Institutionalization of Leisure Time Physical Activity

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Institutionalization of Leisure Time Physical Activity

Amirhesam Rahimi¹ , Ahmadali Asefi²^

1. Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Management, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

2. Corresponding Author, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Management, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

E-mail: [email protected]

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article type:

Research Article

Article history:

Received:

8 June 2021 Received in revised form:

13 September 2021 Accepted:

14 September 2021 Published online:

1 January 2023

Keywords:

Habituation, Institutionalization,

Leisure Time Physical Activity, Objectification,

Sedimentation

Introduction: Enjoying the benefits of physical activity requires an active lifestyle and a continuous participation in a variety of physical activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the effective factors of institutionalizing leisure- time physical activity which was based on institutionalization theory.

Methods: This qualitative research method was in exploratory type and in the terms of purpose was functional which was conducted in the field format. Participants in the present study (16 people) were people who had continuous physical activity for at least 5 years (three sessions per week) and this behavior was institutionalized in them. These participants were selected through purposive sampling and snowball method to reach the theoretical saturation point. The data collection tool was the semi-structured interview and then a coding method was used to analyze the data of the interviews.

Results: The results of the research led to the discovery of 21 factors, including gaining internal and external rewards and satisfying the sense of competition in the habituation phase, promoting physical activity and its results for others, and forming and leading sports groups in the objectification phase and gaining social popularity and role models. Others were in the process of depositing the process of institutionalization of physical activity in leisure time.

Conclusion: By recognizing, planning and creating mechanisms for the operation of these factors, as well as adopting strategies for experiencing these situations by members of society, the process of institutionalization of physical activity in leisure time can be facilitated for individuals and ultimately for a society as a whole and a healthy and active community would be witnessed.

Cite this article: Rahimi, A. H., Asefi, A. A. (2023). Institutionalization of Leisure Time Physical Activity. Sport Management Journal, 14 (4), 165-183.

DOI:http//doi.org/10.22059/JSM.2021.324048.2725

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ExtendedAbstract

Introduction

Leisure physical activity is an activity that is performed with the aim of improving health and performance during exercise, recreation, or any other time, other than physical activity related to work, household chores, or regular transportation.

Engaging in leisure physical activity has numerous benefits for individuals, the acquisition of these benefits depends on its continuation. Continuing physical leisure activity requires that this desirable activity be institutionalized in people. Therefore, in order to have effective change, we must increase our knowledge of the institutionalization process that follows the continuation or survival of change programs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the institutionalization of leisure physical activity and to provide a model for it.

Methods

The current research method was qualitative and exploratory, which is practical in terms of its purpose, and in terms of its implementation method, it was part of field research. The participants of the current study (16 people) were people over 20 years old who had continuous physical activity (three sessions per week) for at least 5 years, during this period, they did not stop physical activity and this behavior was institutionalized in them. These participants were selected through purposive sampling and totally non-probability method and snowball method until reaching the theoretical saturation point. In order to collect data, a semi- structured interview method was used. In order to ensure the validity of the interview while being careful in choosing the topic, great care was taken to ensure the reliability of the stages of designing the questions, the way of asking the questions, recording and implementing the interviews and analyzing the interviews so that the results of the research have a good reliability. Also, test-retest reliability was used to calculate interview reliability. Qualitative data coding method was used for data analysis.

Results

Based on the results of the research, totally, 21 factors in three stages (habit formation, objectification and sedimentation) had an impact on the institutionalization of leisure time physical activity. The first stage was habit formation, which was influenced by 8 factors.

Researchers defined habit formation as the habitual practice of behaviors acquired through experience and accepted by a set of actors with the aim of solving a repetitive and routine problem. The second stage of the

institutionalization theory was the objectification of behavior, which was influenced by 7 factors.

Objectification refers to the diffusion of a new orderly structure created to solve problems that responds to a particular set of problems by creating shared social meanings, resulting from habitual and routine practices.

At this stage, in order to show their belief to others about the positive effect of doing regular physical activity, people show behaviors that make this practice an object in the society, so that other people in the society, see the positive effects of this activity, do sports and they can also benefit from its advantages. The third and last stage of the institutionalization process was sedimentation, which was influenced by 6 factors. Complete institutionalization involves sedimentation, a process that essentially depends on the historical continuity of the structure and, in particular, its survival over several generations of individuals. When the objectified behaviors can be transferred to the context and beyond their original purpose, and almost all of these behaviors can continue for a long and considerable period of time for the entire group acting on those behaviors as suitable recipients, sedimentation has occurred.

Conclusion

The results of the research showed that the theory of institutionalization and the factors discovered in this research can provide a useful theoretical framework for the institutionalization of leisure time physical activity and help in this regard. On the other hand, the managers and sports officials of the country, especially in the field of leisure and healthy recreation, can be inspired by the factors discovered in this research and adopt operational solutions regarding each factor and at each stage, the institutionalization of leisure time physical activity in people and finally facilitate the whole society. In this way, the institutionalization of leisure time physical activity in the society, while improving the health of people and creating freshness and exhilaration in the society, can prevent families and the government from incurring countless expenses, especially in the health and treatment sector. and to change existing patterns, attitudes, values and behaviors, especially inactivity and inactive lifestyle.

Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines:

Funding: The research was done without using financial resources Authors’ contribution: The authors have contributed equally Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest

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Acknowledgments: This research was done with the guidance of distinguished professors and the cooperation of research participants.

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ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ نﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ

ﯽﻤﯿﺣر مﺎﺴﺣﺮﯿﻣا ، 1

ﯽﻔﺻآ ﯽﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺣا

2



1 هوﺮﮔ . ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،

هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،

نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ، نﺎﻬﻔﺻا :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .ناﺮﯾا ، [email protected]

2 . ﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ وﺆ ،ل هوﺮﮔ ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،

هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،

نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ، نﺎﻬﻔﺻا :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .ناﺮﯾا ، [email protected]

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ

:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 12 / 03 / 1400

:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 22

/ 06 / 1400

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 23 / 06 / 1400

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 11 / 10 / 1401

ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ ،يراﺬﮔبﻮﺳر

تدﺎﻋ

،يزﺎﺳ ﯽﻨﯿﻋ

،يزﺎﺳ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ

،ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ نﺪﺷ :ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

هﺮﻬﺑ رد ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ و لﺎﻌﻓ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﮏﺒﺳ ﻦﺘﺷاد مﺰﻠﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺪﯾاﻮﻓ زا يﺪﻨﻣ ا

ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ عاﻮﻧ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ

ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﯾا زا فﺪﻫ ﯿ

ﻖ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ رد

ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ نﺪﺷ ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻣ

ﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﺘﺒ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ يرﻮﺌﺗ

يزﺎﺳ .دﻮﺑ :ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور ﻘﺤﺗ شور

ﯿ ﻖ ﮐ ﯿﻔ ﯽ ﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا عﻮﻧ زا ﯽ

عﻮﻧ زا فﺪﻫ ظﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ و دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ

ي ﻣ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ و دﻮﺑ ﯿ

ﻧاﺪ ﯽ .ﺪﺷ اﺮﺟا

) ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ 16

تﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ يداﺮﻓا ،(ﺮﻔﻧ 5

ﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ لﺎﺳ رد ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﻪﺳ) ﺮﻤﺘﺴ

دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﺎﻬﻧآ دﻮﺟو رد رﺎﺘﻓر ﻦﯾا و ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد (ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﻪﮐ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ شور ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﮔﯿ

ﺮ ي ﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ ﺷ ﻪﺑ و ﺪ ﯿ هﻮ ﻓﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﻮﻠﮔ ﯽ ﺎﺗ

