Developing a Model of the Relationship between Trait Anxiety and the Components of Attentional Style in AthleteStudents
Hadis Kavianipoor1 , Alireza Farsi2 Alireza Bahrami3
1. Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences and Technology in Sport. Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran E-mail: [email protected]
2. Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences and Technology in Sport. Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran E-mail: [email protected]
3. Corresponding Author, Department of Motor Behavior and Sports Psychology.Faculty of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran E-mail: [email protected]
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received:
13 August 2022 Received in revised form:
14 January 2023 Accepted:
18 January 2023 Published online:
2 February 2023
Keywords:
Attentional Control, Bottom-Up Attention, Top-Down Attention, Trait Anxiety.
Introduction: The present study aimed to develop a model of the relationship between trait anxiety and the components of attentional styles in athlete students.
Methods: The current research strategy was descriptive and correlational, with the approach of developing a correlational model. In three stages, the attentional styles questionnaire was translated into Persian and was evaluated psychometrically. Its process consisted of the French version translation into Persian, re-translation into French, and the final translation. In this study, 245 athletes were selected conveniently from the student population of Shahid Beheshti University. Participants completed attentional styles and trait anxiety questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).
Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficient for two factors of top-down and bottom-up attention was 0.70 and 0.72, respectively. The confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the factor loadings of five items (items 2 and 4 of the top-down attention factor, and items 3, 8, and 9 of the bottom-up attention factor) were less than 0.4, so they were removed. SEM results showed that trait anxiety has an inverse and significant relationship with top-down attention and a direct and significant relationship with bottom-up attention.
Conclusion: The results of the present study highlighted the importance and necessity of paying attention to the relationship between trait anxiety and the components of attentional styles in athletes. Therefore, in planning training programs and improving sports performance, taking this relationship into account can be an effective step in preventing adverse outcomes in sports competitions.
Cite this article: Kavianipoor,H., Farsi, A., & Bahrami, A. (2022). Developing a Model of the Relationship between Trait Anxiety and the Components of Attentional Style in Athlete Students. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 14 (4), 5-21.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22059/jsmdl.2023.347094.1669
© The Author(s). Publisher: University of Tehran Press.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling that consists of cognitive and physical anxiety symptoms. Previous studies have shown that athletes' anxiety can impair their performance. People with high trait anxiety are more likely to experience higher levels of state anxiety and worry more in stressful situations such as sports competitions than people with low trait anxiety, and as a result, their performance decreases.
Therefore, to better understand the changes in performance under pressure, it is important to examine trait anxiety and other individual differences in how the threat is processed and interpreted. Sports skills performance in stressful conditions leads to an increase in environmental and internal needs and demands of the athlete's attentional resources. A new measure to describe attention is the attentional styles questionnaire, which considers a person's attentional style according to the top-down/bottom-up dimensions. According to the theory of attentional control, high anxiety disrupts the ability of a person to inhibit the processing of irrelevant information and shift attention between different tasks.
Furthermore, poor attentional control may contribute to increased anxiety through difficulty in inhibiting the processing of irrelevant information, which impairs cognitive and emotional responses to stress. The present study aimed to develop a model of the relationship between trait anxiety and the components of attentional styles in student-athletes
Methods
The current research strategy was descriptive and correlational.
In three stages, the attentional styles questionnaire was translated into Persian and was evaluated psychometrically. Its process consisted of the the French version translation into Persian, re- translation into French, and the final translation. In this study, 245 athletes were selected conveniently from the student population of Shahid Beheshti University. The participants completed attentional styles and trait anxiety questionnaires.
Data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).
Results
Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.70 and 0.72 for the two factors of top-down and bottom-up attention, respectively.
The results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that the factor loadings of five items (items 2 and 4 of the top-down attention factor and items 3, 8, and 9 of the bottom-up attention factor) were less than 0.4, so they were removed.
SEM results showed that trait anxiety has an inverse and significant relationship with top-down attention and a direct and significant relationship with bottom-up attention.
Conclusion
The results of the present study highlighted the importance and necessity of paying attention to the relationship between trait anxiety and the components of attentional styles in athletes. Therefore, in planning training programs and improving sports performance, taking this relationship into
outcomes in sports competitions.
Ethical Considerations:
Compliance with Research Ethical Guidelines:
The present study was conducted following ethical principles.
Funding:
No specific funding was used.
Authors’ Contributions:
The first author conceived the presented idea, collected the data, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript and the second and third authors supervised the project. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.
Conflicts of interest:
The authors declared no conflict ofinterest.
Acknowledgment:
We would like to thank all those who helped us in this study.
ﻃﺎﺒﺗرا لﺪﻣ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ ﯽ
ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ
ﺎﻫ ي ﮏﺒﺳ رﺎﮑﺷزرو نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ﯽﻧﺎﯾوﺎﮐ ﺚﯾﺪﺣ رﻮﭘ
، 1
ﺎﺿﺮﯿﻠﻋ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ
، 2
ﯽﻣاﺮﻬﺑ ﺎﺿﺮﯿﻠﻋ
3
1 ،يرﺎﺘﻓر مﻮﻠﻋ هوﺮﮔ.
،ﯽﺷزرو يروﺎﻨﻓ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد
ة ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ﯽﺘﺸﻬﺑ ﺪﯿﻬﺷ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ و ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .
2 . ﺷ ،يرﺎﺘﻓر مﻮﻠﻋ هوﺮﮔ ،ﯽﺷزرو يروﺎﻨﻓ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨ
ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ة ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ﯽﺘﺸﻬﺑ ﺪﯿﻬﺷ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ و ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .
3 . ةﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ،لوﺆﺴﻣ ،ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور و ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ رﺎﺘﻓر هوﺮﮔ ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد
ة ناﺮﯾا ،كارا ،كارا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ .
:ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار [email protected] -
a
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 22 / 05 / 1401
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ : 24 / 10 / 1401
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 28 / 10 / 1401
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 13 / 11 / 1401
ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ ،ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
،ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ، . ﻪﺟﻮﺗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ
:ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ فﺪﻫ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ وﺪﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﻃﺎﺒﺗرا لﺪﻣ ﯽ ﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا ﯽ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﮏﺒﺳ د رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻮﺠﺸﻧا ﯾ نﺎ ﺷزرو رﺎﮑ
.دﻮﺑ :ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور دﺮﺒﻫار
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ و زا عﻮﻧ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺒﺗرا لﺪﻣ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ و دﻮﺑ ﯽﻃﺎ
ﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ . ﮥﻣﺎ
ﮏﺒﺳ يﺎﻫ ﺗ ﻪﺟﻮ ﯽﻃ ﻪﺳ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ نﺎﺑز ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ و ناور ﺠﻨﺳ ﯽ .ﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ نآ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﮥﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﮥﺨﺴﻧ يﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ
،ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗزﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ يﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ و ﮥﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧ دﻮﺑ رد . ﻦﯾا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ
، زا ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮥ نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد اد
هﺎﮕﺸﻧ ﺪﯿﻬﺷ ﯽﺘﺸﻬﺑ 245
رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻪﺑ ﻮﯿﺷ ة رد سﺮﺘﺳد بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ . نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ ﺳ ﮏﺒ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ و باﺮﻄﺿا ﯽﺘﻔﺻ ار
ﻤﮑﺗ ﯿ ﻞ هداد .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺎﻫ
ﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ي و ﺐﯾﺮﺿ يﺎﻔﻟآ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ و ﻌﻣ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ تﻻدﺎ ﺰﺠﺗ
ﯾﻪ ﻠﺤﺗو ﯿ ﻞ
.ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ :ﺎﻫ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ يﺎﻔﻟآ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ ياﺮﺑ ود ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ و ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺑ ﻪ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ 70 /0 و 72 /0 دﻮﺑ . ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ
ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻋ ﯽﻠﻣﺎ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ي نﺎﺸﻧ داد يﺎﻫرﺎﺑ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ داﺪﻌﺗ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻪﯾﻮﮔ ) ﻪﯾﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ 2 و 4 ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺑ ﻻﺎ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ و ﻪﯾﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ 3
،
8 و 9 ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ( ﺮﺘﻤﮐ زا 4 /0 دﻮﺑ
، ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ فﺬﺣ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ ﺳ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎ نﺎﺸﻧ داد ﻪﮐ باﺮﻄﺿا
ﯽﺘﻔﺻ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ طﺎﺒﺗرا سﻮﮑﻌﻣ و ﻨﻌﻣ رادﺎ و ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻣ ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴ و رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ دراد .
ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ :يﺮﯿﮔ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ تروﺮﺿ و ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا طﺎﺒﺗرا
ﺎﺑ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ يﺎﻫ ﮏﺒﺳ يﺎﻫ
حﺮﻄﻣ ار نارﺎﮑﺷزرو رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ دﺮﮐ
رد ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ . حﺮﻃ
ﯾر ﺰ ي ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ﺒﻬﺑ و ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﺷزرو دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ دﻮ
رد ﺎﺑ ،ﯽ ﻧ ﺮﻈ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ
طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻦﯾا ﯽﻣ ناﻮﺗ ﯽﻣﺎﮔ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ رد بﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ يﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ زا يﺮﯿﮕﺸﯿﭘ رد ﺖﺑﺎﻗر
يﺎﻫ .ﺖﺷاد ﯽﺷزرو
دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : ﯽﻧﺎﯾوﺎﮐ رﻮﭘ
، ﺚﯾﺪﺣ
؛ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ
، ﺎﺿﺮﯿﻠﻋ و ؛ ﯽﻣاﺮﻬﺑ
، ﺎﺿﺮﯿﻠﻋ ) 1401 .(
ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا لﺪﻣ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ
ﺎﻫ ي ﮏﺒﺳ رﺎﮑﺷزرو نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺮﺸﻧ.
ﯾﮥ
و ﺪﺷر ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ
، ) 4(
14 ، 5-21 .
https://doi.org/10.22059/jsmdl.2023.347094.1669 :
DOI
:ﺮﺷﺎﻧ تارﺎﺸﺘﻧا ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد .
© نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ باﺮﻄﺿا ﺳﺎﺴﺣا1
ﯽ ﺪﻨﯾﺎﺷﻮﺧﺎﻧ و
ﯽﻧﺪﺑ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ باﺮﻄﺿا ﻢﺋﻼﻋ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺖﺳا
ﮓﻧاژ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و2
2018 .(
تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﻠﺒﻗ
نﺎﺸﻧ هداد ﺪﻧا ﻪﮐ
باﺮﻄﺿا نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﯽﻣ
ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻬﻧآ ار ﻞﺘﺨﻣ نﻮﺘﻧﺎﻫ) ﺪﻨﮐ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و3
2004
؛ ﺴﻣﺎﻫاﺮﺑآ ﻦ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و4
2008
؛ ، نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﺑاﺮﺗ
1390 ؛ ﻒﻟوو ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و5
2015
؛ يﻮﻨﺷ و رﻮﺋﺎﮐ ،6
2019 .(
ﺢﻄﺳ باﺮﻄﺿا ﯽﺘﻔﺻ
دﺮﻓ ﺮﺑ ﻮﺤﻧ ة كرد ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻣ ﯽ دراﺬﮔ
، اﺮﯾز ﻦﯾا
ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ا ي زا ﺖﯿﺼﺨﺷ ﺖﺳا
ﻪﮐ دﺮﻓ ار ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ار ﻢﮐ و ﺶﯿﺑ ﺪﻬﺗ ﯾ هﺪﻨﻨﮐﺪ ﻮﻟوزﻻﺎﭘ) ﺪﻨﯿﺒﺑ ،7
2020 (.
ﻨﺑ داﺮﻓا ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎ باﺮﻄﺿا ﺎﺑ
ﯽﺘﻔﺻ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ داﺮﻓا ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا
،ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ8
ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ لﺎﻤﺘﺣا دراد حﻮﻄﺳ يﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ زا باﺮﻄﺿا ﯽﺘﻟﺎﺣ ار ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ و رد ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺤﺗ رﺎﺸﻓ ﯽﺷزرو تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ
ناﺮﮕﻧ يﺮﯾﺎﮐﺎﺳ و ﺎﯿﻣﺎﻣا) ﺪﺑﺎﯾ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ نﺎﺷدﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد و ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ،9
2021 ( ﺑﺎﻨﺑ . ﻦﯾاﺮ ياﺮﺑ
ﺮﺘﻬﺑ كرد تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ
دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ
،رﺎﺸﻓ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ باﺮﻄﺿا ﯽﺘﻔﺻ
و ﺮﯾﺎﺳ توﺎﻔﺗ يﺎﻫ يدﺮﻓ رد ﻮﺤﻧ ة ﯽﮔﺪﯿﺳر و ﺮﯿﺴﻔﺗ ﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺖﺳا
نﻮﺴﻠﯾو و ﮏﻧﺰﯾآ)
10 ، 2016 .(
ياﺮﺟا ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو اﺮﺷ رد ﯾ ﻂ رﺎﺸﻓﺮﭘ ﺎﻫزﺎﯿﻧ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻪﺑ و
ﺖﺳاﻮﺧرد ﺎﻫ ي زا ﯽﻧورد و ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﯽﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﻣ ﺎﻫزﺎﯿﻧ ﻦﯾا .دﻮﺷ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ار ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯽﻫد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ و ،ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ و ﯽﻧورد
ﺮﯿﻏ ﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻪ
،رﺎﮑﻓا ،نﺎﺠﯿﻫ ،تاﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ،ﻂﯿﺤﻣ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺪﻫد قﻮﺳ ترﺎﻬﻣ ياﺮﺟا زا ﯽﻧاﺮﮕﻧ و تﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا
و يﺪﻤﺣا)
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 1399 .(
ﯽﮔﮋﯾو زا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ترﺎﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ
ناور ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ياﺮﺟا رد نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻘﻓﻮﻣ
ﯿ ﺖ ﻣآ ﯿﺰ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﮏﻤﮐ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ
ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ . ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﯾ كﺮﺤﻣ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ،ﻪﺟﻮﺗ كﺮﺤﻣ نﺎﯿﻣ زا (ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نآ ﻪﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻪﮐ ﯽﮐﺮﺤﻣ) ﺢﯿﺤﺻ يﺎﻫ
و ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣﺮﯿﻏ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳا دﺪﻌﺘﻣ .
