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5. Alistair JM and Kebreab E (2005) Temperature dependence of Orobanche germination and implication for the northward spread of Orobanche within Europe. In: Proceeding of the Workshop on Means for Limiting Orobanche Propagation and Dispersal in Agricultural Field. 4-6 December, Newe-Yaar Research Center, Israel. Pp. 15-16.

6. Castejon M, Romero-Munoz F and Garcia L (1987) Phenology and control of Orobanche cernua in sunflower with glyphosate. In: Weber HC and Forstreuter W (Eds.), Parasitic flowering plants.

Marburg, F.R.G., Pp. 121-126.

7. Eizenberg H,Colquhoun J and Mallory-Smith C (2005) A predictive degree-days model for small broomrape (Orobanche minor) parasitism in red clover in Oregon. Weed Sci. 53: 37-40.

8. Eizenberg H, Goldwasser Y, Golan S, Hershenhorn J and Kleifeld Y (2001) Orobanche aegyptiaca control in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) with chlorsulfuron. In: Fer AP, Thalouarn DM, Joel L, Musselman J, Parker C and Verkleij JAC (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7^th International Parasitic Weed Symposium. Nantes, France: Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nante. Pp. 293-294.

9. Eizenberg H, Lande T, Achdari G, Roichman A and Hershenhorn J (2007) Effect of Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) seed-burial depth on parasitism dynamics and chemical control in tomato. Weed Sci. 55: 152-156.

10. Foy CL, Jain R and Jacobsohn R (1989) Recent approaches for chemical control of broomrape (Orobanche spp.) Rev. Weed Sci. 4: 123-152.

11. Garcia-Torres L (1994) Progress in Orobanche control, an overview. In: Proceeding 3^rd International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga Research. Amesterdam, The Netherlands.

Pp. 390-399.

12. Golwasser Y, Eizenberg H, Hershenhorn J, Plakhine D, Blumenfeld T, Buxbaum H, Golan S and Kleifeld Y (2001) Control of Orobanche aegyptiaca and O. ramose in potato. Crop Prot. 20:

403-410.

13. Gonzàlez-Andùjar JL, Martinez-Cob A, Lopez- Granados F and Garcia-Torres L (2001) Spatial distribution and mapping of crenate broomrape infestations in continious broad bean cropping.

Weed Sci. 49: 773-779.

14. Hezewijk MJ, Verkleij JAC and Pieters AH (1991) Temperature dependence of germination in Orobanche crenata. In: Wegmann K and Musselman LJ (Eds.), Progress in Orobanche Research. Eberhard – Karls - Universitat, Tubingen, FRC. Pp. 125-133.

15. Hirsch AM, Bauer WD, Bird DM, Cullimore J, Tyler B and Yoder JI (2003) Molecular signal and receptor: Controlling rhizosphere interaction between plants and other organisms. Ecology. 84:

858-868.

16. Lins RD, Colquhoun JB and Mallory-smith CA (2005) Investigating of wheat as a trap crop for control of Orobanche minor. Weed Res. 46: 313- 318.

17. Morozov, IV Foy GL and Westwood JH (2000) Small broomrape (Orobanche minor) and egyptain broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) parasitization of red clover (Trifolium pratense). Weed Technol.

14: 312-320.

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Assessment of biological and phenological aspects of broomrape (Orobanche nana) in parasitism with Almond (Prunus dulcis)

M. A. Baghestani ¹, D. Behrouzi ², H. Rahimian Mashhadi ³and H. Mohammad alizadeh ⁴

E-mail: baghestani@hotmail.com

Abstract

The biology and phenology of broomrape (Orobanche nana) on Almond (Prunus dulcis cv. Mamaei) was studied during the growth season in Shahrekord city of Iran in 2004. Twenty trees which were infested by broomrape, were selected. Results indicated that almonds need 2120.5 growth degree days (GDD) to complete phenological stages from flowering to fruit ripening. Based on the cardinal temperature of broomrape (9.5

^°C

), the parasite weed needs 209, 1125.5, 1414.5 and 961 GDD for completion of seed germination, stem emergence, flowering and seeding stages, respectively.

Maximum seed germination occurred at the depth of 18 cm. Maximum root infection was observed at the depth of 9 to 12 cm. The highest infection to this parasite plant was recorded on roots with 9 to 11.9 mm diameter.

Keywords: Almond, Biology, Germination, Growth degree days, Root, Seed

1- Associate Professor, Plant Protection Research Institute, Tehran - Iran

2- M.Sc., Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Shaharekord, Chaharmahal-Bakhtiyari - Iran

3- Professor, Department of Agronomy and Crop Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Alborz - Iran

4- Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy and Crop Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Alborz – Iran