Designing a Talent Management Model for Iranian Karate with a Combined Design Approach
Azadeh Aghili 1 , Ezzatollah Shahmansouri 2 , Reza Sabonchi 3
1. Department of Sports Science, Borujard Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujard, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Corresponding Author, Department of Sports Sciences, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
3. Department of Sports Sciences, Borujard Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujard, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received:
7 August 2021 Received in revised form:
3 November 2021 Accepted:
7 November 2022 Published online:
1 January 2023
Keywords:
Talent, Attract, Develop, Retain talent, Management
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to design a talent management model for Iranian karate with a combined design approach.
Methods: The research method was a two-stage exploratory combination of instrument making. Qualitative research method, qualitative case study and potential participants included 12 karate experts and university professors and professors proficient in talent identification by snowball sampling method. The statistical population of this research included all athletes, provincial board managers, federation managers, talent scouts, referees and karate coaches, whose total number reached 500 people. The statistical sample was 217 people according to Morgan table and available random sampling was considered.
Results: The results showed that the corresponding T value of each factor has a significant effect and the whole framework of the talent management model in Iranian karate was approved. Also, retention factors with an effect of 0.86 is the most important factor in the framework of the talent management model in Iranian karate.
Conclusion: Therefore, due to the need to find talent in sports, especially karate, karate federation officials and policy makers are advised to pay attention to each of the identified factors in finding talent in karate.
Cite this article: Aghili, A., Shahmansouri, E., & Sabonchi, R. (2023). Designing a Talent Management Model for Iranian Karate with a Combined Design Approach. Sport Management Journal, 14(4), 203-222.
DOI: http//doi.org/10.22059/JSM.2021.328019.2785
© The Author(s). Publisher: University of Tehran, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health.
Introduction
Talent is a valuable and rare resource in society, and a large amount of valuable human talent is probably wasted in every generation. This waste, in principle, arises from the lack of understanding and awareness about the nature of talent and the inability of people to motivate themselves to develop their talents and the absence of talent management programs.
Talents do not exist in a vacuum but in reality, i.e., talents are related to a hypothetical context and are called talents only when they are valued and accepted by the subcultures and wider society in which they exist. Among the fields in which the talent search and talent management process is important are the sports scene and sports competitions. Talent identification in sports is the process of identifying participants who have the potential to excel in a sport. In recent years talent programs have become increasingly popular and are seen as an extremely difficult way to maximize an athlete's potential for success.
Methods
Considering that the aim of the current research was to design a model of talent management for the sport of karate in Iran, its design is a combination of designs, and its method, considering that there was no model before and the researcher tried to discover this model, is a sequential exploratory combination model (qualitative-quantitative). And because it sought to build a tool to measure the framework of the talent management model in the sport of karate in Iran based on the data of the qualitative part, it is of the sequential exploratory type - tool making. Therefore, first the methodology and analysis of the qualitative part and then the methodology and analysis of the quantitative part of the research will be presented separately, and in the conclusion part, the results obtained in both parts will be integrated and presented together. The qualitative case study and potential participants included 12 experts. Karate sports and university professors were proficient in finding talent with the snowball sampling method. The statistical population of this research included all athletes, managers of the provincial board, managers of federations, talent scouts, referees and karate coaches, whose total number reached 500 people. According to Morgan's table, the statistical sample was considered to be 217 people and available random sampling was considered. Descriptive statistics and structural equation model were used to analyze the data to check the fit of the research model.
Results
The results of the research showed that the corresponding T value of each factor has a significant effect and the whole framework of the talent management model in the sport of karate in Iran was confirmed. Also, maintenance factors with an effect of 0.86 are the most important factors in the framework of the talent management model in the sport of karate in Iran; Therefore, according to the necessity of finding talent in sports and especially in karate, it is recommended to
Conclusion
The purpose of the research was to design a model of talent management in the sport of karate in Iran with the approach of combined plans. The results of the research showed that recruiting, selecting, applying, maintaining and developing talent is one of the dimensions of the talent management model in the sport of karate in Iran. In this regard and based on the results obtained, the first dimension of the talent management process in karate sports field is the process of attracting talent. Based on the obtained results, among the dimensions of the talent management process in karate sports field is the talent development process. Based on the results of the research, material support for talented athletes during the growth and development stage, strengthening and developing the motivation of athletes to progress, develope and improv the quality of talented athletes (new competitive experiences, analysis and evaluation of athlete performance, effective goal setting...), create an environment and favorite conditions. It is suitable for the long-term training of talented athletes, psychological, family counseling, professional and cultural ethics, ..., improving the level of knowledge of coaches according to the performance levels of athletes, etc. However, the process of finding talent is a long-term and extensive process that requires a strategic and efficient program that requires both human resources and appropriate facilities as well as funding for its various departments. Creating a favorable environment for the cultivation and flourishing of talent, provide the basis for further growth of this sport in the country.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with Research Ethical Guidelines This article has been done considering all ethical principles.
Funding: This article is taken from the doctoral dissertation of the first person.
Authors’ Contributions: All authors have participated in designing, implementing and writing all parts of the present study .
Conflicts of interest: The authors declared no conflict of interset Acknowledgement: This article is extracted from the doctoral dissertation with the guidance and advice of the author's professors.
We would like to thank everyone who helped us with this study.
ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ﺪﻣ لﺪﻣ ﯾ
ﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ حﺮﻃ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻠﯿﻘﻋ هدازآ
، 1
يرﻮﺼﻨﻣ هﺎﺷ ﻪﻟا تﺰﻋ
2
،
ﯽﭽﻧﻮﺑﺎﺻ ﺎﺿر
3
1 . ﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هوﺮﮔ ﯽ
ﯽﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،دﺮﺟوﺮﺑ ﺪﺣاو ، ا ،دﺮﺟوﺮﺑ ،
ﯾ ناﺮ . :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار [email protected]
2 . ﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ وﺆ ،ل ﺮﮔ ﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هو ﯽ
، ﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،كارا ﺪﺣاو ﯽ
ا ،كارا ، ﯾ ناﺮ . :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار [email protected]
3.
ﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هوﺮﮔ ﯽ
، ﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،دﺮﺟوﺮﺑ ﺪﺣاو ﯽ
ا ،دﺮﺟوﺮﺑ ، ﯾ
. ناﺮ
:ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار [email protected]
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 16 /5 / 1400
:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 12
/8 / 1400
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 16 /8 / 1400
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 11 / 10 / 1401
ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ ،داﺪﻌﺘﺳا
،داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﻆﻔﺣ ،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
،بﺬﺟﯾﺮﺪﻣ ﯾ ﺖ ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
: ﭘ ﻦﯾا فﺪﻫ ﺶﻫوﮋ ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ﺪﻣ لﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ حﺮﻃ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ .دﻮﺑ ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ يﺎﻫ
:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣود ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور
ﻣ ،ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور .دﻮﺑ يزﺎﺳراﺰﺑا عﻮﻧ زا يا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄ
ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ و ﯽﻔﯿﮐ يدرﻮﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ
12 ﺮﻔﻧ ﻨﺷرﺎﮐ زا و ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو نﺎﮔﺮﺒﺧ و نﺎﺳﺎ ﻠﺴﻣ ﯽﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺪﯿﺗﺎﺳا
ﻂ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ شور ﺎﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ .ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﯽﻓﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﻮﻠﮔ يﺮﯿﮔ
ﻦﯾا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯿﻠﮐ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪ ﺪﻣ ،نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﯾ
ناﺮ ﺖﺌﯿﻫ
ﻧﺎﺘﺳا ﯽ
، ﺪﻣ ﯾ ناﺮ ﺳارﺪﻓ ﯿ نﻮ
،ﺎﻫ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ بﺎ
،ﺎﻫ ﺑﺮﻣ و نارواد ﯿ
نﺎ ﻌﺗ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو نآ داﺪ
ﻫﺎ 500 ﻔﻧ ﺮ ﯽﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ .
رﺎﻣآ ي ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ نﺎﮔرﻮﻣ لوﺪﺟ 217
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ و ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺮﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ يﺮﯿﮔ
رد سﺮﺘﺳد رد ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ترﻮﺻ ﺮﻈﻧ
ﺮﮔ ﺘﻓ ﻪ
ﺪﺷ . ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ ياﺮﺑ هداد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗو
ا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ لﺪﻣ شزاﺮﺑ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ لﺪﻣ و ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ زا ﺎﻫ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳ
.ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ :ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ راﺪﻘﻣ
ﺛﺄﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣT دراد ار يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﯿ
و لﺪﻣ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺪﻣ
ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ
ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﮕﻧ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ درﻮﻣ 86
/0 ﻢﻬﻣ رد ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ
لﺪﻣ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﺪﻣ
ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ ﯽﻣ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
:يﺮـﯿﮔ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ
د ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘـﺳا تروﺮـﺿ ﻪـﺑ و شزرو ر
و ناﺮﯾﺪـﻣ ﻪـﺑ ،ﻪـﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو صﻮـﺼﺧ
ﺖﺳد ﯽﻣ ﻪﯿﺻﻮﺗ ،ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو نارﺎﮐرﺪﻧا ا ﮏﯾ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ
ﯽﯾﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫرﻮﺘﮐﺎﻓ ز رد ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘـﺳا صﻮـﺼﺧ رد هﺪـﺷ
.ﺪﻨﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو
دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : هﺎﺷ ؛هدازآ ،ﯽﻠﯿﻘﻋ ؛ﻪﻟا تﺰﻋ ،يرﻮﺼﻨﻣ
و ﺎﺿر ،ﯽﭽﻧﻮﺑﺎﺻ )
1401 .(
ﺘﺳا لﺪﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ﺮﯾا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌ
ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ يﺎﻫ حﺮﻃ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ نا .
ﺮﺸﻧ ﻪﯾ
ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ
، ) 4 ( 14
، 203-222 .
2021.328019.2785 JSM.
/ 10.22059 http//doi.org/
: DOI
ﺎﻧ
:ﺮﺷ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ
و ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ .
.نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا زا يدﺎﯾز راﺪﻘﻣ و ﺖﺳا ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ردﺎﻧ و ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ﯽﻌﺒﻨﻣ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯽﻣ ﻒﻠﺗ ﯽﻠﺴﻧ ﺮﻫ رد
رﺪﻫ ﻦﯾا .دﻮﺷ
زا ،ﻞﺻا رد ،ﯽﮕﺘﻓر نﺎﺸﯾﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺪﺷر ياﺮﺑ دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ نداد هﺰﯿﮕﻧا رد داﺮﻓا ﯽﻧاﻮﺗﺎﻧ و داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯿﻫﺎﻣ درﻮﻣ رد ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ و كرد ناﺪﻘﻓ
مﺪﻋ و
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ دﻮﺟو داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ دﻮﺟو ﻪﺑ ﺧ رد ﻪﻧ ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا .ﺪﯾآ
ﻸ ﯽﻨﻌﯾ ،ﺪﻧراد دﻮﺟو ﺖﯿﻌﻗاو رد ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ،
ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯽﺿﺮﻓ يا
زرد ﻂﻘﻓ و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﯽﻣ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯽﻧﺎﻣ
هدﺮﺧ يﻮﺳ زا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺑﺎﯾ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ و ﺎﻫ و ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ،ﺪﻧراد دﻮﺟو نآ رد ﻪﮐ يﺮﺗ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﯾﺬﭘ هﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ) ﻞﮑﻧاﺮﺗ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و1
2006 ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻪﻠﻤﺟزا .(
ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﺰﺋﺎﺣ و ﻢﻬﻣ نآ رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ و ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﺖﺑﺎﻗر و شزرو ﻪﻨﺤﺻ ،ﺖﺳا رو يﺎﻫ
ﯽﺷز ﺖﺳا ) ﺪﯾرآ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و2
2019 .(
رد ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ شزرو
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﯽﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ
شزرو ﮏﯾ رد يﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﻞﯿﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺪﻧرادار
) نﻮﺴﺗاد ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و3
2019 (.