ﺳر ﯿ نﺪ ﺮﻈﻧ عﺎﺒﺷا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ي

بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . راﺰﺑا ﻊﻤﺟ روآ ي هداد ﺎﻫ

، ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺪﻨﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﻤﯿﻧ دﻮﺑ

هداد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ياﺮﺑ و زا يﺎﻫ

.ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ شور ﯾاور

ﯽ .ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ يﺎﻫ شور ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺎﻫ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ و

:ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﯿ ﻖ ﻒﺸﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ 21

شادﺎﭘ ﺐﺴﮐ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ و ﯽﻧورد يﺎﻫ

ﺎﺿرا و ﯽﺒﻠﻃ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ﺲﺣ ي

رد تدﺎﻋ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺎﻫ هوﺮﮔ يﺮﺒﻫر و ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ و ناﺮﮕﯾد ياﺮﺑ نآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺞﯾوﺮﺗ ،يزﺎﺳ

ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد ﯽﺷزرو ي

ﯽﻨﯿﻋ بﻮﺳر ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد ناﺮﮕﯾد ياﺮﺑ نﺪﺷ ﻮﮕﻟا و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﯿﺑﻮﺒﺤﻣ ﺐﺴﮐو يزﺎﺳ ﺎﻬﻧ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ يراﺬﮔ

نﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾد ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ

ﺪﺷ ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ .

:يﺮﯿﮔ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ

ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻣ

ناﻮﺗ ﯽ ﺎﺑ

،ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺰﯾر ي ﯾﺎﻫرﺎﮐوزﺎﺳ دﺎﺠﯾا و ﯽ

ﺑ اﺮ ي ﻠﻤﻋ ﯿﺗﺎ ﯽ زﺎﺳ ي ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ

هﺪﺷ ﻒﺸﮐ ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار ذﺎﺨﺗا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ داﺮﻓا ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ دﺎﻬﻧ ﺪﻧور

ﻪﻨﯾ نﺪﺷ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ

ار ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا رد

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻞﮐ ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد و داﺮﻓا ﻬﺴﺗ

ﯿ ﻞ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ و دﺮﮐ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

و ﻢﻟﺎﺳ يا دﻮﺑ ﺎﯾﻮﭘ .

دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : ﯽﻤﯿﺣر ، مﺎﺴﺣﺮﯿﻣا

؛ ﯽﻔﺻآ ، ﯽﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺣا ) 1401 .(

ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ نﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ .

ﻪﯾﺮﺸﻧ ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،)

4 ( 14 ، 165 - 183 .

2021.324048.2725

JSM.

/ 10.22059 DOI:http//doi.org/

هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد :ﺮﺷﺎﻧ ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ و ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ

. .نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©

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ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ نﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ

169

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺣ لﻮﻃ رد نﺎﺴﻧا ﯿ

تﺎ اﺮﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ عﻮﻨﺘﻣ و دﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ هراﻮﻤﻫ دﻮﺧ ي

ﺎﻫ شﻼﺗ ﺎﻬﻧآ ندﻮﻤﻧ فﺮﻃﺮﺑ ي

ﻓ ﻧاواﺮ ﯽ ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ .

زا ﯽﮑﯾ

ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻦﯾا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ

و ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا هﻮﺤﻧ

ا نارﺬﮔ ﯾ ﻦ ﺖﺳا تﺎﻗوا ،ﯽﻧﺎﻫاﺮﻓ ﯽﻟﻼﺟ )

1393 : 45 .(

زا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻗوا ﺮﯾﺬﭙﻟد و ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎ

ﺮﻔﺗ ،ﺖﺣاﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﺖﯾﺎﺿر ﺎﺑ دﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺎﻬﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻪﻧازور ﯽﮔﺪﻧز تﺎﻋﺎﺳ زا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ و ﺮﺸﺑ دﺎﺣآ تﺎﻗوا ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،ﺢﯾ

ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﺎﯾ ﺎﻫ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ

ﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ لﻮﻐﺸﻣ ناﺪﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﯽﮔداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ،ﯽﻠﻐﺷ تﺎﻣاﺰﻟا زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫر زا ﺲﭘ ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃواد و دزادﺮﭘ ﯽﻣ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا د

) ،نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز و ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺛ 1392

.(

ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ تﺎﯾﺮﻈﻧ و ﻒﯾرﺎﻌﺗ درﻮﻣ رد

ﺐﺣﺎﺻ زا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣا ،دراد دﻮﺟو ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ناﺮﻈﻧ

ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ًﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

،ﺖﺴﯿﻧ نداد مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ نآ رد يرﺎﺒﺟا ﭻﯿﻫ و ﺪﻫﺪﯿﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا شدﻮﺧ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ دﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ

ﻢﯿﻫﺪﯿﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﻧادازآ ار نآ ﺎﻣ ﺲﭘ .

دراﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو ﯽﺟرﺎﺧ و ﯽﻠﺧاد رﺎﺸﻓ ﭻﯿﻫ و ﺖﺳا ﺪﻬﻌﺗ زا يدازآ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﻦﯾا رد يدازآ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ

،ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺣﺪﯿﺳ و ﯽﺿﺎﯿﻓ ،يرﺎﻔﺻ) 1401

.(

فﺮﺻ زا ﺮﻈﻧ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﺎﻫ هﺎﮔﺪﯾد ﻦﯾا ﻪﻤﻫ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﺪﻨﻫد

نﺎﻣز تﺎﻗوا ﻏاﺮﻓ ﺖ داﺮﻓا رد ﻢﻫ

نﺎﻬﺟ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ رد ﻢﻫ و ناﺮﯾا ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ

و ﯽﺘﻌﻨﺻ نﺪﺷ ﻊﻣاﻮﺟ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يرﺪﯿﺣ)

1399 .(

هزوﺮﻣا

ﺢﯾﺮﻔﺗ و ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ نارﺬﮔ

تﺎﻗوا ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ يا ﻪﻠﯿﺳو ﺮﺛﻮﻣ

ياﺮﺑ ياﻮﻗ شروﺮﭘ

،يﺮﮑﻓ ﯽﻤﺴﺟ و ﯽﻗﻼﺧا داﺮﻓا و ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ

ياﺮﺑ

يﺮﯿﮔﻮﻠﺟ زا

يﺎﻫ يوﺮﺠﮐ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

ﻪﺑ رﺎﻤﺷ ﯽﻣ دور نﺎﮔوﺪﯾآ و يﺎﺗارا) ،1

2015 .(

هﻮﺤﻧ ﺎﺑ دﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ شزﻮﻣآ و ﺪﺷر ،ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ

دراد ﮏﯾدﺰﻧ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا نارﺬﮔ ﻮﮑﺴﭽﯿﺑ)

،2

2014 .(

ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ،ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ نﺪﻧارﺬﮔ راﺬﮔﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ و ﻢﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ هار زا ﯽﮑﯾ

ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ شزرو و ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻧد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻣاﻮﺟ رد ﯿﺎ

ﺗروﺮﺿ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﯽ

ﺬﭘﺎﻧرﺎﮑﻧا ﯾﺮ ﺬﭘ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺮ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ )

نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﮐﺪﯾﻮﺧ ﯽﺘﺷد ،

1399 .(

ﻣ و ﺶﺨﺑ تﺬﻟ ار ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يدراﻮﻣ زا ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ و دراد نﺎﺴﻧا ناور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ رد فﺮﮕﺷ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ و دزﺎﺳ ﯽﻣ ﺪﯿﻔ

رﺎﺛآ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﻣ و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد هاﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ يدﺮﻓ ،زروﺎﺸﮐ و دار يﻮﺳﻮﻣ)

