Challenges of Physical Activity of Iranian Women in Different Stages of Life
Jamal-al-Din Shariati1 , Rahim Khosromanesh2 , Ameneh Asadolahi3
1. Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
2. Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Farabi campus, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
3. Corresponding Author, Department of Sport Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received:
28 June 2021 Received in revised form:
15 August 2021 Accepted:
17 August 2021 Published online:
1 January 2023
Keywords:
Childbearing and Parenting, Cultural Problems,
Insecurity and Insecurity, Lack of Facilities, Limiting Diseases Mismanagement
Introduction: Today, the importance of physical activity for women's health in various dimensions has become more apparent, but in different countries, there are many different challenges for the continuous physical activity of women at different stages of life. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify, categorize and investigate the impact of Iranian women's physical activity challenges in different stages of life.
Methods: The research method was Grounded Theory, systematic approach.
Sampling was theoretical. Data analysis was performed through continuous
"questioning" and "comparison". In order to achieve saturation while reviewing specialized texts, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 136 Iranian women aged 7-78 who regularly participated in physical activities in addition to 17 mothers and 6 fathers.
Results: The findings showed that managerial-economic problems in the secondary childhood, socio-cultural and managerial-economic problems in the adolescence, socio-cultural problems in the youth, the least problems in the middle age, and personal problems in the aging have the most negative impact on physical activity of Iranian women.
Conclusion: Many challenges have caused the physical activity of Iranian women to fluctuate sharply at different stages of life but the most important decline in Iranian women's physical activity occurs at the beginning of adolescence. According to the research findings, the researchers and sports managers who are responsible for studying and planing in order to develop physical activity of Iranian women should pay special attention to the challenges in each stage of their lives.
Cite this article: Shariati, J., Khosromanesh, R., & Asadolahi, A. (2023). Challenges of physical activity of Iranian women in different stages of life. Sport Management Journal, 14 (4), 117-133.
DOI:http//doi.org/10.22059/JSM.2021.325936.2748
© The Author(s). Publisher: University of Tehran, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health.
ExtendedAbstract
Introduction:
Women's health is vitally related to reproduction and human survival. Women at every stage of their life cycle act as a great invisible protector for the family against cultural and environmental disturbances (Hyman, 2007). On the other hand, in recent decades, with the mechanization of many actions, leisure time has increased significantly, and physical activity has been proposed as the most important measure to maintain women's health (Shariati et al., 2022), but in different countries, there are many different challenges for the continuous physical activity of women. Of course, as Asadolahi et al. (2022) stated, the conditions of women are very different at different stages of life, so special attention should be paid to the different conditions of life in different stages of women's lives.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify, categorize and investigate the impact of Iranian women's physical activity challenges in different stages of life.
Methods:
The research method was Grounded Theory, systematic approach. In the systematic approach; which is supported by Corbin and Strauss; there are three main stages of open coding:
axial coding and selective coding. Sampling method was theoretical sampling. Data collection and analysis is done simultaneously and continues until the researchers obtain theoretical saturation. To do so, the data analysis was performed through continuous "questioning" and "comparison". In order to achieve saturation while reviewing specialized texts, semi- structured interviews were conducted with 136 Iranian women aged 7-78 who were regularly participate in physical activity in addition to 17 mothers and 6 fathers.
Results
The identified physical activity challenges of Iranian women at different stages of life were finally categorized into four general categories: socio-cultural problems, managerial-economic problems, personal problems and environmental problems. The most important concepts in the category of socio-cultural problems are: inactive peers, inactive parents, not giving importance to children's physical activity, popularity of mobile games, un-safety, insecurity, boys mocking girls' sports, negative
atmosphere of family and relatives, limitations of adolescent girls, husband's objection, fear of body deformity, harassment, pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, parenting, mismanagement of organizational behavior, husband's interest in in-shaped beautiful woman, femininity rivalry in sports apparel, filming without permission, men's annoying looks at women, neglecting the importance of physical activity for elderly women, etc. The most important concepts in the category of managerial-economic problems are: lack of sports facilities and places, expensive sporting goods, lack of expert trainers, non-specialist sports teachers, structural weakness of schools, sports expensive fees, absence of talent search programs in Iran, mismanagement in schools, mismanagement in sports complexes, mismanagement in Sports and Youth Ministry and its departments, mismanagement in sports federations and its departments, inappropriateness in access, traffic, lack of sports facilities for women, failure to allocate sufficient financial resources to women's sports, not sending female athletes to competitions, lack of news coverage of women's sports competitions, disregarding the broadcasting of women's matches in the national media, etc. The most important concepts in the category of personal problems are: hijab, menstruation, anemia, ovarian cyst, housekeeping, busy on work, busy on studying, taking care of husband, raising children, unwillingness, laziness, self-neglect, being ashamed of doing physical activity, Asthma, knee pain, arthritis, diabetes, back pain, leg pain, varicose veins, physical weakness, back disc, fear of Corona virus, old age, death of husband, depression, osteoporosis, paralysis of arms and legs, stroke, heart attack, etc. The most important concepts in the category of environmental problems are:
unfavorable weather, cold weather, rain, wind, air pollution, etc. Findings showed that managerial- economic problems in the secondary childhood, socio- cultural and managerial-economic problems in the adolescence, socio-cultural problems in the youth, the least problems in the middle age, and personal problems in the aging have the most negative impact on physical activity of Iranian women.
Conclusion
Many challenges have caused the physical activity of Iranian women to fluctuate sharply at different stages of life but the most important decline in Iranian women's physical activity occurs at the beginning of adolescence.
According to the researchers and sports managers who are responsible for studying and planing in order to develop physical activity of Iranian women should pay special attention to the challenges in each stage of their lives.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines: The authors undertake that they have followed the ethical guidelines.
Funding: No funding has been received for this research.
Authors’ contribution: Jamal al-Din Shariati: Conceptualization, writing – original draft, Supervision, Methodology; Rahim Khosromanesh: Conceptualization, writing – original draft, Supervision, Methodology; Ameneh Asadolahi: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Methodology, Visualization, Investigation, Data curation.
Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank all the interviewees for their cooperation in the research process.
