دابآ فجن دحاو
Chapter 2
L ITERATURE R EVIEW
R ESEARCH M ETHODS
Outline
Research Problem
Relevant Articles
Paper Structure
Problem Formulation
Writing a Literature
Literature Review Components
Research Problem
Many student choose a general problem
General Problem:
Data Mining, Cloud Computing, Information Retrieval
Almost General:
Spider, Crawler, Indexer, Ranker
Almost Professional:
New Rank Algorithm, Re-ranking
Professional:
Re-ranking Algorithm for Personalization
• Formerly known as The Mining Company, About.com takes a unique approach to providing access to scholarly sources. It hires real scholars to serve as guides in more than 700 subject areas.
• The guides at About.com organize the links, keep them updated, write new articles, host discussions and chats, and answer questions online. To find out more and to search your subject area, go to http://www.about.com.
Google Scholar
Google Scholar provides a simple way to search for
scholarly literature. From one place, you can search many disciplines and sources: peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations. It can help you identify relevant research across the world of scholarly research.
Use it after you’ve tried YSJ databases (I would say that wouldn’t I!)
Limited full text availability but has clearer indication of free full text articles than before
Relies heavily on cooperation of libraries to submit their collections
Useful as a supplementary tool to our own sources
Google Scholar
Search tool that links to scholarly research materials
http://scholar.google.com
Easy to search
Increases visibility of scholarly literature
Reviewed papers, theses, books, preprints, abstracts and technical reports, author web pages that link their own research papers
Indexes a subset of scholarly literature in all fields.
Search results include cited references
Database Science Direct
Springer John wiley
Blackwell Synergy
Compendex ‐ Engineering Village Ebsco host
Emerald
Infotrac (Gale) JSTOR
ProQuest
Ingenta Connet ISI knowledge Nature.com
Cambridge Journals annualreviews.org
Databases
Database Category
IEEE Electronics Engineering Databases
ASCE Civil Engineering Databases
ASM Materials science & Engineering Databases Scientific.net –ttp.net Materials science & Engineering Databases
ASME Mechanics Engineering Databases
ACS Chemistry Databases
AGU Geology Databases
RSC Chemistry Databases
AMS Mathematics Databases
APS Physics Databases
IoP Physics Databases
MathSciNet Mathematics Databases
ACM Computer Science
Other Resources
Elsevier Science 2626
Springer 1642
Taylor and Francis Group 1288
Blackwell Publishing 917
John Wiley and Sons 550
Sage Publications 491
IEEE 359
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 272
SciELO 257
Japan Science and Technology Information Aggregator,
Electronic 249
Africa Journals Online 235
Emerald Insight 235
Cambridge University Press 222
Rd de Revistas Cientificas América Latina y el Caribe,
España y Portugal 216
Haworth Press Inc 214
Oxford University Press 214
BioMed Central 172
OECD Publications Centre 154
Inderscience Publishers 147
Other Resources…
• 2626 Journals
• More than 9 million paper
1 . زاين دروم ي هداد وجتسج
Quick Search
Advanced Search
Advanced Search
• ISBN (International Standard Book Number)
• ISSN (International Standard Serial Number)
• DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328408X332780
A digital object identifier (DOI) is a character string (a "digital identifier") used to uniquely identify an object such as an electronic document. Metadata about the object is stored in
association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata may change. Referring to an online document by its DOI provides more stable linking than simply referring to it by its URL, because if its URL changes, the publisher need only
update the metadata for the DOI to link to the new URL
Scientific Paper
قيقحت کي زا لماک شرازگ .1 تسا رگيد ياهراک هچخيرات هب عماج هاگن کي هک قيقحت کي يور رب لماک يرگنزاب .2 .
قيقحت کي زا هصلاخ يرگنزاب .3
دشاب يم يرگنزاب ات تفايرد نامز کي ياراد لاومعم هک قيقحت کي زا هاتوک شرازگ .4
پاچ يارب يريگ ميمصت)
( يــياهن پاچ و
تسا تاراشتنا اي لانروژ نامه رد تلااقم هيقب زا رت هاتوک .
