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1- Schneck FX, Bellnger MF. Abnormalities of the testes and scrotum and their surgical management. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA, eds. Campell Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2007:
3761-98.
2- Virtanen HE, Toppari J. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of cryptorchidism. Hum Reprod Update. 2008; 14: 49-58.
3- Berkowitz GS, Lapinski RH, Dolgin SE. Prevalence and natural history of cryptorchidism. Pediatrics. 1993; 92: 44- 49.
4- Okeke AA, Osegbe DN. Prevalence and characteristics of cryptorchidism in a Nigerian district. Br J Urol Int. 2001;
88: 941-45.
5- Biggs ML, Baer A, Critchlow CW. Maternal, delivery, and perinatal characteristics associated with cryptorchidism: a population-based case-control study among births in Washington State. Epidemiology. 2002; 13: 197-204.
6- .Dieckmann KP, Pichlmeier U. Clinical epidemiology of testicular germ cell tumors. World J Urol. 2004; 22: 2-14.
7- McAleer IM, Packer MG, Kaplan GW. Fertility index analysis in cryptorchidism. J Urol. 1995; 153: 1255-58.
8- Cortes D, Thorup JM, Visfeldt J. Cryptorchidism: aspects of fertility and neoplasms. A study including data of 1,335 consecutive boys who underwent testicular biopsy simultaneously with surgery for cryptorchidism. Horm Res. 2001;
55: 21-27.
9 -
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L M =( I L
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t , < N & %@
# ! - .
% @ + $W# N .
1384 n 8 : 13 - 16 .
11- Docimo SG. The results of surgical therapy for cryptorchidism: a literature review and analysis. J Urol. 1995; 154:
1148-52.
12- Goldberg LM, Skaist LB, Morrow JW. Congenital absence of testes: anorchism and monorchism. J Urol. 1974;
111: 840-45.
13- National Library of Health. National Screening committee policy-cryptorchidism screening. 2006. Available From:
http:/libraries.nelh.nhs.ul/screening/viewresource. Aspx/catl D=8205 & resl D=57178 (Accessed January 2008).
14- Miller KD, Coughlin MT, Lee PA. Fertility after unilateral cryptorchidism. Paternity, time to conception, pretreatment testicular location and size, hormone and sperm parameters. Horm Res. 2001; 55: 249-53.
15- Taskinen S, Wikstrom S. Effect of age at operation, location of testis and preoperative hormonal treatment on testicular growth after cryptorchidism. J Urol. 1997; 158: 471-73.
Title: Study of patients operated upon for undescended testis in Emam Reza hospital, Birjand, Iran from 1994 to 2001
Authors: M. Nadjafi-Semnani1, M. Foadudiny2, M. Asgharian3 Abstract
Background and Aim: Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is one of the most common congenital abnormalities in boys, and the majority of cases have no discernible etiology. There are unexplained geographical differences and temporal trends in its epidemiologic studies. There are limited studies regarding the epidemiology of this disease in Iran. The present study was carried out to evaluate cryptorchids operated in Birjand.
Materials and Methods: In order to study the disease in Birjand, medical records of patients that had been treated for cryptorchidism between 1994 and 2001 in Emam Reza hospital affiliated to Birjand University of Medical Sciences were reviewed. Data was gathered through a questionnaire filled out by the researchers themselves. The obtained data was analysed by means of SPSS software and statistical tests.
Results: One hundred and forty-six patients were operated during this period. Minimum, maxim, and mean age were 7 months, 34 months, and 10±1.2 years, respectively. Localization was right, left, and bilateral in 52.7%, 33.6% and 12.3% respectively. For 14% of the cases, there was no record in the respective files. Out of 81 cases whose familial history had been recorded 10% (8 cases) had positive family history of cryptorchidism and 73 cases (90%) had no familial history. In 94.5% of the cases the testis was found during the exploration of the same side and 2.7% of the cases no testes were found. In 2.7%, which had bilateral undescended condition, one testis was not found but the other was. Totally, in 5.4% no testes were found during exploration. Location of the testis was in inguinal canal and abdominal cavity in 61.7% and 36.3% of the patients, respectively. Most (91.8%) of them had undergone orchiopexy and 8.2% had had orchiectomy operation. There was no malignancy in those who had undergone testis biopsy (7 cases).
Conclusion: Regarding the findings of the study, it seems that for proper diagnosis and treatment of this very common congenital disorder there should be an instructional program for midwives, nurses and physicians pertaining to mandatory record of scrotal examination in the medical record of the all newborn and parents should be advised to treat their affected boys at age of 1 to 2 years.
Key Words: Undescended testis; Orchiopexy; Ectopic testis; Orchiectomy
1Corresponding Author, Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences.
Birjand, Iran [email protected]
2Instructor; Birjand University of Medical Sciences. Birjand, Iran
3Physician