1394 .(

ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﯽﺘﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا

ﺖﺳا زا ﺮﯿﻏ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﯾد نﺎﻣز ﺮﻫ ﺎﯾ ﺢﯾﺮﻔﺗ ،شزرو مﺎﮕﻨﻫ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﯽﺘﻣﻼﺳ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻞﻤﺣ ﺎﯾ ﯽﮕﻧﺎﺧ رﻮﻣا ،ﻞﻐﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ

) دﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻢﻈﻨﻣ ﻞﻘﻧ و ﺮﭘﻮﮐ

نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،3

2014 .(

ﻪﮑﯾرﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ،دراد يرﺎﻤﺸﯿﺑ ﺪﯾاﻮﻓ ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﺧادﺮﭘ نﺪﻧﺎﻣ لﺎﻌﻓ

ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ داﺮﻓا ﯽﻣ ءﺎﻘﺗرا ار ماﺪﻧا ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ يروﺮﺿ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ، ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﻦﯾا ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ و ﺪﺸﺨﺑ

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺴﻧا ﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻃ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ددﺮﮔ

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻔﺻآ) 1393

(،

ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ا هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ي

ﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﮐ دراد دﻮﺟو ﯽ

داﺮﻓا ﺪﻫد ي ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ

ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ ي زا ﺪﻧراد

ﻤﺴﺟ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﯽ

ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺸﻧاور ، ﯽ

ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ و ﯽ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ي رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ رو هﺮﻬﺑ ي ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ي و ﺪﻧراد ﻧﻻﻮﻃ رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ردﺎﻗ ﯽ

ﺮﺗ و ﺷا ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا لﺎﻐﺘ ﯽ

ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ

ﯽﻣ و ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻠﮐ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ،ﯽ ﮐﯿ ﻔﯿ ﺖ ﮔﺪﻧز ﯽ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ي .ﺪﻧراد اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﯾ ﻦ ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺮﺑ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ي

ﺎﻫ ي اﺰﻓا ﯾ ﺶ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ، ﯿ ﻞ ز ﯾ دﺎ ي ﺮﺑ يا ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ يراﺬﮔ

و بﻮﻠﻄﻣ هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺢﻄﺳ رد دراد

ﻦﻤﭼﻻ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،4

2018 .(

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ،لﺎﺣ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻫد

اوا زا ﯾ ﻞ ﮐدﻮﮐ ﯽ اﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺑ ﯾ

ﺶ

ﻦﺳ ﻓ ﻟﺎﻌ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﯽ ﯾ ﺪﺑﺎ ﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﺮﺧاوا رد و ﯽ

ز ﺖﻓا ﯾ دﺎ ي ﯽﻣ اﺪﯿﭘ ،ﺪﻨﮐ

،ور ﻦﯾا زا ﻤﮐ ﺪﺻرد

ﯽ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻢﻈﻨﻣ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ نﻻﺎﺴﮔرﺰﺑ زا ﯿ

ﺖ

ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ و ﺪﻧراد ناﺰﯿﻣ اﺮﺑ نآ ي ﻣ داﺮﻓا ﯿ لﺎﺴﻧﺎ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻦﺴﻣ و ﺰﯿﻧ

ﺖﺳا نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و پاﺮﺗ) ،5

2011 .(

ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا نﺎﺸﻧ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد 85 - 60 ﺪﻨﺘﺴﯿﻧ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﯽﻓﺎﮐ كﺮﺤﺗ زا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ رد نﻻﺎﺴﮔرﺰﺑ زا ﺪﺻرد ،ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ)

2019 ( ﺮﻫ زا و 3

ﺎﯿﻧد رد لﺎـﺴﮔرﺰﺑ 1

ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﻔﻧ

،دراد ﯽﻓﺎﮐﺎﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ

دوﺪـﺣ 31

% داﺮـﻓا زا 15 ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ و لﺎﺳ ﺪﻧراﺪﻧ

) 28

% و نادﺮﻣ زا

34

% (نﺎﻧز زا ،ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ) 2012

،(

و ﺖﺳا قدﺎﺻ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺎﻣ رﻮﺸﮐ رد عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا زا ﺶﯿﺑ هﺪﻨﻫد نﺎﺸﻧ

33

% ﯽﻧﺪﺑ كﺮﺤﺗ مﺪﻋ

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ﯽﻣ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يرﺎﺠﺗ) 1390

،(

ﯽﻣ ﻞﮑﺷ دﺮﻓ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﯽﯾاﺪﺘﺑا نارود رد ﯽﮔﺪﻧز و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ تادﺎﻋ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻟﺎﺣرد ﻦﯾا

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﭽﻧﺎﻨﭼ و ﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔ ا يا

ﻢﯿﺷﺎﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﺳ رد لﺎﻌﻓ يداﺮﻓا ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻢﯿﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﻣ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد دﻮﺟو نارود ﻦﯾا ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻟﻮﺻ نﻮﺴﻠﮑﯿﻣ)

،6

2020 .(

1. Eratay & Aydoğan

2. Bichescu

3. Cooper & et al

4. Lachman & et al

5. Thorp & et al

6. Mikaelsson & et al

(6)

170

ﻣ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ،مرﺎﻬﭼ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪ 1401

رد ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ تﺎﯿﺑدا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ،لﺎﺣ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ 20

و هﺪﻨﻨﮐ مﺮﮔﺮﺳ يرﺎﺘﻓر ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ يور ﺮﺑ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ هﺪﻤﻋ ،ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ لﺎﺳ

هدﻮﺗ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﺻﺮﻓ زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ،باﺬﺟ ﺪﻧا ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ لﺎﻌﻓ ﯽﯾﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر رد ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ داﺮﻓا

نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ور ) ،1

2013 ( حﻮﻄﺳ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ﯽﻟو

ﯽﺑ و ﯽﻗﺎﭼ ﯽﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ نﺎﻣرد و يﺮﯿﮕﺸﯿﭘ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯽﺘﻨﺳ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ،ﯽﮐﺮﺤﺗ

حﺮﻄﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ داﺮﻓا ﯽﻗﺎﭼ و ﯽﮐﺮﺤﺗ

ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﺳاﻮﺧرد ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﯾاﻮﻓ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ شزرا يور ﺮﺑ يراﺬﮔ ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺖﻬﺟ رد ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ،ﯽﻧﺪﺑ

ﯽﻣ نآ ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و چﺮﭼ) ،2

2011 .(

ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ زا ﺎﺘﯾﺎﻬﻧ رﺎﮐ هزﺎﺗ داﺮﻓا زا يدﺎﯾز ﺪﺻرد ،ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ نﺎﯿﺑ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ دﻮﺟو ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ

هرﺎﻨﮐ ماﺪﻧا ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺎﯾ ﺪﻨﻣرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ،دﺮﮐ ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ يﺮﯿﮔ

ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ رد ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ تروﺮﺿ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ راﺮﻤﺘﺳا ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗرﻮﺻ رد

ﺖﺳا ﯽﺳﺎﺳا و ﻢﻬﻣ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﯽﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﺪﯾاﻮﻓ ﻆﻔﺣ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و سﻮﮐرﺎﻣ)

،3

2000 .(

نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ هداد

ﺪﻧا ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ

ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﻢﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﮐ4

رد لﻮﻃ نﺎﻣز راﺮﻤﺘﺳا ﺪﯾاﻮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ،دراد ﯽﺘﻣﻼﺳ

يرﺎﻤﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﻣ

دﻮﺷ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻔﺻآ) 1393

.(

ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﯿﻤﻫ رد كرﻮﺑ

،

ﮏﯾﺮﮐ و ﺪﻨﻠﯿﻫ

5 ) 2020 ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ناﻮﻨﻋ دﻮﺧ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ،(