يم تروص ردام تاراشتنا زا يــيادج مان تحت پاچ عون نيا هتبلا
لثم دريگ letter papers
نا هب يخساپ اي لانروژ هب يا همانٓ .5 )
دح رد هاتوک 2
اي 3 هحفص (
رفن ود نيب باوج و لاوئس .6
) هثحابم (
باتـک کي بلاطم زا مهم رايسب تشادرب هصلاخ .7
) باتـک هديکچ (
تلاوصحم زا يرگيد عون اي رازفا تخس ،رازفا مرن يور ينيبزاب .8 روتيدا زا يا هلاقم .9 لانروژ تلااقم رواد )
نامهم روتيدا کي اي (
هدنناوخ يارب لانروژ رشان ماغيپ .10
لانروژ دادعت • 1642
دوش يم بوسحم رشان نيمود اذل
زا شيب تلااقم دادعت • 4
نويليم دروکر
دشاب يم ريز ياهشخب لماش هاگياپ نيا .1 Emerald Full Text
يعوضوم ششوپ :
كينورتـكلا يسدنهم و كينورتـكلا ،كيناكم يسدنهم ،يرادباتـك ،يبايرازاب ،يناسنا عبانم تيريدم ،تيريدم
.2 Emerald Journals
يعوضوم ششوپ يژولونكت و يدربراك مولع ،يسدنهم هارمه هب يناسر علاطا و يرادباتـك تيريدم ،تيريدم ةنيمز رد يتيريدم ربتعم ياه هلجم :
.3 Emerald Management Review
يعوضوم ششوپ يلام روما و يرادباسح ،يبايرازاب ،يژتارتسا ،تيفيك ،تاعلاطا تيريدم ،يناسنا عبانم تيريدم ،تيريدم :
.4 Emerald Abstract
لماش 4 يتاعلاطا هاگياپ
: Computer Abstracts International Database تلااقم هصلاخ لماش
200 مولع هنيمز رد هلجم
رتويپماك : Computer and Communication Security Abstracts لماش
6000 زا هلاقم هصلاخ 100
و هلجم 40 سنارفنك
Emerald
43 Journals
24 Journals
30 Journals
28 Journals
52 Journals
40 Journals
Ingenta Connect
Started in 1960.
It was acquired by Thomson Scientific & Healthcare became known as Thomson ISI and now is part of the Healthcare & Science business of Thomson Reuters.
ISI offered bibliographic database services. Its specialty:
citation indexing and analysis. It maintains citation databases covering thousands of academic journals, including a continuation of its longtime print-based
indexing service the Science Citation Index (SCI), as well as the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), and the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI). All of these are available via ISI's Web of Knowledge database service.
This database allows a researcher to identify which articles have been cited most frequently, and who has cited them.
Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)
Impact Factor (IF)
An academic journal is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to recent articles published in the journal. It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field, with journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than those with lower ones.
Impact factors are calculated yearly starting
from 1975 for those journals that are indexed in the Journal Citation Reports.
IF Calculation
In a given year, the impact factor of a journal is
the average number of citations received per paper published in that journal during the two preceding years.
For example, if a journal has an impact factor of 3 in 2008, then its papers published in 2006 and
2007 received 3 citations each on average in 2008.
A = the number of times that articles published in 2006 and 2007, were cited by articles in indexed journals during 2008.
B = the total number of "citable items" published by that journal in 2006 and 2007.
2008 impact factor = A/B
www.citebase.org
نيا هاگياپ رد
تقيقح روتوم كي
وجتسج يارب
نوتم يشهوژپ
يرواد هدش
تسا و
وجتسج ار
رب ساسا ليلحت
اهدنويپ و
تاعاجرا دنتسم
هب راك هتفر رد تلااقم ماجنا
يم دهد و ياهليلحت يدانتسا
يفلتخم دننام
نييعت دادعت
تادانتسا هب
كي رثا و نينچمه نازيم
ريثات يراذگ نآ
رثا رد رياس راثآ ار ماجنا يم دهد .
Ebsco Host
• Number of Journals Online: 15000
• Number of Article: 40,000,000
دابآ فجن دحاو
Literature survey is a documentation of a
comprehensive review of the published and unpublished work from secondary sources of data in the areas of specific interest to the
researcher (Uma Sekaran 2003).
General Definition
Other Definition
The selection of available documents (both published and unpublished) on the topic, which contain information:
Ideas, data and evidence written from a
particular standpoint to fulfill certain aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic and how it is to be investigated, and
the effective evaluation of these documents in relation to the research being proposed.
(Chris Hart 2003)
SUMMARY OF PAST RESEARCH RELATED TO THE RESEARCH TO BE CONDUCTED
BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY PUBLISHED IN SCHOLARLY JOURNAL E.G: “REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON WEB MINING”
L
ITERATURER
EVIEW IS…
A DISCUSSION ON SEVERAL QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE RESEARCH TO BE CONDUCTED
There are various types of research being carried out in the field of information system development methodology. It ranges from the application of
methodologies (Sakthivel, 1992; Avison et al, 1992), movement of methodologies (Fitzgerald, 1999; Avgerou C, 1993; Lycett et al., 1997), the use of methodologies (Westrup, 1993), application of in-house software development methodologies (SDM’s) and commercial SDM’s (Hardy et al., 1995;
Jenkins et al, 1984) and issues in methodologies (i.e. the influences, problems, unanswered
questions) (Fitzgerald, 1995; Livari, 1998;
Wynekoop et al., 1995).