لﺎﺳ رد ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺮﯿﺧا يﺎﻫ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا زا
ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﻮﺒﺤﻣ د رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﯽﻫار ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﺮﺜﮐاﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ياﺮﺑ راﻮﺷ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﻘﻠﺗ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد ياﺮﺑ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻞﯿﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ نﺪﻧﺎﺳر دﻮﺷ
) زﺮﻣور ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و4
2019 .(
ﺮﮑﯿﺑ و5
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 2019
ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد ،(
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ
شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا يزﺎﺳ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ شزرو رد ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا زا يﺪﯾﺪﺟ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ،
ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻧا ﯾ
ﮏ
مﻮﻬﻔﻣ زﺎﺳ ي ﭘ ار داﺪﻌﺘﺳا زا ﯽﻬﺟوﺪﻨﭼ ﯿ
دﺎﻬﻨﺸ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻫد ﺗاذ : ﯽ ﺑ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ) ﯿ
ژﻮﻟﻮ ﯾﮑ ﯽ زا ﻞﮑﺸﺘﻣ) يﺪﻌﺑﺪﻨﭼ ،(ﺪﻟﻮﺗ وﺪﺑ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ
ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ ﻃ زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﯿ
ﻒ ﺳو ﯿﻌ ﯽ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ تﻻﻮﻘﻣ زا ﯽ
ﻤﺴﺟ ، ﯽ ﻧاور و ﯽ (،
ﻞﻌﻓ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ) رﻮﻬﻇ ﺑ رد تﻻﺎﻌﻔﻧاو
ﯿ ﻦ ﻠﻣاﻮﻋ ﯽ ﻢﻫﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﮐﺮﺗ ﯿ ﺐ
ﯽﻣ (ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
، ﻮﭘ ﯾﺎ ﺎﺣ رد) ﻟد ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ نﺎﻣز لﻮﻃ رد لﻮﺤﺗ ل ﯿ
ﻞ ﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯿ
ﻂ ﺑ و ﯿ نﺎ ﻓدﺎﺼﺗ نژ ﯽ
ﺰﻤﻫ و ( ﯾ ﺘﺴ ﯽ ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ) ﯽ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﯽ
ﻪﮐ ﺎﻬﻧ شزرا ﯽﯾ ﻌﺗ ار دﺮﻓ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯿﯿ
ﻦ ﯽﻣ (ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺮﮑﯿﺑ) 2019
(.
ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯽﺷزرو
زا ود ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ﻪ ﺣﺮﻣ ؛ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
لوا ﻪﻠ
ﻒﺸﮐ هﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔﺮﺑرد و
ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا رو
ﯽﻣ ﯽﺷز نﻮﻣزآ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ و نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ندﺮﮐ لﺎﺑﺮﻏ ﻪﺑ نآ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ،ﯽﮑﯾﺰﯿﻓ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﯽﺗرﺎﻬﻣ و ﯽﮑﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ ﯽﻣ تردﺎﺒﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ صﺎﺧ شزرو ﮏﯾ رد ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﮐ يداﺮﻓا ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﺣﺮﻣ و دﻮﺷ ﻪﻠ
مود ﯿﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺰ
ترﺎﻬﻣ يور ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا داﺪﻌﺘﺳا شروﺮﭘ ﯽﺑﺎﺴﺘﮐا يﺎﻫ
شزﻮﻣآ ﺖﯿﻤﮐ و ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ و رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ و ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺳر ياﺮﺑ زﺎﯿﻧدرﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺎﺑ حﻮﻄﺳ ﻻ دراد ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ي )
ﻦﺴﮑﯾﺮﻨﻫ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و6
2011 .(
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز رد يدﺎﯾز يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷر رد
يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﺷزرو ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ) ﺖﺳا
ﻦﯾﺮﻓآ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و7
2021 .(
ﻦﯾاﺎﺑ ﻪﭽﻧآ لﺎﺣ ﯽﻣ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ زا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ دﻮﺧ ،ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا هﺪﻧﺎﻣ لﻮﻔﻐﻣ
ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﻨﻌﯾ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا زا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا و ﺖﺳا داﺪﻌﺘﺳا نﺪﻧﺎﺳر ﺮﻤﺛ ﻪﺑ و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،ﻒﺸﮐ ﻪﻨﯿﻣزرد يا
ﺢﺿاو رﻮﻃ رد ﺮﺗ
ﺶﺨﺑ .دراد راﺮﻗ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ﻪﯿﻟوا يﺎﻫ ﮏﻣ ةﺪﯿﻘﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﻦﻣرو و ﯽﻨﺗرﺎﮐ )8
2013 ( مﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ،بﺬﺟ ﺪﻨﻣ
ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ و يﺮﯿﮔرﺎﮐ
شزراﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا داﺪﻌﺘﺳا و
ﺖﺳا . ﻼﻣ و ﺰﮕﻨﯿﻟﺎﮐ ﯽﺣ
9 ) 2009 ( شادﺎﭘ ،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،بﺬﺟ ،ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺎﺑ ار ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ د
ﻫ ﻆﻔﺣ و ﯽ ندﺮﮐ
داﺮﻓا ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ياراد ﯽﻣ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻧاد ﯽﻣ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ندﻮﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ار
1 . Tranckle
2. . Arede
3. Datson
4. Rommers
5 . Baker
6 . Henriksen
7 . Afrian
8 . Cartni & Worman
9 . Collings & Mellahi
ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ﺪﻣ لﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ حﺮﻃ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ ﻫ
ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ يﺎ
207
ﺪﻨﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺒﯿﺘﺸﭘ .
ﻦﯾا داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻦﺷور ﻒﯾرﺎﻌﺗ زا ﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﮑﯾ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا مواﺪﻣ و ﺎﯾﻮﭘ يﺪﻧور داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا
رﻮﻃ
مﺎﻈﻧ ﺶﻘﻧ ياﺮﺑ ار داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ،ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺪﻨﻣ ﻠﻤﻋ و ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ مواﺪﺗ و هﺪﻨﯾآ ﯽﺗﺎﯿﺣ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﻪﻨﯿﻬﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ دﺮﮑ دروآ
) ﮏﯾﺪﻫ
1، 2014 .(
ﻦﻤﮑﻫ و ﺲﯿﯾﻮﻟ
2 ) 2006 ( ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ار داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ رد يﺪﯿﻠﮐ ﻞﺻا ﻪﺳ 1:
: ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ يا
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ زا رد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ رد يدﺮﻓ لﻮﻤﻌﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ و ﺎﻫدﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ،ﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ
دﻮﺷ . ﺎﺑ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،ﺮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا زا
ﻪﺑ ﺎﯾ ﺖﺳا فداﺮﺘﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﻣ هﺪﯾد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ رد ﯽﺻﺎﺧ ﮥﻘﻄﻨﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ
دﻮﺷ . ﻪﺑ ﻪﺑ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻦﯾا ،ﯽﻠﮐرﻮﻃ ﻖﯿﻗد رﻮﻃ
ﯽﺘﻨﺳ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻣ
ﻦﯾازا و ﺖﺳا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪ ﻮﯿﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،ور
ه ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ و ﺎﻫ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ لﻮﻤﻌﻣ يﺎﻫ
،ﺖﺳا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا 2
- ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﭘ دﺎﺠﯾا فﺪﻫﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ زا يا
ﻃا يﺎﻫ ﻼ ﯽﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯽﺗﺎﻋ .دﺮﯿﮔ
و دراد ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ يﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ و داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺮﺨﺘﺳا مﻮﻬﻔﻣ هﺎﮔﺪﯾد ﻦﯾا 3
- ﻢﻫ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺮﺑ
داﺮﻓا ﺑ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻻﺎ
و
ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ يﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻢﻫ و دراد ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ دﺎﯾز ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ ﻦﯾاﺎﺑ .
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد نﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ لﺎﺣ هﺎﮔﺪﯾد زا ،شزرو رد ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻞﮐ ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار ﻪﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ و هﺪﺸﻧ ﻪﺘﺴﯾﺮﮕﻧ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﻧ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳاﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
شزرو ﻪﻠﻤﺟزا ﯽﯾﻮﺳ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو ﺎﻣ رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳﺎﺑ و راﺪﻓﺮﻃﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ
داﺮﻓا ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز رد ﯽﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ داﺪﻌﺘﺳاﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا
) نﺎﯾﺮﻓآ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و3
2021 .(
ﻪﺑ نﺎﻬﺟ رد ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ بﻮﺒﺤﻣ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﺮﺗ ﻦﯾ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ و ﯽ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ شزرو ﯽﻣزر يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا ه ﻞﺋﻮﮐ يد)
4، 2020 .(
لاﺪﻣ ظﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺷر ﻦﯾا روآ
ي يزﺎﺑ ﺮﯿﻈﻧ ﯽﻤﻬﻣ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ رد ﭙﻤﻟا و ﯽﯾﺎﯿﺳآ يﺎﻫ
ﮏﯿ ) رﻮﻀﺣ
(ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ نآ زا
ﻢﻬﺳ لاﺪﻣ روآ ي ﺮﯿﮕﻤﺸﭼ د نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ر ﺎﻫ
ي ﺸﮐ ﯽﻤﺳر رﻮ
ناﺮﯾا رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺖﺳا ﺴﻣ ﻦ
تﺎﻘﺑﺎ و تﺎﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ
ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ود ترﻮﺻ ﺎﺗﺎﮐ (مﺮﻓ) و ﻪﺘﯿﻤﮐ (هزرﺎﺒﻣ) ﯽﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺷ ﻪﺘﯿﻤﮐ .دﺮﯿﮔ ﻞﻣﺎ
تﺎﮐﺮﺣ يدرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑور
ﻮﻠﺟ
، ور ﻪﺑ ﺐﻘﻋ ا ، ﻦﯾ ﻮﺳ نآ و ﻦﺘﻓر ﻮﺳ
ﻪﻤﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا لﺎﻌﻓ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ تﺎﮐﺮﺣ و ي
ﻨﮑﺗ ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ تﺎﮐﺮﺣ ﻦﯾا ﮏﯿ
يﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ عﺎﻓد ﺎﯾ ﻪﻠﻤﺣ هﺎﺗﻮﮐ .
اﺎﺑ ﻦﯾ دﻮﺟو ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ دﻮﺒﻧ ﺎﯾ دﻮﺒﻤﮐ يﺎﻫ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ يﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟا و نوﺪﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ
د ر ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺳا ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘ و شروﺮﭘ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ
رد ﻦﯾا ﻪﺘﺷر ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯾ ﮏ و زﺎﯿﻧ ﯽﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ .دﻮﺷ
ﺳﺄﺘﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﻔ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا
و ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ا ي ﻪﺘﺷر ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ
و هﮋﯾ ﻪﺘﺷر ي ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ ﯽﻣزر ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد
يﺮﺘﻤﮐ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺳﻮﺗ ،ﺞﯾوﺮﺗ رد ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ
ﻪﺘﺷر ﻦﯾا دﺮﺒﺸﯿﭘ و ﻪﻌ ي
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﯽﺷزرو .
ﺴﺑ يرﺎﯿ زا ﯽﺗﺎﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻪﮐ رد هزﻮﺣ ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا و
ًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ رد ﺘﺷر ﻪﺑ ار ﯽﮑﯿﻧﺎﮑﻣﻮﯿﺑ و ﯽﮑﯾﺮﺘﻣﻮﭘوﺮﺘﻧآ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ،ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ ﯽﺷزرو ﻪ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﺷزرو ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ نارﺎﮑ
رد ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺳا ﺖ ا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ دﺮﺒﻫار و ﻪﺑ داﺪﻌﺘﺳ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ياﺮﺑ هار ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا
ﺐﺴﮐ و
ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﺑ
ﻦﯿ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ دراد ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﯾا رد .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ راﺮﻗ يوﺎﮐاو درﻮﻣ نﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ ﯽﻠﻠﻤﻟا ﺣاﺮﻃ
ﯽ ﺪﻣ لﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ
ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ ﯽﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .دزادﺮﭙﺑ ﺮﻬﻗ ﺪﻌﺑ رد شزرو ﻦﯾا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
.ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﺎﯾﺎﺷ و ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﺰﺋﺎﺣ نﺎﻣرﻮﺸﮐ رد ﯽﻧﺎﻣ
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور ﺎﺑ\ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا فﺪﻫ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ لﺪﻣ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ
،ﺖﺳا حﺮﻃ نآ زا حﺮﻃ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﺖﺳا و
شور
،نآ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا زا ﯽﯾﻮﮕﻟا ﻞﺒﻗ دﻮﺟو
ﻪﺘﺷاﺪﻧ و ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ دﺪﺻرد
ﻒﺸﮐ ﻦﯾا ﻮﮕﻟا هدﻮﺑ ﺳا
،ﺖ زا لﺪﻣ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا
1 . Heidke
2 . Lewis & Heckman
3. Afrian
4. De Quel
ﯽﻟاﻮﺘﻣ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ) (ﯽﻤﮐ – ﺖﺳا و نﻮﭼ رد ﯽﭘ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ يراﺰﺑا ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺲﻨﯿﻟﻮﮐ ،1
2009 ( ياﺮﺑ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ لﺪﻣ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﺪﻣ
ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا
ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد ﯾ
ناﺮ ﺮﺑ هداد سﺎﺳا يﺎﻫ
ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ
،ﺖﺳا زا عﻮﻧ ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا ﯽﻟاﻮﺘﻣ ﻦﯾازا .ﺖﺳا يزﺎﺳراﺰﺑا- ور
اﺪﺘﺑا شور ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ و
ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ و ﺲﭙﺳ شور ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ و ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﯽﻤﮐ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻪﺑ ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﺋارا ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ و رد ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ
،يﺮﯿﮔ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ رد ﺮﻫ ود ﻢﻫﺎﺑ ﺶﺨﺑ مﺎﻏدا
و ﻪﺋارا ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﺪﺷ .
ﻞﮑﺷ 1 . ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا ﯽﻟاﻮﺘﻣ زا عﻮﻧ يزﺎﺳراﺰﺑا
شور (ﻒﻟا ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ يدرﻮﻣ ﺖﺳا و ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
، ﺪﻣ ﯾ ناﺮ نﺎﻧاﻮﺟ و شزرو تارادا نﺎﺘﺳا
ﺎﻫ ﺗﺎﺳا و ﯿﺪ
ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺷزرو ﯽ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ هﺮﻬﺑ
يﺮﯿﮔ زا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ شور يﺮﯿﮔ
ﻪﻟﻮﻠﮔ ﯽﻓﺮﺑ و ﮏﯿﻨﮑﺗ عﺎﺒﺷا ،يﺮﻈﻧ 12 ﺮﻔﻧ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺶﺨﺑ رد يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ زا
ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ياﺮﺑ لﺪﻣ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ
ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ و رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزر
ﯾ ناﺮ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا هﺪﺷ ﺪﻧا و ﺎﺑ نآ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤﻋ هﺪﻣآ راﺰﺑا .ﺖﺳا
هدﺎﻔﺘﺳادرﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ
ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ لﺪﻣ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ و ﻪﺋارا و ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ لﺪﻣ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﺪﻣ
ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا
ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ ﯾ ناﺮ
، ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻪﻤﯿﻧ ﺎﺑ ،ﺪﻨﻣرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ هوﺮﮔ
يﺎﻫ ﯽﻧﻮﻧﺎﮐ و ﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻌ دﺎﻨﺳا هدﻮﺑ ﺖﺳا ،ندﻮﺑ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺖﻗد و ﯽﯾاور ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ
نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا هداد ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ و يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ،ندﻮﺑ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ ﻦﯿﻤﻀﺗ ياﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯾا يﺎﻫ نآ و ﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ هرﺎﺑرد ار دﻮﺧ تاﺮﻈﻧ زاﺮﺑا نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ تﺎﯿﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﯽﺘﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻖﻤﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ،(رﺎﺒﺘﻋا ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺸﮔزﺎﺑ)ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ
نﻮﻤﻀﻣ نﻮﻣاﺮﯿﭘ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ مﺎﻤﺗ رد تاﺪﻨﺘﺴﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺎﺑ ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ .ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ هوﺮﮔ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هﺪﺷ راﺪﯾﺪﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﺤﺗ هﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﻪﺑ ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ يﺪﻨﻤﻗﻼﻋ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻦﯿﻤﻀﺗ ار ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ هداد ﺎﺑ تﺪﻣزارد سﺎﻤﺗ ،
ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﺎﻫ
ﻦﯿﻤﻀﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﮕﯾد زا ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻦﯾا رد ناﺮﮕﯾد تاﺮﻈﻧ ﺐﺴﮐ ياﺮﺑ شﻼﺗ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ ي ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ .
ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗو تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺎﺑ
شور ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ
نﻮﻤﻀﻣ و ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ﮥﮑﺒﺷ ﻦﯿﻣﺎﻀﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرﺎﺒﺘﻋا ياﺮﺑ هداد
يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ زا شور يزﺎﺳﻮﺴﻤﻫ هداد
ﺎﻫ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ) ناﺰﯿﻣ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ
تﺎﻋﻼﻃا جﺮﺨﺘﺴﻣ
زا 1.
ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻣ يﺮﻈﻧ و لﻮﺻا ﺮﯾز ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ لﺪﻣ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﺪﻣ
ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ ، 2 ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ . يﺎﻫ
1 . Collings
ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ﺪﻣ لﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ حﺮﻃ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ ﻫ
ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ يﺎ
209
مﺎﺠﻧا هﺪﺷ رد لﺪﻣ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ و 3.
ﻦﯿﻣﺎﻀﻣ جﺮﺨﺘﺴﻣ
زا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا ﯽﻧﻮﻧﺎﮐ و ﻪﺑ ترﺎﺒﻋ ﺮﮕﯾد
ﻫﺎﮔآ ﯽ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻫد (يﺪﯿﻠﮐ
هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ .
ياﺮﺑ ﺬﺧا زﻮﺠﻣ زﺎﯿﻧدرﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا نداد ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا
،ﯽﻧﻮﻧﺎﮐ ﯽﺗﺎﻣاﺪﻗا ترﻮﺻ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ رد
ﻦﯾا ﺶﺨﺑ ﺲﭘ زا ﺐﻠﺟ يرﺎﮑﻤﻫ
ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ناﺮﻈﻧ يﺪﯿﻠﮐ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ و ﺐﻠﺟ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ياﺮﺑ نﺎﻧآ نداد
تﺎﻋﻼﻃا
،مزﻻ رد نﺎﻣز رﺮﻘﻣ ﻪﻌﺟاﺮﻣ و تﺎﻋﻼﻃا مزﻻ
دﺮﮔ يروآ هﺪﺷ
ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ .ﺖﺳا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗو
هداد يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ زا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ يﺎﻫ مﺎﺠﻧا
،هﺪﺷ ﺎﺑ شور ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻤﻀﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺶﺨﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا شور ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻤﻀﻣ اﺪﺘﺑا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﻂﺒﺿ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ بﻮﺘﮑﻣ ﺲﭙﺳ هﺪﻣآرد ﺎﺑ
ﯾ ﺖﺷاددﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﻪﺘﺷادﺮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﯽﻃ تﺎﺴﻠﺟ
ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺗ ﻤﮑ ﯿ ﻞ هﺪﺷ .ﺖﺳا ﺲﭘ نآزا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﺎﺑ ﻖﯿﻗد
،نﻮﺘﻣ اﺪﺘﺑا ياﺮﺑ زا ﮏﯾ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ
ﺎﻫ ي ﻬﺗ ﯿﻪ هﺪﺷ
، ﻪﻤﻫ اﯾ هﺪ ﺎﻫ ي ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ رد ﺐﻟﺎﻗ
ﻦﯿﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﻪﯾﺎﭘ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾ هﺪﺷ و ﻪﺑ ماﺪﮐﺮﻫ ﮏﯾ ﺪﮐ صﺎﺼﺘﺧا هداد
هﺪﺷ .ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا رﺎﮐ ياﺮﺑ ماﺪﮐﺮﻫ زا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ
، مﺎﺠﻧا هﺪﺷ و ترﻮﺻ رد
دﻮﺟو ﺶﺨﺑ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ ﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ رد ﻦﺘﻣ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ي
،ﯽﻠﺒﻗ زا نﺎﻤﻫ يﺎﻫﺪﮐ
،ﯽﻠﺒﻗ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﺸﻧ نآ ﺎﻫ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺲﭙﺳ .ﺖﺳا ﺮﺑ
سﺎﺳا ﻦﯿﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﻪﯾﺎﭘ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾ هﺪﺷ رد ﻞﮐ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺘﺳد ﺪﻨﺑ ي ﻠﮐ ﯽ ﺮﺗ ي مﺎﺠﻧا هﺪﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻦﯿﻣﺎﻀﻣ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ هﺪﻨﻫد ) بﺬﺟ ،
ﺰﮔ ﯾ ﺶﻨ ، ﻪﺑ ﯿﮔرﺎﮐ ﺮ ،ي (داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﻆﻔﺣ) ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﮕﻧ و
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ( و ﻊﻗاورد و ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ لﺪﻣ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ
ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ هﺪﺷ
رد .ﺖﺳا نﺎﯾﺎﭘ
ﻦﯿﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﺮﯿﮔاﺮﻓ لﺪﻣ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﺪﻣ
ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ ﻊﻗاورد ﻦﯿﻣﺎﻀﻣ نﺎﻤﻫ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ
ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﯽﻣ لﺪﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
) لوﺪﺟ 1 .(
لوﺪﺟ 1 . ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﺪﻣ
ﯾ ﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ
ﻦﯿﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﯽﻋﺮﻓ ﻦﯿﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﯽﻠﺻا
بﺬﺟ
ﺐﻄﻗ نﺎﺘﺳا و ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ يﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﻬﺟ ﯽﺷزرو داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺶﯾﺎﻣآ حﺮﻃ ياﺮﺟا و رﻮﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻠﺤﻣ ﻞﺧاد زا ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا بﺬﺟ و ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ و تﻼﺤﻣ شزرو ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻢﻈﻨﻣ يﺰﯾر سراﺪﻣ و ﻪﯾﺎﭘ هرود رد ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا بﺬﺟ
ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺘﺷر رد ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا بﺬﺟ و ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺻﺎﺼﺘﺧا نﻮﻣزآ ﻪﯿﻬﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ يراﺰﮔﺮﺑ يﺰﯾر
ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ داﺮﻓا ﻪﻤﻫ بﺬﺟ و ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﺴﮑﯾ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ
عﻼﻃا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺳر يﺎﻫ
بﺬﺟ و ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ا ناﻮﺧاﺮﻓ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد داﺮﻓا
داﺮﻓا بﺬﺟ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هﺪﺷ
ﯽﻣدﺎﮐآ و ﺎﻫ ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا يﺎﻫودرا رد بﻮﺒﺤﻣ و ﯽﻠﻣ نﺎﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﻗ رﻮﻀﺣ ﺖﻬﺟ
ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو ﻪﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧروآ يور ﻖﯾﻮﺸﺗ و بﺬﺟ
داﺮﻓا ندروآ يور و بﺬﺟ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا ﺐﻠﺟ و يزﺎﺳدﺎﻤﺘﻋا نﻮﻧﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺌﯿﻫ ماﺰﻟا نﻮﻣزآ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ حﻮﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ و بﺬﺟ و ﺮﯿﮔاﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ
ﻢﺘﯾآ ﯽﻨﯿﺑزﺎﺑ و ﺎﻫ ﮏﯾ لﺎﺳﺮﻫ ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا يﺎﻫرﻮﺘﮐﺎﻓ رﺎﺑ
حﺮﻃ ندﺮﮐ بﻮﺼﻣ حﺮﻃ ﻦﯾا ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻓﺎﮐ ﻪﺟدﻮﺑ صﺎﺼﺘﺧا و ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ
ﺎﻫ
ﺶﻨﯾﺰﮔ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ و ﯽﯾاور نﻮﻣزآ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﮔدﺎﻣآ يﺎﻫ
هرود ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﯽ ﯽﻨﺳ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯽﯾاور ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ و نﻮﻣزآ و ﯽﺠﻨﺳ ﺮﮑﯿﭘ يﺎﻫ ﭗﯿﺗ ﺎﯾ
هرود ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻨﺳ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯽﯾاور و نﻮﻣزآ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ هرود ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺗرﺎﻬﻣ و ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﯽﮐاردا يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻨﺳ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯽﯾاور و نﻮﻣزآ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ناور يﺎﻫ
ﺎﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ هرود ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ﯽﻨﺳ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘﺴﯾﺎﺷ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﯽﻠﺤﻣ و ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳا ،ﯽﻠﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا بﺎﺼﺘﻧا و بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﻦﺘﺷاد يرﻻﺎﺳ
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ياﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ و نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ يﺎﻫ
) (صﺎﺧ ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ
يﺮﮕﻟﺎﺑﺮﻏ هﺪﻤﻋ يﺎﻫ ﮐ ﻖﯾﻮﺸﺗ و سراﺪﻣ رد ﺮﯿﮔاﺮﻓ و تﺎﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﻪﺑ نﺪﺷ ﻖﺤﻠﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ نﺎﮐدﻮ
ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ رد تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا و تﺎﻋﻼﻃا يروﺎﻨﻓ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
ﻪﺑيﺮﯿﮔرﺎﮐ
ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺪﺷرا نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ زا
ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﮏﯿﻣدﺎﮐآ ﻦﯿﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا شزﻮﻣآ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﻢﻠﻋ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
هﺪﻋو نﺪﻧﺎﺳر مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ ﺮﻬﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ هداد نﺎﻧﺎﻣ .دﻮﺷ
ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد نﺎﺷﺪﻧزﺮﻓ ندﻮﺑ ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ زا هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ندﻮﻤﻧ هﺎﮔآ
و لﺎﺳ لﻮﻃ رد مواﺪﻣ يﺎﻫودرا ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﭼﺮﻫ ﻢﯿﮑﺤﺗ و ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ياﺮﺑ رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻪﺑ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ نداد
ﻪﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ مﺎﻈﻧ يﺮﯿﮔرﺎﮐ ﻪﺟرد و يﺪﻨﺑ
ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا يﺪﻨﺑ )
،ﯽﻠﻣ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا حﻮﻄﺳ و ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳا
(ﯽﻠﺤﻣ
داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﻪﺟرد يﺎﻘﺗرا ﺎﯾ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا حﻮﻄﺳ و ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ مﺎﻤﺗ رد ﻪﺘﺳﻮﯿﭘ يﺮﮕﻟﺎﺑﺮﻏ ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ يﺎﻫوﺮﯿﻧ هﮋﯾو ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ
ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﻪﺘﯿﻤﮐ ترﺎﻈﻧ ﺖﺤﺗ ﯽﻠﺧاد تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ يراﺰﮔﺮﺑ نﺪﺑ ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ناور و ﻪﯾﺬﻐﺗ ،زﺎﺳ
ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا رﺎﻨﮐ رد سﺎﻨﺷ
ﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻢﺴﯿﻧﺎﮑﻣ يرا هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا
ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻆﻔﺣ
ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ نﺎﻨﮑﯾزﺎﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﻢﻈﻨﻣ يﺎﻫودرا ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻢﻈﻨﻣ و ﻖﯿﻗد ياﺮﺟا ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ
ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ زا نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﺪﺷرا ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺰﮐاﺮﻣ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ زا ﯽ
ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ
ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺎﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا يراﺮﻗﺮﺑ رد ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ ناروﺎﺸﻣ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا هرود يا و ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ يﺎﻫ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ )
،ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ
،ﯽﺗرﺎﻬﻣ
،ﯽﻧاور ﯽﻗﻼﺧا (
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺷﺰﯿﮕﻧا و ﯽﻘﯾﻮﺸﺗ يﺎﻫ
داﺮﻓا ﯽﺗرﺎﻬﻣ و ﯽﻧاور يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻨﻓ ردﺎﮐ و يﺮﮕﯿﺑﺮﻣ رﻮﻣا رد ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا يوﺮﯿﻧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
ﻪﮑﺒﺷ دﺎﺠﯾا
،ﯽﻠﯿﺼﺤﺗ هروﺎﺸﻣ ﯽﺘﯾﺎﻤﺣ يﺎﻫ
،ﯽﮔداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ و ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ رﺎﮑﺷزرو ياﺮﺑ يﺮﯿﮔ
مﺎﻤﺗ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا هرﺎﭘ و ﺖﻗو
نﺎﻧآ زا يﻮﻨﻌﻣ و يدﺎﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ و ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ ﺖﻗو
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻧاور نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺴﻣ ﺪﻌﺘ ) زا
،ﻖﯾﺮﻃ هروﺎﺸﻣ يﺎﻫ
،ﯽﻧاور دﺎﺠﯾا ﻂﯿﺤﻣ
،ﯽﺷﺰﯿﮕﻧا كرد ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ
،داﺮﻓا
قﻼﺧا ﻪﻓﺮﺣ يا (
ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﮏﺒﺳ شزﻮﻣآ يا
ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ ،ﯽﻠﻐﺷ تﻼﯿﻬﺴﺗ دﺎﺠﯾا
ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ياﺮﺟا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ و نﺎﯾﺮﺠﻣ رد ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا يراد
ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ يدﺎﻣ زا نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ رد ﻮﻃ ل ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺪﺷر و شروﺮﭘ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﻪﺑ ﺎﮐ ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ هﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺖﯾﻮﻘﺗ نﺎﻧآ نﺪﺷ نﺎﻣﺮﻬﻗ هﺰﯿﮕﻧا هﮋﯾو
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ءﺎﻘﺗرا ﯽﻔﯿﮐ رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ ) ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر
،ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
،رﺎﮑﺷزرو فﺪﻫ يراﺬﮔ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ (...
ﻠﺑ شروﺮﭘ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ و ﻂﯿﺤﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ رﺎﮑﺷزرو تﺪﻣﺪﻨ
يراﺮﻗﺮﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا و ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ هﺪﻧزﺎﺳ رد صﻮﺼﺧ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ و ﯽﺣور -
،ﯽﻧاور رﺎﮑﺷزرو
هروﺎﺸﻣ يﺎﻫ
،ﯽﻧاور
،ﯽﮔداﻮﻧﺎﺧ قﻼﺧا ﻪﻓﺮﺣ يا و
،ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ...