اﺰﻣ ﯾﺎ ي ﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ي ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺎﭘ ترﻮﺻ رد ﺎﻬﻨﺗ سﻼﮐ رد ﺮﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﯾ

راﺪ

ﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ نﺪﻧﺎﻣ رد

نﺎﻣز رﺬﮔ ددﺮﮔ ﯽﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا

. رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا

ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ رد

ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ

ﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ ،ﺪﻨﮐ ﺎﻔﯾا ﯽﻤﻬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺖﺳا ﻪ

عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا و ﻦﯾا ياﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ندﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﺖﻬﺟ رد شزرو ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ

رﻮﻈﻨﻣ

، ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ زا ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻪﮐ يداﺮﻓا ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ

، ﺖﺳا ﻢﻬﻣ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻔﺻآ)

1393 .(

يﺎﻬﺘﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ رد داﺮﻓا ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ياﺮﺑ ... و ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﮏﺒﺳ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ،ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ داﺮﻓا شﺮﮕﻧ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ تﻼﺧاﺪﻣ و تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ و شزرو رد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ياﺮﺑ داﺮﻓا نﺪﻧاﺰﯿﮕﻧا رد هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور ،دﻮﺟو ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﺘﻣﻼﺳ هﺪﻨﻫد ءﺎﻘﺗرا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ

ﺪﺑ يﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺪﻣآرﺎﮐﺎﻧ ﺐﻠﻏا ﯽﻧ

، ياﺮﺑ داﺮﻓا ﻪﺑ ﮏﻤﮐ رد ار ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ياﺮﺑ تﻼﺧاﺪﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ يرﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ

هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ عوﺮﺷ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺸﻧ ﺐﺴﮐ ﯽﻧاﺪﻨﭼ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ راﺮﻤﺘﺳا ﻪﻨﯿﻣز رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد ﺪﻧا

لﻮﯿﭼ و ﺪﻧﺮﺑ) ،6

2019 .(

وا هزﻮﺣ رد ﯽﻠﺧاد تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯿﻬﺴﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ شزرو و ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗ

ﻞ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ شزرو و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ رد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ و هﺪﻨﻨﮐ

هدﺮﮐ لﺎﺒﻧد ار ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺪﯿﻔﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد ﺖﻬﺟ رﻮﻀﺣ راﺮﻤﺘﺳا ﺚﺤﺑ ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ و ﺪﻧا يﺪﻬﻣ لﺎﺜﻣ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ .ﺖﺳا

ماﺪﻧا و هداز

) 1393 ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ،(

نآ ﻊﻓر ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ هرﺎﺷا يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﯽﻣ ﺎﻫ

ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ رد ار ﯽﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ناﺰﯿﻣ ناﻮﺗ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﺪﯿﺸﺨﺑ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ .

) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻓﺎﻨﻣ 1394

ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ رد داﺮﻓا ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز و ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﺰﯿﻧ (

هدﺮﮐ هرﺎﺷا ﺪﻧا

. ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺣ 1396

ﻮﻋ ،(

ﻞﻣا ) ﯽﺷﺰﯿﮕﻧا و ﯽﺗاﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ ،يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ،ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا (

ار رد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا رد ﺮﺛﻮﻣ

ﯽﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ و ﺪﻨﻧاد

) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻧﺎﺑﺮﻗ 1399

ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﻪﺑ ،(

ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ هﺰﯿﮕﻧا دﺎﺠﯾا ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ رد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ

رد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ

ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ نﺎﻣز ﺪﻧراد هرﺎﺷا

. ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ قﻮﻓ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ د

ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور ﯽﻠﮐ

ياﺮﺑ كرد ﻞﻠﻋ يﺪﻨﺒﯾﺎﭘ رد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ راﺮﻤﺘﺳا و

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺘﻧ ﺪﻧا ﯽﮔﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ

ﺎﺑ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ مواﺪﻣ رد ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ار نﺎﯿﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ و شﻼﺗ ﺐﻠﻏا رد ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ

شﺮﯾﺬﭘ و ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا يﺎﻫ هار ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ لﺪﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ نﺎﯿﻟﺎﺳ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ و كرد ﻪﻧ ،ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﯿﻟوا

ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ار نآ رد ﻦﻤﺸﯾد)

،7

2001 .(

كرﻮﮐ و ﻦﻣدﻮﮔ ور ﻦﯾا زا )8

1982 ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ ،(

ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ تﺎﯿﺑدا زا يدﺎﯾز يﺎﻫ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻔﺳﺎﺘﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

شور يورﺮﺑ ﮏﯿﻨﮑﺗ و ﺎﻫ

راﺮﻤﺘﺳا و ﻆﻔﺣ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ و ﺪﻧراد ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ نآ مﺎﺠﻧا و ﻪﺋارا و ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻦﺘﺷاد ياﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ رﺎﮐ نﺎﻣز لﻮﻃ رد ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ

ﻨﮐ ﯽﻣ لﺎﺒﻧد ار ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يﺎﻘﺑ ﺎﯾ راﺮﻤﺘﺳا ﻪﮐ ﻢﯿﻫد ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ندﺮﮐ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ار نﺎﻣ ﺶﻧاد ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺶﺨﺑﺮﺛا تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺪ

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻔﺻآ) 2014

( . تﺎﮑﺳا

9 ) 2001 ﯽﻔﺻآ زا ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ،(

يﺮﯿﺒﺧ و يﺪﺳا ، )

2018 ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ (

،ﺪﻨﮐ ندﺮﮐ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ترﺎﺒﻋ

ﺖﺳا ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ زا

ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ندروآ و ﺎﻫ

ﯽﻄﯾاﺮﺷ دﻮﺷ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر نﺪﺷﺮﯿﮔاﺮﻓ و يراﺪﯾﺎﭘ ،تﺎﺒﺛ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ .

يرﺎﺘﻓر ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﻞﻤﻋ ﮏﯾ ،ﻊﻗاو رد

1. Rowe & et al

2. Church & et al

3. Marcus & et al

4. Regular physical activity

5. Bourke, Hilland & Craike

6. Brand & Cheval

7. Dishman

8. Goodman & Kurke

9. Scott

(7)

171

ﺟا نﺎﺴﮑﯾ كﺮﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ رد داﺮﻓا زا يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ داﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﯾ ود ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ،دراد راﺮﻤﺘﺳا نﺎﻣز لﻮﻃ رد ﻪﮐ ددﺮﮔ ﯽﻣ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ و ددﺮﮔ ﯽﻣ اﺮ

.دراد دﻮﺟو ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﯿﻌﻗاو ﻦﻤﮐﻻ و ﺮﮔﺮﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ندﺮﮐ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ

) ،1

1967 ﺮﮐوز و تﺮﺒﻟﻮﺗ و ﺪﺷ حﺮﻄﻣ ( ) ،2

1996 نآ زا مﺎﻬﻟا ﺎﺑ ( ﻦﯾا ﺎﻫ

و ﯽﮕﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﻪﺒﺷ ،ﯽﮕﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﺶﯿﭘ) ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻪﺳ زا نﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ :ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ نﺎﯿﺑ و هدﺮﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺳر زور ﻪﺑ ار ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ (ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﯽﮕﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ

تدﺎﻋ) ﯽﻟاﻮﺘﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﻪﻠﯿﺳو ﯽﻨﯿﻋ ،يزﺎﺳ

