ࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡢ⟬ฟࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࡢẚ㍑
ྛࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡢ୍⯡ⓗዲពᗘಶேࡢᛂഴྥ╔┠ࡋࡓศᯒ
ὠ⏣ ᜤ
ឡ▱ᏛἨᏛ
A comparison of the algorithms for calculating the name letter effect
Hisamitsu Tsuda࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸ࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ࢸࢫࢺ name letter testࠊࢽࢩࣕࣝ㑅ዲㄢ㢟 initial preference taskࠊ
⮬ᑛᚰ self-esteemࠊㄆ▱ࣂࢫ cognitive bias
1㸬ၥ㢟
⮬ᕫㄆ▱㛵ࡍࡿࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ◊✲࡛ࠊேࡣ୍
⯡ⓗ⮬ᕫᑐࡋ࡚࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞ែᗘࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚
࠾ࡾࠊ⌧ᐇ௨ୖ⮬ᕫࢆ࣏ࢪࢸࣈࡽ࠼ࡓ
ࡾ(e.g., Alicke & Olesya, 2005)ࠊ⮬ศ㒔ྜࡼ
ࡃ≀ࢆゎ㔘ࡋࡀࡕ࡛࠶ࡿ(e.g., Miller & Ross, 1975)ࡇࡀࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᐇ㦂ࡸㄪᰝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚᫂
ࡽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ୍✀ࡢㄆ▱ࣂ
ࢫ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࣂࢫ࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶᚲせ࡛ྲྀࡾ
㝖࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ᛶ㉁ࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴ
ࡋࢁ⢭⚄ⓗᗣࡢ⥔ᣢ㔜せ࡞ᐤࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡇࡶᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(Taylor & Brown, 1988;
1994)ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞ࡺࡀࡳࡣࠊ㢧ᅾ ᣦᶆࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ₯ᅾᣦᶆࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ◊✲࡛ࡶ☜ㄆ ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ୍⯡ⓗ₯ᅾⓗ⮬ᑛᚰࡣ࣏ࢪࢸ
ࣈ ೫ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ᫂ ࡽ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ (Farnham et al., 1999)ࠋࡇࡢᩥ⬦ࡢ◊✲࡛⯆
῝࠸ࡢࡣࠊ㢧ᅾᣦᶆ࡛ࡣ᪥ᮏேࡢ⮬ᑛᚰᚓⅬ ࡣ⡿ேࡼࡾࡶప࠸ࡢࡶࢃࡽࡎ(Heine et al.,1999)ࠊ₯ᅾᣦᶆ࡛ࡣᙼࡽྠ➼ࡢᚓⅬ
ࢆ♧ࡍ(Yamaguchi et al., 2007)Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ ࡢࡇࡽࠊ᪥ᮏேࡢ⮬ᑛᚰࡣᐇ㝿ࡣḢ⡿ே
ẚ࡚ࡶపࡃ࡞࠸ࡀࠊㅬ㐯ࠊ⪅㓄៖ࠊ㞟ᅋ
⩏ഴྥ࡞ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚⾲㠃ⓗࡣపࡃࡳ
࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡞ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊࡑࡢヲ⣽ࢆ
᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ◊✲ࡀ┒ࢇ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ₯ᅾⓗ⮬ᑛ
ᚰࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆࡼࡾṇ☜ࡽ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࡢ◊✲ࡶ
✚ࡳ㔜ࡡࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࠊ₯ᅾⓗ⮬ᑛ ᚰࢆ ᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭἲࡀᩘከࡃ⪃ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ ࡓࡀࠊ᭱ࡶᗈࡃ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࡦࡘࡀ
ࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ࢸࢫࢺ(name letter test)࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡣࠊྛࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿዲពᗘ㸦࠶
ࡿ࠸ࡣ㨩ຊᗘ㸧ࢆ┤ឤⓗホᐃࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺࠸
࠺༢⣧࡞ㄢ㢟࡛ࠊ⮬ศࡢྡ๓ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡢ┦ᑐⓗ࡞ዲពᗘࢆ₯ᅾⓗ⮬ᑛᚰ ࡢᣦᶆࡍࡿࠋෑ㢌♧ࡋࡓ࠸ࡃࡘࡢ◊✲
ྠࡌࡃࠊࡇࡢㄢ㢟࡛ࡶ⮬ᕫᑐࡍࡿ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ
࡞ែᗘࡀほᐹࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ୍⯡ⓗࠊ⮬ศࡢྡ
๓ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࡢࣝࣇ
࣋ࢵࢺࡼࡾࡶዲࡲࢀࡓࡾࠊ⮬ศࡢྡ๓ྵࡲ
ࢀࡿࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿዲពᗘࡣࡑࡢࣝ
ࣇ࣋ࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ዲពᗘࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸
ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡪ (Nuttin, 1985; 1987)ࠋ₯ᅾⓗ⮬ᑛᚰࡣࠊࠕ⮬ᕫ
⤖ࡧࡘ࠸ࡓᑐ㇟ࡸ⮬ᕫ㞳ࡋࡓᑐ㇟ཬࡰ
ࡍࠊෆほ࡛ࡣ≉ᐃࡉࢀ࡞࠸㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣṇ☜
≉ᐃࡉࢀࡓ㸧⮬ᕫែᗘࡢຠᯝࠖᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿ
(Greenwald & Banaji,1995)ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࢿ
࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡀࡁ࠸₯ᅾⓗ⮬ᑛᚰࡀ㧗
࠸ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ
ࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡣ≉ࢽࢩࣕࣝ࠾࠸࡚
㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ(Kitayama &
Karasawa, 1997)ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ᭱㏆ࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣ
ࢽࢩࣕࣝࡢࡳࢆศᯒᑐ㇟ࡍࡿࡇࡀከ࠸
(e.g., Stieger et al., 2012)ࠋࡇࡢሙྜࠊㄢ㢟⮬
యࡣࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡲࡗࡓࡃྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡀࠊࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡢศᯒᑐ㇟ࡀࢽࢩࣕࣝ
ࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ᫂☜♧ࡍࡓࡵࢽࢩࣕࣝ
㑅ዲㄢ㢟(initial preference task)ࡶࡪࠋࢿ
࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝ࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡣࠊ⮬㌟ࡢྡ๓ྵ
ࡲࢀࡿࡍ࡚ࡢࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿ㑅ዲຠ
ᯝࢆᣦࡍሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࡋࠊࢽࢩࣕࣝࡢࡳࡢ㑅 ዲຠᯝࢆᣦࡍሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ᭱㏆ࡢࢇࡢ
◊✲࡛ࡣᚋ⪅ࡢព࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲
ࡶྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࢽࢩࣕࣝ㑅ዲㄢ㢟ࡣࠊᏳᐃ࡞₯ᅾᣦᶆࡶ
ከ࠸୰࡛ẚ㍑ⓗ㧗࠸ಙ㢗ᛶࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
(Bosson et al., 2000)ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࢽࢩࣕࣝ
㑅ዲㄢ㢟ࡣ₯ᅾⓗ⮬ᑛᚰࡢ ᐃἲࡋ࡚⡆౽࡛
ಙ㢗ᛶࡶ㧗࠸ᡭἲ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࡀࠊࢿ࣮࣒ࣞ
ࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡢ⟬ฟ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣᕤኵࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࠼ࡤࠊࢽࢩࣕࣝᑐࡍࡿዲពᗘࡽࠊࡑࡢ
ࢽࢩࣕࣝࢆྵࡲ࡞࠸ேࡓࡕࡢࡑࡢࣝࣇ࣋
ࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿዲពᗘࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆᘬࡃ᪉ἲࡀ࠶ࡿ
(LeBel & Gawronski(2009)࡞ࡽࡗ࡚ࠊᮏ◊
✲࡛ࡣࡇࢀࢆ Baseline-corrected algorithm:
B-algorithm ࡪ)ࠋࡇࡢ᪉ἲࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤ⏝
࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊྛࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿ୍⯡ⓗ
࡞ዲពᗘࡢࡳࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊಶேࡢᛂഴྥ
ࢆ⤫ไࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠸࠺ḞⅬࢆࡶࡘࠋࡇࢀᑐ ࡋ࡚ࠊಶேࡢࢽࢩࣕࣝᑐࡍࡿዲពᗘࡽ
ࢽࢩࣕࣝ௨እࡢዲពᗘࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆᘬ࠸ࡓ್ࢆồ
ࡵࡿ᪉ἲࡶ࠶ࡿ(LeBel & Gawronski(2009)
࡞ࡽࡗ࡚ࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࡇࢀࢆ Self-corrected algorithm: S-algorithm ࡪ)ࠋࡇࡢ᪉ἲࡣࠊ ࡉࡁࡣᑐࠊྛࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺᑐࡍ
ࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ዲពᗘࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋ ࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࢆ⟬ฟࡍࡿ㝿ࡣࠊ
ྛࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ዲពᗘࡢᙳ 㡪ಶேࡢᛂഴྥࡢᙳ㡪ࢆඹ⤫ไࡍࡿࡇ
ࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⫼ᬒࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ࠊLeBel
& Gawronski(2009)ࡣࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡢせ
࡞⟬ฟࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ 5ࡘࢆẚ㍑ࡋࠊBaccus et al.(2004)࡞ ࡛ ⏝ ࠸ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ Ipsatized double-correction algorithm: I-algorithmࢆᙉ ࡃ᥎ዡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⟬ฟࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࡣୖ㏙
ࡢ2ࡘࡢᙳ㡪ࢆྠ⤫ไࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋ
࡚⪃ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ」ᩘࡢⅬ࡛ࡢࣝࢦࣜ
ࢬ࣒ࡼࡾࡶඃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞
࠾ࠊྛࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ዲពᗘ
ಶேࡢᛂഴྥࡢᙳ㡪ࢆྠ⤫ไࡍࡿࣝ
ࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࡣࡶ2ࡘ࠶ࡾ㸦Double-correction algorithm: D-algorithm; Z-transformed double-correction algorithm : Z-algorithm㸧ࠊ ࡇࢀࡽࡶྠᵝ᳨ウࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊI-algorithm ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ B-algorithm ࡸ S-algorithm ẚ