ﻪﺑ شزرو نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ و نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ
ترﺎﻬﻣ ياﺮﺟا ﺮﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻢﻬﻣ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺎﻫ
ﻒﻗاو ا ﺪﻧ
؛ دوﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ تﺎﮐﺮﺣ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ و ﺖﻗد ﯽﻨﻌﯾ
يدﺎﯾز ﻪﺘﺴﺑاو ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ هﺪﻨﻨﮐاﺮﺟا ترﺎﻬﻣ ياﺮﺟا ﺮﺑ
ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا
. زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﺎﻫ نﺎﺸﻧ داد ها ﺪﻧ ﻪﮐ باﺮﻄﺿا ﯽﺘﻔﺻ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ لﻼﺘﺧا
رد لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺮﯿﺴﻔﺗ ﺖﺳردﺎﻧ شزرا ﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻢﻬﺒﻣ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﯽﻣ ) دﻮﺷ و ﻞﯿﮐﺎﺗ يرﺎﺳ
11 ، 2021 .(
ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
) يرﺎﺳ و ﻞﯿﮐﺎﺗ 2021
.دراد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا ،ﯽﻠﻐﺷ باﺮﻄﺿا ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ( داﺮﻓا
ﺎﺑ باﺮﻄﺿا
ﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ
ًﺎﺤﯿﺟﺮﺗ يور تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﯽﻔﻨﻣ
ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﯽﻣ
،ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﯽ رد لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻞﯿﻟد كﺮﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺪﻬﺗ ﯾ هﺪﻨﻨﮐﺪ . ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ
ﯽﻣ ﺪﺳر دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ زا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺐﯿﺳآ يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ياﺮﺑ باﺮﻄﺿا ﺖﺳا
ﻪﮐ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺮﺑ ﻦﯿﺑ
باﺮﻄﺿا و ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﮐﺄﺗ ﯿﺪ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ .
يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ زا لﺪﻣ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ تﻻﻼﺘﺧا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ار ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ كﺮﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ هﺪﻨﻨﮐﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ رد
ﺶﯾاﺪﯿﭘ و ﻆﻔﺣ باﺮﻄﺿا ﻞﯿﺧد
ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻧاد .
شﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﮕﻧز ﯽ ﺑﯿ ﺶ ﺪﺣزا ﻪﺑ12
كﺮﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺰﯿﻣآﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ
ﻪﺑ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﯽﺜﻨﺧ
ار ﯽﻣ ناﻮﺗ زا ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ يﺎﻫ يﺮﯿﮔﻮﺳ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ﻪﺑ دروآ رﺎﻤﺷ
، ﻪﮐ
نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻨﻫد ة لﻼﺘﺧا رد شزادﺮﭘ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺖﺳا
ﻞﯿﮐ و ﺮﺴﯾو)
13 ، 2020 (.
ﻪﺗرﻮﻓ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و14
2021 ﯽﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يﻮﮕﻟا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ (
باﺮﻄﺿا ياراد داﺮﻓا ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ
ﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ و ﻻﺎﺑ ود ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎ
ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ كﺮﺤﻣ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ و ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ
.ﺖﺷاد دﻮﺟو ﻪﺑ
رﻮﻃ
،صﺎﺧ داﺮﻓا ﺎﺑ باﺮﻄﺿا
ﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ رد
ﻂﺴﺑ كﺮﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ يﺮﯿﮔﻮﺳ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ نﺎﺸﻧ
ﺪﻧداد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ نﺎﯿﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ . ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يﺮﯿﮔﻮﺳ
ﺐﻠﻏا ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
ﯽﺒﺼﻋ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ و ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﮏﯾ ﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ ﯽﺗآ ﯿﻔﻣ ﺪ ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ . ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يﺮﯿﮔﻮﺳ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز
قﺎﻔﺗا ﯽﻣ ﺪﺘﻓا ﻪﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ًﺎﺤﯿﺟﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻤﺳ ﮏﯾ كﺮﺤﻣ ﯽﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ فﻮﻄﻌﻣ
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻪﺗرﻮﻓ) دﻮﺷ 2021
(.
1. Anxiety
2. Zhang
3. Hanton
4. Abrahamsen
5. Wolf
6. Kaur & Shenoy
7. Palazzolo
8. Trait Anxiety
9. Amemiya & Sakairi
10. Eysenck & Wilson
11. Takil1 & Sari
12. Hyper vigilance
13. Wieser & Keil
14. Forte
ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا لﺪﻣ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ ﻟﺆﻣ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا
ﻪﻔ ﺎﻫ رﺎﮑﺷزرو نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﮏ ﺒﺳ ي 9
لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يدﺮﺒﻫار ﯽﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ ار ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ يﺎﻫ ﻢﻬﻣ تﻻﺎﺣ ﯽﻧورد ﺎﯾ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﯽﺟرﺎﺧ ﯽﻣ
ﺪﻨﮐ و رد ﻦﯿﻋ لﺎﺣ
تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ار
ﺮﺘﻠﯿﻓ ﯽﻣ تﺮﺒﺛور و ﺮﻨﺳﻮﭘ) ﺪﻨﮐ ،1
2007 ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ .(
لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ يزﺎﺳ يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ زا تﻻﻼﺘﺧا ﯽﻧاور
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ هﺪﻨﯾاﺰﻓ يا ﯽﺗﺎﯿﺣ ﺖﺳا . ياﺮﺑ لﺎﺜﻣ يﺮﯿﮔﻮﺳ ﯽﻬﺟﻮﺗ
كﺮﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ2
يﺎﻫ
،صﺎﺧ لﻼﺘﺧا رد
،ﯽﮔدﺮﺴﻓا باﺮﻄﺿا
و تﻻﻼﺘﺧا ﯽﻔﻃﺎﻋ
ار
ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻢﯿﻫرﺎﺑ) ﺪﻫد ﺎﮑﻤﻫ و3
،نار 2007 .(
،نرﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﺳﺎﺒﻋ 1396
؛ ﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﯽ ﻔﻨﻣ ﯽ ﺑﯿ ﻦ ﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ﯽ
، ﮔاﺮﻓ باﺮﻄﺿا لﻼﺘﺧا ﯿ
،ﺮ لﻼﺘﺧا
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا باﺮﻄﺿا ﯽ
، ﻧاﺮﮕﻧ ﯽ ﺮﮑﻓ راﻮﺨﺸﻧ و ي
ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ نﺎﯿﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ شراﺰﮔ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا ﺮﺑ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ زا سﺮ
ﺎﭘ ﯿﯾ ﻦ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻔﻨﻣ ﯽ ﻣ ﯽ دراﺬﮔ . نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺖﻓﺮﮐ )
2020 ( ﺰﯿﻧ ﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﯽ
نﺎﯿﻣ ﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﮥ ساﻮﺣ ﺗﺮﭘ ﯽ / بﺎﻨﺘﺟا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ
باﺮﻄﺿا ،ﯽﻋﺎﺟرا و
ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ و ؛ﯽﻧاﺮﮕﻧ نﺎﯿﻣ
ﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﮥ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ يﺎﻫ رﻮﮐﺬﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ .ﺪﻧداد ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺺﻘﻧ رد لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺐﯿﺳآ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻧاور ﺪﺷﺎﺑ و رد ﻊﻗاو ﺎﺑ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻓ ﯽﺼﯿﺨﺸﺗاﺮ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ
،ﯽﻧاﺮﮕﻧ راﻮﺨﺸﻧ يﺮﮑﻓ
4 و ﺮﯾﺎﺳ لﺎﮑﺷا ﺮﮑﻔﺗ
ﯽﻔﻨﻣ يراﺮﮑﺗ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ سﻮﮔﺮﻓ) ﺖﺳا ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و5
2012 .(
ﻧﺎﻨﭼ ﮑ ﻪ ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
6، ﮏﯾ لﺪﻣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ زا
،باﺮﻄﺿا ﻧﺎﯿﺑ
ﯽﻤ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ
باﺮﻄﺿا ﺎﺑ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻒﯿﻌﺿ دراد ﻪﻄﺑار
ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻢﺋﻼﻋ ﯽﺑاﺮﻄﺿا و ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
ﻒﯿﻌﺿ ﻒﯾﺎﻇو ﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽﻋ و ﯽﻠﻐﺷ ﮏﻤﮐ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ
،نﺎﺸﺧرد و ﮏﻧﺰﯾآ) 2011
(.