بﻮﺳر و يزﺎﺳ ﯽﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ (يراﺬﮔ

ﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ،ﺪﻧدﺮﮔ ،ﺮﮐوز و تﺮﺒﻟﻮﺗ) ﺖ

1996 .(

تدﺎﻋ

ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﯾد رﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ﯽﯾﻮﺟ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﺶﺷﻮﮐ راﺪﻘﻣ نﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ و هﻮﯿﺷ نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ هﺪﻨﯾآ رد ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ درﻮﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا نآ زا ﯽﮐﺎﺣ يزﺎﺳ اﺮﺟا ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻫ ﻊﻗاو رد .ﺪﯾآرد ﯽﻣ رد تدﺎﻋ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ يﺰﯾر ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﯽﯾﻮﮕﻟا رد ددﺮﮔ راﺮﮑﺗ ﺎﻫرﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﻫ .ﺪﯾآ دﻮﺷ

ﯽﻣ اﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﮐ رد هﺪﻨﻨﮐ اﺮﺟا كاردا ﻪﺑ ﻮﮕﻟا نﺎﻤﻫ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺖﯿﻫﺎﻣ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ و دروآرد اﺮﺟا ﻪﺑ ار نآ هرﺎﺑود ﺶﺷﻮﮐ رد ﯽﯾﻮﺟ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﺎﺑ ناﻮﺗ

ﯽﻣ ا .ﺪﯾآ تدﺎﻋ ﻪﺑ رﺎﺘﻓر ﮏﯾ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ .ﺖﺳا قدﺎﺻ ود ﺮﻫ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ درﻮﻣ رد ﻢﻫ و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺮﯿﻏ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ درﻮﻣ رد ﻢﻫ ﺖﻘﯿﻘﺣ ﻦﯾ

ﯽﻣ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ ﯽﻣ ﺎﻫر ﻞﻤﻋ ﮏﯾ مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ دﺪﻌﺘﻣ تﺎﻤﯿﻤﺼﺗ رﺎﺑ ﺮﯾز زا دﺮﻓ دﻮﺷ

هار ﻪﻤﻫ و دﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺗ هار ﮏﯾ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ،ﺮﮕﯾد ﻦﺨﺳ ﻪﺑ .ﺪﺑﺎﯾ

ﻪﺻﺮﻋ يدﺎﻋ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ا

ﯽﻣ يروآﻮﻧ و ﻖﻤﻌﺗ يور ﻪﺑ ي ﯽﻣ ﺶﯾﻮﺧ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣدآ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﻌﻣ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ .ﺪﯾﺎﺸﮔ

زا ﺲﭘ ﺖﺴﯿﻧ مزﻻ ﺮﮕﯾد ،ﺪﻫد

.ﺖﺳا يزﺎﺳ دﺎﻬﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻫ ﺮﺑ مﺪﻘﻣ تدﺎﻋ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ،ﻊﻗاو رد .دﻮﺷ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ و ﻮﻧ زا ﯽﺘﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺮﻫ تدﺎﻋ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ نﺪﺷ يدﺎﻋ ﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﺑﺮﺠﺗ ظﺎﺤﻟ زا ﯽﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ وا ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ نﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻣدآ ﺖﯿ

ﺪﺑﺎﯾ ﻦﻤﮐﻻ و ﺮﮔﺮﺑ) ،3

1991 .(

ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ

ﯽﻨﯿﻋ) ﯽﻣ (يزﺎﺳ دﺮﯿﮕﺑ دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻨﯿﻋ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ و ددﺮﮔ ﯽﻠﺠﺘﻣ يو يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر رد داﺮﻓا ﺎﯾ دﺮﻓ روﺎﺑ ﺎﯾ شﺮﮕﻧ رد ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻦﯾا ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻦﯾا رد ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

ددﺮﮔ ﺖﯿﺒﺜﺗ داﺮﻓا زا يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ةﺪﻋ روﺎﺑ و شﺮﮕﻧ رد و ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ و دﺮﻓ فاﺪﻫا و ﺎﻫدﺮﮐرﺎﮐ ،ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ رد ﻞﯾﺪﻌﺗ و ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ،ﻞﻤﻋ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻣزﻻ ،

ﺪﻧدﺮﮔ داﺮﻓا ﺎﯾ دﺮﻓ رد هﺪﻣآ دﻮﺟو ﻪﺑ رﺎﺘﻓر و شﺮﮕﻧ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺑﺎﯾ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ يرﻮﻃ ،ﯽﻔﺻآ)

1392 .(

ﺮﮐوز

4 ) 1987 ﺮﻫ دراد دﺎﻘﺘﻋا (

ﯽﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا رﺎﺘﻓر ﮏﯾ ندﻮﺑ ﯽﻧوﺮﺑ و ﺖﯿﻨﯿﻋ ﻪﺟرد رﺪﻗ ﻪﭼ ﯽﻣ ﻻﺎﺑ نﺪﺷ يدﺎﻬﻧ ﻪﺟرد ،ﺪﺑﺎﯾ

دور . بﻮﺳر) ﺮﺧآ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺎﺘﯾﺎﻬﻧ ﻪﺑ .دراد مﺎﻧ (يراﺬﮔ

ﺮﮐوز و تﺮﺒﻟﻮﺗ ﮥﺘﻔﮔ ) ﯽﻔﺻآ زا ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ،

1392 ،(

ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻞﮐ زا ﯽﮑﭼﻮﮐ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ﯽﻣ وا ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ

ﺪﻧﺎﻣ . ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﯽﻗﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﺗ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﻣ ﻦﯿﺸﻧ و ﺺﯿﺨﺸﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ يدراﻮﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻨﻌﯾ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

ﯽﻣ ﺪﻤﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ رد يروآدﺎﯾ ﺪﻧدﺮﮔ

. ﯽﯾﻮﮕﻟا رد ﻞﻤﻋ ،ﯽﺗرﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ

ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﯽﻣ يﺰﯾر هﺪﻨﻨﮐاﺮﺟا كاردا ﻪﺑ ﻮﮕﻟا نﺎﻤﻫ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺖﯿﻫﺎﻣ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ و دروآرد اﺮﺟا ﻪﺑ ار نآ هرﺎﺑود ﺶﺷﻮﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ًاﺪﻌﺑ نﺎﺴﻧا ﺎﺗ دﻮﺷ

ﯽﻣرد ﯽﻣ دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ندﻮﺑ ﯽﻧوﺮﺑ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ،ﻞﻤﻋ ﯽﺘﻗو .ﺪﯾآ بﻮﺳر ،دﺮﯿﮔ

ر يراﺬﮔ ﯽﻣ خ رد .ﺪﻫد بﻮﺳر ﺖﻟﺎﺣ رد ،ﻊﻗاو رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ،يراﺬﮔ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﻧادوﺎﺟ نﺎﻣز ﯽﻃ ،هﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ تﺪﻣزارد ﯽﻣ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻖﻤﻋ زا ﻢﻫ و ﯽﮔدﺮﺘﺴﮔ زا ﻢﻫ ،ﯽﺗرﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ .دﻮﺷ

دﻮﺷ ،رﻮﭘ ﯽﻠﻗ) 2013

.(

ﺜﻣ يﺎﻫدﺮﮐرﺎﮐ و ﺖﺳا بﻮﻠﻄﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر هﺮﻣز رد ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺠﻧآ زا دراد ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد يا هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ و ﺖﺒ

تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ اﺬﻟ ،ﺖﺳا ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺎﻧ بﺎﺘﻨﺟا و ﯽﻤﺘﺣ ،مزﻻ يﺮﻣا ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ و ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ ،طﺎﺸﻧ ﻆﻔﺣ ياﺮﺑ و اﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ داﺮﻓا ﻦﯿﺑ رد نآ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ عاﻮﻧا رد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺑﺎﯾ راﺮﻘﺘﺳا و ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ يرﻮﻃ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ ،ﯽﻌﻄﻘﻣ هﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﮏﯾ ن

لﺎﻌﻓ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ يرﺎﺳ و يرﺎﺟ داﺮﻓا مﺎﻤﺗ ﻦﯿﺑ رد و ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ دﺎﻌﺑا و حﻮﻄﺳ مﺎﻤﺗ رد شﻮﺟدﻮﺧ هﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ،هﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ و يدرﻮﻣ ﺮﺷ دﺮﻓ زا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ نﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ .ددﺮﮔ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ،ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد ﺎﺗ ددﺮﮔ يﺮﯿﮕﯿﭘ ﻪﺘﺳﻮﯿﭘ و

،دﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ عو ﯽﻟو

ﯽﻣ ﺮﯿﮔاﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻞﮐ رد ًﺎﺘﯾﺎﻬﻧ و ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺶﺨﺑ رد نآ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﯿﻫﺎﻣ ﺖﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ و ددﺮﮔ ﯽﻤﻧ ﻢﺘﺧ نآ ﻪﺑ ﺰﮔﺮﻫ دﻮﺷ

و ﯽﻔﺻآ)

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 1393

.(

ﺎﺑ ا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯾﻨ ﻪﮑ كرد

"

اﺮﭼ ﯽﯾ

"

يﺎﻫ ﻪﻏﺪﻏد زا شزرو رد داﺮﻓا ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ و ﻢﻈﻨﻣ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ مﺪﻋ ﻠﺻا

ﯽ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ تﺎﻘ ﮕﻧا ﯿ ﺷﺰ ﯽ

ﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور رد ﯽ

ﺖﺳا شزرو و ﺖﻣﻼﺳ و

هزﻮﺣ ﻦﯾا رد تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ اﺮﺑ

ي ﺷزرو رﺎﺘﻓر ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ندﺮﮐ ﻦﺷور ﯽ

ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻦﺘﻓﺎﯾ لﺎﺒﻧد ﻪﺑ ور

ﯾ ﺎﻫدﺮﮑ ي

رﻮﺌﺗ ﯾ ﮏ

؛ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ و ﻞﻠﻋ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ياﺮﺑ ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﺎﻬﻧآ رد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﮐ يداﺮﻓا ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ،ور ﻦﯾا زا

ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ نﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻓﺮﻌﻣ و ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻦﯾا ﺲﻤﻟ و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد يا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ يﺎﻫدروﺎﺘﺳد ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﻣ نﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺎﻬﻧآ رد

رﺎﺘﻓر ﻦﯾا رد داﺮﻓا ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺗﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ يﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ و ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ هزﻮﺣ رد ﺮﺘﻬﺑ يﺎﻫ يﺰﯾر ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ

1. Berger & Luckmann

2. Tolbert & Zucker

3. Berger & Luckmann

4. Zucker

(8)

172

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد نآ يﺮﯿﮔاﺮﻓ و بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ

ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﯽﻠﻌﻓ نﺎﻣز رد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ مﺎﺠﻧا رﻮﺸﮐ داﺮﻓا ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ

بﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﺖﺳا

ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ و ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ندﺮﮐ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ رد ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ،ﺖﺳا نآ راﺮﻤﺘﺳا وﺮﮔ رد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺪﯾاﻮﻓ زا يﺪﻨﻣﺮﻬﺑ

ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ،هوﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ .دراد رﺎﯿﺴﺑ تروﺮﺿ نﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا

ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ دﺮﮑﯾور ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ ترﻮﺻ

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ رد ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ و ﻦﯾا

ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ و ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ

هﺪﺸﻧ ،ﺖﺳا ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ زا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺮﻫ رد ﯽﻠﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﭼ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا ﯽﻠﺻا لاﻮﺳ ،ور ﻦﯾا زا ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ نﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﺮﺑ ،يزﺎﺳ

؟ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

شور ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ

،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ زا عﻮﻧ ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا زا ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ظﺎﺤﻟ

فﺪﻫ يدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ و زا ظﺎﺤﻟ شور اﺮﺟا تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ءﺰﺟ ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ

.دﻮﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺖﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ

ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﯽﻌﺳ ًﺎﻓﺮﺻ و ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ناﺪﯿﻣ دراو ﺖﯿﻨﻫذ نوﺪﺑ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺎﺗ دﻮﺑ مزﻻ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا شور و ﯽﻔﯿﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور زا هداد ﺎﺗ لﻼﺧ زا ار ﺎﻫ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ

.ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻒﺸﮐ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ يﺎﻫ ) ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ

16 يﻻﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا ،(ﺮﻔﻧ 20

ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ لﺎﺳ

تﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ 5

دﻮﺟو رد رﺎﺘﻓر ﻦﯾا و ﺪﻨﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ كﺮﺗ تﺪﻣ ﻦﯾا لﻮﻃ رد ،ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد (ﻪﺘﻔﻫ رد ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﻪﺳ) ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ لﺎﺳ

دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﺎﻬﻧآ .

ﺮﻈﻧ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ )ﯿﺗ

ﺮﺳﻮﭘ و ﻮﺘﻨ ،1

2006 ،(

رﺎﺘﻓر ﮏﯾ نﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﻣز ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ 5

ﺖﺳا لﺎﺳ .

نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻦﯾا

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ شور ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﮔﯿ

ﺮ ي ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ و

ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﺮﯿﻏ ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺷ ﻪﺑ و ﯿ هﻮ ﻓﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﻮﻠﮔ ﯽ ﺳر ﺎﺗ ﯿ نﺪ ﺮﻈﻧ عﺎﺒﺷا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ي

بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . ياﺮﺑ ﺶﻨﯾﺰﮔ

زا و ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ يﺮﯿﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ زا هﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ داﺮﻓا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ) ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ عﻮﻧ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ و عﻮﻨﺗ ﺮﺜﮐاﺪﺣ يﺮﯿﮔ ﻊﻤﺟ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا (يﺮﻈﻧ يﺮﯿﮔ

ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ و دراد ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا ﯽﺘﯿﻫﺎﻣ ﺪﻨﻣرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﻤﯿﻧ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﻣرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﻤﯿﻧ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ شور زا ﺎﻫ هداد يروآ شزرا ﺮﯿﻈﻧ ،هﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺪﻗﺎﻓ هﺰﯿﮕﻧا و ﺎﻫ

ا درﻮﻣ ﯽﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳ

ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﯾا رد .دﺮﯿﮔ نﺎﻣز ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا 35

ﻪﻘﯿﻗد

و ﺮﺜﮐاﺪﺣ نآ 50 ﻪﻘﯿﻗد و عﻮﻤﺠﻣرد 680

ﻪﻘﯿﻗد ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ،ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ نﺎﯾﺮﺟ رد .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻂﺒﺿ زا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ نﺎﻣز رد) ﺪﺷ

نآ زا ﺪﻌﺑ (ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻂﺒﺿ هزﺎﺟا نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ هدﺎﯿﭘ

يزﺎﺳ هدﺎﻣآ و يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ

ﻤﻃا ﺖﻬﺟ ﯿ

نﺎﻨ ﺋاور زا ﯽ ﻦﻤﺿ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ

اﺮﺑ ،عﻮﺿﻮﻣ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا رد ﺖﻗد ي

ﻤﻃا ﺐﺴﮐ ﯿ

نﺎﻨ رد رﺎﺒﺘﻋا زا ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ

ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ،تﻻاﻮﺳ يزﺎﺳ هدﺎﯿﭘ و ﻂﺒﺿ ،تﻻاﻮﺳ ندﻮﻤﻧ حﺮﻄﻣ هﻮﯿﺷ