࡚ࡶ≉ඃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸⤖ᯝ࡞ࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
LeBel & Gawronski(2009)࡛ࡣI-algorithm ࡀ᭱ࡶ᥎ዡࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒࡛
ࡶ࡞࠾ᚓⅬࡢゎ㔘ࡣὀពࢆせࡍࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
࠼ࡤࠊࡁ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ೫ࡾࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿሙྜ
ࡣ⿵ṇࡀᶵ⬟ࡋ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᴟ➃࡞ලయ
ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ7௳ἲ࡛ᅇ⟅ࢆồࡵࡓࡁ≉ᐃ ࡢࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿዲពᗘᖹᆒࡀ7࡛࠶
ࡗࡓሙྜࠊB-algorithmࡸI-algorithm ࢆ⏝࠸
ࡿࠊࡑࡢࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࢆࢽࢩࣕࣝࡶࡘ ಶேࡢࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡣࠊཎ⌮ⓗࢮࣟࡼࡾ
ࡁࡃ࡞ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞₯ᅾ
ⓗ⮬ᑛᚰࢆࡶ࡚࡞࠸ࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋᐇ㝿
ࡣዲពᗘᖹᆒࡀ᭱࡞ࡿࡇࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸
ࡀࠊࡇࢀ㏆࠸⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣṧࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊS-algorithm ࡛ࡣࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺ ࡢ୍⯡ⓗዲពᗘࢆィ⟬⏝࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊㄡࡶࡀ ዲࡴࡼ࠺࡞ࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࢆࡓࡲࡓࡲࢽࢩࣕ
ࣝࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡶ㧗࠸ࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝ ࡀ⟬ฟࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊࣝ
ࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡢAࡣ᪥ᮏ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㧗࠸ホ౯ࢆព
ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ୍⯡ⓗዲࡲࢀࡸࡍ࠸ࣝࣇ࣋
ࢵ ࢺ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ᛮ ࢃ ࢀ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ ሙ ྜ ࠊ S-algorithm ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠊAࢆࢽࢩࣕࣝࡶ
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿಶேࡢࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡣపࡃ⟬ฟࡉ
ࢀࡸࡍ࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊ᪥ᮏேࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࣛࢸࣥ
ࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡢዲࡳ㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡣⓙ↓࡛࠶
ࡿࡓࡵࠊᐇ㝿ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ࠺
ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇࡣព⩏ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ⌮ㄽୖࡣࡢ⟬ฟࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒
ࡶᴟ➃࡞ᚓⅬࡢ೫ࡾࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡁࡣఱࡽࡢ ၥ㢟ࢆ⏕ࡌ࠺ࡿࡀࠊᐇࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ ၥ㢟ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣᮏ㑥࡛ࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪᪥ᮏேࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࢽࢩࣕࣝ㑅 ዲㄢ㢟ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ3ࡘࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࢿ࣮
࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡢ⟬ฟࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒(B-algorithmࠊ
S-algorithmࠊ I-algorithm)ࡢẚ㍑ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊᐇ 㝿ୖ㏙ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡢ࠺ࢆ᫂
ࡽࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊ᭱ࡶ㐺ษ࡞⟬ฟࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒
ࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋࡓࠋ
2㸬᪉ἲ
(1)ㄪᰝᑐ㇟⪅
Ꮫ⏕521ྡ㸦⏨ᛶ81ྡࠊዪᛶ438ྡࠊ
᫂2ྡ㸧࡛ࠊᖹᆒᖺ㱋ࡣ19.08ṓ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
(2)ㄪᰝෆᐜ
ࣛࢸࣥࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺ 26 ᩥᏐࢆࣝࣇ࣋
ࢵࢺ㡰୪ࡓ⏝⣬ࢆ㓄ᕸࡋࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࣝ
ࣇ࣋ࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿዲពᗘࢆࠕ1. ᎘࠸ࠖࠕ2.
