ion, DOI: 10. 1080/ 03235408. 2012. 676238

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Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with tea gardens in north of Iran

Habib Abbasipourâ*, Abdolhossein Taghaviâ, Fahimeh Rastegarâand Edward A. Ueckermann^b

aFaculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Protection, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran;^bARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Queenswood, Pretoria, South Africa

(Received 1 March 2012; final version received 10 March 2012)

Predator mites of Phytoseiidae family are among the most important biocontrol agents in the world. These beneficial mites are considered as natural enemies of many pests and herbivore mites, and can feed on different growth stages of pests (egg, larva or nymph). Five species of Phytoseiidae mites were found during a survey conducted on tea plants,Camellia sinensis(Theaceae), in the Mazandaran and Guilan Provinces in the north of Iran, on the coast of the Caspian Sea, the major tea-growing region of Iran. Some of these species are recorded for the first time in tea gardens of Iran.

Keywords:Phytoseiidae; predatory mite; biological control; tea gardens; Iran

Introduction

Tea plant,Camellia sinensis(L.) is an ever green plant that can live for 80–100 years (Zargari 1990). On the basis of documented evidence, the area of tea cultivation in north of Iran is nearly 34,000 ha, and its main areas of cultivation are Lahijan, Roodsar, Langharood, Rasht, Ramsar and Tonekabon. To reduce the hazards of chemical insecticides especially in agricultural conditions of north of Iran, it is necessary to identify the natural enemies of pests. Predator mites of Phytoseiidae family are among the most important biocontrol agents in the world. These beneficial mites are considered as natural enemies of various pests and herbivore mites, and can feed on different growth stages of pests (egg, larva or nymph).

Phytoseiid mites are the fast-moving predators living on plants and soil surfaces where they feed on other mites, small insects, nematodes and fungi. They are the best-known and well-studied mites because of their potential to control spider mites and other arthropods. About 20 species are currently mass reared commercially for biological control purposes (Gerson et al. 2003).

Compared to the other mite families of Iran, the fauna of the Phytoseiidae is the best known. According to the literature, about 70 recorded and described species are known from Iran (McMurtry 1977; Sepasgosarian 1977; Daneshvar 1978, 1980, 1987; Daneshvar and Denmark 1982; Hajizadeh et al. 2002; Kolodochka et al. 2003;

Faraji et al. 2007). No previous studies have been done on the phytoseiid mites associated with tea plants in Iran.

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection

iFirstarticle 2012, 1–10

ISSN 0323-5408 print/ISSN 1477-2906 online Ó2012 Taylor & Francis

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2012.676238 http://www.tandfonline.com

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Materials and methods

A survey for mites was conducted in the major tea-growing region of Iran (Mazandaran and Guilan Provinces) during the period 2005–2007. Only the dominant tea species, Camellia sinensis var. sinensis (Theaceae), was sampled (Zargari 1990). The phytoseiid mites were separated using insect pins, and then transferred into Oudemans fluid for clearing and were mounted in Hoyer’s medium on microscope slides. The key to the species are based on the key published by Faraji et al. (2007). The mites were originally identified by Dr E.A. Ueckermann, who is one of the co-authors, and the identified specimens are deposited in the Department of Plant Protection, Shahed University of Iran.

Results

Key to the Phytoseiidae in tea gardens in northern Iran (female)

1. Setaz3ands6absent (Amblyseiinae Muma) ... 3 – Either or both setaez3ands6present ... 2 2. SetaeZ1, S2, S4andS5absent (Phytoseiinae Berlese) ...PhytoseiusRibaga – At least one of setaeZ1, S2, S4andS5present ...Typhlodrominae Chant

& McMurtry 3. Macrosetae present only on leg IV or absent ...NeoseiulusHughes... 4 – Macrosetae at least on genua III, as well as on leg IV ... 5 4. Calyx of spermatheca cone-shaped, atrium forked; fixed cheliceral digit with 5 teeth and movably digit with one tooth ...

...N. barkeriHughes [¼N. kermanicusDaneshvar]

– Calyx of spermatheca a shallow dish, atrium nodular; fixed cheliceral digit with 10, movable digit with 3 teeth ...

...N. imbricatus(Corpuz-Raros & Rimando) [¼N. oryzacolusDaneshvar]

5. Ratio setas4:S252.7:1.0 (TranseiusChant & McMurtry); ventrianal shield with a pair of elliptical pores; setaz4longer thanz2; length ofStiIVmore than half of length ofStI V ...