Stages of life
Figure1. The impact of physical activity challenges on Iranian women at different stages of life Secondary
childhood Adolescence Youth Middle age Old age
Managerial-economic problems Socio-cultural problems Personal problems Environmental problems
Impact of problems
Very much
Very low
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ ي ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ نﺎﻧز اﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﮔﺪﻧز ﯽ
لﺎﻤﺟ ﯽﺘﻌﯾﺮﺷ ﻦﯾﺪﻟا
، 1
ﺶﻨﻣوﺮﺴﺧ ﻢﯿﺣر
، 2
ﯽﻬﻟاﺪﺳا ﻪﻨﻣآ
3
1 . ﺑﺮﺗ هوﺮﮔ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ و ﯽ ا ﺖﻌﻨﺻ و ﻢﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯾ
،ناﺮ
،ناﺮﻬﺗ ناﺮﯾا :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار . shariati t.ac.ir s u i
@
2 . هوﺮﮔ ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،
هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد يراﺪﺑﺎﺴﺣ و ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ
،
،ﯽﺑارﺎﻓ نﺎﮔﺪﮑﺸﻧاد هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﻢﻗ .ناﺮﯾا ، :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار [email protected]
3.
،لوﺆﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ هوﺮﮔ
ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺷزرو ﯽ
، ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ناﺮﻬﺗ ﺪﺣاو ي
، ﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽ
، ا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﯾ ناﺮ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار . [email protected]
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 07 / 04 / 1400
:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 24
/ 05 / 1400
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 26 / 05 / 1400
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 11 / 10 / 1401
ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ يﺎﻫيرﺎﻤﺑﯿ هﺪﻨﻨﮐدوﺪﺤﻣ
ءﻮﺳ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ
،ﺖ
مﺪﻋ ﻨﻣا ﯿ ﺖ مﺪﻋ و اﯾ ﻨﻤ ﯽ
،
روآﺪﻧزﺮﻓ ي روﺮﭘﺪﻧزﺮﻓو ي
،
،تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا دﻮﺒﻤﮐ تﻼﻀﻌﻣ ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
: ﻤﻫا هزوﺮﻣا ﯿ ﺖ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ اﺮﺑ ي ﺑ ،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ دﺎﻌﺑا رد نﺎﻧز ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﯿ
ﺶ ﭘ زا ﯿ ﺶ ﺎﻤﻧ ﯾ نﺎ ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ رد ﺎﻣا ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ي
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺎﻫ
ي ﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ و ناواﺮﻓ ﯽ
اﺮﺑ ي ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﮔﺪﻧز ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد نﺎﻧز ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﯽ
.دراد دﻮﺟو ﻤﻫ زا
ﯿ ﻦ ور
ا فﺪﻫ ﯾ ﻦ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾ
، ﻪﺘﺳد ﺪﻨﺑ ي ﺳرﺮﺑ و ﯽ ﺛﺎﺗ ﯿﺮ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ ي ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ نﺎﻧز اﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﮔﺪﻧز ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﯽ
.دﻮﺑ
:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور شور
ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﺮﻈﻧ ﯾﻪ هداد ﻨﺑﯿ
،دﺎ ور ﯾ دﺮﮑ مﺎﻈﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ .دﻮﺑ ﺪﻨﻣ ﮔﯿ
ﺮ ي ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ عﻮﻧ زا ﮔﯿ
ﺮ ي ﺮﻈﻧ ي .دﻮﺑ
ﻠﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻞ هداد ﺎﻫ شور ﻪﺑ
» ﺶﺳﺮﭘ « و
» ﺎﻘﻣ ﯾ ﻪﺴ
« ﻪﺑ .ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺳر رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﯿ نﺪ عﺎﺒﺷا ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ي ﺳرﺮﺑ ﻦﻤﺿ ﯽ
نﻮﺘﻣ
ﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﯽ
، ﺎﺑ 136 ﻢﻧﺎﺧ 7 - 78 ا ﻪﻟﺎﺳ ﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺐﺗﺮﻣ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯿ
ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ هوﻼﻋ 17 و ردﺎﻣ 6 ،رﺪﭘ
ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﯿ ﻪﻤ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ .ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ :ﺎﻫ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ﮐدﻮﮐ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽ
ﻮﻧﺎﺛ ﯾﻪ ﺪﻣ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﯾﺮ
ﯾﺘ ﯽ - دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي
، ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد ﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﯽ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﯽ
-
ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ ﺪﻣ و ﯾﺮ ﯾﺘ ﯽ - دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي
، ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد ﻧاﻮﺟ ﯽ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﯽ
- ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
، ﻣ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد ﯿ ﻟﺎﺴﻧﺎ ﯽ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﯾ ﻦ رد و تﻼﮑﺸﻣ
ﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ي
ﺼﺨﺷ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﯽ
ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ ﯾ ﻦ ﺛﺎﺗ ﯿﺮ ﻔﻨﻣ ﯽ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﺑ ار ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ نﺎﻧز اﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧراﺬﮔ .
:يﺮﯿﮔ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ
ﺎﻫ ي ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ دﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﯿ
ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ نﺎﻧز اﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﮔﺪﻧز ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﯽ
نﺎﺳﻮﻧ رد تﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ
ﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺎﻣا ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﯾ
ﻦ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺖﻓُا ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ نﺎﻧز اﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ عوﺮﺷ رد ﯽ
ﻣ خر ﯽ ﺪﻫد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ . ﻪﺑ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ
،ﻖ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ
ﺪﻣ و ﯾ ناﺮ ﺷزرو ﯽ اﺮﺑ ي ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و رﯾ ﺰ ي ﻪﺑ ﻌﺳﻮﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪ
ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ نﺎﻧز اﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﺎﺑ ﯾﺪ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ دﻮﺟو ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ي رد توﺎﻔﺘﻣ
ﮔﺪﻧز زا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺮﻫ ﯽ
و ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﺎﻧآ ﯾ
هﮋ ا ي .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد
دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : ﯽﺘﻌﯾﺮﺷ ، لﺎﻤﺟ ﻦﯾﺪﻟ
؛ ﺶﻨﻣوﺮﺴﺧ ، ﻢﯿﺣر و ؛ ﯽﻬﻟاﺪﺳا ، ﻪﻨﻣآ ) 1401 .(
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ ي ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ نﺎﻧز اﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﮔﺪﻧز ﯽ . ﻪﯾﺮﺸﻧ ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،
)4 ( 14 ،
117 - 133 .
2021.325936.2748
JSM.
/ 10.22059 DOI:http//doi.org/
ﺎﻧ :ﺮﺷ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ
و ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ .
.نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ يﺎﻫ
121
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ يﺎﻘﺑ و يروآﺪﻧزﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ نﺎﻧز ﯽﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﻞﺴﻧ
ﻪﺧﺮﭼ زا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺮﻫ رد نﺎﻧز .دراد ﯽﺗﺎﯿﺣ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺮﺸﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز
نﻮﭽﻤﻫ نﺎﺷ گرﺰﺑ سﻮﺴﺤﻣﺎﻧ ﻆﻓﺎﺤﻣ ﮏﯾ
ﯽﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ و ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ تﻻﻼﺘﺧا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ياﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻦﻤﯿﻫ) ،1
2000 (.
فﺮﻃ زا ﻪﻫد رد ﺮﮕﯾد هﺰﯿﻧﺎﮑﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺮﯿﺧا يﺎﻫ
يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ نﺪﺷ
تﺎﻗوا ،ﺎﻫرﺎﮐ زا ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ و ﻪﺘﺷاد يﺮﯿﮕﻤﺸﭼ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ
ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﻪﺑ2
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ حﺮﻄﻣ نﺎﻧز ﯽﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﻆﻔﺣ ياﺮﺑ ماﺪﻗا ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ،ﯽﺘﻌﯾﺮﺷ)
ﻒﯿﺳ ﯽﻫﺎﻨﭘ ،ﺶﻨﻣوﺮﺴﺧ و ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻌﺷ 1401
( ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ رد يﺮﯿﮕﻤﺸﭼ ﺪﺷر نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ )
ثوﺮﻟﺮﭘ و نراو ،3
2001 (.
ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﮐ يرﺎﺘﻓر و هﺎﮕﻧ زﻮﻨﻫ ﺎﻣا ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ
يﺎﻫ درﻮﻣ رد دراد دﻮﺟو نادﺮﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﻞﮑﺷ نﺎﻧز
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ﺖﺳا ) ﺎﻫ ﯾ
،ﺮ نﻮﺳرﻻ و ﻦﭼ ،4
2017 (.
مزﻻ
مﻮﻤﻋ ﻦﯿﺑ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ زا نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ و مدﺮﻣ
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻦﯾوﺎﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ شزرو ،ﯽﺷزرو
شزرو ،ندﺮﮐ شزرو ﺎﯾ ﯽﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ
ﯽﺤﯾﺮﻔﺗ
ﯽﻣ دﺎﯾ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ هژاو زا ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ ﯽﻤﻠﻋ نﻮﺘﻣ رد ﻪﮐﺎﺠﻧآ زا ﺎﻣا دﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﺷ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا هژاو ﻦﯾا زا ﺰﯿﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد دﻮ
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺶﻨﻣوﺮﺴﺧ) 1398
.(
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ياراد نﺎﻧز ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ هدﻮﺗ ﺪﺻرد ﯽﮔﺪﻧز نوﺪﺑ
ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﺑﺮﭼ لﺎﺴﻤﻫ نﺎﻧز ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ
يرﺎﻤﯿﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﯽﻠﯿﺧ و ﺪﻧراد يرﺎﻤﯿﺑ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﻨﻣﺰﻣ يﺎﻫ
يﺎﻫ ﯽﺒﻠﻗ ﯽﻗﺎﭼ و ﺖﺑﺎﯾد ،ﯽﻗوﺮﻋ ﯽﻣ ءﻼﺘﺒﻣ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ) ﻒﻟوو ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و5
2008 .(
ﺎﺑ
ﻦﯾا ﺶﻟﺎﭼ لﺎﺣ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ياﺮﺑ يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﮐ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﻧﺎﻤﻫ و دراد دﻮﺟو نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻬﻟاﺪﺳا
) 1401 نﺎﯿﺑ ( رد نﺎﻧز ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ دﺮﮐ
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺧﺮﭼ رد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد و ﺖﺳا نﺎﺳﻮﻧ رد ﯽﮔﺪﻧز
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯽﻣ خر ﯽﺗﺎﻗﺎﻔﺗا و ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ،ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﺪﻫد
رد نﺎﻧز و ناﺮﺘﺧد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﮐ
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺤﺗ ار ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ دﻮﺧ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ
ﺪﻫد ،ﺶﻨﻣوﺮﺴﺧ و نﺎﯾرﻮﻤﯿﺗ) 1401
.(
رد ﻞﻣﺎﮑﺗ و ﺪﺷر ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﯽﺘﺣ
ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯽﻣ قﺎﻔﺗا نﺎﻧز ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ناﺰﯿﻣ يور ﺪﺘﻓا
ﯽﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ نﺎﻧآ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ رد .دراﺬﮔ
ناﺮﯾا رد يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺎﺘﺳار ﺮﯾﺎﺳ و
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ناﺰﯿﻣ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد نﺎ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﯾﺎﻤﻧ ار ﯽﮔﺪﻧز يﺪﯿﻤﺣ و يﺪﻟو ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﻧا
) 1399 نﺎﺸﻧ ( ﺢﻄﺳ داد ﺶﻧاد ﯽﻧﺪﺑداﻮﺳ ﯽﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻪﻣادا رد و ﺖﺳا ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﯽﺋاﺪﺘﺑا هرود عوﺮﺷ رد ناﺮﺘﺧد ًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺨﻣ نازﻮﻣآ
رد ﺎﻣا ﺪﺑﺎﯾ
ﻧا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ يﺎﻬﺘ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ عوﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ و ﯽﮐدﻮﮐ
ﯽﻣ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ًادﺪﺠﻣ ﯽﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﺪﯾآ
. ﻪﻄﺑار رد ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﺳ ،ﺎﮐﺮﮔ
ﯿ اﻮﻠ و چﻮﻟ
6
) 2016 نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ( ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ داد
ﯽﻣ يﺪﯾﺪﺷ ﺖﻓُا رﺎﭼد ﯽﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ عوﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ ناﺮﺘﺧد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ دﻮﺷ
. ) يﺪﻤﺤﻤﻧﺎﺧ و يﻮﺟاﻮﺧ 1394
ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺣ و ( و عراز
ارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ) ن 1399 ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﯿﺳر ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ يﺮﮕﯾد تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ﺰﯿﻧ ( نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﯽﺸﻫﺎﮐ ﺪﻧور ﻦﺳ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ يﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ نارود رد ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا
دراد . ﻪﻄﺑار رد ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ زا ﮏﯾ ﺮﻫ ياﺮﺑ يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
و يﺮﺒﻨﻗ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﻧﺎﮔاﺪﺟ رﻮﻃ
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 1397
( ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ،ندﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﺧد شﺮﮕﻧ ﻒﻌﺿ ،ﻦﯾﺪﻟاو تﻼﯿﺼﺤﺗ و داﻮﺳ ﺢﻄﺳ ندﻮﺑ
ﺖﺒﺴﻧ هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ،شزرو و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ،هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺢﻄﺳ ندﻮﺑ
ﻪﭽﺑﺮﺘﺧد دوﺪﺤﻣ ﯽﺳﺮﺘﺳد و دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ،ﻦﯾﺪﻟاو ﯽﻓﺎﮐﺎﻧ ﻖﯾﻮﺸﺗ و ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ،هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻦﮐﺎﻣا ﮐ ،ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ زا نوﺮﯿﺑ رد ﯽﺷزرو ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺖﺳردﺎﻧ شﺮﮕﻧ ،ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﻧاﺮﺳ و ﻪﺟدﻮﺑ دﻮﺒﻤ
ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ و شزرو ﻪﺑ سراﺪﻣ ﺶﻧاد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
،نازﻮﻣآ
ﯽﻓﺎﮐ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ سرد تﺎﺴﻠﺟ داﺪﻌﺗ ندﻮﺒﻧ تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ ﻒﯿﻌﺿ يراﺰﮔﺮﺑ ،ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
نورد ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ
ﻢﻠﻌﻣ و يا شزرو
ﻪﺑ ار ﻒﯿﻌﺿ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ
شزرو تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﺶﻧاد
ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ يزﻮﻣآ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ
. و ﺢﺻﺎﻧ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 1397
ﺖﯾﻮﻟا ﺰﯿﻧ ( ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻦﺘﺷاﺪﻧ
ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ،ﯽﻧﺪﺑ دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ،ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا دﻮﺒﻤﮐ و ﻪﺟدﻮﺑ ﺶﻧاد ياﺮﺑ ًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺨﻣ ﯽﺋﺎﻤﻨﻫار و ﯽﺋاﺪﺘﺑا سراﺪﻣ رد ﯽﺷزرو
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ار ﺮﺘﺧد نازﻮﻣآ شزرو يﺎﻫ
ﺶﻧاد يزﻮﻣآ
ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ .
) ﯽﻬﻠﻟاﺪﺒﻋ 1392
» ( ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ مﺪﻋ هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ
« ،
» ﻧﺎﮑﻣا تﺎ ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ ﻒﯿﻌﺿ ﯽﺷزرو
« ،
» مﺪﻋ ﻢﯾﺮﺣ دﻮﺟو و ناﺮﯿﺑد ﺪﯾد زا رود ﻦﻣا
ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ رد دﺮﻣ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ
« ،
» ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ مﺪﻋ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
« و
» سﺮﺗ ﯽﻧاﺮﮕﻧو نﺎﺷﺮﺘﺧد شزرو ءﻮﺳ رﺎﺛآ زا ﻦﯾﺪﻟاو
« ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ار ، ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ناﺮﺘﺧد ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳﺮﯿﺑد ناﻮﺟﻮﻧ .
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺣ 2012
ﺰﯿﻧ (
» ﺒﻤﮐ شزرو ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﮑﻣ دﻮ ندﺮﮐ
« ،
» مﺪﻋ شزرو مﺎﺠﻧا نﺎﮑﻣا
ﺖﻧﻮﮑﺳ ﻞﺤﻣ ﯽﻟاﻮﺣ رد ﻪﻗﻼﻋ درﻮﻣ
« ،
» مﺪﻋ ﺖﯿﻨﻣا
« ،
» مﺪﻋ ﯽﻨﻤﯾا نﺎﮑﻣ ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑو ﯽﺷزرو
« ،
» ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ندﻮﺑ يﺪﻨﺒﻧﺎﻣز
هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ ﺮﻈﻧدرﻮﻣ ﯽﺷزرو
« ،
» ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ شزرو يﻻﺎﺑ ندﺮﮐ
« و
» ﺐﻘﻋ سرد زا ندﺎﺘﻓا «
ﻪﺑ ار هﺪﻧرادزﺎﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ يﺎﻫ
ﺷآ ﯽﮔﮋﯾو و رﺎﮑ يﺎﻫ
يدﺮﻓ
1. Hyman
2. Physical activity
3. Warren & Perlroth
4. Hyre, Chen & Larson
5. Woolf
6. Gareca, Silva & Loch
122
نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ،مرﺎﻬﭼ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ 1401
ﯽﺘﻟﺎﺠﺧ) سﺮﺗ ،ﯽﻠﺒﻨﺗ ،ندﻮﺑ ﯽﻧاﺮﮕﻧ ،(شزرو عوﺮﺷ زا
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﺑ) ﻦﯾﺪﻟاو ﻂﯿﺤﻣ و (ﺪﻧزﺮﻓ سرد و ﺖﯿﻨﻣا ،ﯽﺘﻣﻼﺳ ندﺎﺘﻓاﺮﻄﺧ
ﻪﺑ ار ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ناﻮﻨﻋ
هﺪﻧرادزﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ نﺎﻬﻧ يﺎﻫ ناﺮﺘﺧد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا ناﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ
.
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ صﻮﺼﺧ رد ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻧﺎﺴﺣا و ﺮﮑﺸﮐ ﯽﻧاﻮﺟ ) ﯽ
1386 نﺎﯿﺑ ( ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ هﺪﻧرادﺎﺑ
و يدﺮﻓ هﺪﻧرادزﺎﺑ
ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺣ ﻪﮑﯿﻟﺎﺣرد ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ يدﺮﻓ نازﺮﻓ ،
و ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺣ ﺎﯿﻧ ) 1399 نﺎﯿﺑ ( ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺖﺤﺗ يدﺮﻓ
ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ
رد ﯽﻟو ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣو
ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ هرﺎﻨﮐ ﯽﻠﺻا ﻞﯿﻟد يدﺮﻓ
شزرو زا ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ يﺮﯿﮔ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ
. ﯽﻨﻤﺗﻮﻣ ﯽﺘﻤﻫ ، و يداﺮﻣ ) 1393
» ( مﺪﻋ ﻪﺑ نﻻﻮﺴﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
شزرو نﺎﻧز
« ،
» ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ دﻮﺟو رﻮﺤﻣدﺮﻣ
« ،
» ﺖﻗو دﻮﺒﻤﮐ
« ،
» ﺖﯿﻌﺿو يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا « و
» مﺪﻋ ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻦﮐﺎﻣا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد مزﻻ يراﺬﮔ نﺎﻧز ﯽﺷزرو
« ار
ﻪﺑ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ يﺎﻫ
ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا
ﺪﻧدﺮ . نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻨﯿﻣا )
1396 يﺮﺒﺠﻧر و ( هدازﺎﻗآ ،
و ﻦﻤﭼ ﯽﻠﮔ ) 1397 (
ﺰﯿﻧ
» ﺖﯾدوﺪﺤﻣ ﺎﻫ
« ،
» تﻼﻀﻌﻣ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ « و
» نﻻﻮﺴﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ مﺪﻋ «
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ار موﺮﺤﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ و ﯽﯾﺎﺘﺳور نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ .
يرﺎﺨﺘﻓا ﯽﻤﺘﺳر ﺮﻫﻮﮔ ، و
ﯽﺸﯾورد ) 1398 تﻼﻀﻌﻣ ﺮﺑ ( يداﺮﻣ و ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يﺮﺳﺎﯿﺳ 1399
ﯽﺘﯿﻨﻣا تﻼﻀﻌﻣ ﺮﺑ (
ﺪﻧراد ﺪﯿﮐﺎﺗ .
ﻪﻧﺎﺧ رﺎﻨﮐ رد ندﻮﺑ ﻞﻏﺎﺷ و ندﻮﺑ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻪﻠﻐﺸﻣ زا يراد
نﺎﻧز ﺮﺜﮐا يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ سﺎﺳا ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﺮﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا ناﻮﺟ
ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ صﺎﺧ رﻮﻃ يرﻮﻔﻏﺮﯿﻣ .ﺪﻧا
ﻮﻠﻧارﻮﺗ يﺪﯿﺻ ، و
ﯽﻨﯾﺪﻟاﺮﺨﻓﺮﯿﻣ )
1388
» ( ﺒﻤﮐ تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا دﻮ
« ،
» ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا تﻼﻀﻌﻣ
« ،
» تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﯽﮔداﻮﻧﺎﺧ و ﯽﺼﺨﺷ «
و
» يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا تﻼﮑﺸﻣ «
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ار ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ناﺮﺘﺧد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
.
ﯽﻧﺎﻫاﺮﻓ ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺣ ، و
يداﺮﻣ ) 1396 ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺰﯿﻧ ( يﺎﻫ
» ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟاو
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« ،
» تاﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣاو « و
» ﻪﻧﺎﺳر و تﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ ﺎﻫ
« ﻪﺑ ار ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا ﺪﻨﻣرﺎﮐ نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
.
فزﻮﺟ ﺰﯿﻧ ناﺮﯾا زا جرﺎﺧ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و1
2015 نﺎﻤﺸﺑﻮﻫ و ( ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و2
2016 ﻢﮐ ،ﻪﻠﻐﺸﻣ ( ﻦﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ،ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ
،هﺰﯿﮕﻧا زا ﯽﻧاﺮﮕﻧ
باﺮﺧ ﻪﺑ زا ﯽﻧاﺮﮕﻧ ،ماﺪﻧا نﺪﺷ ﯽﺑ ،ﯽﺘﻣﻼﺳ ندﺎﺘﻓا ﺮﻄﺧ
شزرو يﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ و ﯽﻟﻮﭘ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز و ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺧ ،ندﺮﮐ
ﯽﺑ ﻪﺑ ار ﻢﻈﻧ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ،يدﺮﻓ
ﻪﻧﺎﺧ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ مﺪﻋ ،يراد ﻪﺑ ار ﺮﮕﯾد ﻪﯾﺎﭘ نز ﮏﯾ ناﺪﻘﻓ و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻦﯿﺑ
مﺪﻋ و يدﺮﻓ ﯽﻨﻤﯾا
يﺪﺑ ،تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ،ﺖﯿﻨﻣاو بآ
،اﻮﻫو
هدﺎﯿﭘ ندﻮﺒﻧ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ياراد نﺎﻧز يزﺎﺳﻮﮕﻟا مﺪﻋ و ور
ﻪﺑ ار ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻘﯾﺮﻓآ ﯽﯾﺎﮑﯾﺮﻣآ نﺎﻧز ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
رﺎﺒﺗ
ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ .
ﻮﻧا ﻪﺑ ءﻼﺘﺑا ﺮﻄﺧ ﺎﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز زا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻦﯾا رد نﺎﻧز ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ و ﺖﺳا ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻢﻬﻣ و ﯽﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﯽﻟﺎﺴﻧﺎﯿﻣ يرﺎﻤﯿﺑ عا
ﻪﻠﻤﺟزا ﺎﻫ
نﺎﻃﺮﺳ ﯽﻧﺎﻀﻣر .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ ﯽﻗﺎﭼ و ﺖﺑﺎﯾد ،ﻪﻨﯿﺳ نﺎﯿﺳﺎﺑﺮﮐ ،
و يﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ) 1397 ﯽﺤﺘﻓ و ( نﺎﯾﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،
و ﯽﻔﯿﻄﻟ ) 1398 ﻦﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ( ،ﺖﺻﺮﻓ
ﻪﭽﺑ ﻦﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ،يراد هﺎﮔآ و هﺰﯿﮕﻧا
ﻦﮐﺎﻣا دﻮﺒﻤﮐ و ،ندﻮﺒﻧ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ار ﯽﺷزرو
ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا لﺎﺴﻧﺎﯿﻣ نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ .
يﺮﻔﻨﻀﻏ
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 1388
ﻦﮐﺎﻣا دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ﺰﯿﻧ ( ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ،ﯽﺷزرو
تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ،شزرو يﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﻐﺸﻣ ،ﯽﻟﺎﻣ
ﺖﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ،يرﺎﮐ يﺎﻫ
بآ ،ﯽﮔداﻮﻧﺎﺧ و ﺪﺑ ياﻮﻫو
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ ار ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ لﺎﺴﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﯽﺘﺑﺎﯾد نﺎﻧز هﺪﻧرادزﺎﺑ ﯽﻟﺮﺘﻨﮐ يﺎﻫروﺎﺑ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ .
ﮓﻧﺎﭼ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و3
2018 ﺰﯿﻧ (
» هدارا ﻒﯿﻌﺿ «
و
» يژﺮﻧا دﻮﺒﻤﮐ «
ﻪﺑ ار نﺎﻧز ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ناﻮﺟ
لﺎﺴﻧﺎﯿﻣو ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﺑﺎﯾد ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
. ﻓرﻮﻣ ،وداراﻮﻟآ ﯽ
ﻞﺋﻮﮔ و
4
) 2015 ﻪﺑ ار ﯽﺘﯿﺴﻨﺟ يﺎﻫرﺎﺠﻨﻫ و تارﺎﻈﺘﻧا ( ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ
يﺎﻀﻓ ندﻮﺑ دوﺪﺤﻣ ،ﺖﺻﺮﻓ دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺎﺧ
شزرو ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻧ دﻮﺒﻤﮐ و ندﺮﮐ
ﻦﮐﺎﻣا ﻪﺑ ار سﺮﺘﺳد رد ﯽﺷزرو ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا و ﺪﯾاﻮﻓ زا ﺺﻗﺎﻧ كرد و يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻢﯾژر ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ ﺖﯿﻨﻫذ لﺎﺜﻣ ياﺮﺑ) ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﯽﯾاﺬﻏ
شزرو يﺎﺠﺑ نزو ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ار (ندﺮﮐ
ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ يدﺮﻓ
نﺎﻧز ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ناﻮﺟ
ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺐﯿﺋارﺎﮐ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ قﺎﭼ ﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾ
.ﺪ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﺖﻧوﺮﺑ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و5
2013 ﻢﺋﻼﻋ ( ﻪﺑ ار نﺎﻃﺮﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﯽﻤﺴﺟ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ
بآ ،ﯽﻤﺴﺟ ﺶﻧاد ،تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ،ﺪﺑ ياﻮﻫو
ار ﻪﻠﻐﺸﻣ و ﻢﮐ
ﻪﺑ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ
- هﺰﯿﮕﻧا و ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ مﺪﻋ ،ﻦﺘﺷاﺪﻧ
ترﺎﻬﻣ و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﺑ ار ﻦﺘﺷاﺪﻧ
ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯽﻧاور
- ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
نﺎﻃﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻨﯿﺳ
. ﯽﻫارﺰﯿﻣ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و6
2015 نﺎﯿﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ( تدﺎﻋ ،ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺧ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﺷاﺪﻧ
ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ،ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﯽﺑ
و ﻢﻈﻧ
1. Joseph
2. Huebschmann
3. Chang
4. Alvarado, Murphy & Guell
5. Brunet
6. Mizrahi
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ يﺎﻫ
123
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﯽﻠﺒﻨﺗ نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ناﺪﻤﺨﺗ نﺎﻃﺮﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻟﺎﺴﻧﺎﯿﻣ .
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻨﯿﻣا و ﺖﺳا ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﺮﺧآ ﻞﺼﻓ يﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ 1395
ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ( ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽﻤﯾﺮﮐ و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟاو يﺮﺑﺎﺻ ،
و يﺮﻗﺎﺑ ) 1399 ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ( ،يدﺮﻓ
ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز ،ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ار
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا ﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ .
ﺶﮐرﻮﺟ يﺮﻈﻧ ، و يﺮﻫﺎﻃ ) 1398 (
نﺎﯿﺑ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ناﻮﺟ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،يدﺮﻓ
ﻢﮐ و ﯽﯾاﺮﮔ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
شزرو ﻪﺑ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ،ناﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ
مﺪﻋ ،شزرو يﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ
ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا مﺪﻋ ،ﻢﮐ
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ كرﺎﭘ يﺎﻀﻓ و ﺮﺑﺎﻌﻣ يزﺎﺳ ﻞﻤﺣ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ ،ناﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ ياﺮﺑ مزﻻ تاﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ،ﺎﻫ
ﻦﻤﯾا ﺎﻧ ،بﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﻞﻘﻧو ﻦﮐﺎﻣا ندﻮﺑ
ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺷزرو
ناﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ ﯽﮔدﻮﻟآ ،ناﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ صﻮﺼﺨﻣ يﺎﻀﻓ دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ، مﺪﻋ و ﮏﯿﻓاﺮﺗ ،اﻮﻫ
كرﺎﭘ ﺖﯿﻨﻣا ﺶﻟﺎﭼ زا ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ناﺮﯾا ناﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ شزرو ﻢﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ .
ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺑزور ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يرﺎﮑﻣﺎﮐ ،
و رﻮﭘازﺮﯿﻣ ) 1393 نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ( ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ داد
،ﯽﺗﻼﯿﻬﺴﺗ و ﯽﺗﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا ،ﯽﺘﻣﻼﺳ ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ،يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا
دﻮﺒﻤﮐ و ﯽﺼﺨﺷ
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﺖﻗو نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا ﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ .
ﻮﺳﺎﮐ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و1
2011 نﺎﯿﺑ ( ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ
ﺎﺑ ﯽﻠﯾزﺮﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ -
ﺖﺳا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا .
ﺮﯿﺗوﺪﺴﻧرﻮﯿﺑ ،
ﺗودﺎﻧرآ ﯿﺮ و ردﺎﺘﺳروﺪﻟﺎﻫ
2 ) 2012 تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ( بآ ،ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ
ياﻮﻫو
مﺪﻋ و دﺎﺑ و ﯽﻧارﺎﺑ ،دﺮﺳ شزرو ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ دﻮﺟو
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ندﺮﮐ ﻪﺑ ار ناﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ نﺎﻧز ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ .
نﻮﺘﺴﻧﺎﺟ و ﻮﻧرﻮﻣ )3
2014 نﺎﯿﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ( تﺬﻟ ﺖﯿﻨﻫذ ،ﺖﻗو دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ندﻮﺒﻧ ﺶﺨﺑ مﺪﻋ ،ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﻮﻣ رد ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ ﻢﻠﻋ در
،ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ
ﯽﺑ يرﺎﯿﺘﺧا ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا يراردا ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ (لﺎﺴﻧﺎﯿﻣ) نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
.