࡞ࡾ᎘࠸ࠖࠕ3. ࡸࡸ᎘࠸ࠖࠕ4. ࡕࡽࡶ࠸
࠼࡞࠸ࠖࠕ5. ࡸࡸዲࡁࠖࠕ6. ࡞ࡾዲࡁࠖࠕ7. ዲࡁࠖࡢ7 ௳ἲ࡛ホᐃࡋ࡚ࡶࡽࡗࡓࠋᅇ⟅࠶
ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣ┤ឤⓗᅇ⟅ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ᩍ♧ࡋࡓࠋ
3㸬⤖ᯝ⪃ᐹ
(1)ࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡈࡢࢽࢩࣕࣝࡢᗘᩘ
ዲពᗘᖹᆒ
ࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡈࠊࡑࡢࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺ
ࢆࢽࢩࣕࣝࡶࡘேࡢᩘࢆࡲࡵࡓ(Table 1)ࠋࡲࡓࠊྛࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡢዲពᗘࢆࠊࡑࡢ
ࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࢆࢽࢩࣕࣝࡶࡓ࡞࠸ேࡓࡕ ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᖹᆒࡋ࡚⟬ฟࡋࡓ(Table 2)ࠋࡇࢀ
ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿ୍⯡ⓗ
࡞ዲពᗘࢆ⾲ࡍࠋAࡢዲពᗘࡀ᭱ࡶ㧗ࡗࡓࡀࠊ ᖹᆒ್+1 ᶆ‽೫ᕪ௨ෆ࡛࠶ࡾࠊኳຠᯝࢆ⏕
ࡌࡿࡢ㧗ࡉ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
(2)ྛࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡢ୍⯡ⓗዲពᗘ╔┠ࡋ ࡓศᯒ
๓㏙ࡢࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ≉ᐃࡢࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺ
ᑐࡍࡿ୍⯡ⓗዲពᗘࡀ㠀ᖖ㧗࠸ሙྜࠊ⟬ฟἲ
ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࡑࡢࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿࢿ࣮࣒
ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡀ⏕ࡌࡃࡃ࡞ࡿࡇࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊS-algorithm ࡛ࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗዲࡲࢀࡸࡍ
࠸ࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࢆࢽࢩࣕࣝࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿሙ
ྜࠊᐇ㝿ࡢ₯ᅾⓗ⮬ᑛᚰ௨ୖࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠ
ᯝࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆ᳨ウ
A 23 74
B 2 0
C 3 19
D 0 0
E 3 8
F 11 1
G 4 2
H 42 22
I 48 7
J 0 1
K 69 50
L 0 0
M 48 109
N 37 31
O 43 3
P 0 0
Q 0 0
R 2 42
S 74 46
T 48 25
U 13 2
V 0 0
W 5 1
X 0 0
Y 46 76
Z 0 2
Table 1䚷䜲䝙䝅䝱䝹䛾ᗘᩘ
ᕥࡣⱑᏐࠊྑࡣྡ๓ࡢᗘᩘ
ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡈࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮
ຠᯝࡢࡁࡉࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࠺ࢆࠊ3ࡘࡢࣝ
ࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡘ࠸࡚ㄪࡓࠋ
ࡣࡌࡵࠊⱑᏐࡢࢽࢩࣕࣝ࠾ࡅࡿࢿ࣮࣒
ࣞ ࢱ ࣮ ຠ ᯝ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡢ ᳨ ウ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ
B-algorithmࡼࡗ࡚ࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࢆ⟬ฟ
ࡋࠊ୍ඖ㓄⨨ࡢศᩓศᯒ࡛ࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡈ
ࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ
ࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡢຠᯝࡣ᭷ព࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓ(F(17, 503)=1.07, p=.38)ࠋS-algorithmࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠ
ᵝศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡇࢁࠊࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡢຠ
ᯝࡀ᭷ព࡛࠶ࡗࡓ(F(17, 503)=1.79, p=.03)ࠋ Tukeyἲࡼࡿከ㔜ẚ㍑ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊAࠊKࠊMࡢ
ࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡣࠊHࡢࡑࢀࡼࡾࡶ᭷ព
ࡁ࠸ࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ(ࡑࢀࡒࢀ p=.00,
ᖹᆒ ᶆ‽೫ᕪ ᖹᆒ ᶆ‽೫ᕪ
A 5.44 1.12 A 5.44 1.12
B 4.33 1.23 K 5.00 1.18
C 4.25 1.15 S 4.89 1.35
D 4.14 1.18 R 4.77 1.32
E 4.29 1.21 N 4.60 1.29
F 4.14 1.13 M 4.59 1.37
G 3.91 1.27 I 4.58 1.32
H 4.18 1.18 T 4.57 1.20
I 4.58 1.32 O 4.52 1.29
J 4.48 1.31 J 4.48 1.31
K 5.00 1.18 P 4.42 1.20
L 4.38 1.19 Y 4.42 1.24
M 4.59 1.37 L 4.38 1.19
N 4.60 1.29 X 4.36 1.36
O 4.52 1.29 B 4.33 1.23
P 4.42 1.20 Z 4.30 1.33
Q 4.09 1.32 E 4.29 1.21
R 4.77 1.32 C 4.25 1.15
S 4.89 1.35 H 4.18 1.18
T 4.57 1.20 W 4.17 1.36
U 4.15 1.28 U 4.15 1.28
V 4.11 1.23 D 4.14 1.18
W 4.17 1.36 F 4.14 1.13
X 4.36 1.36 V 4.11 1.23
Y 4.42 1.24 Q 4.09 1.32
Z 4.30 1.33 G 3.91 1.27
Table 2䚷ྛ䜰䝹䝣䜯䝧䝑䝖䛾୍⯡ⓗዲពᗘ 䠄䜲䝙䝅䝱䝹䛷䛿䛺䛔ሙྜ䛾ᖹᆒ䠅
ᕥࡣࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺ㡰ࠊྑࡣᖹᆒ㡰ࢯ࣮ࢺࡋࡓࡶࡢ
p=.00, p=.02)ࠋI-algorithm ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࣝࣇ
࣋ ࢵ ࢺ ࡢ ຠ ᯝ ࡣ ᭷ ព ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ(F(17, 503)=0.98, p=.49)ࠋḟࠊྡ๓ࡢࢽࢩࣕࣝ
࠾ࡅࡿࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᳨ウࢆ⾜ࡗ ࡓࠋ ࡉࡁྠᵝࡋ࡚ B-algorithmࡘ
࠸࡚ศᯒࢆᐇࡋࡓࡇࢁࠊࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡢ
ຠᯝࡀ᭷ព࡛࠶ࡗࡓ(F(14, 503)=2.07, p=.01)ࠋ
ࡋࡋࠊTukeyἲࡼࡿከ㔜ẚ㍑ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ࠸ࡎ
ࢀࡶ᭷ពᕪࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋS-algorithm
࡛ ࡶ ࣝ ࣇ ࣋ ࢵ ࢺ ࡢ ຠ ᯝ ࡣ ᭷ ព ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ (F(14, 503)=5.23, p=.00)ࠋከ㔜ẚ㍑ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊAࠊ NࠊR ࡣC ࡼࡾࡶ㸦ࡑࢀࡒࢀp=.00ࠊp=.02ࠊ p=.00㸧ࠊAࠊKࠊNࠊRࠊSࡣHࡼࡾࡶ(ࡑࢀࡒ
ࢀp=.00, p=.04, p=.00, p=.00, p=.01)ࠊAࠊR ࡣY ࡼࡾࡶ(ࡍ࡚ p=.00)ࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡀ
᭷ពࡁࡗࡓࠋI-algorithm ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ
ࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡢຠᯝࡣ᭷ព࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ(F(14,
503)=2.15, p=.01)ࠊከ㔜ẚ㍑࡛ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ᭷
ព࡞ᕪࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ௨ୖࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝࡣ Table 3ࡲࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ ࢆ ⥲ ྜ ⓗ ゎ 㔘 ࡍ ࡿ ࠊ B-algorithm࠾ࡼࡧ I-algorithm࡛ࡣࣝࣇ