...T. caspiansis(Denmark & Daneshvar),T. patellae(Karg), T. similis (Koch) sensu Arutunjan (1977) and Beglyarov (1958, 1981) – Ratio seta s4:S243.0:1.0 (AmblyseiusBerlese) ... 6 6. Ventrianal shield vase-shaped; dorsal shield not reticulated; calyx of spermatheca fundibular, flared towards vesicle ...A. herbicolus(Chant) – Ventrianal shield not vase-shaped; dorsal shield strongly reticulated anterolaterally; calyx bell-shaped ...A. rademacheri(Dosse)

Neoseiulus barkeriHughes (Figure 1)

Neoseiulus barkeriHughes 1948: 141; Chant and McMurtry 2003: 35; De Moraes et al. 2004: 104.

Amblyseius masiakaBlommers & Chazeau 1974: 308.

Amblyseius mckenzieiSchuster & Pritchard 1963: 268.

Amblyseius mycophilusKarg 1970: 290.

Amblyseius oahuensisPrasad 1968: 1518.

Amblyseius pickettiSpecht 1968: 681.

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Amblyseius(Amblyseius)usitatusVan der Merwe 1965: 71.

Neoseiulus kermanicusDaneshvar 1987: 14; Faraji et al. 2007: 233.

Diagnosis: Dorsal shield smooth, all setae smooth except for Z4 and Z5 which are serrate; spermatheca saccular, atrium forked; movable cheliceral digit with one tooth and fixed digit with five teeth.

Figure 1. Neoseiulus barkeriHughes: 1. dorsum of idiosoma (,); 2. posterior ventral surface (,); 3. sternal shield (,); 4. genu, tibia and basitarsus of leg IV (,); 5. spermatheca; 6.

ventrianal shield (<); 7. spermatophoral process of male chelicera.

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Remarks:Neoseiulus kermanicusdescribed by Daneshvar (1987) appears identical to N. barkeri Hughes and thus the former was synonymised with the latter by Faraji et al. (2007).

Specimens examined: Eight females, from leaves of C. sinensis var. sinensis (Theaceae), Ramsar (36854.01⁰N, 50840.57⁰E), 50–300 m above sea level.

Neoseiulus imbricatus(Corpuz-Raros and Rimando) (Figure 2) Amblyseius imbricatusCorpuz-Raros and Rimando 1966: 127.

Amblyseius(A.)imbricatusCorpuz and Rimando 1966; Ehara 1977: 52.

Neoseiulus oryzacolusDaneshvar 1987: 18; Faraji et al. 2007: 233.

Diagnosis: Dorsal shield reticulated all setae smooth except for Z4 and Z5 which are serrate; spermatheca bowl-shaped, atrium nodular; movable cheliceral digit with three teeth and fixed digit with 10 teeth.

Figure 2. Amblyseius imbricatusCorpuz-Raros and Rimando: 1. dorsum of idiosoma (,); 2.

posterior ventral surface (,); 3. chelicera (,); 4. long seta of leg IV (,); 5. Spermatheca; 6.

ventrianal shield (<); 7. spermatophoral process of male chelicera.

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Remarks: Faraji et al. (2007) considered Neoseiulus oryzacolus Daneshvar, from northern Iran on rice, as a synonym of Neoseiulus imbricatus (Corpuz-Raros and Rimando).

Specimens examined: Ten females and three males, from leaves of C. sinensis var.

sinensis(Theaceae), Ramsar and Lahijan.

Amblyseius rademacheriDosse (Figure 3)

Amblyseius rademacheriDosse 1958: 44; Ehara 1959: 288.

Typhlodromus rademacheri(Dosse), Chant 1959.

Amblyseius(Amblyseius)rademacheri; Ehara 1966: 23; Ehara 1977: 37; Ehara 1980: 65.

Typhlodromips rademacheri; De Moraes et al. 1986: 45; De Moraes et al. 2004: 221.

Diagnosis: Dorsal shield reticulated; ventrianal shield pentagonal, preanal pores between setae JV2; spermatheca bell-shaped; movable cheliceral digit with less than three teeth and fixed digit with six to seven teeth.

Remarks:Amblyseius rademacheri was collected by Hajizadeh (2007) from different fruit and forest trees, crop plants and weeds feeding on tetranychid and eriophid mites, thrips, aphids and leafhoppers in Guilan Province of Iran.

Specimens examined: Ten females and 15 males, from leaves of C. sinensis var.

sinensis(Theaceae), Ramsar (36854.01⁰N, 50840.57⁰E), 50–300 m above sea level.