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑار رد يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺪﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ يﺎﻫ
نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ زا ﮏﯾ ﺮﻫ رد ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﮔﺪﻧز
ﺮﯾا نﺎﻧز ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻞﮐ ﻪﺑ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﯾا ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ تﺎﻗوا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﻫ رد نﺎﻧز ﻪﮑﯿﻟﺎﺣرد ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد ﻢﯿﻤﻌﺗ نا
ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز زا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺮ
ﯽﻣ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ار ﯽﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ زا .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣ ور ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ﻦﯾا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ يﺎﻫ نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗﺎﺑ ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﻦﯾا يراﺬﮔﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ ﺪﻧور و ؟ﺪﻨﻣاﺪﮐ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﺎﻫ
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ؟ﺖﺳا ﯽﻠﮑﺷ ﻪﭼ ﻪ
شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ا ﻦﯾ ﻘﺤﺗ ﻖﯿ ﻘﺤﺗ عﻮﻧ زا تﺎﻘﯿ
ﮐ ﯽﻔﯿ شور زا نآ رد و دﻮﺑ ﻘﺤﺗ
ﻖﯿ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﯾ هداد
،دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ور دﺮﮑﯾ ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻈﻧ شور رد .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻘﺤﺗ
ﻖﯿ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﯾ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ
ﭼ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺰﯿ ﻣ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ هداد ﯽ
دﻮﺷ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻦﺘﻣ و ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ،تﻻﺎﻘﻣ ،ﺐﺘﮐ) ﺎﻫ ﺎﻫ
ي ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ .(... و هﺪﺷ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﻣ ﮔ
يﺮﯿ ا رد ﻦﯾ شور ﻘﺤﺗ
،ﻖﯿ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ عﻮﻧ زا ﮔ
يﺮﯿ يﺮﻈﻧ ﻊﻤﺟ و ﺖﺳا روآ
ي ﻠﺤﺗ و ﻞﯿ هداد ﺎﻫ ﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽ
دﻮﺷ ﺋﺎﺟ ﺎﺗ و ﯽ ﭘ ﻪﻣادا اﺪﯿ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ عﺎﺒﺷا ﻪﺑ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺮﻈﻧ
ي
ﻪﺟﻮﺗﺎﺑ .ﺪﺳﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ
ا ﻦﯾ ﻪﮐ شور زا ﻘﺤﺗ ﻖﯿ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﯾ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ﻠﺤﺗ شور ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻞﯿ
هداد ﺎﻫ ﻧ ﺰﯿ » ﺶﺳﺮﭘ « و
» ﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺴﯾ
« ﻨﭽﻤﻫ .دﻮﺑ ﻦﯿ
ﺮﮐذ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ
ﻪﺋارا رد ﺖﺳا ﺮﻈﻧ
ﻪﯾ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ شور ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻘﺤﺗ
ﻖﯿ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﯾ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺎﭘ ﯽﯾﺎﯾ ﻤﻧ ﺮﻈﻧﺪﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ا نﻮﭼ ﻦﯾ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﯾ ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑرد هر ﮏﯾ ﺪﭘ هﺪﯾ صﺎﺧ
رد ﮏﯾ نﺎﻣز ﺒﺗ ﻂﻘﻓ و ﺖﺳا صﺎﺧ ﻦﯿﯿ
هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺪﭘ هﺪﯾ درﻮﻣ ﻘﺤﺗ نﺎﻣز رد ﺮﻈﻧ ﻖﯿ
ﻤﻧ ًﺎﻣوﺰﻟ و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽ
ناﻮﺗ نآ نﺎﻣز ﻪﺑ ار ﺎﻫ نﺎﮑﻣ و ﺎﻫ
ﺎﻫ ي د ﺮﮕﯾ
ﻤﻌﺗ ﻢﯿ ا ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا داد ﻦﯾ
ﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﻞﯿ ﻪﺘﺷاد ار اور .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﯾ
ﺎﺘﻧ ﺞﯾ ا ﻦﯾ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻘﺤﺗ تﺎﻘﯿ ﻧ ﺰﯿ ﺎﯾ ﺮﻃزا ﻖﯾ ﺎﺗ ﺪﯿﯾ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ هﺪﻧﻮﺷ
،ﺎﻫ ﺎﯾ ﺎﺗ ﺪﯿﯾ
و نﺎﮕﺒﺨﻧ ﺎﯾ
هداد ﻪﺑ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﺎﺗ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﯿﯾ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻘﺤﺗ رد . ﻖﯿ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻧ ﺰﯿ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻫ
ي ﻧ ﻪﻤﯿ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺎﺑ 159 ﻪﮐ ﺮﻔﻧ 153 ﺮﻔﻧ
نآ نﺎﻧز و ناﺮﺘﺧد ﺎﻫ 7
ﻟا ﯽ 78 ﺳرﺮﺑ و ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﺳ ﯽ
ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ نﻮﺘﻣ عﺎﺒﺷا ،ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ
ﺮﻈﻧ ي ﺻﺎﺣ ﻞ .ﺪﺷ رد ﻊﻗاو ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ فﺪﻫ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
، نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا
ياراد ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ
ﻪﮐ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
.ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد راﺮﻗ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻠﺻا تﻻاﻮﺳ
ﯽ شور رد ﻘﺤﺗ ﻖﯿ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﯾ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ور دﺮﮑﯾ
،ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻈﻧ
اﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻂﯾ
،ﯽّﻠﻋ اﺮﺷ ﻂﯾ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز
،يا اﺮﺷ ﻂﯾ ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ
،ﺮﮔ ﺶﻨﮐاو /ﺶﻨﮐ ﭘ ،ﺎﻫ
ﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿ ﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ و ﯽ ﺑ ﻂﺑاور ﻦﯿ ﻒﺸﮐ تﻻﻮﻘﻣ رد هﺪﺷ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑار
ﺪﭘ هﺪﯾ درﻮﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺮﻈﻧ
؛ رﻮﻄﺑ ﻪﮑﯾ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد ي
،يرﻮﺤﻣ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ تﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﯽﯾ
هﺪﺷ رد ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻪ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي زﺎﺑ ﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺒﻌﺟ ﺶﺷ رد ﻦﯿ
وﺎﻨﻋ ﻦﯾ
ﻪﺘﺳد ﺪﻨﺑ ي ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺳﺮﺗ ﺎﺑ ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ و ﻢﯿ
ﻮﮕﻟا ﻞﮑﺷ ي
ﯽﻤﯾادارﺎﭘ ﻣ شراﺰﮔ