دﺎﺠﯾا و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﯽﺷﺰﯿﮕﻧا ) ﯽﻧورد و ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ( ياﺮﺑ رﺎﮑﺷزرو
ﻦﯿﺑ و ﯽﻠﻣ تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ ياﺮﺟا ﯽﻠﻠﻤﻟا
يراﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﯽﻠﻣ ﻢﯿﺗ يﺎﻫودرا ﻪﺑ ﯽﻟﺎﻋ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻟﻮﺻا ﻢﺴﯿﻧﺎﮑﻣ
هﺎﮔرﺎﮐ يراﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ نﺎﺳرﺪﻣ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﻫد ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ حﻮﻄﺳ يﻻﺎﺑ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ
شزﻮﻣآ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ رد ﺮﻫﺎﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا يوﺮﯿﻧ شروﺮﭘو
داﺪﻌﺘﺳا و ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا هزﻮﺣ يروﺮﭘ
داﺪﻌﺘﺳا و ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﺰﮐاﺮﻣ ﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ يﺎﻫدراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ يروﺮﭘ
ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﻢﺴﯿﻧﺎﮑﻣ يراﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻢﯿﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ نوﺪﻣ و هﺪﺷ
ﯽﻫﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
نارﺎﮑﺷزرو دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ حﻮﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ ﺶﻧاد ﺢﻄﺳ ءﺎﻘﺗرا
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺋارا و ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ لﺪﻣ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ
، رد مﺎﮔ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻣ يﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺋارا هﺪﺷ هزﻮﺣ رد ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا
ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد ﯾ
ناﺮ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺪﺷ و تﺎﻋﻼﻃا مزﻻ
ياﺮﺑ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ
،ﺮﻈﻧدرﻮﻣ يروآدﺮﮔ
ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﺲﭙﺳ . ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ مﺎﺠﻧا هﺪﺷ رد
ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ﺪﻣ لﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ حﺮﻃ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ ﻫ
ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ يﺎ
211
هزﻮﺣ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ا ﻪﺗار
ﯾ ناﺮ و رد ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ ﺎﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻫد ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ يﺪﯿﻠﮐ
يا مﺎﺠﻧا ﺪﺷ ﺲﭘ. زا ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ لﺪﻣ
ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرﺎﺒﺘﻋا ﯽﻔﯿﮐ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ
ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ هﺪﺷ رد ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ
،ﯽﻤﮐ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ
هﺪﺷ رد ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﮏﯾ
سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﺷ 60
و ﻪﯾﻮﮔ 5 ﯽﻠﺻا سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ،
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ .ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
5 ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ تﺮﮑﯿﻟ ﯽﺷزرا
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ و هﺪﯾدﺮﮔ 5
ﯽﻣ (دﺎﯾز ﯽﻠﯿﺧ ،دﺎﯾز ،ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ،ﻢﮐ ،ﻢﮐ ﯽﻠﯿﺧ) ﻒﯿﻃ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
.ب شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻤﮐ ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
رد ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﻤﮐ زا شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺑ اﺮﺟا شور .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ عﻮﻧ زا ،ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ ترﻮﺻ
فﺪﻫ زا مﺎﺠﻧا ﻦﯾا
،ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ نﻮﻣزآ لﺪﻣ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ
هﺪﺷ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺖﺳا
. ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ يرﺎﻣآ ﻦﯾا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ
ﻪﯿﻠﮐ ﺪﻣ ،نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﯾ
ناﺮ ﻧﺎﺘﺳا ﺖﺌﯿﻫ ﯽ
، ﺪﻣ ﯾ ناﺮ ﺳارﺪﻓ ﯿ نﻮ
،ﺎﻫ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ بﺎ
،ﺎﻫ ﺑﺮﻣ و نارواد ﯿ
نﺎ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو
نآ ﺎﻫ 500 ﺮﻔﻧ ﯽﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . رﺎﻣآ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ي
نﺎﮔرﻮﻣ لوﺪﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ 217
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ و ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺮﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ يﺮﯿﮔ
ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ترﻮﺻ
رد سﺮﺘﺳد رد ﺮﻈﻧ
ﺘﻓﺮﮔ داﺪﻌﺗ ًﺎﺘﯾﺎﻬﻧ و ﺪﺷ ﻪ 203
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺤﺻ ترﻮﺻ
ﯿ ﺢ ﺪﺷ هداد تدﻮﻋ .
ﺮﻈﻧزا يرﻮﺻ ﯽﯾاور ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ
8 اﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﯽﯾاور ياﺮﺑ و ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ هﺮﻬﺑ ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺪﯿﺗﺎﺳا زا ﻦﺗ لاﺆﺳ ﯽﯾ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﺷوﻻ لﺪﻣ زا ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
) 81 / 0 = ( CVR
ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﺷ ﺪﯿﯾﺎﺗ ﯽﯾاﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﯽﯾاور و لوﺪﺟ رد اﺮﮕﻤﻫ ﯽﯾاور
)2 ﻪﺋارا ( رﺎﺒﺘﻋا زا ﯽﮐﺎﺣ لﺪﻣ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ و اﺮﮕﻤﻫ ﯽﯾاور يراﺮﻗﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
هزاﺪﻧا راﺰﺑا ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ .دراد ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣدرﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد يﺮﯿﮔ
شور ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ مﺮﻧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ
راﺰﻓا
Amos20
و
SPSS20
مﺎﺠﻧا .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
نﺎﻤﻫ هرﺎﻤﺷ لوﺪﺟ رد ﻪﮐ رﻮﻃ 2
ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺖﺳا ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻪﯾﻮﮔ و ﺎﻫ
خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ و ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ زا ،نآ يﺎﻫ يﻻﺎﺑ
7/
0 ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ؛
جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو يﻻﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ
5/
0 هدﻮﻤﻧ ﺐﺴﮐ ار ﯽﻣ .ﺪﻧا
ر و ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ناﻮﺗ و ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ .دﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﯿﯾﺎﺗ ار ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ياﺮﮕﻤﻫ ﯽﯾاو
جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ هﺪﺷ
ﻮﮕﻟا لﺪﻣ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﺪﻣ
ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ا ﻪﺗارﺎﮐ شزرو رد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺒﺗاﺮﻣ ﻪﻠﺴﻠﺳ لﺪﻣ ترﻮﺻ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدروآ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﯽﺘﺳد ترﻮﺻ
لوﺪﺟ 2 ﯽﯾاﺮﮕﻤﻫ ﯽﯾاور و ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ . ﻔﻟا
خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎ ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ هﺪﺷجاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ 76
/
0 0/79 0/81 بﺬﺟ
82 /
0 0/81 0/79 ﺶﻨﯾﺰﮔ
85 /
0 0/88 0/80 يﺮﯿﮔرﺎﮐﻪﺑ
78 /
0 0/83 0/759 ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﮕﻧ
79 /
0 0 /79 0 /813 ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