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و ﺎﻫ ﺎﻫ

ز ﺖﻗد ﯾ دﺎ ي ﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﯾ

ﺞ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﺑﻮﺧ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا زا ﯽ

.ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻨﭽﻤﻫ

ﻦﯿ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ زا ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ زﺎﺑ نﻮﻣزآ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﺷ . شور ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻦﯿﺑ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ يﺎﻫ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ رد ود ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ﻦﯾﺪﺑ

ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﺖﺳا ،ﻞﮔ ﯽﻠﻋ و ﯽﺤﻟﺎﺻﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،ﯽﮕﯿﺑﺪﻤﺤﻣ)2

1393 :(

ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ زﺎﺑ

،نﻮﻣزآ زا ﻦﯿﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ يﺎﻫ مﺎﺠﻧا

،هﺪﺷ ﻪﺳ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا و ماﺪﮐﺮﻫ ود رد رﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ

ﯽﻧﺎﻣز 30 هزور ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ

لوﺪﺟ) ﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ مﺪﻋ و تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ داﺪﻌﺗ و ﺪﻧﺪﺷ 1

.(

1. Tinto & Pusser

.2

ﺮﮔا داﺪﻌﺗ يﺎﻀﻋا يﺎﻀﻓ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ) رد ﺎﺠﻨﯾا داﺪﻌﺗ ﻞﮐ (ﺎﻫﺪﮐ ار ﺎﺑ

،n(S) داﺪﻌﺗ يﺎﻫﻮﻀﻋ ﺪﻣﺎﺸﯿﭘ رد)A ﺎﺠﻨﯾا داﺪﻌﺗ تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ ﻦﯿﺑ ود ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ زا (يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ار ﺎﺑ ) وn(A داﺪﻌﺗ يﺎﻫﻮﻀﻋ ﺪﻣﺎﺸﯿﭘ

رد)B ﺎﺠﻨﯾا داﺪﻌﺗ مﺪﻋ تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣود زا يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ( ار ﺎﺑ n(B) نﺎﺸﻧ

،ﻢﯿﻫد هﺎﮕﻧآ لﺎﻤﺘﺣا رد)A ﺎﺠﻨﯾا ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ نﻮﻣزآزﺎﺑ ( ﯽﻨﻌﯾ P(A) ﻪﺑ ﻦﯾا

ترﻮﺻ P(A) =n(A´)n(A´)+n(B) =2n(A)2n(A)+n(B) =2𝑛𝑛(𝐴𝐴)𝑛𝑛(𝑆𝑆)^:دﻮﺑﺪﻫاﻮﺧ

n (A') نﺎﺸ ﻧ هﺪﻨﻫد داﺪﻌﺗ يﺎﻫﺪﮐ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ ﺖﺳ ا . ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ دﺎﻨﺘﺳ ا ﻪﺑ ود ﺪﮐ و مﺪﻋ تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ دﺎﻨﺘﺳ ا ﻪﺑ ﯾ ﮏ ﺪﮐ ﺺﺨﺸ ﻣ ﯽﻣ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ياﺮﺑ رد

ﺮﻈﻧ n(A') = 2n(A)^:دﺮﮐبﺮﺿ²دﺪﻋردارتﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗداﺪﻌﺗﺪﯾﺎﺑﺮﺛاﻦﯾاﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ

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173

لوﺪﺟ 1 . ﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﯽ

نﻮﻣزآ زﺎﺑ شور ﻪﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ

ﻒﯾدر ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ

ﻞﮐ هداد ﺎﻫ تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ مﺪﻋ

تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ

1 ﻢﺸﺷ

16 7

3 87

ﻢﻬﻧ 2 24

10 5

83

3 ﻢﻫدﺰﻧﺎﭘ

20 8

4 80

ﻞﮐ 4 60

25 12

83

لوﺪﺟ رد 1

هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﯽﻣ

،دﻮﺷ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻞﮐ ﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ 60

، داﺪﻌﺗ ﻞﮐ تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ 25 و داﺪﻌﺗ ﻞﮐ ﺪﻋ م تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ 12 دﻮﺑ .

ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ زﺎﺑ نﻮﻣزآ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ يﺎﻫ مﺎﺠﻧا هﺪﺷ ﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا لﻮﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﮐذ

،هﺪﺷ 83 /0 ﺎﺑ .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﯾا ﻦ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ زا 66 / 0

ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ ،ﺖﺳا دﺎﻤﺘﻋا

يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﺎﻫ درﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳا ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ

و ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ هداد ﺎﻫ زا شور ﺎﻫ هداد يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ي

،ﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯾا

ترﻮﺻ ﻪﮐ رد ﻦﯿﺣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻪﯿﻠﮐ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺪﺷ ﺪﻌﺑ و زا هدﺎﯿﭘ يزﺎﺳ نآ

،ﺎﻫ ﻦﺘﻣ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻦﯾﺪﻨﭼ و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ رﺎﺑ

.ﺪﺷ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا نآ زا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫﺪﮐ هداد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ يﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ

ناواﺮﻓ ﺎﯾ ﻦﯾﺮﺗرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﻫ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﯿﻟوا يﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ

هداد زا يدﺎﯾز ﺎﻗ رد عاﺰﺘﻧا زا يﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺳر يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﯾا زا فﺪﻫ ﻊﻗاو رد .دﻮﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺖﺳا تﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﺐﻟ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻦﯾا رد ﻦ

ﺪﺣاو ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﮏﯾ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ار كﺮﺘﺸﻣ و ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﮐ ،ﻪﯿﻟوا يﺎﻫﺪﮐ ندﺮﮐ ﺐﺗﺮﻣ و ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﯽﯾراﺬﮔﺪﮐ زا .داد راﺮﻗ

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ

لوﺪﺟ 2 ﺪﻫد ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ار نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ يﺎﻫ ﯽﮔﮋﯾو .

لوﺪﺟ 2 . ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ يﺎﻫ

نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ

داﺪﻌﺗ تﻼﯿﺼﺤﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ﯽﻠﯿﺼﺤﺗ ﻪﺘﺷر

ﻞﻐﺷ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ

16 ﺮﻔﻧ ) يﺮﺘﮐد

8(

) ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ ) ﺪﻨﻣرﺎﮐ 9(

ﻦﯿﺑ 7(

5 ﺎﺗ 10 ) لﺎﺳ 3(

) قﻮﻘﺣ و ﻪﻘﻓ 2(

ﻦﯿﺑ 11 ﺎﺗ 20 ) لﺎﺳ 3(

) ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ) هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد دﺎﺘﺳا 1(

ﻦﯿﺑ 7(

21 ﺎﺗ 30 ) لﺎﺳ 4(

ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ) ﺪﺷرا ) ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور 6(

ﻦﯿﺑ 1(

31 ﺎﺗ 40 ) لﺎﺳ

5( 1() ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ تﺎﯿﺑدا

) ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد 1(

) ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ) ﯽﮑﺷﺰﭘ 2(

زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ 1(

40 ) لﺎﺳ

1( 1() ﮏﺷﺰﭙﻧاﺪﻧد 1() ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻦﯿﻣز

لوﺪﺟ 3 ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ زا يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ

يﺎﻫ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ار نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻫد .