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ
،صﺎﺧ باﺮﻄﺿا و رﺎﮑﻓا ﯽﺑاﺮﻄﺿا ﮥﻈﻓﺎﺣ
يرﺎﮐ ار ﻞﺘﺨﻣ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ و ﻪﺑ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ياﺮﺑ
لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ دﺮﻓ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﯽﻣ ﻮﺷ ﻧﺪ .
لﺪﻣ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ و ﻫاﻮﺷ ﺪ هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻫد ﻪﮐ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻒﯿﻌﺿ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺮﻄﺧ ي ياﺮﺑ دﺎﺠﯾا باﺮﻄﺿا
ﻪﺑ ﻞﯿﻟد يراﻮﺷد ﯽﯾﺎﻫر زا
،ﯽﻧاﺮﮕﻧ راﻮﺨﺸﻧ يﺮﮑﻓ و ﯽﺑاﺮﻄﺿا تﺎﻋﻼﻃا
،ﺰﯿﻣآﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ ﻞﻤﻋ
ﺪﻨﮐ و ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ رد
يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ناﺮﮕﻧ
هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ار
ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺰﻠﯿﻣ) ﺪﻫد ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و7
2016 (.
ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ شور يﺎﻫ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﯽﭘ رد ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻢﺋﻼﻋ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﯽﻧاور ياﺮﺑ كرد رﺎﮐوزﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ
يﺪﯿﻠﮐ ﺐﯿﺳآ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻧاور ا ﺪﻧ . ﯽﮑﯾ زا هار يﺎﻫ ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد ﻪﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻦﺘﻓﺎﮑﺷ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ياﺰﺟا ﯽﻋﺮﻓ ) ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ
ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ و (
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ ﯽﺸﻨﯿﺑ رد درﻮﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا يﺎﻫ ﻒﯾﺮﻇ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻮﻋ ﻞﻣا ﻪﻨﯿﻣز يا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ و تﻻﻼﺘﺧا صﺎﺧ
ﻪﺋارا ،نﺎﺸﺧرد و ﮏﻧﺰﯾآ) دﻮﺷ
2011 (.
ﮏﯾ رﺎﯿﻌﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﺎﺑ فﺪﻫ ﺢﯾﺮﺸﺗ ،ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮥ ﮏﺒﺳ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا /ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ دﺎﻌﺑا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ار دﺮﻓ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﮏﺒﺳ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ
راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ
ﺪﻫد ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺮﺘﺳﻼﮐ نو) 2018
.(
كﺮﺤﻣ ا ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ دراو دﺮﻓ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻠﺧاد و ﯽﺟرﺎﺧ يﺎﯿﻧد ز
ﯽﻣ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ
ﯽﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ ﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ندﺮﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ هﺪﻨﻨﮐﺮﯿﮕﻠﻓﺎﻏ نآ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ار ﯽﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃا دﺎﯾز راﺪﻘﻣ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﮐ
،ﻢﯿﻬﺟاﻮﻣ و ﻢﯿﻨﮐ شزادﺮﭘ
ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ يور ﯽﺸﻨﯾﺰﮔ
تﺎﻋﻼﻃا طﻮﺑﺮﻣ
ﻪﺑ نﺎﻤﻓاﺪﻫا ﻢﯿﻨﮐ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ، نو)
سوﺮﺟﺎﻣ و ﻮﯿﺒﻨﮔراد ،ﺮﺘﺳﻼﮐ ،8
2018 .(
ﯾا ود ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ ﻦ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ
ﯽﺘﺴﯿﻧﻮﮔﺎﺘﻧآ
ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ و9
ﯽﻣ هﺪﯿﻣﺎﻧ10
ﯽﻣ ﺖﯾاﺪﻫ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ .دﻮﺷ
ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ
و هﺪﺷ فﺪﻫ رﻮﺤﻣ
ﯽﻣ هرﺎﺷا ،ﺪﻨﮐ ﻟﺎﺣرد ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ندﺮﮐ فﻮﻄﻌﻣ يور زا ار ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ كﺮﺤﻣ
ﺎﻫ ي و ﻢﻬﻣ ،ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻏﯿ
هﺮﻈﺘﻨﻣﺮ ﯽﻣ ﻢﯿﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﺎﺘﺑرﻮﮐ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و11
1998 ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .(
ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ و ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣﺎﻧ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا شزادﺮﭘ زا يﺮﯿﮔﻮﻠﺟ ياﺮﺑ دﺮﻓ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ دﺎﯾز باﺮﻄﺿا ،ﻪﺟﻮﺗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ
ﯽﻣ ﻞﺘﺨﻣ ار ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﮑﺗ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ لﺎﻘﺘﻧا .ﺪﻨﮐ
هوﻼﻋ ﺮﺑ اﯾ ﻦ د ﻞﮑﺸﻣ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻒﯿﻌﺿ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ، شزادﺮﭘ رﺎﻬﻣ ر
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ،ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣﺎﻧ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﯽﻣ ﺐﯿﺳآ سﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ ﯽﻔﻃﺎﻋ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫ
.ﺪﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ باﺮﻄﺿا ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻧﺎﺳر نﺎﻤﻫ
رﻮﻃ ﻪﮐ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ
،ﺖﺳا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ رد ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ ﮥﻈﻓﺎﺣ لﺎﻌﻓ رد ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ هﺪﺷ .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ
،صﺎﺧ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ نﺎﺸﻧ
ﯽﻣ ﺪﻫد ﻪﮐ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ﯽﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃا ار
ﺗ ﻦﯿﯿﻌ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ ﮥﻈﻓﺎﺣ لﺎﻌﻓ ﯽﺳﺮﺘﺳد اﺪﯿﭘ
ﻣ هدﺮﮑ و ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ
رﺎﻬﭼ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ار ﺲﮑﻌﻨﻣ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ : ﮥﻈﻓﺎﺣ
،يرﺎﮐ
1. Posner & Rothbart
2. Attentional Biases
3. Bar-Haim
4. Mind rumination
5. Fergus
6. Attentional Control Theory
7. Mills
8. Eysenck & Derakshan
9. Top-down Attention
10. Bottom-up Attention
11. Corbetta
بﺎﺨﺘﻧا
،ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺖﯿﺳﺎﺴﺣ زا ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ
،ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ و ﺮﺘﻠﯿﻓ رﺎﮐدﻮﺧ زا ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ياﺮﺑ كﺮﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻦﺳدﻮﻨﮐ) ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ ،1
2007 ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ .(
زا
ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ شزادﺮﭘ ﮔﻮﺳ يﺮﯿ ﻪﺑ كﺮﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ فﺪﻫ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﯽﻣ دراﺬﮔ و ﺺﯿﺼﺨﺗ ﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃواد
ﮥ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ار ﺖﯾاﺪﻫ ﯽﻣ رد .ﺪﻨﮐ
،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ كﺮﺤﻣ رﻮﺤﻣ ) زا ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ( ﺐﺒﺳ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ كﺮﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ هﺮﻈﺘﻨﻣﺮﯿﻏ و ﯽﻧﺎﻬﮔﺎﻧ ﯽﻣ
دﻮﺷ ﺮﻤﯾا و نﺮﮔﺮﺑ) ،2
2021 ( .
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ نﺎﯿﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﮐ
باﺮﻄﺿا ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ
ﻦﯾا ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﺗ ﻪﺟﻮ ار ﻞﺘﺨﻣ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ و ﻪﺑ لﻼﺘﺧا رد دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﯽﻣ و ﮏﻧﺰﯾآ) دﻮﺷ
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 2007
(.
ﻢﺸﻟ )3
2020 ﻄﺑار ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد ( ﮥ
.دﺮﮐ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ار ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا ﻦﯿﺑ باﺮﻄﺿا داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧr
ﻦﯿﺑ لدﺎﻌﺗ مﺪﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ
و ﺖﺳا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ زا و ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ اﯾ
ﻪﮑﻨ ،ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺮﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ باﺮﻄﺿا رد
،ﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ رﺎﺑ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ
.دراﺬﮕﺑ
ياﺮﺟا ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ترﺎﻬﻣ
ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو اﺮﺷ رد ﯾ ﻂ ﻣ رﺎﺸﻓﺮﭘ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻞﺘﺨﻣ ار دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻓا و
ﻄﺿا ﺎﺑ داﺮ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮ
ﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ ،ﻻﺎ
ﯽﻣ رﺎﺸﻓﺮﭘ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﯽﺘﻟﺎﺣ باﺮﻄﺿا زا يﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﺳر
، ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ كرد ياﺮﺑ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ
دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺗ ﺖﺤ
،رﺎﺸﻓ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻄﺿا طﺎﺒﺗرا باﺮ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺑﺮﯾز يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ يروﺮﺿ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو رد
.ﺖﺳا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ دﺪﺻرد
ﯾا ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻦ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد ﺦﺳ ﻣ
لﺪ
ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﮏﺒﺳ و ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ
؟ﺖﺳا ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ رﺎﮑﺷزرو نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رد
شور ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ عﻮﻧ زا ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا لﺪﻣ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ و
ﺖﺳا .
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮥ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يرﺎﻣآ ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ
نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رﺎﮑﺷزرو
ﯽﺘﺸﻬﺑ ﺪﯿﻬﺷ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ
ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳد ﻢﮐ لﺎﺳ ود ﯽﮑﯾ رد ﻪﺘﺷر زا ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو ﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﮥ
ﻢﯿﺗ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﻮﻀﻋ و ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ
د ،هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺢﻄﺳ ر ،نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ
رﻮﺸﮐ ﺎﯾ نﺎﺘﺳا ﺑ
ﺎﯾ ﺪﻧدﻮ ﺖﺳد ﻢﮐ ﺘﻔﻫ رد زور رﺎﻬﭼ رد ﻪ
ﮏﯾ
ﺘﺷر ﮥ ﯽﺷزرو ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد
. ﻪﺑ ﻟد ﯿ ﻞ ﺺﺨﺸﻣﺎﻧ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻢﺠﺣ ندﻮﺑ
لﻮﻣﺮﻓ زا ناﺮﮐﻮﮐ
ياﺮﺑ دروآﺮﺑ ﺠﺣ ﻢ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
ﻦﯾﺪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ 30 رد ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﯾ
ﮏ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ هدﺎﺳ ﻦﯿﺑ رد ﻣﺎﺟ ﻌ ﮥ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو و ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ فﺪﻫ ا
ﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻪﯿﻟو نآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘ
لوﺪﺟ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد 1
شور .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ
ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ
،ﺰﯿﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ هدﺎﺳ دﻮﺑ . ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ رﺎﻣآ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ 245 ﺮﻔﻧ زا
ﯽﺘﺸﻬﺑ ﺪﯿﻬﺷ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ
.
لوﺪﺟ 1 ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا . ﻮﺤﻧ
ة ﺪﻌﺗ و ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ دروآﺮﺑ دا
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﯿﻟوا ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ دروآﺮﺑ
زﻮﺗ ﯾ ﻊ هﺪﺷ ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧ
160 / 0 244
280 245
1. Knudsen
2. Berggren & Eimer
3. Leshem
ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا لﺪﻣ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ ﻟﺆﻣ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا
ﻪﻔ ﺎﻫ رﺎﮑﺷزرو نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﮏ ﺒﺳ ي 11
راﺰﺑا
ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد زا
ﭘ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺮﺘﺳﻼﮐ نو ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﮏﺒﺳ ﮥﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮ 2018
ﻧرادﺮﺑرد و هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ( ةﺪ
17 ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ود و لاﺆﺳ
ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ و ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ،ﺖﺳ
هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﺷ و ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ناور يﺎﻫ نآ ﯽﺠﻨﺳ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد آ ﻣ .ﺪ ﻨﻣاد ﮥ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ
، 6 ا و ﻪﺟرد
ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ز
ﺖﺳا ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﻖﻓاﻮﻣ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﺎﺗ ﻒﻟﺎﺨﻣ ﯾا .
سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦ ﺶﺷ
ﻪﺟرد ا ي ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ و هار ﻠﺣ ﯽ هﺪﯾا نﺎﺸﻧ ياﺮﺑ لآ د
ﻣ ﺖﯿﻫﺎﻣ ندا مواﺪ
ﯽﻣ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ نﺎﻣز ﺖﺷﺬﮔ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ اﺮﯾز ،ﺖﺳا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ دراد ﯽﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ راﺪﻘﻣ و ﺪﻨﮐ
. ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ ناﺰﯿﻣ د
ﻦﯾا ر ﻣ سﺎﯿﻘ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻨﻫد ة ناﺰﯿﻣ
) ﺖﺳا ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻤﻧ
ﺮة 1 ،ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ يﻮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ : ﺮﻤﻧ
ة 6 ﻪﺟﻮﺗ : .(ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ يﻮﻗ ﺮﻤﻧ
ة ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ رد ﯽﻠﮐ
داﺮﻓا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﮏﺒﺳ
، ﺮﻤﻧ ة و ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺮﻤﻧ
ة ﺎﭘ ﯿﯾ ﻦ ﺮﺗ ﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﮏﺒﺳ ﻦ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ار ﺪﻫد
.
ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ زا
ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮥ ﯽﺘﻟﺎﺣ باﺮﻄﺿا -
ﺮﮔﺮﺒﻠﯿﭙﺷا ﯽﺘﻔﺻ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا1
40 و دراد هدﺎﻣ ود ﻞﻣﺎﺷ
ﻘﻣ ﯿ سﺎ باﺮﻄﺿا
ﺘﻟﺎﺣ ﯽ ﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا و ﯽ
ﺎﺑ ار ماﺪﮐ ﺮﻫ ﻪﮐ ،ﺖﺳا 20
هدﺎﻣ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺠﻨﺳ . اﺮﺑ ي ﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﯽﯾ ﻪﺑ ﻘﻣ ﯿ سﺎ ﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا ﯽ
، ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ ﯾﺪ
ﯾﮑ ﯽ زا ﺰﮔ ﯾ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﻘﺗ ﯾًﺎﺒ ﺰﮔﺮﻫ ) 1(
، ﻫﺎﮔ ﯽ تﺎﻗوا )2 ( ،ﺑ ﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ تﺎﻗوا )3 ( و ﺮﻘﺗ ﯾًﺎﺒ ﻤﻫ ﯿ ﻪﺸ ) 4 ار ( ﻪﮐ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻨﻫد ة سﺎﺴﺣا ﻟﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﯽ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ و
ﺖﺳﺎﻬﻧآ
، ﺪﻨﻨﮐ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﭙﺷا.
ﯿ ﺮﮔﺮﺒﻠ شوﺮﮔ و ) 1970 ( ﺮﺿ ﯾ ﺐ ﺎﻔﻟآ ي خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ ﻘﻣ ﯿ سﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺘﻟﺎﺣ باﺮﻄﺿا ﯽ
و ﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا ﯽ
ار ﻪﺑ ﺗﺮﺗ ﯿ ﺐ 92 /0
و 90 /0 ، ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﯿ ﻦ ﺮﺿ ﯾ ﺐ ﺎﻔﻟآ ي خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ 94 /0 ار هدﺮﮐ شراﺰﮔ ﻧا
ﺪ ﭻﺳورﻮﮔ و ﺮﮑﯿﺑ)
2، 1982 ( . ناﺮﯾا رد ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﯾا يﺎﻔﻟآ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ رد
هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا سﺎﯿﻘﻣ رد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ 9/
0 ﯽﺘﻟﺎﺣ باﺮﻄﺿا سﺎﯿﻘﻣ رد و 91
/0 ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يﻮﻘﺗ)
1391 .(
ﺎﭘﯾ ﺎ ﯽﯾ
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ زا هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا ﺎـﺑ ﺒـﺳﺎﺤﻣ
ﮥ ﺎـﻔﻟآ ي خﺎـﺒﻧوﺮﮐ اﺮـﺑ
ي ﭘ ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﮏﺒﺳ ﻪ رد
ﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﮥ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﺮـﺑاﺮﺑ
70 /0 رد و
ﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﮥ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﺮـﺑاﺮﺑ
72 /0 و اﺮـﺑ ي ﻫﺎﯿﺳ ﮥ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ
ﮥ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا -
ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﻟﺎﺣ 93
/0 .دﻮﺑ
اﺮﺟا شور ي
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
اﺪﺘﺑا ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮥ ﮏﺒﺳ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺑز ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ يﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ نﺎ
ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﺮﻔﻧ ود زا و هﺪﻧادﺮﮔﺮﺑ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﻪﺑ نﺎﺑز
ﻓ يﻮﺴﻧاﺮ ﺳاﻮﺧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘ
هدﺎﻣ يﺎﻫ هﺪﻧادﺮﮔﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ار ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ هﺪﺷ يﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ
ﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﮥ سﻮﮑﻌﻣ ﻨﻨﮐ ﺪ ﺲﭙﺳ . فﺎﮑﺷ ﺎﻫ ي د ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ و
ﮏﻤﮐ ﻣ ﺺﺼﺨﺘ
نﺎﺑز يﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ و
ﻪﺳ زا ﻦﺗ ﺳا نادﺎﺘ ناور ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ و ناور ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﯽﺷزرو ﺻا حﻼ ﺷ ﺪ . ﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﺘﺤﻣ و يرﻮﺻ ﯽﯾاور ﯽ
،اﻮ ﺨﺴﻧ ﮥ
زا ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ رﺎﯿﺘﺧا رد ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ
ناﺮﻈﻧ ) ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ 8
ﻮﻣ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ فاﺪﻫا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ و (ﺮﻔﻧ و ﯽﺣﻼﺻا درا
ﭘﯿ دﺎﻬﻨﺸ ﺎﻫ نﺎﻧآ يﻮﺳ زا ،
و حﺮﻄﻣ هوﺮﮔ فﺮﻃﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ماﺪﻗا ﯽﺗﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﮐ
ند و تﺎﺣﻼﺻا ﭘﯿ
دﺎﻬﻨﺸ ﺎﻫ دﺮﮐ . ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد 245
،ﺮﻔﻧ ﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻨ ﻣﺎ ﮥ ﮏﺒﺳ و ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻫﺎﯿﺳ
ﮥ
ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ
ﮥ ﯽﺘﻟﺎﺣ باﺮﻄﺿا -
ﺒﻠﯿﭙﺷا ﯽﺘﻔﺻ ﺮﮔﺮ
ار ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ،ﯽﮑﯿﻧوﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﯿﻤﮑﺗ
ﻞ ﺮﮐ ﺪﻧد .