࣋ࢵࢺࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡿࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ
ࡳࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ୍⯡ⓗዲពᗘࡀ㧗࠸
㸦ప࠸㸧ࡇࡼࡿࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡢᙜ࡞
ᘬ㸦ቑ㸧ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡣప࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ S-algorithm࡛ࡣࠊA࡞ࡢ୍⯡ⓗዲពᗘࡀ㧗
࠸ࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺ࠾ࡅࡿࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡀ H࡞ࡢ୍⯡ⓗዲពᗘࡀప࠸ࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࡼ
ࡾࡶࡁࡃ࡞ࡿഴྥࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࠋTable 1 ࡸ Table 2ࡽࢃࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ᪥ᮏேࡣࠊAࠊKࠊ
SࠊRࠊMࠊN࠸ࡗࡓ୍⯡ⓗዲពᗘࡀ㧗࠸ࣝ
ࣇ࣋ࢵࢺࢆࢽࢩࣕࣝࡶࡘேࡀከ࠸ࡓࡵࠊ ࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ㢖ᗘࡣ㧗࠸ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓ ࡀࡗ࡚ࠊS-algorithm ࡢ㐺⏝ࡣ㑊ࡅࡓ࠺ࡀⰋ
࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
(3)ಶேࡢᛂഴྥ╔┠ࡋࡓศᯒ
B-algorithmࡣࠊࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿ୍
⯡ⓗዲពᗘ⮬㌟ࡢࢽࢩࣕࣝࡢホᐃ್ࡢࡳࢆ
ィ⟬⏝࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊィ⟬ୖࡣࠊయⓗ
㧗࠸ዲពᗘホᐃࢆ⾜࠺ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿಶேࡢࢿ࣮࣒
ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࢆ㧗ࡃぢ✚ࡶࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊయⓗప
࠸ዲពᗘホᐃࢆ⾜࠺ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿಶேࡢࢿ࣮࣒ࣞ
ࢱ࣮ຠᯝࢆపࡃぢ✚ࡶࡿ࠸࠺ࣂࢫࡀ⏕ࡌ
࠺ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ࠺
ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅ࡈ㠀ࢽ ࢩࣕࣝᑐࡍࡿዲពᗘࡢᖹᆒࢆồࡵࠊࡇࢀࢆಶ
ேࡢᛂഴྥࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠ
ᯝࡢ┦㛵ಀᩘࢆ⟬ฟࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࡈồࡵ
ࡓ(Table 4)ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ ࠊ ண ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ
B-algorithm࠾࠸࡚㠀ࢽࢩࣕࣝࡢዲពᗘᖹ
ᆒࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡢ㛫᭷ព࡞ṇࡢ┦㛵 ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓ(r=.34㹼.35, ࡍ࡚p=.00)ࠋ
୍᪉ࠊS-algorithm I-algorithm࡛ࡣࠊ㠀
ࢽࢩࣕࣝࡢዲពᗘᖹᆒࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝ
ࡢ┦㛵ࡣࡰⓙ↓࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋS-algorithm ࡛ࡣ
ࢃࡎ᭷ព࡞㈇ࡢ┦㛵ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣࠊ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㉁ၥࡶ㧗࠸㸦ప࠸㸧ホᐃ್ࢆࡘࡅ ࡀࡕ࡞ಶேࡀᙜ㧗࠸㸦ప࠸㸧ࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮
ຠᯝࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࠸࠺⌧㇟ࡽண ࡉࢀ
family name Iirst name
B-algorithm S-algorithm I-algorithm B-algorithm S-algorithm I-algorithm
n.s. AࠊKࠊM>H n.s. n.s. AࠊNࠊR>C n.s.