Sample
TO KNOW WHAT HAS BEEN KNOWN OR UNKNOWN/RESEARCHED.
TO DEVELOP EXPLANATION ON CERTAIN PHENOMENA, STATE-OF-THE ART
Primary Purpose
TO IDENTIFY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONCEPTS AND HYPOTHESIS
TO LEARN HOW OTHER RESEARCHERS DEFINE WORDS, CONCEPTS AND IDENTIFY HYPOTHESIS THAT
CAN BE STUDIED
TO IDENTIFY SOURCES OF DATA USED BY EARLIER RESEARCHERS
TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE PROJECTS OR PROJECTS THAT ARE RELATED TO THE RESEARCH DONE BY OTHER RESEARCHERS
Second Purpose
Filling the research gap
Although literature abounds with the focus on the development of new methodologies and framework for the selection and comparison of methodologies, methodologies are still extensively untested, despite their growth (Russo et al., 1995). Nevertheless,
there are a handful of research which consolidate on the empirical study of the use of methodologies in specific countries (Rahim et al., 1997; Edward,
1989a; Edward, 1989b; Selamat et al., 1994;
Fitzgerald, 1997; Fitzgerald, 1996b, Russo et al.,
1995). However all of these researches tend to focus on the usage of methodologies outside of Asia. Most of these researches were carried out in the UK and US region, while only one was carried out in Brunei.
WHY WRITE A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE?
The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out.
Some people think that it is a summary: this is not true.
Although you need to summarize relevant research, it is also necessary that you
evaluate this work, show the relationships between different work, and show how it relates to your work.
WHY WRITE A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE?
In other words, you cannot simply give a concise description of, for example, an article:
You need to select what parts of the
research to discuss (e.g. the methodology),
Show how it relates to the other work e.g.
What other methodologies have been used?
How are they similar? How are they
different? and show how it relates to your work (what is its relationship to your
methodology?).
A LITERATURE REVIEW MUST DO
SYNTHESIZE RESULTS INTO A SUMMARY OF WHAT IS AND IS NOT KNOWN
BE ORGANIZED AROUND AND RELATED DIRECTLY TO THE RESEARCH QUESTION YOU ARE
DEVELOPING
IDENTIFY AREAS OF CONTROVERSY IN THE LITERATURE
FORMULATE QUESTIONS THAT REQUIRE FURTHER RESEARCH
IDENTIFYING DIFFERENCES
STEPS:
•ANALYSE ITEM TO BE COMPARED
•IDENTIFY DIFFERENCE AND SIMILARITIES
•CHECK CONSISTENCIES
•SYNTHESIZE
DIFFERENCES DIFFERENCES SIMILARITIES
LITERATURE REVIEW NEEDS TO
GENERATE QUESTIONS THAT
TRIGGERS FURTHER RESEARCH
FORMULATE QUESTIONS
•What are the problems or questions that my literature review will help identify
• Am I looking for theories, methodologies, quantitative or qualitative research?
•What is the scope of my literature review?
•Is my literature search comprehensive?
•Have I analyzed the literature that I have read, critically?
•Have I referred to research that is contradictory from my perspectives
Other Questions
What are the key theories concepts and ideas?
What are the characteristics of the key concepts or the main factors or variables?
What are major issues about the topic?
What are the main questions and problems that have been addressed to date?
What views need to be (further) tested?
What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory or too limited?
What research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory?
Ask these questions while your are developing your literature review:
•What do you already know about the subject?
Major works?
•Is there any gap in the knowledge of a particular subject
• Has the author formulated any problem statements/issues?
•What is the orientation of the research?
•What is the theoretical framework of the author?
Ask these questions while your are developing your literature review:
•Is there further research by other researchers?
•Who are the personalities in the topic to be researched?
•Is the analysis accurate and relevant?
What is the strength and weakness of the research?
How is the article or book related to your research question?
What is the methodology/ methods/
issues/problems that earlier researchers
identified and how they can give impact to your project?
WRITE A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW
Remember the purpose:
you are not writing a literature review just to tell your reader what other researchers have done.
You have to show why your research needs to be carried out, how you came to choose certain
methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out, etc.
Read with a purpose: you need to
summarize the work you read but you must
also decide which ideas or information are important to your research, and which are less important and can be covered briefly or left out of your review.
You should also look for the major concepts, conclusions, theories, arguments etc.
Look for similarities and differences with
closely related work. This is difficult when you first start reading.
WRITE A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW
Write with a purpose: your aim should be to evaluate and show relationships
between the work already done and
also between this work and your own. In order to do this effectively you should
carefully plan how you are going to organize your work.