Amblyseius herbicolusChant (Figure 4)

Amblyseius herbicolusChant 1959: 84; Daneshvar & Denmark 1982: 5; McMurtry &

De Moraes 1984: 34; Denmark & Muma 1989: 59 Amblyseius impactusChaudhri 1968: 553.

Amblyseius amitaeBhattacharyya 1968: 677–680; Denmark & Muma 1989: 59 Amblyseius deleoniMuma et al. 1970: 68; Schicha 1981: 107.

Amblyseius impactusChaudhri 1968: 553; Daneshvar & Denmark 1982: 5.

Diagnosis: Dorsal shield smooth with only a few striations anterolaterally;

ventrianal shield vase-shaped, preanal pores directly posterior of JV2 members;

spermatheca; fundibular flaring towards vesicle; movable cheliceral digit with three teeth and fixed digit with 10 teeth.

Remarks: Daneshvar and Denmark (1982) reportedA. herbicolusChant fromCitrus sp. at Ramsar, Iran.

Specimens examined:Amblyseius herbicoluswas collected by Hajizadeh (2007) from 44 species of host plants feeding on tetranychid, eriophid and teniopalpid mites, also on aphids, thrips, leafhoppers and coccids in Guilan province of Iran.

Transeius patellaeKarg (Figure 5) Amblyseius patellae Karg 1982: 204.

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Transeius patellae(Karg); Chant and McMurtry 2004: 185.

Transeius patellae(Karg); Abbasipour et al. 2005.

Diagnosis: Dorsal shield smooth with only a few striations anterolaterally, setae S2 twice or more the length of S4 and S5; ventrianal shield pentagonal longer than broad, preanal pores between JV2; spermatheca bowl-shaped, atrium nodular;

movable cheliceral digit with two teeth and fixed digit with 9–10 teeth.

Figure 3. Amblyseius rademacheri Dosse: 1. dorsum of idiosoma (,); 2. posterior ventral surface (,); 3–4. spermatheca (,); 5. chelicera (,); 6. long seta of leg IV (,); 7. dorsum of idiosoma (<); 8. chelicera (<); 9. ventrianal shield (<).

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Remarks: Abbasipour et al. (2005), reportedT. patellae(Karg 1982) from northern Iran. Their re-description is virtually identical to the description of T. caspiansis.

Dr F. Faraji of MITOX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands examined the type material of T. patellae described by Karg (1982) from Poland and found T. caspiansis and T. patellae conspecific with each other (Faraji et al. 2007). Transeius patellae andT. caspiansiswere described in the same year (1982) and yet no priority has been established.

This species was found together with Amblyseius herbicolus Chant. Identified specimens are deposited in the institute of the senior author. Two females are also sent to Dr E.A. Ueckermann, Pretoria, South Africa, and Dr Ronal Ochoa, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA.

Specimens examined: Fourteen females, from leaves of C. sinensis var. sinensis (Theaceae), Ramsar (36854.01⁰N, 50840.57⁰E), 50–300 m above sea level.

Discussion

The results of this study indicate that the predatory mites associated with tea plants in Iran are diverse. Iran is a large country with complex geography and varying climate, and we expect that the additional species remain to be discovered during future studies of these important mite groups in Iran. Although the west of Iran, especially Hamedan, has wet and rainy climate, this study showed that the predatory mites are very rich. Among them,A. herbicoluswas highly distributed and with very diverse hosts, and feeds on different phytophagous mites and mostly small insects (Hajizadeh 2007). In addition to that,T. patellaefor the first time was collected and Figure 4. Amblyseius herbicolus Chant: 1. dorsum of idiosoma and legs (,); 2. posterior ventral surface (,); 3. sternal shield (,); 4. spermatheca (,); 5. chelicera (,).

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identified by Abbasipour et al. (2005). Therefore, these two species could be good potential biological control agents in the tea gardens but unfortunately their technical rearing is obscure. Also scarlet tea mite, Brevipalpus obovatuswas found abundantly in tea plantations mostly under the control of biological agents and do not need any implementation.

Figure 5. Transeius patellae(Karg): 1. dorsum of idiosoma (,); 2. ventral view – sternum, genital, anal shield and associated setae (,); 3. chelicera (,); 4. spermatheca (,); 5. genu II; 6.

Tibia and genu III (,); 7. Leg IV.

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Acknowledgements

Financial support for this project was provided by Agricultural Sciences Research Center of Shahed University. The Department of Plant Protection, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran kindly provided the space and facilities during this study.

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