AࠊKࠊNࠊRࠊS>H A䚸R>Y
Table 3䚷䜰䝹䝣䜯䝧䝑䝖䛻䜘䜛䝛䞊䝮䝺䝍䞊ຠᯝ䛾㐪䛔
ࡿ㛵ಀࡣ㏫ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡾࠊಶேࡢᛂഴྥ
⏤᮶ࡍࡿࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡢᙜ࡞ቑ㸦ᘬ㸧 ࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝࢆࡲࡵࡿࠊB-algorithm ࢆ
⏝࠸ࡿಶேࡢᛂഴྥࡢᙳ㡪ࡼࡗ࡚ࢿ࣮࣒
ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡢᙜ࡞ቑ㸦ᘬ㸧ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡀࠊ S-algorithm I-algorithm࠾࠸࡚ࡣࡑ࠺ࡋ ࡓಶேࡢᛂഴྥࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ↓ど࡛ࡁࡿ⪃࠼ࡽ
ࢀࡿࠋ
(4)ࡲࡵ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊྛࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿ୍⯡
ⓗዲពᗘಶேࡢᛂഴྥ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡚ࠊࢿ
࣮࣒ࣞࢱ࣮ຠᯝࡢせ࡞⟬ฟࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࡢẚ
㍑᳨ウࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊྛࣝࣇ࣋ࢵࢺ
ᑐ ࡍ ࡿ ୍ ⯡ ⓗ ዲ ព ᗘ ࠸ ࠺ Ⅼ ࡛ ࡣ
S-algorithm ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊಶேࡢᛂഴྥ
࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣB-algorithmၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡀ᫂
ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊࡇࢀࡽ2ࡘࡢࣝࢦࣜࢬ
࣒ࡢḞⅬࢆᨵⰋࡋࡓI-algorithm࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
࠸ ࡎ ࢀ ࡢ Ⅼ ࡛ ࡶ ၥ 㢟 ࡣ ぢ ᙜ ࡓ ࡽ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ LeBel & Gawronski (2009)ࡶࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ศᯒ
ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚I-algorithmࡢ⏝ࢆ᥎ዡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᮏ◊✲ࡣࡇࢀࢆูࡢഃ㠃ࡽᨭᣢࡍࡿ⤖ᯝ࡞
ࡗࡓࠋB-algorithmࡸS-algorithmࡣィ⟬ࡀᐜ
࡛᫆࠶ࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼࡀ࠶ࡿ㠃ࠊ⤫ィⓗ࡞ၥ㢟
ࡶከ࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࢿ࣮࣒ࣞࢱ
࣮ຠᯝࡢ⟬ฟࡣI-algorithmࡢ⏝ࡀ᥎ዡࡉ
ࢀࡿࠋ
ᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩
1) Alicke, M.D., & Olesya, G The
better-than-average effect. In M.D. Alicke, D.A.
Dunning, & J.I. Krueger(Eds.), The self in social judgment. Studies in self and identity. New York, NY: Psychology Press. pp. 85-106(2007)
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pp.230-248(1999)
ձ ղ ճ մ յ ն
ձB-algorithm (family name) Ɇ
ղB-algorithm (first name) .30** Ɇ
ճS-algorithm (family name) .89** .17** Ɇ
մS-algorithm (first name) .15** .86** .20** Ɇ
յI-algorithm (family name) .91** .17** .97** .20** Ɇ
նI-algorithm (first name) .15** .89** .21** .95** .21** Ɇ շ㠀ࢽࢩࣕࣝࡢዲពᗘᖹᆒ .34** .35** 䠉.07 䠉.10* 䠉.07 䠉.11*
**p <.01. *p <.05.
Table 4ࠉࢽࢩࣕࣝࡢ㑅ዲຠᯝ㠀ࢽࢩࣕࣝࡢዲពᗘᖹᆒࡢ┦㛵
5) Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27(1995)
6) Heine, S.J., Lehman, D.R., Markus, H.R., &
Kitayama, S. Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794(1999)
7) Kitayama, S., & Karasawa, M. Implicit self-esteem in Japan: Name letters and birthday numbers. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 736-742(1997)
8) LeBel, E. P., & Gawronski, B. How to find what's in a name: Scrutinizing the optimality of five scoring algorithms for the name-letter task.
European Journal of Personality, 23, 85-106(2009)
9) Miller, D. T., & Ross, M. Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction?
Psychological Bulletin, 82, 213-225(1975) 10) Nuttin, J.M. Narcissism beyond Gestalt and
awareness: The name letter effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 353-361(1985) 11) Nuttin, J.M. Affective consequences of
mere ownership: The name-letter effect in twelve European languages. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 381-402(1987) 12) Stieger, S., Voracek, M., & Formann, A.K. How
to administer the Initial Preference Task.
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