WRITE A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW
Critical review
What is meant by critical?
You should present your evaluation or judgment of the text.
To do this well, you should attempt to understand the topic from different
perspectives and in relation to the theories, approaches and frameworks in your
direction.
CRITICAL REVIEW
Criteria Possible focus questions
Significance and contribution to the field
• What is the author’s aim?
• To what extent has this aim been achieved?
• What does this text add to the body of knowledge? (This could be in terms of theory, data and/or practical
application)
• What relationship to other works in the field?
• What is missing/not stated?
•Is this a real problem?
CRITICAL REVIEW
Criteria Possible focus questions Methodology or
approach
What approach was used for the research? (eg; quantitative or
qualitative, analysis/review of theory or current practice, comparative, case
study, personal reflection etc…)
How objective/biased is the approach?
Are the results valid and reliable?
What analytical framework is used to discuss the results?
CRITICAL REVIEW
Criteria Possible focus questions
Argument and use of evidence
• Is there a clear problem, statement or hypothesis?
• Is the argument consistent?
• What kinds of evidence does the text rely on?
• How valid and reliable is the evidence?
• How effective is the evidence in supporting the argument?
•What conclusions are drawn?
• Are these conclusions justified?
An example of feature map
Mapping Ideas
Organizing the content of the literature into sections and sub-sections will enable you to make connections between ideas contained in different articles, books and work
published over a given period of time.
Classification is a necessary part of the
analytical stage of a review. Without the use of classification, large amounts of
information cannot be processed in a way that is both systematic and progressive.
How do you categorize/classify
Collect the data
Label similar item in a
group
Use pattern to add others
Evaluate pattern STEPS
Prewriting
Plan
Pre-writing:
structuring your review
1.Write down aims for the
review.
4. Summarize main points,
especially
your conclusion
2. Draft appropriate structure.
Use sectioning
to arrange material relevant to your points.
3.Allocate appropriate
evidence to sections
Building up first draft
COMPONENTS
Literature review involves 4 stages:
I : Formulate problem statements – the proposed topic and the issues that are related.
II: Classify previous research according to categories III: Discussions on similarities and differences
between researches IV: Conclusion
Which research is the best research from the aspect of argumentation?
Which research is the best research that gives opinions that are most influence?
Which research gives the most contribution in the
Structure of LR
1. Introduction
a. Includes a general, overall presentation of the topic at hand, addressing the topics
that will be discussed in the body
b. Includes a thesis statement
c. Includes a research question
Structure of LR…
2. Body
a. The number of paragraphs in the body will vary, depending on the number of topics/points you
address.
b. Each paragraph must begin with a topic sentence that introduces the subject matter to be discussed.
*This sentence should NOT be a direct quote from a source.
c. Each paragraph should end with a transition sentence that connects to the next paragraph.
d. YOUR VOICE must be heard!!
e. Use research to support your ideas
f. Tie the evidence in the body back to your research question.
Structure of LR…
Implications for Further Research
a. In most literature reviews, there is a section called “implications for further research.” This is where you will point out the holes that exist in what has currently been presented.
¾ i. In addition to pointing out the holes, you
address specific areas that need to be addressed.
¾ ii. You may also include your own theories and/or ideas for filling in the gaps.
Structure of LR…
Conclusion
a. Highlight the points discussed in the
body. Remember to tie the info back to your research question, essentially providing an answer to the research question in this
section.
Conclusion
When you come to do your literature review you need to check that the review:
Shows a clear understanding of the topic
All key landmark studies have been cited and most discussed
States clear conclusion about previous research using appropriate evidence
Shows the variety of definitions and approaches to the topic area
Reaches sound recommendations using coherent argument that is based on
evidence
Shows a gap in existing knowledge
Collocations to be found in academic writing
Academic Phraseology
Recent research has focused on…, Increasing demands are placed on…,
The contribution X has made to the field of…, X’s hypothesis is based on the premise…,
This definition implies that Y is concerned with…, From the foregoing discussion it appears that…,etc.
Both quantitative & qualitative data were used in the evaluation.
These data were analyzed to identify issues related to…
…to develop an interview schedule for a random simple survey on…Broad categories were used to reduce the potential for any
changes in classification over time to influence results.
The structure of the interview schedule and the sampling
Collocations to be found in academic writing
Academic Phraseology
This probably related to changes in…
.. it is difficult to draw conclusions from…
…a slight reduction in the mean number of…
.. There may have been a real decrease in the total number of … as opposed to those …
The research evidence indicates that….
..a potentially significant factor
…a slight reduction in the mea number of…
…experienced large fluctuations…
دابآ فجن دحاو
