真貝寿明,戎崎俊一 (大阪工大) (理研)
中間質量ブラックホール合体モデルと重力波観測
http://www.oit.ac.jp/is/~shinkai/
Ref: HS, Kanda & Ebisuzaki, ApJ, 835 (2017) 276
BH-BHの合体成長で,IMBH → SMBH へ “Hierarchical Growth model”
+ spin evolution
Event Rates at bKAGRA/B-DECIGO/eLISA
http://ligo.org/detections/GW170104.php
why not more?
2
M1+M2=Mf, Mdiff/Mtotal
spin a̲final
Mpc
z SNR deg^2
GW150914
PRL116, 061102 (2016/2/11)
36.2+29.1=62.3+3.0
4.59% 0.68 410Mpc
0.09 23.7 600
LVT151012 (2016/2/11) 23+13=35+1.5
2.78% 0.66 1000Mpc
0.20 9.7
GW151226
PRL116, 241103 (2016/6/15)
14.2+7.5=20.8+0.9
4.15% 0.74 440Mpc
0.09 13.0 850
GW170104
PRL118, 221101 (2017/6/1)
31.2+19.4=48.7+1.9
3.75% 0.64 880Mpc
0.18 13.0 1300
https://losc.ligo.org/events/GW150914/
https://losc.ligo.org/events/LVT151012/
List of Detected GW events
Rees, M.J. 1978. Observatory 98: 210 4
Gas Cloud
BHs
IMBHs
SMBHs
Halo
Galaxy Globular
Cluster Massive
Stars
Ebisuzaki +, ApJ, 562, L19 (2001)
2. Models of SMBH
Yagi, CQG 29 075005 (2012)
HLX-1 has 20,000M BH!
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2012/2012/11/full/
Starburst galaxy M82 has 1000M BH
BHs
IMBHs
SMBHs
Matsushita+, ApJ, 545, L107 (2000) Matsumoto+, ApJ, 547, L25 (2001)
0.15pc from SgrA*
1-2 x 10 4 Msun 1602.05325
6
PortegiesZwart+, ApJ 641(2006)319
https://www.nao.ac.jp/news/science/2017/20170905-alma.html
60pc from SgrA*
10 5 Msun
BHs
IMBHs
SMBHs
'Missing link' founded
Ebisuzaki +, ApJ, 562, L19 (2001)
(1)formation of IMBHs by runaway mergers of massive stars in dense star clusters,
(2) accumulations of IMBHs at the center region of a galaxy due to sinkages of clusters by dynamical friction
(3) mergings of IMBHs by multi-body interactions and gravitational radiation.
Marchant & Shapiro 1980; Portegies Zwart et al. 1999;
Portegies Zwart & McMillan 2002;
Portegies Zwart et al. 2004;
Holger & Makino 2003
Matsubayashi et al. 2007
Iwasawa et. al. 2010
宇宙にBH合体はいくつ 生じるか
我々は1年間にいくつ観測 できるか
銀河にはいくつBHがあるのか?
宇宙にはいくつ銀河があるのか?
重力波で観測可能な距離 ? ground-base / space
宇宙モデル?
BH spin? Signal-to-Noise?