شور يرﺎﻣآ
مﺎﺠﻧا زا ﻞﺒﻗ ﻠﺤﺗ
ﯿ ﻞ ﺎﻫ ي يرﺎﻣآ زا ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ ﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ
ﮥ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ درﻮﻣ ﯽﻤﮐ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ و يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ
ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻞﮐ رد .
ﻦﯾا رد ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز نﻮﻣزآ
ﺒﻃ ﯿﻌ ﯽ ندﻮﺑ هداد ﺎﻫ ﯽﮕﻟﻮﭼ زا و
ﯽﮔﺪﯿﺸﮐ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻤﻫ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ
ﻘﻣ ﯽﻧورد هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ زا سﺎﯿ .ﺪﺷ
ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ
ﮥ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﮏﺒﺳ زا
ود ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﮑﺷ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﺖﺳا
ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد و زا
ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﺮﻤﻧ ة ود ،سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﺮﻤﻧ ة ﻞﮐ نﻮﻣزآ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﯽﻣ
،دﻮﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ،ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﯽﻧورد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ
ترﻮﺻ ﺮﻫ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﮔاﺪﺟ ود
سﺎﯿﻘﻣ
.ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ ﺲﭘ
ا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺐﯾاﺮﺿ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ز ﻪﺑ
رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽﯾاور ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ،ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ
ﺪﺷ . ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ زا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ
ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ي .
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﮏﺒﺳ و ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا طﺎﺒﺗرا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ
زا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
ﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ تﺎﺒﺳﺎﺤ
مﺮﻧ زا ،رﻮﮐﺬﻣ يرﺎﻣآ سا.سا.ﯽﭘ.سا يﺎﻫراﺰﻓا
ﺨﺴﻧ3
ﮥ 25 سﻮﻤﯾآ و ﺨﺴﻧ1
ﮥ
24 ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا .
1. Spielberger
2. Baker & Gorsuch
3. SPSS
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺎﻫ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻃا اﺪﺘﺑا ﻼ تﺎﻋ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺲﭙﺳ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ
ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ اﺮﮔ
ﯾ ﺶ ﺎﻫ ي ﺺﺧﺎﺷ و يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﮐاﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ي ﺷ ﻪﺋارا ﯽﮔﺪﻨ
ﺑ .ﺖﺳا هﺪ ﺎ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻃا ﺎﻋﻼ ت ﻪﺋارا لوﺪﺟ رد هﺪﺷ 2،
04 / 42 ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﺪﺻرد ،نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ
دﺮﻣ ﯽﻨﺳ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﺎﺑ) 33
/3
± 12 / 24 ( و 96 / 57 ﺪﺻرد
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ نز ﯽﻨﺳ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﺎﺑ) 55
± /3 00 / 23 ( ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ .
لوﺪﺟ 2 . ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ
نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد
ﯽﺷزرو ﺢﻄﺳ ﯽﻠﯿﺼﺤﺗ ﻊﻄﻘﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐﺖﮐﺮﺷ
ﯽﺤﯾﺮﻔﺗ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ نﺎﺘﺳا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رﻮﺸﮐ يﺮﺘﮐد ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ﺪﺷرا
ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ﯽﻨﺳ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ داﺪﻌﺗ
21 37 20 20 5 5 34 64 24/123 ±/33 103 دﺮﻣ
42 45 28 23 4 11 49 82 23/00± /355 142 نز
63 82 48 43 9 16 103 126 23/47± /362 245 ﻞﮐ
د لوﺪﺟ ر 3 هرﺎﻣآ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ رد نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ
يﺎﻫ ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮥ ﮏﺒﺳ اد ندﻮﺑ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ و ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ هد
هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ﺎﻫ
.ﺖﺳا
لوﺪﺟ 3 . ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ هداد ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ يرﺎﻣآ يﺎﻫ
ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ
دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا فاﺮﺤﻧا ﯽﮕﻟﻮﭼ
ﯽﮔﺪﯿﺸﮐ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ
ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ 776
/ 3 723
/ 0 183
/ 0 - 244
/ 0 - ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ 23
/ 3 741
/ 0 040
/ 0 559
/ 0 - ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ
ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا 22
/ 2 548
/ 0 425
/ 0 361
/ 0 - ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ
لوﺪﺟ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ قﻮﻓ
نﺎﺸﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد ﻣ ﯿ ناﺰ ﺮﺿ ﯾ ﺐ ﺠﮐ ﯽ و ﺮﺿ ﯾ ﺐ ﺸﮐ ﯿ ﮔﺪ ﯽ رد زﺎﺑ ة 2
± ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ،دراد راﺮﻗ ﻣ
ﯽ ناﻮـﺗ ﺖـﻔﮔ ﻪـﮐ زﻮﺗ ـﯾ ﻊ
رﻮﮐﺬﻣ ، ﺿوﺮﻔﻣ ﮥ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ راد ار ندﻮﺑ ا
ﺖﺳ و ﻣ ﯽ ناﻮﺗ زا ﻣﯿ ﮕﻧﺎ ﯿ ﻦ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ فﺮﻌﻣ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ اﺮﮔ ﯾ ﺶ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ي ا و ز نﻮـﻣزآ ﺎـﻫ ي رﺎـﻣآ ﺘﻣارﺎﭘ ﺮ ـﯾ ﮏ
هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا دﺮﮐ ،يﺪﯾﺰﯾﺎﺑ و ﯽﺳﺎﺒﻋ ،يدﻻوا) 1394
.(
لوﺪﺟ رد 4
خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ زا ﮏﯾﺮﻫ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ
ﺎﻫ ي ﮏﺒﺳ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ
و ياﺮﺑ ﺮﻤﻧ ة ﻞﮐ اﺮﻄﺿا سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ ب
ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ شراﺰﮔ اﺰﺠﻣ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
لوﺪﺟ 4 . ﻌﺿو ﯿ ﺖ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻐﺘﻣ ﯿ ﺎﻫﺮ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
1. Amos
خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو
ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ 703
/ 0 لﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ
ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ 728
/ 0 لﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ
ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا 934
/ 0 ﯽﻟﺎﻋ
ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا لﺪﻣ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ ﻟﺆﻣ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﻔﺻ باﺮﻄﺿا
ﻪﻔ ﺎﻫ رﺎﮑﺷزرو نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﮏ ﺒﺳ ي
13
لوﺪﺟ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ 4
نﺎﺸﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد ﻪﮐ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ياﺮﺑ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ ﺮﯾدﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺪﺣ ياراد ﺖـﺳا هدﻮـﺑ
، ﺎـﻨﺑ درﻮـﻣ راﺰـﺑا ﻦﯾاﺮﺑ
زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﭘﯾ
ﺎ ﯽﯾ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﯽﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﺳا
. ﺲﭘ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ زا ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ
رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽـﯾاور ﻪﻣﺎﻨـﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﯽﻠﻣﺎـﻋ رﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ،ﻪﻣﺎﻨـﺸﺳﺮﭘ
ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺪﺷ . ﻪﺑ ﻈﻨﻣ ﻮر ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ هزﺎﺳ ﯽﯾاور ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ زا
ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﺪـﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ي ﯽﻠﻣﺎـﻋ ﻞـﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎـﺘﻧ .
ﺪـﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﯽﻠﻣﺎـﻋ يﺎـﻫرﺎﺑ داد نﺎـﺸﻧ ي
ﻮﮔ ﯾﻪ ﺎﻫ ي و ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ مرﺎﻬﭼ و مود ﻮﮔ
ﯾﻪ ﺎﻫ ي زا ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﻢﻬﻧ و ﻢﺘﺸﻫ ،مﻮﺳ 4/
0 ﺖﺳا
، فﺬﺣ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﺪﺷ ه ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ و ﻮﮔ
ﯾﻪ ﺎﻫ زا راﺪﻘﻣ زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ) ﯽﺗ 96
/1 ( و زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ) ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ رﺎﺑ 4/
0(
ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﯽﻟﻮﺒﻗ رادرﻮـﺧﺮﺑ هدﻮـﺑ
ﻞﮑـﺷ) 1(
رد و
ﺢﻄﺳ 001 /0 ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ ﺪﻧراد
، ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد ﻨﻌﻣ
ﺎ راد ي نزو ﺎﻫ ي (ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ رﺎﺑ) ﯽﻧﻮﯿﺳﺮﮔر نﺎﺸﻧ
ﺪﻨﻫد ة ﺖـﺳا لﺪـﻣ رد دﻮـﺟﻮﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ياﺮﮕﻤﻫ ﯽﯾاور
لوﺪﺟ) 6 .(
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ زا لﺪﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ﺺﺧﺎﺷ
ﯾﺎﻫ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ زاﺮﺑ ش ﯽﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﺸﯾر و1
ﮥ تﺎﻌﺑﺮﻣ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ دروآﺮـﺑ يﺎـﻄﺧ
ﯽـﺸﯾاﺰﻓا شزاﺮـﺑ ،2
يﺎـﮐ ،3
هﺪﺷرﺎﺠﻨﻬﺑ ﺮﺋﻮﮑﺳا ،4
زاﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﻮﮑﯿﻧ ش
،5
زاﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﻮﮑﯿﻧ ش
ﺪﻌﺗ ﯾ ﻞ هﺪﺷ هﺪـﺷرﺎﺠﻨﻫ شزاﺮـﺑ و6
ﯽـﺳرﺮﺑ ﺞﯾﺎـﺘﻧ .ﺪـﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا7
ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﺎـﻫ ي لﺪـﻣ
لوﺪﺟ) 7 نﺎﺸﻧ ( ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد لﺪﻣ ﻪﮐ نﻮﻣزآ فﺬﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺖﺳا رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﯽﺑﻮﺧ شزاﺮﺑ زا هﺪﺷ 5
ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ زا ﻪﯾﻮﮔ ﮥ
،ﻪـﯿﻟوا ﺨـﺴﻧ ﮥ
ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮥ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ 12
ﻪﯾﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ، ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ يراﺰﺑا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ
رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ درﻮﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﺖﺳا . ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯽـﺳرﺮﺑ
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ هداد ﺎﻫ زا ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ياﺮﺟا ﺖﻬﺟ نﻮﻣزآ
ﺖﻠﺗرﺎﺑ و ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳاKMO
. ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ نﻮـﻣزآ ﺖـﯾوﺮﮐ ﺖـﻠﺗرﺎﺑ ﮐﺎـﺣ ﯽ زا ﮕﺘـﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﯽ و
ﺖﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻐﺘﻣ ﯿ ﺎﻫﺮ ي ﺮﻈﻧدرﻮﻣ اﺮﺑ ي مﺎﺠﻧا ﻠﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻞ ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﯽ ﺖﺳا . اﺮﺑ ي ﺖﯾﺎﻔﮐ ﻢﺠﺣ
،ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ نﻮﻣزآ ﮐﯿ ـرﺰ ﻣ ﯿ ـﺮ نﺎـﺸﻧ ﻦﯿـﮑﻟوا داد
ﻪـﮐ ﻢـﺠﺣ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ اﺮﺑ ي مﺎﺠﻧا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ) ﺖﺳا لوﺪﺟ 5 .(
لوﺪﺟ 5 ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ . نﻮﻣزآ ﺖﻠﺗرﺎﺑ و ﮐﯿ ـرﺰ ﻣ ﯿ ـﺮ ﻦﯿﮑﻟوا
ﭘﯿ ﺶ ضﺮﻓ راﺪﻘﻣ
(ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺖﯾﺎﻔﮐ) ﺮﯿﻣرﺰﯿﮐ راﺪﻘﻣ 912
/ 0
ﺖﻠﺗرﺎﺑ ﺖﯾوﺮﮐ نﻮﻣزآ يﺎﮐ روﺬﺠﻣ راﺪﻘﻣ
95 / 4374
رد ﺟ ﮥ يدازآ 666
يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ 001
/ 0
لوﺪﺟ 6 . ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ لﺪﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ
ي ﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﮥ لوا
ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ رﺎﺑ ﻪﯾﻮﮔ ﺪﻌﺑ
دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا يﺎﻄﺧ ةرﺎﻣآ
يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﯽﺗ ﯽﻧﻮﯿﺳﺮﮔر نزو
← 1 000 / 1
ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
670 / 0
← 2 094 / 0 - 108
/ 0 876
/ 0 - 381 / 0 062
/ 0 -
← 3 673 / 0 112
/ 0 028
/ 6 448 ***
/ 0
← 4 406 / 0 121
/ 0 355
/ 3 241 ***
/ 0
← 5 028 / 1 116
/ 0 894
/ 8 712 ***
/ 0
← 6 824 / 0 124
/ 0 599
/ 11 531 ***
/ 0
← 7 921 / 0 125
/ 415
/ 7 570 ***
/ 0
← 8 640 / 0 095
/ 0 218
/ 7 548 ***
/ 0
← 1 000 / 1
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻻﺎ
804 / 0
← 3 972 / 0 179
/ 0 444
/ 5 800 ***
/ 0
1. Comparative fit index
2. Root Mean Square Error of Approximation
3. Incremental fit index
4. Normed Chi-square
5. Goodness of fit index
6. Adjusted goodness of fit index
7. Normed fit index
← 3 6 87 / 0 187
/ 0 685
/ 4 389 ***
/ 0
← 4 469 / 1 246
/ 0 960
/ 5 775 ***
/ 0
← 5 820 / 1 293
/ 0 218
/ 6 805 ***
/ 0
← 6 176 / 1 209
/ 0 630
/ 5 780 ***
/ 0
← 7 412 / 1 257
/ 0 500
/ 5 775 ***
/ 0
← 8 756 / 0 170
/ 0 458
/ 4 363 ***
/ 0
← 9 038 / 0 - 159
/ 0 237
/ 2 - 812