لوﺪﺟ 3 ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ . ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ رد

نﺪﺷ ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ

زﺎﺑ يﺎﻫﺪﮐ هﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺪﮐ

تدﺎﻋ يزﺎﺳ

شزرو و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺰﯿﻣآ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ و راﺮﮑﺗ P1, P2, P4, P5, P7, P11, P13, P14,

P15, P16

شزرو و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ زا ﯽﺷﺎﻧ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ يﺎﻫدروﺎﺘﺳد ﺐﺴﮐ P1, P2, P3, P7, P8, P9, P10, P11, P12,

P13, P14, P15, P16

ﺖﺒﺜﻣ يﺎﻫدروﺎﺘﺳد نداد ﺖﺳد زا سﺮﺗ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ

P2, P4, P6, P8, P10, P12, P13, P16

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174

شادﺎﭘ ﺐﺴﮐ ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ و ﯽﻧورد يﺎﻫ

P1, P2, P5, P7, P8, P9, P10, P16

ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ و ﻢﻈﻨﻣ

P1, P2, P3, P4, P6, P7, P12, P13, P15, P16

ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﯽﻄﯾاﺮﺷ و ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﺮﻫ رد شزرو مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ P1, P2, P3, P4, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10,

P11, P12, P13, P14, P15, P16

ﯽﺒﻠﻃ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ﺲﺣ يﺎﺿرا P2, P7, P9, P13, P15

ﺐﺴﮐ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫدرﻮﺧزﺎﺑ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ

P3, P4, P5, P6, P8, P9, P10

يزﺎﺳ ﯽﻨﯿﻋ

ياﺮﺑ نآ زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺞﯾوﺮﺗ ناﺮﮕﯾد

P2, P4, P5, P6, P8, P11, P13

ﯽﮕﺘﻔﻫ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ تﺎﺴﻠﺟ رد ﻢﻈﻨﻣ رﻮﻀﺣ P2, P3, P4, P6, P10, P11, P13, P14,

P15, P16

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ رو و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز يﺎﻫ

P2, P3, P6, P9, شز P10, P11, P13, P15,

P16

يﺎﻫ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﮕﯾد ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ نداد ﺢﯿﺟﺮﺗ ﯽﺘﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا

P1, P3, P4, P6, P7, P9, P10, P11, P15

ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ هوﺮﮔ يﺮﺒﻫر و ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ P2, P3, P8, P10, P11, P13, P14, P15,

P16

ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ ﻊﻤﺟ رد رﻮﻀﺣ P2, P5, P6, P8, P11, P13, P15, P16

ﯽﺷزرو نﺎﺘﺳود بﺎﺨﺘﻧا P4, P15, P16

بﻮﺳريراﺬﮔ

و ﯽﮕﺘﺴﯾﺎﺷ سﺎﺴﺣا ﺐﺴﮐ ندﻮﺑ ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا

P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P9, P10, P11, P14, P15

ﻪﺑ ﮏﻤﮐ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﯿﺑﻮﺒﺤﻣ ﺐﺴﮐ P3, P4, P5, P6, P8, P9, P10, P11, P14

ناﺮﮕﯾد ياﺮﺑ نﺪﺷ ﻮﮕﻟا ﻪﺑ ﮏﻤﮐ P4, P5, P6, P8, P9, P11, P14

يﻮﻨﻌﻣ يﻻاو تادﺎﻘﺘﻋا يﺎﻘﺗرا ﻪﺑ ﮏﻤﮐ P3, P6, P11, P14

ﺟﺮﺗ ﯿ ﺢ اﺮﺑ ي ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ نﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯾ

ﮏ رﺎﮑﺷزرو P4, P6, P9

ﻗ رد لﻮﺌﺴﻣ و ﺪﻬﻌﺘﻣ نﺎﺴﻧا ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ نﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﺑ ﮏﻤﮐ لﺎﺒ

عﺎﻤﺘﺟا P3, P9, P11

و ﺚﺤﺑ ﺘﻧ ﯿ ﻪﺠ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي

فﺪﻫ زا ﻦﯾا

،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ رﺎﺘﻓر ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ يداﺮﻓا ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ يزﺎﺳ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ رد ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ رد بﻮﻠﻄﻣ

دﻮﺑ ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﺎﻬﻧآ ،سﺎﺳا ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ.

ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ نﺎﺸﻧ داد ، عﻮﻤﺠﻣرد 21

بﻮﺳر و يزﺎﺳ ﯽﻨﯿﻋ ،يزﺎﺳ تدﺎﻋ) ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻪﺳ رد ﻞﻣﺎﻋ

ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ راﺬﮔ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ (يراﺬﮔ ) ﺮﮐوز و تﺮﺒﻟﻮﺗ .دﻮﺑ يزﺎﺳ تدﺎﻋ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻦﯿﻟوا .

1996 يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر هﺪﺷ تدﺎﻋ لﺎﻤﻋا ،ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ار يزﺎﺳ تدﺎﻋ ،(

ﯽﺑﺎﺴﺘﮐا ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﯾﺬﭘ و ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ هﺮﻣزور و يراﺮﮑﺗ ﻞﮑﺸﻣ ﻞﺣ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ناﺮﮕﺸﻨﮐ زا يا

. ناﺪﻨﻤﺸﻧاد ﺐﻠﻏا

ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧراد دﺎﻘﺘﻋا ي

ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﯾ

ﻦ ﭘﯿ ﺶ ﺑﯿ ﻨ ﯽ آ رﺎﺘﻓر هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﯾ

هﺪﻨ تدﺎﻋ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯾﺬﭘ

ﺮ ﺎﻤﺗ و ﺖﺳا ﯾ

ﻞ رﺎﮐ مﺎﺠﻧا رد دراد ي

ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ

هدﺮﮐ تدﺎﻋ نآ

،ﺖﺳا يرﺎﺸﻓﺎﭘ ﻨﮐ ﺮﮔﺎﻫ) ﺪ ،1

2019 ( . ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ يزﺎﺳ تدﺎﻋ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ

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شزرو و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺰﯿﻣآ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ و راﺮﮑﺗ

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هﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ زا ﯽﮑﯾ صﻮﺼﺧ ﻦﯾا رد .دﻮﺑ ﺖﺷاد نﺎﯿﺑ نﺎﮔ

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ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ،مراد دﺎﻘﺘﻋا ﻦﻣ

ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ راﺮﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣ تدﺎﻋ ﺎﻤﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﺪﯾزادﺮﭙﺑ

دﻮﺷ

) 4 P

"(

. ﺲﻣآ

2 ) 1995 ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ ( ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ،ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ كرد ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ

ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ ي ﻬﺑ ﯿ ﻪﻨ ﺪﻧدﺮﮔ ور ﻪﺑور .ﯾ

ﮏ ﺸﻟﺎﭼ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﯽ

راﻮﺷد ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ي

ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺎﻬﺘ ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ار ﯽﯾ ﺎﻫ ي دﺮﻓ .ﺪﻫد ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ

يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ دﺮﻓ ياﺮﺑ ار ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻪﻨﯿﻬﺑ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ و دروآ

ﯽﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا ار ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ راﺮﮑﺗ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ دﺪﺠﻣ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺘﺒﺜﻣ سﺎﺴﺣا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ راﺮﮑﺗ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻨﮐ

ﯽﻣ شﻼﺗ و هﺪﺷ دﺮﻓ رد ﯽﻣ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ تدﺎﻋ ﮏﯾ ﻪﺑ رﺎﺘﻓر ،مواﺪﻣ راﺮﮑﺗ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ راﺮﮑﺗ ار نآ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

دﻮﺷ . ﺲﯾو

3 ) 2000 ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد (

ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ دﻮﺧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ

ﻊﻗاو رد ﺑ