10
!25 !20 !15 !10 !5 0 5
!1.0
!0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
時間 [ミリ秒] 合体の時刻 重力波の振幅
連星のインスパイラル運動からの 重力波波形
ブラックホール形成の 重力波波形
× 10−22
1. Gravitational Wave >> Expected Amplitude
Inspiral Merger Ringdown
bKAGRA aLIGO
12
1. Gravitational Wave >> Expected Events
Typical frequency of BH-‐‑‒BH binary merger @ 100Mpc
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■ ■
◆
◆
◆
◆ ◆
▲
▲
▲ ▲
▼ ▼
0.001 0.100 10 1000
10-25 10-23 10-21 10-19 10-17
f
QNMf
QNMf
QNMf
QNM2R
g5R
g10R
g50R
g10M + 10M 10
2M + 10
2M
10
3M + 10
3M
frequency [Hz]
S tr ai n S en si ti v it y p S
n( f )[ Hz
1/2]
1. Gravitational Wave >> Expected Events
Typical frequency of BH-‐‑‒BH binary merger @ 1000Mpc
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◆
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▲
▲
▲
▲
▲
▼
▼
▼
▼
0.001 0.100 10 1000
10-25 10-23 10-21 10-19 10-17
S tr ai n S en si ti v it y p S
n( f )[ Hz
1/2]
f
QNMf
QNMf
QNMf
QNM2R
g5R
g10R
g50R
g10M + 10M 10
2M + 10
2M
10
3M + 10
3M
bKAGRA aLIGO
bKAGRA aLIGO
14
1. Gravitational Wave >> Expected Events
Typical frequency of BH-‐‑‒BH binary merger @ 100Mpc
● ● ● ● ●
■ ■ ■ ■ ■
◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
10-4 0.01 1 100
10-25 10-23 10-21 10-19 10-17
f
QNM2R
g5R
g10R
g50R
g10M + 10M
10
3M + 10
3M
frequency [Hz]
S tr ai n S en si ti v it y p S
n( f )[ Hz
1/2]
10
4M + 10
4M
eLISA
B-DECIGO
DECIGO
bKAGRA aLIGO 1. Gravitational Wave >> Expected Events
Typical frequency of BH-‐‑‒BH binary merger @ 1000Mpc
S tr ai n S en si ti v it y p S
n( f )[ Hz
1/2]
● ● ● ● ●
■ ■ ■ ■
■
◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
○
10-25 -4 10-23 10-21 10-19 10-17
10
3M + 10
3M 10
2M + 10
2M 10
4M + 10
4M
21h 2m
8.9d 89d
12m
2h 12s
7.7s 20m
DECIGO eLISA
B-DECIGO
16
Mass Function of Giant Molecular Clouds
1 100 104 106
10-4 1 104 108 1012
M 1012M
109M
galaxy mass
GMC mass
A&A 580, A49 (2015) [arXiv:1505.04696]
How many BHs in a Galaxy?
10 100 1000 104 10-7
0.001 10.000 105
1012M
109M
Galaxy Mass n(M)
Molecular Clouds
Maximum Core
Building Block BH
How many BHs in a Galaxy?
McConnell-Ma
ApJ 764(2013)184
18
Count BHs to form a SMBH
10-7 10-4 0.1 100 105
10 100 1000 104
10-7 0.001 10.000 105
1012M
109M
Galaxy Mass n(M)
Building Block BH
n(M)
How many BHs in a Galaxy?
20
Count BHs to form a SMBH
10 1000 105 107 109 1011
10-7 10-4 0.1 100 105
dynamical friction
BH mass n(M)
How many BHs in a Galaxy?
(sub-)Galaxy
from Halo model
Star Formation Rate
peak z=3.16
Count BHs to form a SMBH
How many Galaxies in the Universe?
22
1011 1012 1013 1014 1015
10-23 10-21 10-19 10-17 10-15 10-13
z = 0 z = 5
1012 1013 1014 1015
5 10 50 100 500 1000
(1) Halo number density
(2) N of seeds of Galaxy (subHalo)
(3) N of Galaxy
within z=1 within z=5
M 1
1×1011 5×1011 1×1012 5×1012
0.01 1 100
M 1.95
How many Galaxies in the Universe?
z<3
10
12https://www.ras.org.uk/news-and-press/2910-a-universe-of-two-trillion-galaxies http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83
x10 more than before
# of galaxy (z<8) : 2x10
12# of galaxy 10
6>Msun
reduces in evolution
24
(sub-)Galaxy
from Halo model
Star Formation Rate
peak z=3.16
Count BHs to form a SMBH
How many Galaxies in the Universe?
図F
BH mass
z z
in Standard Cosmology
How many BH mergers in the Universe?
Event Rate R[/yr] = Nmerger(z) V (D/2.26)
Standard Cosmology
averaging distances for all directions
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Strainnoiseamplitude[1/√ Hz]
frequency[Hz]
Kagra
TOBA
aLIGO aVIRGO
ET
26
Detectable Distances at bKAGRA
Hierarchical Growth
⇢2 = 8 5
✏r(a) fR2
(1 + z)M Sh(fR/(1 + z))
✓(1 + z)M dL(z)
◆2 ✓ 4µ M
◆2
SNR
Energy emission=4% of total M,1% at ringdown Flanagan&Hughes, PRD57(1998)4535
Standard Cosmology
a = 0.9
KAGRA KAGRA
Slide copy from Hiroyuki Nakano
28GW150914
4.7% of mass emitted
in total 2.8% of mass
emitted by ISCO
1% of mass emitted in ringdown?