ﯽ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺿﻮﺗ . ﺢﯿ ﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿ ا ﻦﯾ ﻪﮐ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻠﮐ ندﻮﺑ تﺎﯿ رد تﻻاﻮﺳ
ور دﺮﮑﯾ
،ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﻠﮔ فﻼﺘﺧا درﻮﻣ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ رﺰﯿ
ا و دﻮﺑ سواﺮﺘﺳا و ﻦﯾ
دﺮﻔﺑﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ زا تﻻاﻮﺳ دﺮﮑﯾور
ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻈﻧ .ﺖﺳا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ﺮﺿﺎﺣ
1. Cassou
2. Bjornsdottir, Arnadottir & Halldorsdottir
3. Moreno & Johnston
124
ﻣ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ،مرﺎﻬﭼ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪ 1401
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ يﺎﻫ نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ
ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣﺮﯾز ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ
راﺮﻗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ هﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ و دﻮﺑ ﺮﮔ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻧا ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ
ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ،ﯽّﻠﻋ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز
ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر و يا
، ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﻦﯾا يراﺬﮔﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ ﺎﺘﻓر ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺶﻨﮐاو/ﺶﻨﮐ ﺎﯾ ﺎﻫر ناﺰﯿﻣ ﯽﻨﻌﯾ ﺎﻫ
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا شور .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ شور سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ يﺮﯿﮔ
يﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﭽﺑﺮﺘﺧد ﺎﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻪﮐﺎﺠﻧآ زا .دﻮﺑ يﺎﻫ
7 - 12 رﺎﺒﺘﻋا ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﺳ ار ﯽﻓﺎﮐ
ﻧ ﺎﺼﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻦﯾﺪﻟاو ﺎﺑ دراﺪ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺣ
. ناردﺎﻣ ﻪﮐﺎﺠﻧآ زا
ﮓﻧر ﺮﭘ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ درﻮﻣ ناردﺎﻣ داﺪﻌﺗ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻦﯾا رد يﺮﺗ
17 ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ درﻮﻣ نارﺪﭘ داﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﻣا ﺮﻔﻧ 6
.دﻮﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ
ﯽﮔﮋﯾو يﺎﻫ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ لوﺪﺟ رد نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ
1 ور زا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﺘﮑﻧ ﻦﯾا ﺮﮐذ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ش
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ
ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ هداد ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻈﻧدﺮﮑﯾور دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ﯽﻣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ فﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻪﺳ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ زا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ شور ﻦﯾا ﻪﻧﺎﮔ
رد و ﺪﻨﻨﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ار ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ
ﯽﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ ﻪﺘﺳد و ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ
هدﺮﮐ يﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﺎﯾ ،ﺪﻨﻫد ﻪﺋارا ار ﺪﻧا
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺎﯾ و ﺪﻨﻨﮐ يزادﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﮏﯾ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ار دﻮﺧ
ﻊﻤﺟ لﺪﻣ شراﺰﮔ و يﺪﻨﺑ
ﺪﻨﯾﺎﻤﻧ سواﺮﺘﺳا و ﻦﯿﺑرﻮﮐ) ،1
2014 .(
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد دﻮﺒﻧ لﺪﻣ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ فﺪﻫ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ
و ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
تﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﺘﺳد يﺪﻨﺑ هﺪﺷ (ﯽﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ و زﺎﺑ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ) .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ و
لوﺪﺟ 1 ﯽﮔﮋﯾو . ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ
هﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺎﻫ
ﻞﻫﺎﺗ ﻦﺳ يروﺮﭘﺪﻧزﺮﻓ
لﺎﻐﺘﺷا تﻼﯿﺼﺤﺗ
ﯽﮐدﻮﮐ ﻪﯾﻮﻧﺎﺛ ﯽﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﯽﻧاﻮﺟ
ﯽﻟﺎﺴﻧﺎﯿﻣ يﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ
كدﻮﮐ رﺪﭘ
كدﻮﮐ ردﺎﻣ7-12ﻪﻟﺎﺳ
12-20ﻪﻟﺎﺳ
20-30ﻪﻟﺎﺳ
30-40ﻪﻟﺎﺳ
40-50ﻪﻟﺎﺳ
50-65ﻪﻟﺎﺳ
65-70ﻪﻟﺎﺳ
يﻻﺎﺑ70 لﺎﺳ
دﺮﺠﻣ
ﻞﻫﺎﺘﻣ
هدﺮﮐ تﻮﻓ ﺮﺴﻤﻫ
ﺪﻧزﺮﻓ نوﺪﺑ
يارادﺖﺒﻗاﺮﻣ ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﯿﻧ ﺪﻧزﺮﻓ
ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺪﻧزﺮﻓ ياراد
ﻦﯾﺪﻟاو ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﺖﺤﺗ
راد ﻪﻧﺎﺧ
ﻞﻏﺎﺷ
ﻢﻠﭙﯾد ﺮﯾز و ﻢﻠﭙﯾد
ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ
اﺮﺘﮐد و ﺪﺷرا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ6 17 17 22 7 20 14 21 26 9 47 83 29 50 49 60 39 77 43 109 37 13 ﺪﺻرد7/3 % 7/10 % 7/10 % 8/13 % 4/4 % 5/12 % 8/8 % 2/13 % 3/16 % 6/5 % 5/29 % 2/52 % 2/18 % 4/31 % 8/30 % 7/37 % 5/24 % 4/48 % 27 % 5/68 % 2/23 % 1/8 % ﻊﻤﺟ 1/25 % 8/13 % 9/16 % 22 % 22 %
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗﺎﺑ شور رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗﺎﺤﯿﺿﻮﺗ و ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ فﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻤﻧ و ﻞﮑﺷ ،لواﺪﺟ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ رادﻮ
ﯽﻣ ﻪﺋارا .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ هﺪﺷ
نﺎﻧز ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ لوﺪﺟ رد ﯽﮔﺪﻧز 2
هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ﺶﻟﺎﭼ مﺎﻤﺗ .ﺪﻧا رد ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ مﺎﻤﺗ رد ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻠﮐ تﻻﻮﻘﻣ رد ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﺮﺗ
ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا - ﻓ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ،ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮ ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ
- ﮑﺸﻣ ،يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا تﻼ
تﻼﮑﺸﻣ و ﯽﺼﺨﺷ ﻪﺘﺳد ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ
.ﺪﻧﺪﺷ يﺪﻨﺑ
1. Corbin & Strauss