図F
BH mass
z z
in Standard Cosmology
How many BH mergers in the Universe?
Event Rate R[/yr] = Nmerger(z) V (D/2.26)
Standard Cosmology
averaging distances for all directions
Reynolds, CQG 30 (2013) 244004 (arXiv:1307.3246)
Kato+, MNRAS 403 (2010) L74 (arXiv:0906.5423)
Spin evolution model of BHs
M/M a
Narayan 2011
106 109
103 101
1.0
0.5
0.0 1000 106 109
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1.0 amax = 0.99
amin = 0.40{1 e exp[ (M/5M )0.4]}
30
Event Rates at bKAGRA
BH spin=0.9,0.5,0.0
10 50 100 500 1000 5000 104
0.5 1 5 10 50 100
BH mass (final BH) [M ]
EventRate[1/yr]
SNR = 10
peak at 60M
range 36M-230M
0.5 1 5 10 50 100
EventRate[1/yr]
SNR = 30
165-210/yr
Event Rates at bKAGRA/aLIGO
BH mass (final BH) [M ] BH mass (final BH) [M ]
EventRate[1/yr]
(a1) SNR=10, KAGRA (a2) SNR=10, KAGRA
10 50 100 500 1000 5000 104
0.5 1 5 10 50 100
Nmerger
10 50 100 500 1000 5000 104
107 108 109 1010 1011 1012
LIGO group PRX6(2016)041015
Inoue+ MNRAS461(16)4329
6-400 /Gpc^3/yr
Kinugawa+ MNRAS456(15)1093
70-140 /yr
32
10 50 100 500 1000 5000 104
0.5 1 5 10 50 100
BH mass (final BH) [M ]
EventRate[1/yr]
SNR = 10
peak at 60M
range 36M-230M
165-210/yr
105 106 107 108 107
108 109 1010 1011 1012
Observable BH mergers Event Rate
(S/N=10)
spin 0.9
spin 0
104 105 106 107 108 109
10 100 1000 104
Horizon Distance (S/N=10)
BH mass [Msun]
[Mpc]
10-4 0.01 1 100
10-23 10-21 10-19 10-17
eLISA N2A5
Event Rates at eLISA
104 105 106 107 108
0.5 1 5 10 50 100
年72個(spin evol.) 年52個(spin homo.) peak at 20万M
range 20万M-40万M
100 1000 104 105 106 107 107
109 1011 1013
観測できるBH数分布 1年間で観測できるBH数分布
(S/N=30)
spin 0.9
spin 0
BH質量[Msun]
BH質量[Msun]
観測できるBH合体距離 (S/N=30)
BH質量[Msun]
[Mpc]
10-4 0.01 1 100
10-23 10-21 10-19 10-17
B-DECIGO
1 10 100 1000 104 105 106
10 100 1000 104
年1440個(spin evol.)
34
Event Rates at B-DECIGO
100 1000 104 105 106
1 10 100 1000
年1010個(spin homo.) range 1600M-3万M peak at 2800M
BH spin=0.9,0.5,0.0
まとめ
重力波検出のデータを蓄積することによって,銀河分布やSMBH形成シナリオを特定
SMBHの形成シナリオとして, IMBHsの合体を経由するボトムアップシナリオ (Hierarchical Growth model)を仮定して,重力波検出頻度を計算した.
モデルの仮定:
★ 分子雲のコアが10Msun以上になったら,BHになると仮定した.
★ BHは等質量同士のものが次々に合体して成長していくものと仮定した.
★ BHが形成された後,ガス降着で太ることは考慮していない.
★ 銀河数分布は,サブハローモデルと,星形成率を乗じたものから計算した.
★ リングダウン部分の重力波を直接検出できる,と仮定した.
今回の考察:
★ BHのspinが,SMBHでは0.4以上である,という観測結果を考慮したspin進化の 効果を入れた.
★ bKAGRAだけではなく,B-DECIGO, eLISAも含めて考察した.
このモデルの予言するBHBH合体event rateは,
B-DECIGO > bKAGRA > eLISA